digitized by [Link].

in
 1

{]mNo-\-a-e-bmfw
(H-∂mw-`m-Kw)

N´-ºn-kzm-an-Iƒ

digitized by [Link]
2 {]mNo-\-a-e-bmfw

digitized by [Link]
 3

Hmw
a\p-jymWmw kl-t{kjp
I›nXv bXXn kn≤tb
bXXma]n kn≤m\mw
I›n∑mw thØn XXzXx

“At\-Im-bncw a\p-jy-cn¬ Hcmƒ Bfl-km-£m-XvIm-c-Øn-

\p-th≠n {ian-°p-∂p. Aßs\ {ian-°p∂ At\-Ic - n¬ Hcmƒ AXp
t\Sn-sb-∂p-hc- mw” ˛ F∂p≈ KoXm-hN- \
- a- \- p-kc
- n®p t\m°p-tºmƒ
Bflmhv F√m-h¿°p-ap-s≠-¶nepw “Bfl-t_m-[-ap≈ Hcp hy‡n
D≠m-hp-Is- b-∂Xv Xptemw A]q¿Δ-kw-`h - a- m-Wv. AØcw Hcp hnin-
jvS- hy‡nbmWv, hnZym-[n-cmP {io N´-ºn-kzman Xncp-hS- n-Iƒ. tImSn-
°-W-°n\p P\w P\n-®p-h-f¿∂p a¨a-d-™p-t]m-b-Iq-´-Øn¬, P\n-
®p-h-f¿∂p kzbw hnI-kn®v P\-lr-Z-b-ß-fn¬ Fs∂∂pw Pohn-
°p∂ Hcp bXn-h-cy-\t{X kzman-Iƒ.
Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cØv IÆΩq-e-bn¬ Hcp km[m-cW \mb¿ Xd-
hm-´n¬ P\n-®p. ]mh-s∏´ Np‰p-]m-Sp-If
- n¬ hf¿∂v Fgp-Xm-\pw, hmbn-
°m-\pw, IW-°q-Iq-´m\pw am{Xw IjvSn®p ]Tn-®p. Iqen-th-es
- NbvXp
th≠n-bn-cp∂p \nXy-Po-hnXw ]pe¿Øm≥. e£y-t_m-[-an-s√∂v
B¿°pw tXm∂n-°p∂ Hcp XI¿∂ Pohn-X-Øns‚ DS-a.
F∂m¬ ]q¿Δ-P∑ ]pWy ]cn-]m-I-sa∂p ]d-bs´; km[m-c-
W-P\w ]nSn-®-S-°m-\pw, \ne-\n¿Øm\pw ]mSp-s]-Sp∂ `uXn-I-Im-
cy-ßf- n¬ At±lw Atijw a\- p-h® - n√; t\sc-ad
- n®v Bflm-hns‚
DZvK-Xn°p a\- p-h-bv°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. B aWvU-e-Øn¬ hnP-
bn-°p-Ibpw Bflm-cm-a-\mbn Pohn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. [\y-amb Hcp
PohnXw! `K-h-XvKoX DZvtLm-jn-°p∂ Hcp alm-k-Xy-ap≠v;
bYm¿∞-Po-hn-X-sØ-°p-dn®v:˛

digitized by [Link]
4 {]mNo-\-a-e-bmfw

bm \nim k¿Δ-`q-Xm\mw
Xkymw PmK¿Øn kwbao
bkymw Pm{KXn `qXm\n
km \nim ]iytXm apt\x
Pohn-X-Øns‚ KXn-hn-K-Xn-Isf \√-t]mse \nco-£Ww
sNbvXv a\x-im¥n t\Snb Hcmƒ, km[m-cW P\-߃ AK-h-Wn-
®p-X-≈n-bn-cn-°p∂ Bflm-hns‚ Imcy-Øn¬ Ft∏mgpw PmK-cq-I-
\m-bn-cn-°pw. (A-h¿ Dd-ßp-∂n-SØv Ch≥ DW¿∂n-cn-°pw) F∂m¬
km[m-cW P\w hfsc B¿Øn-]n-Sn®v Pm{K-X-tbm-Sp-IqSn {]h¿Øn-
°p∂ `uXn-I-Im-cy-ß-fn¬ Cu XXz-⁄m\n Pm{KX ImWn-°p-I-
bn-√. (A-h¿ DW-cp-∂n-SØp Ch≥ Dd-ßn-bn-cn-°pw)
A\m-k-‡n-tbm-K-sa-∂pw, \njvIm-a-I¿Ω-tbm-K-sa∂pw a‰pw
{]Jym-Xa - mb Cu Pohn-Xa
- W
- vUe
- Ø
- n¬ kzbw tPymXn- mbn {]Im-
iw-sNm-cn™ Hcp [\ym-flm-ht{X kzman-Xn-cp-h-Sn-Iƒ. D¬Ir-jvT-
Po-hn-X-Øns‚ Znhy-k-tμ-i-amb {ioaZv `K-h-XvKoX Dds° {]Jym-
]n-°p∂ Pohn-X-k-Xy-߃ A\p-jvTm-\w-sIm≠p sXfn-bn® Cu
alm≥ {]tXy-In®pw ⁄m\-Im-WvU-Øns‚ \nZ¿i-\-am-bn-cp-∂p.
I¿Ω-tbm-K-hpw, `‡n-tbm-K-hpw, cmP-tbm-Khpw A\p-jvTn®h¿ hf-
sc-bp-s≠-¶nepw, ⁄m\-tbm-K-am¿§-Øn¬ Pbw hcn-®-h¿ B[p-
\n-I-bp-K-Øn¬ hfsc A]q¿Δ-am-Wv. CØcw \nXy-ip-≤-_p-≤-ap-
‡-tbm-Kn-I-fn¬ A{K-K-Wy-\mb kzman-Xn-cp-h-Sn-Isf ka-Im-en-
I¿t]mepw icn°p a\- n-em-°n-bn-´n-s√-∂p≈ Hcp ZpxJ-kXyw Ah-
ti-jn-°p-∂p.
ZpxJn-®n´p Imcy-an-√. GXn-\p-ap≠v Hc-\p-Iq-em-h-ÿ. AXp
hcpw-hsc GXp kXyhpw aßn-\n¬°p-I-tb-bp-≈p. BNm-cy-i-¶-
cs‚ P∑-`q-an-bmb ImeSn At±-l-Øns‚ Xs∂ im]-ta‰v “Bbn-
c-Øm≠v Xmfpw XI-cbpw IpcpØp” hnIr-X-`q-an-bm-bn-In-S∂ IY
tI´-dn-hp-≈-Xm-W-t√m. sIm√-h¿jm-cw-`-Z-i-I-ß-fn¬ kw`-hn® Cu
im]-Øn-\v, Bbn-cØ - n-Hc
- p-\q-dm-am-t≠m-Sp-IqSn tamN-\I
- m-ea
- m-cw-`n®p.
C∂v ImeSn `uXn-I-am-bpw, B≤ym-fln-I-ambpw kpIr-X-`q-an-bmbn
Db¿∂p-b¿∂-ßs\ ]ptcm-K-an-°p∂ hkvXpX B¿°pw Adn-hp-
≈-Xpam-W-t√m.
Xs‚ “am¿§w {]N-cn-°p-∂-Xn\v kam-[n-°p-tijw Ac-\q-
‰m≠p Ign-tb-≠n-h-cp-”sa∂v Cu alm-flm-hp-Xs∂ {]h-Nn-®n-´p-≈-

digitized by [Link]
{]mNo-\-a-e-bmfw 5

Xmbn tI´n-´p-≠v. kwKXn icnbmsW∂v Cu ZiIw sXfn-bn-®p-

sIm-≠n-cn-°p-∂p. \msS-ºmSpw hnZym-[n-cmP kvamc-I-߃ Db¿∂p-
sIm-≠n-cn-°p-∂p. “hnZym-[n-cm-Pm-b\w” F∂p hnti-jn-∏n-°m-hp∂
a´n¬ [¿Ω-{]-Nc- W kwL-ßfpw Ahn-Sh - nsS A\-h[n FÆw cq]w-
]q-≠p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-∂p. Iq´-Øn¬ AXn-ap-Jy-amb Hcp kwL-S-\-
bmWv “{io hnZym-[n-cm-P-]-cn-j-Øv.”
“P∑-\m-Pm-b-tX-iq{Zx
I¿Ω-Wm-Pm-btX ZznPx” ˛ F∂ ]gb {]am-W-{]-Im-cw-Xs∂
GXp a\p-jy\pw k¬I¿Ωm-\p-jvTm\w sIm≠v “ZznP-Xz-ap-≠m-
Ip∂”; {_m“-W-\m-bn-Øo-cp-∂p. “thZm-[n-Imcw” Aß-s\-bp-≈-
h¿s°√mw A¿l-X-bp-≈-Xp-am-Wv. A{]-Imcw GXp-a-\p-jy\pw
sshZn-I-hn-[n-Iƒ ]cn-io-en-°m\pw “kl-{k-\m-am¿®\” XpS-ßnb
Imcy-߃ \S-Øm\pw {]tNm-Z\w \¬Ip∂ GI kwL-S-\bpw
C∂v hnZym-[n-cmP ]cn-j-Øp-X-s∂-bm-Wv. At\Imbncw km[m-c-
W-P-\-߃ {]tXy-In®v sIm®p-Ip-´n-Iƒ C∂nXp ]cn-io-en®v kl-
{km¿®-\-bpw, e£m¿®-\-bpw, Zi-e-£m¿®-\bpw a‰pw At\Iw
tI{μßfn¬ G‰hpw hnP-b-I-c-ambn \S-Øn-°-gn-™n-cn-°p-∂p.
C°-gn™ hr›n-I-amkw BZy Rmb-dm-gvN-ap-X¬ XpS¿∂p
]Øp Rmb-dm-gvNI - f
- n¬, hnZym-[n-cmP kam-[n-]o-Ta
- mb ]∑\ B{i-
a-Øn¬ Cu alm-b⁄w XpS¿∂p-h-∂p. sIm®p-Ip-´n-Ifpw AΩ-
amcpw DtZym-K-ÿm-\p-tZym-K-ÿ-∑mcpw `‡ym-Z-c-]p-c- cw ]s¶-Sp-
°p∂ Cu alm-b⁄w Hcp alm-kw-`hw Xs∂-bm-Wv. ]cn-k-c-
{Km-a-ßsf tcmam-©-a-Wn-bn-®p-sIm-≠p≈ \ma-{]-N-cW ]Zbm-{X-
Iƒ {]N-WvU-amb Hcp `‡n-{]-hmlw Xs∂ krjvSn-®p. c≠p
Xnc-s™-Sp∏p tImem-l-e-߃°n-S-bn-em-bn-cp∂p \mtam-®m-c-W-
Øns‚ Ae-sbm-en. \nd-]-dbpw \ne-hn-f-°pw-h®v {Kma-e-£van-am¿
Fhn-sSbpw kam-Z-cn-®p.
]cn-j-Øns‚ hnhn-[-im-J-I-fn¬\n∂pw ]cn-io-e\w kn≤n®
_men-Im-_m-e-I¿ \qdp-I-W-°n\v F∂pw A¿®-\-bn¬ ]s¶-Sp-Øp-
sIm-≠n-cp-∂p. BZy-Zn-hkw {io N{μ-Z-Ø≥ Fw.-F. FgpXnhmbn®p
ka¿∏n® “{io hnZym-Zn-cmP kp{]-`mXw” ASpØ A¿®-\m-Zn-h-k-
am-b-t∏m-tg°pw, {io.- I-Æ-IØp \mWp-]n≈ F∂ kpIrXn kz¥-
sN-e-hn¬ A®-Sn®p {]Im-i\w sNbvXn-cp-∂p.

digitized by [Link]
6 {]mNo-\-a-e-bmfw

kzman-Xn-cp-h-Sn-I-fpsS {KŸ-߃ hen-b-tXm-Xn¬ {]N-cn-∏n-

°pI F∂Xv ]cn-j-Øns‚ Hcp apJy e£y-am-Wv. At±-l-Øns‚
Pohn-X-Ønse “AssZzX Nn¥m-]-≤Xn” B¿°pw hmbn-®-dn-bp-∂-
Xn\v CS-hc- p-Øp-∂Xv al-Ømb Hcp ]pWy-I¿Ωw-Xs - ∂. Cu {KŸ-
]-c-º-c-bnse A©m-asØ ]pkvX-I-amWv Ct∏mƒ {]kn-≤-s∏-Sp-
Øp∂ “{]mNo-\a - e
- b
- m-fw.” CXv Xncp-hS- n-If
- psS {KŸ-ßf- n¬ hfsc
{]m[m-\y-s∏´ H∂m-Wv.
]cn-j-Øns‚ Npa-X-e-bn¬ Cu ]pkvXIw {]km-[\w sNøp-
∂-Xn\v Bh-iy-amb apgp-h≥ sNehpw hln-°p-∂Xv Ip∂-Øq¿
Xm-eq-°n¬ IS-º-\m´p Xma-c-t»-cn¬ ]n.-k-tcm-Pn\nbΩ Ah¿I-
fm-Wv. Xs‚ ]nXmhv t]mcp-hgn Im™n-c-∏-≈n¬ ]tc-X-\mb sI.-
]n.-]-fl-\m-`-]n≈ Ah¿I-fpsS kvac-Wm-RvP-en-bm-bn-´mWv B
alXn Cu ]pWy-I¿Ωw \n¿Δ-ln-°p-∂X - v. CXv a‰p ]e¿°pw am¿§-
Z¿i-I-am-Is´ F∂v {]Xym-in-°p-∂p. [¿Ω-{]-N-cWw kº-Øns‚
A\-iz-c-amb kºm-Zy-amWv F∂v Adn-bp∂ kpIr-Xn-I-fmWv
kpIrXn-Iƒ ˛ Ah¿°v Cl-]-c-ß-ƒ Hcp-t]mse kpJ-]-c-ß-fm-
Ip-∂p.
Im´q¿ Pn.-sI.-Ip-dp∏v
sk{I-´dn
hnZym-[n-cm-P-]-cn-jØv

digitized by [Link]
 7

Ah-Xm-cnI
“Cu ae-bm-f-`q-an-bn¬ P∑n-Iƒ A[n-Ihpw ae-bm-f-{_m-“-
W-cm-Ip-∂p. Ah¿°v IqSp-X¬ Ipe-t{i-jvTX
- bpw a‰p-≈h
- c
- p-sS-ta¬
Kpcp-ÿm-\hpw Ds≠∂v ]ecpw kΩ-Xn-®p-h-cp-∂p. Cu Ah-Im-i-
߃°v ASn-ÿm-\-ambn Ah¿ ]d-bp-∂Xp c≠p kwK-Xn-I-sf-bm-
Ip∂p:
1. ]c-ip-cm-a≥ kap-{Z-\n-jvIm-k-\w-sIm≠p ae-bm-f-`q-ansb
hos≠-SpØv hntZ-i-Øp-\n∂pw {_m“-Wsc hcpØn
Ah¿°v AXns\ Zm\w-sNbvXp F∂p-≈-Xv.
2. PmXn-hn-`m-K-Øn¬ H∂m-asØ ÿm\-tØbpw Aßs\
lnμp-a-Xm-\p-km-cn-Ifmb a‰p-≈-h-cpsS Kpcp-]p-tcm-lnX
ÿm\-tØbpw Ah¿ A¿ln-°p∂p F∂p-≈-Xv.
]gb {]am-Wß - ƒ, ]mc-ºc- y-߃, \S-]S- n-Iƒ Ch-bn¬\n∂pw
k¿Δ-kΩ - X
- a
- mb bp‡n-hm-Zß-fn¬ \n∂pw taev]d - ™ c≠p kwK-
Xn-Ifpw ASn-ÿm-\-an-√m-Ø-h-bm-sW-∂pw, Cu `qan hmkvX-h-Øn¬
ae-bmfn1 \mb-∑m-cpsS hI-bm-sW∂pw, \mb-∑m¿ D¬Ir-jvS-Ip-e-
Pm-X∑
- mcpw \mSp-hm-gn-Ifpw Bb {Zmhn-U∑
- m-cm-sW∂pw Ah¿ Xß-
fpsS B¿÷-h-io-ehpw [¿Ω-X-ev]-c-Xbpw sIm≠v kztZ-i-_-ln-
jvIr-X-∑mcpw ]mj-WvU-a-X-Km-an-Ifpw Bb Hcp-Iq´w Bcy-{_m-
“-W-cpsS he-bn¬ AI-s∏´v Imem-¥-c-Øn¬ I£n-]n-cn™v
Cßs\ AIØpw ]pd-Øp-2ambn Xmgva-bn¬ Ign-™p-t]m-cn-I-bm-
sW∂pw BWv Cu ]pkvXIw ÿm]n-°m≥ DZy-an-°p-∂-Xv.”
CXnte°v, H∂m-a-Xmbn ae-bm-f-{_m-“-W¿ F∂p ]d-bp-∂-
h¿°v ChnsS (`m¿§-h-Z-Øw) P∑m-h-Im-i-an-s√-∂pw, c≠m-a-Xm-bn.
Ah¿°p bmsXmcp ta∑°pw A¿l-X-bn-s√∂pw, aq∂m-a-Xm-bn,
taev]-d™ c≠p-hI Ah-Im-i-ßfpw \mb-∑m-cn¬ tN¿∂-h-bm-
sW∂pw ChnsS ImWn-°p-∂p. Ch-bn¬ H∂m-a-tØXp apgp-h\pw
klym-{Zn-J-WvUw, tIc-f-am-lm-flyw, tIc-tfm-ev]-Øn-Iƒ, tIcfm

digitized by [Link]
8 {]mNo-\-a-e-bmfw

hIm-i-{Iaw F∂o {_m“-W-]-c-ß-fmb {KŸ-ßsf B{i-bn-®n-cn-

°p-∂-Xn-\m¬ AXns‚ JWvU\w Cu {KŸ-ß-fpsS JWvU-\w-
sIm-≠pw, a‰p c≠n-s‚bpw JWvU-\-߃, A\p-`-h-߃ bp‡n-
hm-Z-߃ apX-em-b-hsb sIm≠pw km[n-°pw. ae-bmf {_m“-
W¿°v ChnsS P∑m-h-Im-i-an-s√∂v kmam-\y-ambpw hnti-j-ambpw
JWvU\ - c
- oXym c≠p-hn-[Ø- n¬ \n¿Æ-bn-°mw. {]Ir-Xk
- w-KX
- n-Isf
ap≥Im-Wn® {KŸ-ß-fn¬ ]q¿Δm-]-c-hn-cp-≤ambpw ]c-kv]-c-hn-cp-
≤-ambpw {]Xn-]m-Zn-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xns\ shfn-s∏-SpØn {]am-W-{K-Ÿ-
ß-fpsS Ahn-izm-ky-Xsb ImWn-°p∂ kmam-\y-J-WvU\w Cu
Ah-Xm-cn-I-bnepw, Ahsb {]tXyIw {]tXyIw hyh-l-cn®v a‰p
{]am-W-߃°pw bp‡n°pw \ymb-Øn\pw Ah hn]-co-X-ß-fm-
sW∂p ImWn-°p∂ hnti-j-J-WvU\w H∂p-ap-X¬ \mep-hsc
(Dƒs∏-sS)-bp≈ A≤ym-b-ß-fnepw km[n-®n-cn-°p-∂p.

kmam-\y-J-WvU\w
kvImμ-]p-cm-W-Øn¬ Dƒs∏´ klym-{Zn-J-WvU-Øns‚ DØ-
cm¿≤w 1˛mw A≤ym-b-Øn¬ Xmsg ]d-bp∂ hn[w ImWp∂p: ]c-
ip-cm-a≥ 21 h´w £{Xn-bsc sIm∂v hn[n-t]mse `qansb {_m“-
W¿°p Zm\w sNbvXp. A\-¥cw thsdm-cp `qansb krjvSn-®p.
Cu `qan3 sshX-cWn \Zn°v4 sX°v kp{_“W-y-Øn\p hS°v
kly-]¿ΔXw apX¬ IS¬hsc iq¿∏m-Imcw5 Bbn 100 tbmP\
\of-Øn¬ 3 tbmP\ hoXn-bn¬ InS-°p-∂p. AhnsS Hcp ae-bn¬
]c-ip-cm-a≥ Xma-kn-®p. {im≤-aq-´v, bmKw F∂n-h-bv°mbn {_m“-
Wsc £Wn-®n´v Ah-cmcpw hcm-bvI-bm¬ tIm]n®v {_m“-W-sc-
°qSn ]pXp-Xmbn D≠m-°p-hm≥ At±lw \n›-bn-®p. cmhnse kap-
{Z-kv\m-\Ø
- n\p sN∂-t∏mƒ NnXm-ÿm-\Øp h∂p-\n∂ Nne ap°p-
hsc I≠v Xr]vX-\mbn Ah-cpsS Nq≠ apdn®v AXns‚ Ib-dp-
sIm≠v ]qWp-\q-ep-≠m°n Ah¿°n-Sp-Ibpw hnip-≤c - m°n Ah¿°v
{_m“Wyw6 sImSp-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. 14 tKm{Xhpw Ipehpw
Iev]n®v NXp-cwKw F∂ ÿm\Øv Ahsc ]m¿∏n-®p. Ah¿ hnNm-
cn-°p-tºmƒ Xm≥ sN∂p-sIm-≈m-sa∂p hmKvZm\w sNbvXv ]c-ip-
cm-a≥ t]mbn. Ipsd-\mƒ Ign™p ]co-£n-∏m-\m-bn-´p-am{Xw Ah¿
At±-l-Øns\ kvacn-°p-Ibpw At±lw Xm≥ ]d-™n-cp-∂-Xp-t]m-
se-Xs∂ AhnsS sN√p-Ibpw sNbvXp. At∏mƒ {]tbm-P-\w-Iq-
SmsX hcp-Øn-b-Xm-sW-∂-dn™v `m¿§-h≥ tIm]n®v Zp¿ssΔZy-

digitized by [Link]
{]mNo-\-a-e-bmfw 9

∑mcpw \nμy-∑mcpw Ip’nX-∑mcpw Zcn-{Z-∑mcpw tkhm-]-c-∑mcpw

Bbn-t∏m-It´ F∂v Ahsc i]n-®p.
Sn klym-{Zn-J-WvU-Øns‚ DØ-cm¿≤w Bdmw A[ym-b-
Øn¬ ]c-ip-cm-as‚ `qan-\n¿Ωm-W-Øn-s\-∏‰n Cßs\ ]d-™n-cn-
°p-∂p: alm-hnjvWp (hm-a-\m-h-Xm-c-Øn¬) _en-tbmSv temIw
ho≠v “cP-kz-em-Zn-Z-Ø-a∂w \n\°p `hn-°t´” F∂p Iev]n-°p-
Ibpw `qan apgp-h≥ Iiy-]-\m-bn-s°m≠v Zm\w sNbvIbpw sNbvXp.
Iiy- ] ≥ KuU¿°pw, {Zmhn- U ¿°pw, Bcym- h ¿Ø- Ø n- e p≈
]WvUn-X-∑m¿°pw, I¿Ωn-Iƒ°pw IqSn AXns\ sImSp-Øp. A\-
¥cw t{XXm-bp-K-Øn¬ Im¿Ø-ho-cymZncmPm-°-∑m¿ `qansb A]-
l-cn®v c£n-®p. ]ns∂ Iiy-]m-Zn-{_m-“-W-cpsS {]m¿∞-\-{]-Imcw
hnjvWp-`-K-hm≥ Pa-Z-·n-]p-{X-\m-bn´v tcWp-I-bn¬ Ah-X-cn-°bpw
X]- p-sNbvXv inhs\ {]km-Zn-∏n®v shs◊gp hmßn 21 h´w £{Xn-
bsc h[n®v hkn-jvT-I-iy-]m-Zn-ap-\n-am¿°v `qansb ho≠pw Zm\w-
sN-bvIbpw sNbvXp. ]n∂oSv `m¿§-h≥ klym-{Zn-bpsS apI-fn¬
Ibdn kap-{Zw-I≠v hnNmcw XpS-ßn. At∏mƒ \mc-Z≥ h∂v hnNm-
c-Im-cWw tNmZn-®p. `qan apgp-h\pw Zm\w-sN-bvXp-t]m-b-Xn-\m¬
X\n°v Ccn-∏m≥ CS-an-s√∂v DØ-cw-]-d-™p. At∏mƒ kap-{Z-
Øns\ AI-‰p-hm≥ \mc-Z≥ D]-tZ-in-®p. ]c-ip-cm-a≥ DSs\ klym-
{Zn-ta¬ \n∂p-sIm≠v kmb-I-a-b®v kap-{ZsØ \o°n ÿe-ap-≠m-
°n. B ÿew cma-t£{Xw F∂p {]kn-≤-am-bn-Øo¿∂p. _mWw
hoW-Zn-°n¬ ‘_mW-h√n’ Fs∂mcp ]pWy-]p-chpw D≠m-bn.
C{]-Imcw kap-{Z-\n-jvIm-k\w sNbvXp-≠m-°nb `qan-bn¬
k]vX-sIm-¶-W-߃ AS-ßn-bn-cn-°p-∂p ˛ AXm-hnXv: (1) tIcfw
(2) XpewKw (3) kucmjv { Sw (4) sIm¶Ww (5) Ic- l mSw
(6) I¿WmSw (7) _¿_cw ˛ Cu `qan-bpsS BsI hnkvXo¿Æw
100 tbmP\ \ofhpw 5 tbmP\ hoXnbpw BIp-∂p. tKmI¿Æ-sa∂
ÿeØv inh≥ A[n-h-kn-°p-∂p. AhnsS inh\v alm-_-e≥
F∂p t]¿. Ahn-sS-\n∂pw 10 tbmP\ hS°v k]vX-tIm-So-izcw
F∂ ÿeØv cma≥ Ccp-∂p-sIm≠v \m\m-`m-K-ß-fn¬\n∂pw
{_m“-Wsc hcpØn \n¿`-b-cmbn ]m¿∏m≥ B⁄m-]n-®p. Ah¿
kvacn-°p-tºmƒ Xm≥ sN∂p-sIm-≈m-sa∂p ]d™v cma≥ t]mbn.
Hcn-°¬ ]qX-cmbn K¿Δn-jvT-cm-bn-Øo¿∂ {_m“-Wcpw (Nn-Xv]m-
h-\) Chcpw HØp-IqSn ]c-ip-cm-as\ ]co-£n-®-t∏mƒ (ap≥]-d™
hn[w) ]c-ip-cm-a≥ AhnsS sN√p-Ibpw Imc-W-an-√msX kvacn-®-

digitized by [Link]
10 {]mNo-\-a-e-bmfw

Xn-\m-bn´v Ahsc i]n-°bpw sNbvXp. im]-hm-°p-Iƒ (ap≥ ]d-

™h IqSm-sX) Xmsg ]d-bp-∂-hn[w Bbn-cp∂p:
“hnZyI-fn¬ K¿Δn-jvT-cpw, ]c-kv]cw Cu¿jy-bp-≈-h-cpw,
acym-Zsb ewLn®p Imew-I-gn-°p-∂-h-cpw, bmN-I-∑m-cpw, iq{Z-tcm-
Sn-c∂p taSn-°p-∂-h-cpw, £{Xn-b¿°pw a‰pw `rXy-{]m-b-cpw, Aev]-
⁄-∑m-cpw, \nIr-jvS-amb ]qP-I-gn-°p-∂-h-cpw, Zcn-{Z-sc-¶n¬ _lp-
]p-{X-cpw, kº-∂-sc-¶n¬ k¥m-\-lo-\-cpw, I\ym-hnØw {Kln-°p-
∂-h-cpw, ]pWyw hnebv°p hn¬°p-∂-hcpw BI-s´.” im]-tam£w
Xmsg-∏-d-bp∂ hn[-am-bn-cp∂p:
“P\-߃ [¿Ωw shSn™p \S-°p-∂-Xmbn tLmc-am-bn-cn-
°p∂ Ien-bp-K-am-Ip-tºmƒ am{Xw im]w ^en-°-s´.”
Sn 7˛mw A≤ym-b-Øn¬, ]≠v ]c-ip-cm-a≥ Aiz-ta[w sNøp-
Ibpw Ah-`r-Xk - v\m-\m-¥cw AXn¬ Kpcp-hm-bn-cp∂ Iiy-]\v kmK-
cm-¥-bmb `qansb Zm\w sNøp-Ibpw sNbvXp. AXns‚ tijw
EXzn-°p-I-sf-√m-cpw-IqSn cma-t\mSv At±-l-Øn-\m¬ ZØ-bmb `qan-
bn¬ Ccn-°-cp-sX∂p ]d-™p. AXp kΩ-Xn®v \S-∂p-t]m-hp-Ibpw
kly-]¿ΔXwI≠v AXn-t∑¬I-bdn hcp-W-t\mSv Imcyw ]d-bp-
Ibpw hcp-Ws‚ At]-£-{]-Imcw ]cip Fdn™v cmPy-ap-≠m-°p-
Ibpw sNbvXp. AXns‚ AXn¿Øn7 kly-]¿ΔXw XpSßn 3
tbmP\ hoXn-bn¬ ‘I\ym-Ip-amcn apX¬ \mkn-Im{Xyw-_Iw’
hscbmIp-∂p. AXv \qdp tbmP\ \of-ap-≈Xpw (ap≥]-d™ hn[w)
Ggp-`m-K-ß-tfm-Sp-Iq-Sn-bXpw BIp-∂p. {_m“-W-cn-√m-Xn-cp∂ B
tZiØv ]c-ip-cm-a≥ Nne ssIh¿Ø-∑m-sc-°≠v Ah-cpsS Nq≠¬
apdn-®p-I-f-™-tijw AXns‚ Nc-Sns\ ]qWp-\q-em°n Igp-Øn-
en´v Ahsc {_m“-W-cm°n hmgn-°p-Ibpw £maw hcn-I-bn-s√∂p
hcw-sIm-SpØv hnNm-cn-°p-tºmƒ hcm-sa∂p ]d-™p-t]m-Ibpw
sNbvXp. A\-¥cw ap≥]-d™ hn[w Xs∂ Ahsc i]n-®p. im]-
Øn-ep≈ hnti-j-hmIyw Xmsg ]d-bp-∂p. “Ip’n-Xm-∂-`-£-I-
∑mcpw ssNe-JWvUw (ap-dn-ap-≠v) DSp-°p-∂-hcpw Bbn´v Akn-{]-
kvXm-h-\o-ÿm-\Øp «mLy-cm-bn´p `hn-°-s´.”
]c-ip-cm-a≥ t]mhp-Ibpw B {_m“-W¿ im]-]o-Un-X-cm-bn-
Øo-cp-Ibpw sNbvXp. Iptd-\mƒ Ign™v abq-c-h¿Ω-s\∂ Bcy-
Ip-e-cm-Pmhv B tZiw ]cn-]m-en-®p. iq{Z-{]m-b-cmb X∂m-´nse
{_m“-Wsc I≠n´v abq-c-h¿Ω≥ Aln-—-{X-Øn¬ t]mbn Ahn-

digitized by [Link]
{]mNo-\-a-e-bmfw 11

sS-\n∂pw {_m“-Wsc sIm≠p-h∂v Ah¿°m-bn´v 32 {Kma-ap≈

\mSp sImSp-Øp. ]c-ip-cm-a\pw a‰p Zn°n¬\n∂pw thsd {_m“-
Wsc hcp-Øn. 32 {Kma-ß-fm-°n-®-a®p {_m“-Wsc ta¬{]-Imcw
Xma-kn-∏n-®p. ]ns∂ abq-ch
- ¿Ω≥ Ien-bpsS B{I-aWw I≠v a{¥n-
amsc cmPyw G¬∏n-®pw-sh®v Im´n¬ X]- n-\p-t]m-bn. cmP-Ip-am-c-
\mb N{μmw-K-Z\pw a{¥n-amcpw c£-bv°p-t]m-sc∂p hnNm-cn®p
{_m“-W-sc-√m-h-cpw-IqSn Xncn®p s]mbv°-f-™p (A-ln-—-{X-Øn-
te-°v). Ahn-sS-bp-≈-h¿ Cu sN∂-hsc Iq´n\S-Øn-bn-√. Ch¿
{]tXyIw ]pd-Øp-`m-K-Ømbn Xma-kn-®p. hf-sc-\mƒ Ign™v
N{μmw-K-Z≥ {]m]vXn-bm-b-t∏mƒ B {_m“-Wsc At\z-jn®v Aln-
—-{X-Øn¬ sN∂v Ahsc ]nSn-®p-sIm-≠p-h∂v ]g-b-t]mse 32 {Kma-
ß-fn¬ Krl-t`-Z-߃ sNbvXv ]ncn-hp-Iƒ G¿s∏-SpØn ap≥]n¬
IpSp-a-b-S-bm-fhpw \n›-bn®v ]m¿∏n-®p.

tIc-f-am-lmflyw 4˛mw A≤ymbw

(`q-tKm-f-]p-cm-Wm-¥¿K-Xw)
Ccp-]s- Øm∂p XhW £{Xn-bc - m-Pm-°∑
- msc \n{K-ln®v ]m]-
im-¥n°p ]e-hn-[-Zm-\-ßfpw sNbvXp-hmW ]c-ip-cm-as\ `qZm\w
sNbvhm≥ ap\n-am¿ t{]cn-∏n-®p. At±lw cmPyw apgp-h≥ {_m“-
W¿°p sImSp-Øp. A\-¥cw X\n-°n-cn-∏m≥ thsd ÿew At\z-
jn-°-W-sa-∂p≈ Ah-cpsS hm°p-tI´v hnjm-Zn-®p. ssIem-k-Øp-
sN∂p inhs\ tkhn-°p-Ibpw At±-l-Øns‚ B⁄m-\p-k-cWw
kp{_-“-Wy-\p-ambn ]pd-s∏´v I\ym-Ip-am-cn-bn¬ FØp-Ibpw
sNbvXp. AhnsS kp{_-“-Wys‚ {]`m-hw-sIm-≠p-≠mb hnjvWp-
am-bsb Hcp h¿jw ]c-ip-cm-a≥ `Pn-®p. At∏mƒ hcp-W≥ {]Xy-
£-ambn c≠p-t]-scbpw \a-kvI-cn-®p. hcp-W-t\mSp Xma-kn-°m≥
ÿew Bh-iy-s∏-´-t∏mƒ At±lw “]›n-a-k-ap-{Z-Øn¬ ]c-ip-
hns\ CS-Øp-ssI-sIm-s≠-dn-™m¬ AXp-sN∂p hogp-s∂-St- Ømfw
`qansb ]cn-]m-en-®p-sIm-≈p-sI-th≠p” F∂p ]d-™p. B `qan°p
Zi-tbm-P\ hnkvXo¿Æhpw iX-tbm-P\ ssZ¿Lyhpw D≠v.

tIc-tfm¬]Øn
ZpjvS-∑m-cmb £{Xn-b-cm-Pm-°-∑msc \n{K-ln-∏m≥ {io]-c-ip-
cm-a≥ Ah-X-cn®v Xs‚ IrXyw \nd-th-‰n. At∏m-fp-≠mb “hoc-l-

digitized by [Link]
12 {]mNo-\-a-e-bmfw

Xym-tZmjw t]m°-W-sa∂p Iev]n®p I¿Ωw sNbvhm≥ X°-hÆw

tKmI¿Æw ]p°v I∑-e-bn¬ Ccp∂p hcp-Ws\ tkhn®p X]- p-
sN-bvXp. `qan-tZ-hnsb hμn®v \q‰-dp-]XpImXw `qansb D≠m-°n.
ae-bm-f-`q-an°p c£-thWw F∂p-I-ev]n®v \qs‰´v Cuiz-c-{]-Xn-jvT-
sN-bvXp. F∂n´pw `qan°v Cf°w amdn-bn√ F∂p I≠-tijw {io]-
c-ip-cm-a≥ \ncq-]n®v {_m“-Wsc D≠m°n ]e Zn°n¬ \n∂pw
sIm≠p-h∂p tIc-f-Øn¬h-®p.” Ah¿ Ipd-®p-Imew Ign-™-t∏mƒ
\mK-`o-Xn-sIm≠v HmSns∏mbv°-f-™p. ]ns∂ \mK-∑m¿Xs∂ Iptd-
°mew cmPyw `cn-®p. ]c-ip-cm-a≥ HmSn-t∏m-bh
- c
- psS thjhpw BNm-
c-ßfpw t`Z-s∏-SpØn Ahsc ho≠pw tIc-f-Øn¬ ]m¿∏n-®p.
ap≥ ImWn® {]am-W-ß-fn¬ ImWp-∂-hn[w ae-bm-f-{_m-“-
W-cpsS P∑m-h-Imiw kw_-‘n®v \ncq-]n-t°≠ {][m\ kwK-Xn-
I-fm-hnXv:
1. ae-bm-f-`qan D≠m-°m-\p≈ tlXp.
2. ae-bm-f-`qan D≠m-°m-\p≈ IrXyw.
3. ae-bm-f-`q-an-bpsS AXn¿Ønbpw hnkvXo¿Æ-hpw.
4. ae-bm-f-`q-an-Zm-\-Øn-\p≈ Imc-Ww.
Cu kwK-Xn-I-sf-∏‰n ta¬ ImWn® {KŸ-ß-fn¬ {]Xn-]m-Zn-
®n-cn-°p∂ hnh-c-ßsf ASp-°mbn Xmsg tN¿°p-∂p.
1. ae-bm-f-`q-an-bp-≠m-°m-\p≈ tlXp: k.-D. 1˛¬ £{Xn-b-\n-
{K-lhpw `qan-Zm-\hpw Ign™p thsdmcp `qansb krjvSn®p F∂pw,
Sn 6˛¬ Sn Zm\-Øn-\p-tijw Ccn-°m≥ `qan-bn-√m™p \mc-Z≥ ]d-
I-bm-epw, Sn 7˛¬, Sn Zm\-Øn-\p-tijw ZØ-`q-an-bn¬ Ccp-∂p-Iq-
sS∂p EXzn-°p-Iƒ ]d-I-bm¬ Ccn-∏m≥ CS-a-t\z-jn®p hcp-Ws‚
hm°n-\m-epw, tIc-f-am-lm-fly-Øn¬ taev]-d-™-hn[w NXn-{]-tbm-
K-Øm-ep-≠mb Zm\-Øm¬ cmPyw ssIhn´v Ccn-∏m≥ ÿe-an-√msX
ssIem-k-Øp-sN∂p k¶Sw ]d-Ibpw inhs‚ B⁄m-\p-k-cWw
kp{_-“-Wy-\p-ambn I\ym-Ip-am-cn-bn¬ sN∂p kp{_-“-Wys‚
{]m`-hw-sIm-≠p-≠mb hnjvWp-am-bsb tkhn-°bpw sNbvIb - m-epw,
`qan-bp-≠m-°n-sb∂pw ImWp-∂p.
2. ae-bm-f-`qan D≠m-°m-\p≈ IrXyw: klym{Zn JWvUw
DØ-cm¿≤w 6˛mw A≤ym-b-Øn¬ klym-{Zn-bn¬ \n∂p kmb-I-a-
b®p kap-{ZsØ \o°n-sb-∂pw, Sn 7˛mw A≤ym-b-Øn¬ ]cip
Fdn™p cmPy-ap-≠m-°n-sb-∂pw, tIc-f-am-lm-fly-Øn¬ CSØp

digitized by [Link]
{]mNo-\-a-e-bmfw 13

ssIsIm≠p I\ym-Ip-am-cn-bn¬h®p ]cip Fdn™p A{]-Imcw

sNbvXp F∂pw, tIc-tfm-ev]-Øn-bn¬ tKmI¿ÆØp I∑-e-bn-en-
cp∂p hcp-Ws\ tkhn®p `qan-bp-≠m-°n-sb∂pw ImWp-∂p.
3. ae-bm-f`
- q-an-bpsS AXn¿Ønbpw hnkvXo¿Æhpw: k.-D.1-˛¬
Ienw-KØ- nse sshX-cW - \- Z- n°p sX°v kp{_-“W
- y-Øn\p hS°v
100 tbmP\ \of-Øn¬ 3 tbmP\ hoXn-bn¬ F∂pw, Sn 6˛mw A≤ym-
b-Øn¬ 100 tbmP\ \of-Øn¬ 5 tbmP\ hoXn-bn¬ F∂pw, tIc-
f-am-lm-fly-Øn¬ 100 tbmP\ \of-Øn¬ 10 tbmP\ hoXn-bn¬
F∂pw, tIc-tfm-ev]Ø - n-bn¬ 160 ImXw `qan-sb∂pw ImWp-∂p.
4. ae-bm-f-`q-an-Zm-\-Øn-\p≈ ImcWw: ]c-ip-cm-a≥ ae-bm-f-`q-
ansb Zm\w sNbvX-Xm-bn´p klym-{Zn-J-WvU-Ønepw tIc-f-am-lm-
fly-Ønepw ImWp-∂n-√. tIc-tfm-ev]-Øn-bn¬ hoc-l-Xym-]m-]-im-
¥n-°m-bn´pw tIc-fm-h-Im-i-{I-a-Øn¬ hoc-l-Xym-]m-]m-h-in-jvS-
Øns‚ ]cn-lm-c-Øn-\m-bn´pw A{]-Imcw sNbvXp F∂p-Im-Wp-∂p.8
C\nbpw ]c-ip-cm-a≥ {_m“-Wsc sIm≠p-h-cn-I, Ah¿
Xncn®p s]mbv°-f-bp-I, ho≠pw sIm≠p-h∂p ]m¿∏n-°pI apX-
emb Imcy-߃, hmkvX-h-kw-K-Xn-Isf ad-bv°m≥th-≠n-bp≈
bXv\-Øn¬ H∂n-s\m∂p hn]-co-X-ambpw s]mXpsh hnizm-k-tbm-
Ky-a-√m-tXbpw Cu {KŸ-ß-fn¬ ImWp-∂p-≠v. CXn\v Hcp DZm-l-
cWw ]dbmw: aebm-N-e-\n-hm-kn-Ifpw cW-iq-c-∑m-cp-amb \mI-∑m¿
kap-{Zw-h-bv]n¬ D≠mb `qansb ssIh-iw-h®v c£n-°p-tºmƒ, a‰p-
≈-h¿ AXn¬ {]th-in-∏m≥ XpS-ßn. At∏mƒ \mI-∑m¿ Ib¿°p-
I-bpw, hntZ-in-Iƒ `b-s∏´v HmSn c£-s]-Sp-Ibpw sNbvXp. ]n∂oSv
B{i-bn®v At]-£n-®-t∏mƒ Ahn-S-hnsS ]m¿Øp-sIm-≈p-hm≥
Ahsc \mI-∑m¿ A\p-h-Zn-®p9. C{]-Imcw hmkvX-h-kw-K-Xn-Iƒ
Ccn-°sh kzm¿∞-X-ev]-c-X\n-anØw ‘\mI-∑m¿’ F∂ h¿§-\m-
asØ ({Zm-hn-U-`m-j-bn-ep-≈) kwkvIr-X-Ønse \mK-∑m¿’10 F∂
]Z-am-bn´p am‰n-a-dn-°bpw kap{Zw \oßn D≠mb tIc-f-Øn¬ k¿∏-
߃ A[nIw D≠m-bn-cp-∂-Xn-\m¬ ]m¿∏m≥ ]mSn-√msX h∂p
F∂pw a‰pw Fgp-Xn-h-bv°p-Ibpw sNbvXn-cn-°p-∂p.
\S-∂tXm \S-°p-∂tXm Bb Hcp kwK-Xn-bpsS ImcWw
Adn-bp-∂-Xn-\mbn hnNm-cW sNøp-tºmƒ AXp-kw-_-‘-amb
km£n-sam-gnbpw {]am-Whpw ]q¿Δm-]-c-hn-cp-≤-ambpw ]c-kv]-c-hn-
cp- ≤ - a mbpw ImW- s ∏- S p∂p F¶n¬ BbXv Ahn- i zm- k yhpw

digitized by [Link]
14 {]mNo-\-a-e-bmfw

XymPyhpw BsW-∂pw, Htc-{]-Imcw bp‡y-\p-`-h-߃°p tN¿∂n-

cn-°p∂p F¶n¬ hnizm-kyhpw kzoIm-cyhpw BsW∂pw D≈Xv
k¿Δ-k-Ω-X-am-W-s√m. ae-bm-f-{_m-“-W-cpsS P∑m-h-Im-isØ
\n¿Æ-bn-°p∂ Ah-cpsS {]am-W-{K-Ÿ-ß-fn¬ AXp-kw-_-‘-amb
hnh-c-߃ ]q¿Δm-]-c-hn-cp-≤-ambpw ]c-kv]-c-hn-cp-≤-ambpw {]Xn-]m-
Zn-°-s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂-Xn-\m¬ Ah hnizm-k-tbm-Ky-ß-f-s√∂pw AXn-
\m¬ Ah¿°v ChnsS P∑mh-Im-i-an-s√∂pw kn≤n-°p-∂p11.
kwK-Xn-Iƒ A\p-`-h-Øn¬ Ccn-°-bm¬ km£n-sam-gnbpw
{]am-Whpw Ahn-izm-ky-ß-fm-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xp-sIm≠v henb tZmj-
an-s√∂pw {]Ir-X-Ønse ]e hnj-b-ßfpw {]kvXpX {]am-W-{K-
Ÿ-ß-fn¬ Gd-°psd kΩ-Xn-°-s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂-Xn-\mepw Cu ae-bm-
f-Ønse G¿∏mSpw \S∏pw GXm-h¬]-cy¥w Ahbv°v A\p-k-c-
W-am-bn-Øs∂ Ccn-°p-∂-Xn-\mepw Ah-tbbpw BhI {]am-W-km-
c- ß - t fbpw hniz- k n- t °- ≠ - X m- s W∂pw Hcp ]£- a p- ≠ m- I mw.
CXn≥{]-Imcw Xmsg-∏-d-bp∂ kwK-Xn-Iƒ AwKo-Im-cy-ß-fm-bn-Øo-
cp∂p: Cu ae-bm-f-`qan ]c-ip-cm-a-t£-{X-am-Ip-∂p. ]c-ip-cm-a≥
{_m“- W sc hcpØn Ah¿°m- b n´v AXns\ Zm\w- s N- b v X p.
Aßs\ Chn-SsØ kIe Ah-Im-i-ßfpw A[n-Im-c-ßfpw bP-
am-\-Xzhpw {_m“-W¿°pw Zmky-hrØn apX-emb F√m G¿∏m-Sp-
Ifpw \S]Sn-Ifpw ae-bm-fn-\m-b-∑m¿°pw (C-S-°m-e-ß-fn¬ XpSßn
Cu {_m“-W-cm¬ iq{Z-sc∂p hnfn-°-s∏-´p-t]m-cp-∂) kn≤n-®p.
Cu kwK-Xn-Isf {]tXyIw {]tXy-I-ambn Xncn®v Ah-bpsS
AbmYm¿∞ysØ shfn-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xn-\p≈ hnti-j-J-WvU\w
ASpØ A≤ymbw apX¬ Bcw-`n-°p-∂p.

ASn-°p-dn-∏p-Iƒ
1. asse+Afw ({]-tZ-iw) = asse-bfw
asseb+Afw = asse-bhfw
2. \ºq-cn, F{ºm≥, t]m‰n Cu t]cp-Isf hln-°p-∂-h¿ \mb-∑m¿ (\m-I-∑m¿
BsW∂v {KŸ-I¿Øm-hns‚ c≠mw]pkvX-I-Øn¬ {]Xn-]m-Zn-®n-cn-°p∂p ˛
{]km.
3. “sshX-cWym Z£ntW Xp kp{_-“Wym XtYm-Øtc k^ym¬ kmK-c-
]¿ø¥w iq¿∏m-Imcw hyh-ÿnXw iX-tbm-P-\-am-bmXw hnkvXmcw {XmWn-
- w.”
tbm-P\

digitized by [Link]
{]mNo-\-a-e-bmfw 15

4. Ienw-K-Øn¬
5. apd-Øns‚ BIr-Xn-bn¬
6. NnXv]m-h-\-{_m-“-W¿
7. “kly-]¿Δ-X-am-c`y tbmP-\-{Xn-X-bm-h[n
I\ym-Ip-am-co-ssN-I{X \mkn-Im-{Xyw-_Ix ]cw”
8. tIc-f-£n-Xn-c-Xv\-ame apX-embn Cu hnj-b-sØ-∏‰n {]Xn-]m-Zn-°p∂ a‰p
{KŸ-߃ an°-hmdpw kwK-Xn-I-fn¬ ta¬]-d™ {KŸ-ß-tfmSp tbmPn-°p-
∂-Xn-\m¬ {KŸ-I¿Ømhv Ah-sb-∏‰n {]tXyIw ]d-bm-Ø-Xm-bn-cn-°-Ww.
9. bm{X-If- n-bn¬ hnt\m-Za
- m-bn-∏d
- b
- p∂ C´n-°≠
- ∏
- ≥\m-bc
- psS A[n-Imcw B¥-
cm¬ hmkvX-h-am-bn-cp-∂n-cn-°pw.
10. tIcfw amkn-I-bn¬ \mK-߃ a\p-jy-kv{Xo-I-fp-ambn Ima-{IoU sNbvXn-
cp-∂-Xns\ kw_-‘n®pw a‰pw Hcp alm≥ A¤p-X-s∏´v Fgp-Xn-bn-cn-°p-∂p.
tIc-tfm-ev]Ø - n-bn¬ {_m“-Wsc `b-s∏-SpØn HmSn-®t- ijw k¿∏-߃ Iptd-
°mew cmPyw `cn-®n-cp∂Xmbn-∏-d-bp-∂p.˛ {]km.
11. ]t£, C\n \mb-∑m¿°p IqSp-X¬ hkvXp-X-Iƒ thW-sa-¶n¬ ]Ww
sImSpØp hmß-Ww. km£m¬ P∑n-bpsS ÿm\w AXp-sIm≠pw kn≤n-
°p-I-bn-√m.

digitized by [Link]
16 {]mNo-\-a-e-bmfw

A≤ymbw 1
Zm\-Im-c-W-\n-tj[w
`m¿§-h\v £{Xn-b-h[w \nanØw D≠mb hoc-l-Xym-tZm-j-
sØ-bmWv ae-bm-f`
- q-an-Zm-\Ø
- n\p Imc-Wa
- m°n Iev]n-®n-cn-°p-∂Xv;
F∂m¬,
“amXr-l-tØ› ]m]ky £{Xn-bm-\-]y-Xx-]cw
Im¿Ø-ho-cym¿÷p\w lXzm GI-im-k-\bm hnt`m
]mey-Xmw........................” (tI am. A. 3)
“amXr-lØn]m]-Øn\v £{Xn-b-tcbpw Im¿Ø-ho-cym¿÷p-
\- t \bpw sIm∂v GI- i m- k - \ - t bm- S p- I qSn cmPy- ] - c n- ] m- e \w
sNøWw,” F∂n-ßs\ al¿jn-am¿ hn[n-®-t]mse At±lw
sNbvXp. AXp-sIm-≠pw, BbXp injvS-]-cn-]m-e-\-Øn-\p-th-≠n-
bp≈ ZpjvS-\n-{K-l-ambn ]d-b-s∏-´n-cn-°-bmepw, temI-c-£-I-∑m¿
[\-P-\-bu-h-\-K¿Δn-jvT-∑m-cmb euIn-I-cpsS t_m[--Øn-\m-bn´p
]m]-im-¥n-s°-∂-t]mse ]pWy-I¿Ω-߃ sNbvI ]Xn-hp-≈-Xn-
\mepw `m¿§-h-\n¬ ]m]-te-i-an-√. ho≠pw Hu]-Nm-cn-I-am-bn-s´-
∂-t]m-se,
“tjmU-imJyw alm-Zm\w
I¿Øp-an-—man `qkpcmx
tI\ cqt]W X±m\w
Inb-’wJym bYm-hn[nx
hoc-l-tØ› ]m]ky
{_qX k¿tΔ ZzntPm-Øamx”
(tI. am. A. 4)
“tl! {_m“-W-t{i-jvT-∑msc! Rm≥ hoc-lØn ]m]-Øn\p
tjmU-ia
- l
- m-Zm\w Ign-∏m-\n-—n-°p-∂p. AXv Fß-s\-sb√mw F{X-
tØmfw th≠n-h-cp-sa∂p \nß-sf-√m-hcpw HØp-]-d-hn≥” F∂v

digitized by [Link]
Zm\-Im-c-W-\n-tj[w 17

At±lw {_m“-W-tcmSv Bh-iy-s∏-Sp-Ibpw Ah-cpsS hn[n-{]-Imcw

Zm\w hfsc tIa-ambn \S-Øp-Ibpw sNbvXp. B Ah-k-c-Øn¬,
“hnizm-an-{XkvXp [¿Ωmflm IuXq-l-e-k-a-\znXx
AXym-›-cy-anZw cmP-∂-e-an-Xy-{_-ho-∑p\nx”
(tI. am. A. 5)
“[¿Ωm-flm-hmb hnizm-an-{X-ap\n kt¥m-j-tØmSp IqSn tl!
cmP≥! CXv AXym-›-cy-am-bn-cn-°p-∂p. aXn” F∂p]d-™p. AtXm-
Sp-IqSn `m¿§-h-\n¬ ]m]w H´pw tijn-∏m≥ CS-bn-√. C\nbpw Zm\w
Ign™ DS≥ {_m“-W-cpsS At]-£-{]-Im-cw,
“k¿Δm≥ `qa-WvU-em-\zm]n k¿Δ-]m-]-hn-ap-‡tb
hnt{]-t`ymlw `qan-Zm\w {]Z-Zma ap\o-izcmx”
(tI. am. A. 5)
“tl! ap\n-t{i-jvT-∑msc! k¿Δ-]m-]-hn-tam-N\-Øn-\m-bn´v
F√m `qa-WvU-e-ß-tfbpw hn{]-∑m¿°p Rm≥ Zm\w sNøp∂p.”
F∂n-ßs\ ]d™p `m¿§-h≥ Zm\w sNbvXp. CXn-\p-tijw ]m]-
Øns‚ eh-te-iw-t]mepw tijn-∏m≥ CS-bn√.
C{Xbpw Ign-™n´pw `m¿§-h-\n¬ ]m]-teiw InS-∂n-cp-∂-
Xmbn tIc-fm-h-Im-i-{I-a-Øn¬ ]d-™n-cn-°p-∂p.1 CXn\p bmsXm-
c-Sn-ÿm-\-hp-an-√. hnin-jy, A¿hm-No-\-amb `mjm-K-Zy-{K-Ÿ-Øn\p
kwkvIr-X-aq-e-{K-Ÿ-Øn-t\mfw {]mamWyw Hcn-°epw D≠m-I-bn-√.
“Zm\-Im-c-W-\n-tj[w” ÿm]n-°p-∂-Xn-\mbn taev]-d-™h
IqSmsX `m¿§-hs‚ X]- v, tbmKw, ⁄m\w apX-emb i‡n-Iƒ
AXy¥w KW-\o-b-ß-fm-Ip∂p. ]m]-a-‰-h¿°p am{Xsa CuhI
i‡n-Iƒ h¿≤n®p kap-{Z-\n-jvIm-k\w apX-em-bh ÿnc-ambn
km[y-amhq F∂p-≈-Xn\v {ipXn-kvar-Xym-Zn-I-fn¬\n∂pw Nne {]am-
W-ßsf Xmsg tN¿°p∂p:
“Xt]m`nx £oW-]m-]m\mw” (B-fl-t_m-[w)
A¿∞w: “X]- p-sIm≠p ]m]w \in-®-h¿°v.”
“X] m Ievajw l¥n (kvar-Xn)
A¿∞w: “X]- p-sIm≠p ]m]-Øns\ l\n-°p-∂p.”
“tbmKm·n¿±-ltX £n{]˛
atijw ]m]-]-RvPcw” (kvar-Xn)

digitized by [Link]
18 {]mNo-\-a-e-bmfw

A¿∞w: “tbmKm·n kIe ]m]-ß-tfbpw thK-Øn¬ \in-

∏n-°p-∂p.”
CXymZn {]am-W-ß-fm¬ X]- p-sIm≠pw tbmKw sIm≠pw
]m]w £bn-°p-sa∂p hcp-∂p. `m¿§-h≥ henb X]-kznbpw tbmKn-
bp-am-sW-∂p-≈Xpw {]kn-≤-am-W-s√m.
“⁄m\m-·n- ¿h-I¿ΩmWn
`kva-km¬Ip-cp-tXf¿÷p\” (`. KoX)
A¿∞w: “sl! A¿÷p\! ⁄m\m·n k¿Δ-I¿Ω-ß-tfbpw
`kva-am-°n-s®-øp-∂p.”
“k¿hw ⁄m\-π-th-ss\h
{hPn\w k¥-cn-jykn” (`. KoX) A. IV t«mIw-˛36
A¿∞w: “F√m ]m]-ß-tfbpw ⁄m\w AXn-{I-an-°p-∂p.”
“Aiz-ta-[-k-l-{kmWn
{_“-l-Xym-i-Xm\n N
Ip¿h-∂]n \ ent]yX
btZy-IXzw {]]-iy-Xn. ” (kq-X-kw-ln-X)
A¿∞w: “Bbncw Aiz- t a- [ hpw \qdp {_“- l - X ybpw
sNbvXmepw Bssfl-Iy-⁄m-\a
- p-s≠-¶n¬ ]m]-ap-≠m-bn-cn-°b
- n√.”
“bky \mlw-IrtXm `mthm
_p≤n-cyky \ en]ytX
lXzm]n k Cam≥ temIm≥
\ l¥n \ \n_-≤y-tX.” (`. KoX)
A¿∞w: “bmsXm-cp-Ø∂v Al-¶m-chpw a\-∏-‰p-an-√m-Xn-cn-°p-
∂pthm Ah∂v Cu temIw apgp-h\pw \in-®mepw _‘-\hpw
lm\nbpw C√.”
“X]km {_“ hnPn-⁄m-kkz” ({ip-Xn)
A¿∞w: “X]- p-sIm≠p {_“sØ Adn-hm-\n-—n-°p-∂p.”
“\ amXr-h-t[\ ]nXr-h-t[\ \ {`qW-l-Xybm” (Iu-jo-X-
Iyp-]-\n-j-Øv)
A¿∞w: “amXr-h-[w-sIm≠pw ]nXr-h-[w-sIm≠pw {`qW-l-
Xy-sIm≠pw H∂p-an-√.” (hn-Zzm\v apJ-`mhw amdp-I-bn-s√∂p tijw.)
“bYm ]pjvI-c-]-emi Bt]m \ «njy-¥, Ghw ]m]w hnZn
I¿Ω \ «njysX” ({ip-Xn)

digitized by [Link]
Zm\-Im-c-W-\n-tj[w 19

A¿∞w: “Xma-c-bn-e-bn-¶¬ sh≈w ]‰m-Ø-Xp-t]mse hnZzm-

¶¬ I¿Ωt®¿®-bn-√.” (I¿Ωw Xßp-I-bn-√.)
“XZ-[n-Ka DØ-c-]q¿Δm-L-tbm-c-t«-j-hn-\miu
XZzp]-tZ-im¬” ({_-“-kq-{Xw)
A¿∞w: “⁄m\-{]m-]vXn-bn-¶¬ ap≥]n≥ ]m]-ßf
- psS c≠n-
t‚bpw ]‰n-√m-bvabpw \mihpw {ItaW hcp-∂p.”
“CXckymt]y-h-a-kw-t«jx ]mtXXp” ({_-“-kq-{Xw)
A¿∞w: “⁄m\-kn-≤n-Im-eØv CXp-t]mse Xs∂ ]pWy-
ß-fp-tSbpw ]‰v Adp-Xn-h-cp-∂p.”
`m¿§-h≥ ZØm-t{X-b-`-K-h-∑p-J-Øp-\n∂pw {_“-X-tXzm-]-
tZiw e`n® ⁄m\n-bm-Ip-∂p.2 ({Xn-]p-cm-c-lkyw ⁄m\-ImWvUw
t\m°p-I). ta¬ ImWn® {]am-W-߃sIm≠v X]- v, tbmKw CXp-
Iƒ \nanØw Ati-j-]m-]-£-bhpw kIe kn≤n-Ifpw kw`-hn-
°p-sa∂pw ⁄m\nsb bmsXmcp ]m]-]p-Wy-ßfpw Xo≠p-I-bn-
s√∂pw ImWp-∂p. `m¿§-h≥ X]-kznbpw tbmKnbpw ⁄m\n-bp-am-
Ip∂p F∂Xv a‰p {]am-W-ß-sf-s°m≠pw sXfn-bp-∂p.
Cu Imc-W-ß-fm¬ Zm\-Im-c-W-an-s√∂pw Imcy-Im-c-W-kw-
_-‘-bp‡ym* Zm\-ap-≠m-bn-´n-s√∂pw kn≤n-®p.

ASn-°p-dn-∏p-Iƒ
1. am∏n-f-Øn-cp-h-∏mSp Ah¿Iƒ
2. ae-bm-f-`q-an-\n¿Ωm-W-Øn\p apºp-Xs∂ `m¿§-h-s\-°p-dn®p “{_“-⁄m\o
alm-tbm-Ko, [\p¿thtZ N \njvTnXx” F∂p tIc-f-am-lm-fly-Øn¬ ]d-™n-
cn-°p-∂-Xn-\m¬ ]u¿hm-]-cy-i-¶-bv°n-S-bn-√. A≤ym-fl-cm-am-bWw _me-Im-
WvUhpw t\m°p-I. ˛ {]km.

digitized by [Link]
20 {]mNo-\-a-e-bmfw

A≤ymbw 2
ae-bm-f-{_m-“-Wsc
]c-ip-cm-a≥ sIm≠p-h-∂n-´n√
kw{Klw: ]c-ip-cm-a\p ]m]-an-söpw AXn-\m ]m]-]-cn-
lm-c-Øn-\m-bn´v ae-bm-f-`q-ansb Zm\w-sNbvhm≥ Imc-W-an-s√∂pw
H∂mw A≤ym-b-Øn¬ km[n-®p. Cu A≤ymb-Øn¬ Zm\w-sIm-Sp-
°p-∂-Xn-\mbv At±lw hntZ-i-Øp-\n∂pw {_m“-Wsc hcp-Øn-bn-
´n-s√∂pw sXfn-bn-°p-∂p. CXn-te-°mbn G¿s∏-Sp∂ {][m\ hmZ-
ap-J-ß-tfbpw AXp-I-fpsS Xo¿®-I-tfbpw hmb-\-°m-cpsS kuI-
cy-Øn-\mbn ChnsS ImWn-°p-∂p.
1. a‰p≈ PmXn- I - s f- ∂ - t ]mse ae- b m- f - { _m- “ - W - c nepw
At\Iw Ahm-¥-c-hn-`m-K-߃ Ct∏mƒ ImWp-∂p-≠v. Chsb hnh-
cn-°p∂ tIc-f-am-lm-flyw, tIc-fm-h-Im-i-{Iaw apX-emb {]am-W-
ß-fn¬ Zm\-kzo-I-c-Whpw a‰p-amWv Cu hn`m-K-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm-
\-sa∂p ImWp-∂p. Ah-bn¬ BZy-Im-cWw Zm\-kzo-I-c-W-am-bn-cn-
°-W-sa∂pw a‰p Imc-W-߃ Imem-¥-c-Øn¬ kw`-hn-®-h-bm-bn-cn-
°-W-sa∂pw D≈-Xn\p kwi-b-an-√. Zm\w kzoI-cn-®-hsc {`jvS-∑m-
cm-bn´pw kzoI-cn-°mØhsc DØ-a-∑m-cm-bn´pw AZym]n* KWn-®p-
t]m-cp-∂p-≠v. Cu ^ew kw`-hy-amtWm F∂p ]cn-tim-[n-°mw.
2. ]c-ip-cm-a-\n¬\n-∂pw Zm\w hmßn-b-Xp-sIm≠p {_m“-
W¿°v ]XnXzw kw`-hn-°W - s
- a-¶n¬ Zm\w sNøp-∂X
- n-\p-apºv At±-
l-Øn\p ]XnXzw D≠m-bn-cp-∂n-cn-°-Ww. F∂m¬ ae-bmf`qanZm\-
Øn-\p-apºpXs∂ At\Iw alm-Zm-\-ßfpw a‰pw \S-Øn-bn-´p≈
Znhy-{io-am-\mb ]c-ip-cm-a\p ]XnXzw Hcn-°epw Ds≠∂p hcp-∂-
X-√. CXp ap∂-≤ym-b-Øn¬ km[n-°bpw sNbvXn-cn-°p-∂p. Bb-
Xn-\m¬ {_m“-W¿°p ]XnXzw h∂p F∂p ]d-bp-∂Xp icn-b-√.
3. icn-bmb I¿Ωm-\p-jvTm-\-ß-fp-s≠-¶n¬ Zm\w hmßp-∂-
Xp-sIm≠p {_m“-W¿°p ]XnXzw hcn-Ib - n√; ]XnXzw h∂p F∂p

digitized by [Link]
ae-bm-f-{_m-“-Wsc ]c-ip-cm-a≥ sIm≠p-h-∂n-´n√ 21

]d-™n-cn-°p-∂-Xp-sIm≠v B {_m“-W¿°p I¿Ω-i-‡n-bn-√m-bn-

cp∂p F∂p hnNm-cn-t°-≠n-bn-cn-°p-∂p. Cu Imcy-Øn¬ `b∂p
Iøn¬ hmßm-sX-bn-cp∂ DØ-a-∑mcpw Iøn¬ hmßn {`jvS-cm-bn-
Øo¿∂ a‰p-≈-hcpw B¥-cm¬ Hcp-t]m-se-X-s∂. BI-bm¬ ae-
bm-f-Øn¬ hcp-∂-Xn-\p-apºv Cu {_m“-W¿°v D≠m-bn-cp-∂-Xmbn
tIc-fa
- m-lm-flym-Zn-If
- n¬ ]d-™n-cn-°p∂ tbmKy-Xmw-iß
- ƒ Chsc
kw_-‘n-°m-\n-S-bn-√.
4. Zm\-kzo-Im-cw-\n-anØw ]XnXzw h∂Xv Zm\m¿lX C√m-
bva-sIm-≠-√. ]c-ip-cm-as‚ {]tXy-I-hn-[n-{]-Imcw BWv F∂p≈
]£-Øn¬ a‰p `qan-Isf Zm\w-sN-bvX-t∏mƒ G¿s∏-Sp-ØmØ N´w
ae-bm-f-`q-an-Zm-\-Øns‚ Imcy-Øn¬ am{Xw ]c-ip-cm-a≥ {ipXn-kvar-
Xym-Zn-Iƒ°pw euIn-I-\n-b-a-Øn\pw hn]-co-X-ambn G¿s∏-Sp-Øm-
\n-S-bn-√.
5. ]c-ip-cm-a≥ Zm\m¿l-cm-b-h¿t° Zm\w sNbvXn-´p≈p
F∂p {]am-W-ß-fn¬ ImWp-∂p. Zm\m¿l-∑m-cpsS e£Ww ZmXm-
hns‚ ]m]sØ I¿Ω-i-‡n-sIm≠v Ah-cnepw Xß-fnepw ]‰m-
Ø-hn[w \in-∏n-°p-∂-Xm-Wv. F∂m¬ ae-bm-f-{_m-“-W¿°p Zm\w
hmßn-b-Xp-sIm≠v ]XnXzw h∂-Xmbn ImWp-∂-Xn-\m¬ Ahsc
]c-ip-cm-a≥ CXn-te-°m-bn´p tIc-f-Øn¬ hcp-Øn-bn-´n-√.

{_m“-W-cpsS PmXn-hn-`mKw
“AjvSu ln hn{]m Zzu \yq\u
ZzmZ-ssi-hm-¥-cm-fnImx” (Pm-Xn-\n¿Æ-bw)
A¿∞w: “{_m“-W-h¿§-Øn¬ PmXn F´v; \yq\-PmXn c≠v;
A¥-cm-f-PmXn ]{¥-≠v.”
Cu PmXn-Iƒ F√mw Xmsg ]d-bp∂ hn`m-K-ß-fnepw Ah-
bpsS ]ncn-hp-I-fnepw Dƒs∏-´n-cn-°p-∂p.
“k{am-UmtVym hnin-jvS›
kmamt\ym PmXn-am-{XIx
kmt¶-Xn-I› i]vX›
]m]o-Xy-jvS-hnt[m ZznPx” (Pm-Xn-\n¿Æ-bw)
A¿∞w: “1˛maXv k{amSv (X-{ºm-°ƒ); 2˛maXv BVy-∑m¿
(A-jvS-KrlØn¬); 3˛maXv hnin-jvS-{_m-“-W¿; 4˛maXv kmam-\y-

digitized by [Link]
22 {]mNo-\-a-e-bmfw

∑m¿; 5˛maXv PmXn-am-{X-∑m¿; 6˛maXv kmt¶-Xn-I-∑m¿: 7˛maXv im]-

{K-ÿ-∑m¿: 8˛maXv ]m]n-Iƒ.”
Ch-cn¬ H∂m-a-Xmb X{ºm-°ƒ°v `{Zm-k-\w, km¿Δ-am\yw,
{_“-km-{am-Pyw, {_“-h¿® v Cßs\ \mep-ÿm-\-߃ ]c-ip-
cm-a≥ BN-{μ-Xmcw ]p{X-]u-{X-]-c-º-c-bmbn sImSp-Øn-cn-°p-∂p.
Ch-cpsS hrØn taev]-d™ ÿm\-ßsf bYm-hn[n A\p-jvTn-®p-
t]m-cn-I-bm-Ip-∂p.
c≠m-aXv AjvS-Kr-l-Øn¬ BVy-∑m¿ hfsc bmKw sNbvXv
tZh-{]oXn kºm-Zn-®n-´p-≈h- c- m-Ib
- m¬ taen¬ Ch¿°v bmKw sNøm-
sX-Xs∂ bmK-^e - t- Øm-Sp-IqSn X]- v, thZ-th-Zmw-Kß
- f
- psS A¿∞-
⁄m-\w, {]`p-Xzw, [¿Ω-io-eXzw Cßs\ \mep-ÿm-\-߃ ]c-
ip-cm-a≥ sImSp-Øn-cn-°p-∂p. XZ-\p-jvTm-\w-Xs∂ Ch-cpsS hrØn.
Chsc \ºq-cn-∏m-S-∑m¿ F∂p ]d-bpw.
aq∂m-aXv hnin-jvS-{_m-“-W¿, Ch¿°v A·n-tlm-{Xw, `´-
hr-Øn, k∂ym-kw, A\yZznP-∑msc sIm≠v bmKw-sN-øn-°¬
Cßs\ \mep ÿm\-߃ sImSp-Øn-cn-°p-∂p. XZ-\p-jvTm-\w-Xs∂
Ch-cpsS hrØn. ‘B[m\w’ F∂ I¿Ωw sNbvXm¬ Chsc ‘Bln-
Xm·n’ As√-¶n¬ ‘ASn-Xncn’ F∂pw tkma-bmKw sNbvXm¬
‘tkma- b mPn’ As√- ¶ n¬ ‘tNmam- X ncn’ F∂pw A·n- N b\w
sNbvXm¬ ‘A·n-NnØv’ As√-¶n¬ ‘A°n-Øncn’ F∂pw `´-hr-
Øn-am-{X-ap-≈-hsc ‘`´-Xn-cn’-am¿ F∂pw ]d-bp-∂p.
\mem-aXp kmam-\y-{_m-“-W¿, Ch¿°p thZm-Zn-Iƒ A`y-
kn-°p-I, k∂ym-kw, a{¥-hm-Zw, t£{X-ß-fn¬ X{¥w Cßs\
\mep ÿm\-߃ sImSpØn-cn-°p-∂p.
A©m-aXp PmXn-am-{X-∑m¿. Chsc \mep-X-c-ambn ]d-™n-cn-
°p-∂p. (1) ]c-ip-cm-a-\n-tbm-K-Øm¬ sshZy-imkv{Xw A`y-kn®p
NnIn-’n-°p-∂-h-cmb AjvS-ssh-Zy-∑m¿. (2) ]c-ip-cm-a-t\mSp {_“-
£- { X- a mbn ae- b m- f sØ c£n- ∏ m≥ Bbp[w hmßn- b - h ¿.
(3) Zmcn{Zyw sImt≠m alm-tcm-Kw-sImt≠m thZm-≤y-b-\sØ Dt]-
£n®v GXp {]hr-Øn-sIm-s≠-¶nepw Pohs\ c£n-®-h-cmb {_m“-
W¿. (4) cmK-tZz-jm-Zn-I-sf-s°m≠p ZpjvS-∑m-cm-b-Xp-\n-anØw thZm-
≤y-b\sØ Dt]-£n®p tkz—-bmbn Hmtcm thj-ßsf Ah-ew-
_n®v Pohs\ c£n-®-h¿. Ch¿°v DØ-a-∑m-tcm-Sp-IqSn Hcp IS-

digitized by [Link]
ae-bm-f-{_m-“-Wsc ]c-ip-cm-a≥ sIm≠p-h-∂n-´n√ 23

hn¬ kv\m\w, ]Mv‡nt`m-P-\w, cwK-ÿm-\w, alm-\kw (A-c-ßpw

ASp-°-f-bpw) Cßs\ \mep ÿm\-߃ sImSp-Øn-cn-°p-∂p. Ch-
cn¬ apºp apºp ]d-™-h¿°v {ItaW IqSp-X¬ t{ijvT-Xzhpw
]nºp ]nºp ]d-™h - ¿°v AXp-t]mse \yq\-Xbpw D≈-Xmbn hn[n-
®n-cn-°p-∂p. Cu Iq´-cn¬ H∂m-a-Xmbn ]d-b-s∏´ AjvS-ssh-Zy-
∑m¿°v NnIn’m-Zn-bpw, c≠m-a-Xm-bp-≈-h¿°v \mep ÿm\-ß-fpsS
A\p-jvTm-\hpw a‰p≈ ]cn-jI- ƒ°v kzÿ-Xbpw hrØn-If- m-Ip∂p.
AjvS-ssh-Zy-∑msc kmam-\y-ambn ‘\ºqcn’ F∂pw hnti-j-ambn
‘aq v’ F∂pw ‘\ºn’ F∂pw ]d-bp-∂p. c≠mw-X-c-°msc ‘imkv{X-
\-ºq-cn-am¿’ F∂pw aq∂pw \mepw Xc-°msc shdpw \ºq-cn-am¿
F∂pw ]d-bp-∂p.
Bdm-aXv kmt¶-Xn-I-∑m¿: Ch¿ ae-bm-f-Øn-ep≈ D]-{Z-hw-
\n-anØw AhnSw Dt]-£n-®p-t]m-Ibpw ]n∂oSv B ÿew kz¿§-
Xp-ey-am-bn-Øo-cp-I-bm¬ ]c-ip-cm-a-t\m-S-t]-£n®v ho≠pw h∂p
]m¿°p-Ibpw sNbvXn-´p-≈-h-cm-Wv. Chsc ]c-ip-cm-a≥ “tl!
{_m“Wmx!” F∂p hnfn-°p-Ibpw AXn-ep≈ ]Ip-Xn-`mKw Ch-
cpsS t]¿ Bbn´p Xocp-Ibpw sNbvXp. BbXv ‘sl{_m’ F∂m-
Ip-∂p. AXp tem]n®v F{ºm≥ F∂m-bn-Øo¿∂p. Ch-cn¬ Nne¿°v
apgp-h\pw ae-bm-fm-Nm-chpw Nne¿°v ]c-tZ-im-Nm-chpw a‰p-Nn-e¿°v
CXp-Iƒ CS-Ie - ¿∂ Hcp coXnbpw BIp-∂p. Chsc Bdp ¢m m°n
hyh-l-cn-®p-t]m-cp∂p: (1) Xncp-h-√m-tZ-in, (2) Xr∏q-Wn-Øp-d-tZ-in,
(3) A°-c-tZ-in, (4) C°-c-tZ-in, (5) I¿Æm-S-I-cv, (6) Xuf-h-∑m-cv
CXn¬ Xncp-h√ - m-tZ-in-Isf tIme-Øn-cn-cm-Pmhp sIm≠p-h∂p tIme-
Øp-\m-´n¬ hmgn-°bpw Xr∏q-Wn-Øp-d-tZ-in-Isf Xr∏q-Wn-Øp-d-cm-
Pmhp sIm≠p-h∂v AhnsS hmgn-°bpw aq∂pw \mepw Xc-°msc
Ipe-ti-Jc - a
- l
- m-cm-Pmhp sIm≠p-h∂p hmgn-°bpw sNbvXp. I¿Æm-
S-I-∑mcpw Xuf-h-∑mcpw Bcpw sIm≠p-h-cmsX X߃Xs∂ Z£n-
W-Zn-°p-I-fn¬ KXm-KXw sNbvXp-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-∂-h-cm-Ip-∂p. Cu
Bdp ¢m p-Im-tcbpw ]c-ip-cm-a≥ ap∏-Øn-c≠p {Kma-ß-fn¬ ]≠p
hmgn-®p. Ch¿°v thZm-≤y-b-\w, t£{X-ß-fn¬ im¥n, \a-kvIm-c-
`-£W - w, ]cn-I¿Ωw Cßs\ \mep ÿm\-߃ sImSp-Øn-cn-°p∂p.
Ggm-aXv im]-{K-ÿ-∑m¿: ]c-ip-cm-as‚ {]Xy-£sØ ]co-
£n-°-bm¬ At±-l-Øn-\mepw BNm-cy-kzm-an-I-fmepw i]n-°-s∏-
´-h-cm-Ip∂p Ch¿ Ch-tcbpw kmam-\y-ambn ‘\ºq-cn-am¿’ F∂p
]d-bpw. Ch¿°v Ath-Z-]m-T-hpw, A\-a-kvIm-c-`-£-W-hpw, A]q-

digitized by [Link]
24 {]mNo-\-a-e-bmfw

Py-Xz-hpw, Ak-l-ÿn-Xn-bpw Cßs\ \mep ÿm\-ßfpw X’w-

_-‘-amb hrØn-Ifpw hn[n-®n-cn-°p-∂p.
F´m-aXv ]m]n-Iƒ: Chsc A©p ¢m m-°n-∏d - ™
- n-cn-°p∂p.
(1) ]c-ip-cm-at- \mSp Zm\w-hm-ßn®hcmb Ducnse ‘]cn-ja
- q-s -∑m¿’
(2) s]cp-amsf \n{K-ln-∏m≥ A\p-hmZw sImSpØ {Kma-Wn-Iƒ.
(3) hcm-l-aq¿Øn-sb-°-f™ ]∂n-bq¿ {Kma-°m¿. (4) iq{Z-]u-tcm-
lnXyw hln® CfbX∑m¿. (5) {_m“-W-cpsS A\p-hm-Z-{]-Imcw
s]cpamfns\ \n{K-ln® \ºn-Sn-Iƒ. Chcn¬ H∂p-ap-X¬ aq∂p-hsc
¢m p-I-fn-ep-≈-h¿°v ]m]-Xm-c-X-ayw-t]mse ÿm\-Xm-c-X-ayhpw
\mepw A©pw ¢m p-Im¿°v PmXn-t`-Zhpw D≠v. CXp-Iq-Sm-tXbpw;
GtXXp I¿Ω-߃ sNbvXm¬ {`jvSv `hn-°p-sa∂v imkv{X-Øm¬
hn[n-°-s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂pshm B I¿Ω-߃ sNbvX-h-tcbpw ]m]n-
jvT-∑m¿ F∂p ]d-bp-∂p.
ta¬hn-h-cn® {_m“-Wsc Ah-cpsS hnti-jm-ep≈ t]cp-I-
sf-s°m-≠√ - msX kmam-\y-ambn ‘\ºqcnam¿’ F∂pw \mepw A©pw
¢m p-I-fn¬ Nnesc ‘t]m‰n-am¿’ F∂pw hyh-l-cn-®p-hcp∂p. HSp-
hn¬ hnh-cn-®-h-cn¬ Nne ÿm\-ap-f-f-hsc ‘\ºn-Sn-am¿’ (]-≠m-c-
Øn¬) F∂pw ]d- b p- ∂ p. Bdmw¢m p- I msc kmam- \ y- a mbn
‘F{ºm≥’ F∂pw Nne Zn°p-I-fn¬ ‘t]m‰n’ F∂pw Ggmw-¢m- n-
ep-≈-hsc kmam-\y-ambn ‘\ºqcn’ F∂pw F´mw-¢m- n-ep-≈-h-cn¬
aq∂m-a-∑msc ‘\ºqcn’ F∂pw injvS-ap-≈-hsc AXXp ]ncn-hn¬
hnh-cn-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xp-t]m-sebpw hyh-l-cn-®p-t]m-cp-∂p. amXr-h-gn-b-
h-Imiw kzoI-cn® ]ø-∂q¿ {Kma-°m-cmb {_m“-Wsc ‘AΩm-a-
∑m¿’ F∂p-]-d-bp-∂p. ta¬°m-Wn® hn`m-K-ß-fn¬ Nne-Xn¬
Dƒs∏´ {_m“-WZ- m\w hmßpI tlXp-hm-bn´pw a‰pw Nne¿ AXn¬
]n∂oSp kw`-hn® thsd Imc-W-ß-fmepw {`jvS-∑m-cm-bn-Øo¿∂p
F∂p ]d-™n-cn°sIm≠v Ah¿°p X°-Xmb I¿Ω-i-‡n-bn-√m-
bn-cp∂p F∂pw Aßs\ I¿Ω-i‡ - n-bn-√m-Øh- cpw AXn-\m¬ Zm\-
Øn\v A¿l-X-bn-√m-Ø-hcpw Bb {_m“-W-∑msc ]c-ip-cm-a≥
Zm\-Øn-\mbn sIm≠p-h-∂n-cn-°-bn-s√∂pw hnNm-cn-t°-≠-Xm-Wv.
]c-ip-cm-a≥ sIm≠p-h∂ {_m“-W¿ ae-bm-fØ- n¬ hcpw-apºv
DØ-a-∑m-cm-bn-cp∂p F∂p-≈-Xn\p ]d-bp∂ {]amWw:
“IrjvWm-Xotc Xp KXzmY NNmc `rKp-\-μ\x”
........................ CXym-Zn.” [A-\p-_‘w (1) t\m°p-I.]

digitized by [Link]
ae-bm-f-{_m-“-Wsc ]c-ip-cm-a≥ sIm≠p-h-∂n-´n√ 25

CXym-Zn-bmb {]am-W-ß-fmepw Zm\w hmßpI apX-emb

{`jvSp-kw-K-Xn-I-fn¬ Dƒs∏-´-hsc Hgn®p tij-ap≈ ae-bm-f-{_m-
“-W¿ F√m-hcpw DØ-a-∑m-cm-bn-Øs∂ Ccn-°-bmepw `m¿§-h≥
sIm≠p-h-∂-t∏mƒ Ah-cn¬ Bcpw-Xs∂ {`jvS-∑m-cm-bn-cp-∂n-
s√∂pw ChnsS h∂v taev]-d™ kwK-Xn-I-fn¬ tN¿∂ Imc-W-
Øm¬ At∏mƒap-X¬°v C{]-Imcw ]XnXzw Ah¿°p kw`-hn-®-
Xm-sW∂pw Cu hnj-b-Øn¬ Hcp kam-[m\w ]d-t™-°mw.

Sn {]amWw ChnsS tbmPn-°p-∂n√m

F∂m¬ GXm\pw t]¿ Dƒs∏-Sp-Ibpw AXp-sIm-≠v {`jvS-
∑m-cm-bn-t∏m-I-bpw-sNbvXp F∂pw a‰p-≈-h¿ Dƒs∏-SmsX amdn-\n-
∂p-I-f-™-Xp-sIm≠v ]qPy-∑m-cmbn F∂pw ImWp-I-bm¬ Cu HSp-
hn¬ ]d-™-hcpw Dƒs∏-´n-cp∂p F¶n¬ at‰-h-sc-t∏mse {`jvS-
∑m-cm-Ip-am-bn-cp∂p F∂pw Aßs\ sNøm-ØX - p-sIm≠p am{X-amWv
{`jvS-∑m-cm-Im-Xn-cn°p∂Xv F∂pw Xo¿®-bm-°mw. Cu Hcp kwK-
Xn-sIm-≠p-Xs∂ Ch¿ F√m-hcpw B¥-cm¬ Xpey-∑mcmsW∂pw
X∂n-anØw Zm\m¿l∑m-cs√∂pw {]kvXpX {]amWw Chsc kw_-
‘n-°-bn-s√∂pw kn≤n-°p-∂p.

Zm\w hmßn-b-\n-anØw {`jvSp-`-hn-∏m≥ CS-bn√m

kzoIr-Øp-°ƒ°v Zm\-kzo-Im-c-Zzmcm kw{I-an® hoclXym-
]m-]-amWv Cu ae-bm-f-{_m-“-W-cn¬ Cßs\ {`jvS-cq-]-ambn \ne-
\n-∂p-t]m-cp-∂-sX∂p ImWp-∂-s√m. Aß-s\-bm-sW-¶n¬ Cu
]m]w \n∂n-cp∂ ÿe-sØ√mw {`jvS-cq-]-am-bn-Øs∂ Ccp-∂n-cn-
°m≥ CS-bp-≠v. Bb-Xp-sIm≠v Zm\-Zzmcm Cu tZmjw Ch-cn-em-
Ip-∂-Xn-\p-apºv `m¿§-h-\n¬Øs∂ \n∂n-´p-≈-Xn-\m¬ B Imew
apgp-h≥ At±-l-Øn\pw Cu hn[w {`jvSp kw`-hn-®n-cn-t°-≠-Xm-
sW∂pw DØ-a-ssh-Zn-I-Im-cy-ß-fn¬ Ch-sc-t∏mse At±lw _ln-
jvIr-X-\m-bn-cp-∂n-´p-s≠∂pw hc-Ww. AXn\p bp‡nbpw {]am-
Whpw hn]-co-Xa - m-bn-cn-°p-∂p. B tZmjw Ch-cn¬ h∂-t∏mƒam{Xw
{`jvSvcq-]-ambn F¶n¬ AXn-te°p Imc-Whpw thsd D≠m-bn-cp-
∂n-cn-°-Ww. A√msX Zm\w hmßnb \nanØw {`jvSp `hn-∏m≥
CS-Im-Wp-∂n-√m.

digitized by [Link]
26 {]mNo-\-a-e-bmfw

]c-ip-cm-as‚ hn[n
ae-bm-f{_m“-W-]-c-am-bp≈ im¶-c-kvarXn F∂ eLp-[¿Ω-
{]-Im-inI 1˛mw A≤ymbw 2˛mw ]mZw 9˛Dw 10-˛Dw t«mI-ß-fn¬
Cßs\ ]d-™n-cn-°p-∂p:
“kzt£t{X kw{K-lw-N-t{I-hn-jvWp¿≤¿Ω-]-Xn¿`rKpx
e÷tX `¿’ytX tX\ hn{]x Iman itam-NnXx
{]i-a-{]-Xn-]-t∂-cn-Xyp-NytX `q{]-Xn-{K-lmXv
P¬ta-Xn-h¿W-hy-Xym-km-Ø-’w-_-t‘-\km-N`qx
Pt∑-Xym-Jym-b-tX-X-ky-kzm-an-Xz-©-X-Zm-{ibw”
(im-¶-c-kvar-Xn)
A¿∞w: [¿Ω-{]-Xn-jvTm-]-I-\mb hnjvWp-hns‚ Ah-Xm-c-
aq¿Øn-bmb `m¿§-h≥ Xs‚ kz¥-amb ae-bm-fØ - n¬ `qansb Zm\w
hmßp-∂Xv DØ-a-a-s√-∂p-sh®v AXns\ {_m“-W-[¿Ω-Øn¬
Npcp°n (Ip-d-hm-°n) Iev]n-®n-cn-°p-∂p. itam-Nn-X-\pw, Iman-bpw,
`qan-Zm\w hmßp-∂-h-\p-amb {_m“-W≥ ia-io-e-∑m-cm¬ \nμn-°-
s∏-Sp-∂p. Ah¿ e÷n-°p-∂p. ‘ePv’ [mXp-hn\v ]rtjm-Z-cm-Zn-Xzm¬
h¿Æ hyXymkw h∂n-´m-Ip-∂p ‘Pevan’ (Zp-jn®v P∑n) F∂p≈
t]cp-≠m-b-Xv. X’w-_‘w sIm≠v `qan°p ‘Pevaw’ (P-∑w) F∂p
hyh-lm-c-ap-≠m-bn. CXp-sIm-≠mWv Zm\-kzo-Im-cw-\n-anØw tZmjw-
kw-`-hn-®Xv F∂v Hcp ]£-ap-≠v.

ta¬{]-Imcw hn[n D≠m-bn-´n√m

Cu ae-bm-f-Øn¬am{Xw `qan-Zm-\-kzo-I-cWw tZmj-I-c-sa∂p
`m¿§-h≥ Iev]n-°m-\n-S-bn-√. Cu `m¿§-h≥ ae-bm-f-`q-an-Zm-\-Øn\p
apºv `mc-X-JWvUw apgp-h\pw {_m“-W¿°p Zm\w-sN-bvXn-´p-≠v.
AXns‚ hnhcw Xmsg-°m-Wn-°p-∂p.
“IpTm-tcW N Xw lXzm h¿§m≥ £{Xn-b-hw-i-Pm≥
GI-hnw-i-Xn-cm-hrØu kw`-hm-\-Jn-em≥ XZm
lXzm-lXzm IrXm≥ k¿Δm≥ D`-tbm¿hw-i-Pm≥ apZm”
(tI. am. A.3.)
“[¿tΩW ]me-b≥ k¿h-£-{Xn-b-kym-¥Ix {]`px
hocm≥ lXzm Xp css‡› ]nXrq≥ Xm≥X¿∏-b-Xytlm

digitized by [Link]
ae-bm-f-{_m-“-Wsc ]c-ip-cm-a≥ sIm≠p-h-∂n-´n√ 27

Im¿Ø-ho-cym¿÷p\w lXzm GI-im-k-\bm `phn

cmPm-`p¬ ]c-ip-cm-a› kakvtX £nXn-a-WvUte”
(tI. am. A. 4.)
A¿∞w: “Ccp-]-Øn-sbm∂p {]mhiyw c≠p hwi-Ønepw
D≈ h¿§-£-{Xn-b-∑msc P\n-°p-∂-hsc P\n-°p-∂-hsc Hs° ]c-
ip-sIm≠p sIm∂p-sIm-s∂m-Sp-°n. Im¿Ø-ho-cym¿÷p-\mZn k¿Δ-
£-{Xn-b-∑m-scbpw \n{K-ln®v GI-im-k-\-am-bn´v F√m `qa-WvU-e-
ßfpw [¿Ω-tØm-Sp-IqSn `m¿§-h≥ ]cn-]m-en-®p. l\n® hoc-∑m-
cpsS c‡-Øn¬ ]nXr-X¿∏Ww Ign-®p.”
“At\ym\yw ho£n-Xm-k¿tΔ Btem-Ny-ap-\n-]pw-Khmx
\mc-Z¥w kam-lqb DhmN Ipin-Im-flPx
D]m-tb-ss\h `qZm\w hnti-j-^-e-ap-Øaw
Gh© t_m[-b-kzm¿∞-am-K— ap\n-]pw-Kh!
Gh-apt‡m alm-cmtPm \mc-Z-kvXz-cnXw KXx
CwKn-Xt⁄m ap\n-t{ijvtTm cmPm\w hmIy-a-{_-ho¬”
\mcZ: “{iqbXmw Zm\-am-lm-flyw....................................
XkvamØzw `qan-Zm-\© XzcnXw Ipcp `m¿§h!
Gh-ap-‡kvXp cmP¿jnx {]Way hn\-bm-\znXw
`qZm\w {]ZZm-ay{X Ipkp-ssa- -ln-tXm-ZIw
lkvtX KrloXzm cma-kvXp.................................
NXp- m-K-c-a≤ym N `qan m ZobtX abm
\m\m-tKm-{X-Zzn-tP-`ykvXp `qanZm\w abm IrXw
KrloXzm ap\-b- ¿tΔ tXmjnXm ap\n-k-Øamx
......................`m¿§-h-›- X-Zm-{_-ho¬
Alw In¶-c-hm-Wy{X h‡hyw ap\n-]pw-Khmx
`m¿§-th-ssW-ap‡mkvtX k¿tΔ N {_“-hm-Zn\x
{X]m-`-cm› ap\-b-kvX¬Imte Iuin-tIm-f{_-ho¬
k¿Δm≥ `qa-WvU-em≥ ZXzm Xzbm ÿmXpw \ iIytX
Ip{Xm]n K— k¿Δ-⁄, btYjvSw ]b-km-∂n[u
Ghw ]pcm IrX-bptK im]-Im-c-W-a{X tX
Gh-ap-‡kvXp `K-hm≥ {]Xn-⁄m-a-I-tcm-ØZm
ÿob≤zw bqbta-hm-kvan≥ `qau N Ejn-]pw-Khmx
Al¥p N Kan-jyman BImti hmcn-[m-h]n

digitized by [Link]
28 {]mNo-\-a-e-bmfw

Gh-ta-h© \n¿Ωmb X¬ `qanw ]me-bm-aylw

CXyp‡m `m¿§hx {ioam≥ ss[cy-bp‡x ]cm-`-hm¬
ssIem-k© {]hn-iymY {]Wm-a-a-I-tcm-—n-hw.”
(tI. am. A. 5)
A¿∞w: “hfsc hfsc Zm\-߃ Ign-®n-cp-∂n´pw `qZm-\w-IqSn
sNø-W-sa∂p hnizm-an-{X-a-l¿jn ]d-™-X-\p-k-cn®v \mc-Z≥ ]c-
ip-cm-as\ hnh-c-a-dn-bn-®p. `m¿§-h≥ ]qhpw \ocpw ssIbn¬ FSpØv
\mep kap-{Z-Øn-\-I-Øp≈ `qan apgp-h\pw Zm\w-sN-bvXp. {_m“-
W¿ kt¥m-j-k-taXw {]tXyIw {]tXyIw A\p-{K-ln-®p. A\-
¥cw `m¿§-h≥ C\n F¥p-th≠q F∂p \a-kvIm-c-]q¿Δw tNmZn-
®-t∏mƒ hnizm-an-{X-s\m-gn®v as‰-√m-hcpw \mWn-®n-cp-∂p-t]m-bn. `qan
apgp-h\pw ZØ-am-bn-t∏m-b-Xn-\m¬ C\n ChnsS Ccn-°m≥ ]mSn√m,
BIm-i-Øntem kap-{Z-Øntem s]mbvs°m-≈Ww F∂p hnizm-an-
{X-a-l¿jn ]d-™p. A{]-Im-cw-Xs∂ ‘\n߃ Cu `qan-bn¬ kpJ-
am-bn-cn-∏n≥’ F∂p ]d-™pw-sIm≠v `m¿§-h≥ ss[cy-k-taXw
Xncn®v {iossI-em-k-Øp-sN∂v inhs\ \a-kvI-cn-®p.”
At∏mƒ `K-hm≥ Iev]n®v Cßs\ tNmZn®p:
“cmPy-`mcw hnlmb N ap\n-`n¿Δ-©n-XkvXzw ln”
(tI. am. A.6)
C{]-Imcw `qan-Zm\w Xm\m-tem-Nn-°msX {]Xn-{K-lo-X∑- m-cpsS
h©-\-bn¬ AI-s∏´v sNbvXp-t]m-bn-´p-≈-Xm-Wv. Cu ÿnXn°v
`m¿§-h≥ Cu ImWn® `qan-Zm-\-Øn-s\-bmWv ]m]-I-c-sa∂p Iev]n-
°m≥ Imcy-ap-≈-Xv. F∂n´pw CXns\ \nμy-sat∂m PmXn-\yq-\-
Xbv°v tlXp-sht∂m `m¿§-h≥ Iev]n-®-Xmbpw AXp-\n-anØw
kzoIr-Øp-I-fn¬ B¿s°-¶nepw ka-am-bnt´m IqSp-X¬ Ipd-hm-
bnt´m \yq\X kw`-hn-®-Xmbpw \nh¿Øn-∏m≥ ]mSn-√m-Ø-hn-[-
Øn¬ B \yq\X C∂p-hs - cbv°pw \ne-\n-∂p-t]m-cp-∂X
- mbpw {]am-
W-ß-fnepw P\-{ip-Xn-bnepw A\p-`-h-Ønepw C√.
Cu ae-bm-f-`q-an-bm-Is´ a‰m-cp-tSbpw ssIh-i-Ønepw A\p-
`-h-Ønepw Ccp-∂n-´p-≈Xpw Ahsc D]-{Z-hn®p ]nSn-®p-]-dn-®n-´p-
≈Xpw A√.
“cmP≥ Xh- k - l m- b m¿∞w cmPyw \n¿Ω- b nXpw Kplw,
Ipamcw t{]j-bn-jym-an.......................................................

digitized by [Link]
ae-bm-f-{_m-“-Wsc ]c-ip-cm-a≥ sIm≠p-h-∂n-´n√ 29

`m¿§-h-kvXz-cn-Xw-K— kp{_-“-Wy- -lm-bIx
I\ym-Ip-amcow IeymWow ]qP-bn-Xzm.........
KrloXzm ]c-ipw-lkvtX hmcn[u t{]jy-Xn-{]t`m”
(tI. am. A. 6)
C{]-Imcw ]c-ip-cm-a≥ kp{_-“-Wys‚ klm-b-tØm-Sp-IqSn
kz{]-b-Xv\-Øm¬ D≠m-°o-´p-≈Xpw {_“mhn-jvWp-a-tl{μmZn ap∏-
Øn-ap-t°mSn tZh-Ifpw kIe al¿jn-amcpw ASn-°Sn h∂p-th-
≠p∂ A\p-{K-l-ßfpw klm-b-ßfpw sNbvXp kpJ-ta‰n h®n-´p-
≈Xpw Ipt_-cs‚ \n[n-Iƒ D≈Xpw kz¿§-kv{Xo-Iƒ Xma-kn-°p-
∂-Xn-\mepw a‰pw kz¿§-Xp-eyhpw Bb ÿe-am-Ip∂p Cu tIc-fw.
hnti-jn®pw ZmXmhpw kzoIr-Øp-°fpw th≠ hn[w A[n-Im-cn-X-
bp≈ {_m“-Wt- {i-jvT\pw {_m“-Wt- {i-jvT∑ - m-cp-am-bn-cp-∂p. C°m-
c-W-ß-fm¬ ]q¿Δ-Imew XpS-ßn C∂p-hsc \S-∂n-´p≈ as‰-√m-Zm-
\-ß-sf-°mfpw Cu Zm\-am-Ip∂p icnbpw AXyp-Ø-a-hp-am-bn-´p-≈-
sX∂v Bcpw kΩ-Xn-°p-∂-Xm-Wv. ]c-ip-cm-a≥ Xs‚ C{]-Im-c-ap≈
DØ-a-Ir-XysØ \nμy-sa∂p sX‰n-≤-cn®p Bb-Xns\ Xs‚ B⁄-
bn¬ Dƒs∏-´n-cn-°p∂ kzPm-Xn-P-\-Øn\p tZmjw kw`-hn-°p-amdv
{]I-Sn-∏n-°p-∂h
- \
- mb Hcp D∑-Ø\
- √
- . AXn-\m¬ Zm\-kzo-Imcw \nan-
Ø-amWv ]Xn-Xz-ap-≠m-b-sX∂p ]d-bp-∂Xv Hcn-°epw icn-b-√.

I¿Ωm-\p-jvTm\w Zm\w- \n-an-Ø-ap≈ ]m]sØ ]cn-l-

cn°pw
C\n ae-bm-f-Ønse `qan-Zm-\-kzo-Im-csØ ap≥]n¬ ]d-™-
Xp-t]mse ]m]-I-c-am-bn-´p-Xs∂ kΩ-Xn-®p-t\m-°mw. F∂mepw
kzoIr-Øp-°ƒ°v ]XnXzw h∂p-IqSm F∂p ImWn-°mw.
“A·n-Kp¿Δ-Xn-Yn-t{]jvT `n£p injvtS\ `qkpcmx
Pohn-Xzm-P-∑-t`m-tK\ \ ko-tZbpx IzNnXv {[phw”
(im-¶-c-kvarXn ˛ A. 1, 2˛mw ]mZw t«m.11)

A¿∞w: “F∂m¬ \ymb-ambn In´p∂ P∑-t`m-K-Øn¬\n∂v

A·n, Kpcp, AXn-Yn, CjvS-∑m¿ (-_-‘p-°ƒ), `n£p-°ƒ Ch¿°p
th≠p-∂-Xns\ sImSpØv _m°n-sIm≠v D]-Po-h\w Ign-°p∂
{_m“-W\p tZmjw kw`-hn-°p-∂-X-√.” A√m-tX-bpw,

digitized by [Link]
30 {]mNo-\-a-e-bmfw

“k¿tΔ-jm-a-]n-tZ-bm\mw {]Xn-{Kmlo ZzntPm-Øax

{_“Wm Iev]nXx ]q¿Δw \m\y-kvX-{Xm-[n-Im-c-hm≥
tIjm-©n∂ \njn-≤› hnti-j-ss⁄Ix {]Xn-{Klx
BXy-¥n-I-]-c-tXz\ X∂n-tj-[ky PmbtX
XØ-±m-\-I-tYm-—n-Øn-c¿∞m-`m-h› [¿ΩXx
XØ-±m-\-hn-t[-c-\yYm {]am-W© X∑p\nx
`m¿§-thm-`K-hm-\zo-£yZp-jv{]-Xn-{K-l-ssP-\kmw
{]ml Zm\m\n im¥y¿∞w h£y-t¥y-Xm-\y-\p-{I-am¬
kz[¿Ω-tÿ\ k¿tΔjmw Krl-tÿ\{]Xn-{Klx
Imtcym-\m-t\y-\-tI-\m-]n-X-ssky-X-Z-L-a¿jWw”
(im¶-c-kvarXn ˛ A. 5, \memw-]mZw 1 ˛ 5 t«m.)
A¿∞w: “GXp Zm\hpw hmßp-hm≥ ssZhw {_m“-W-s\-
bmWv A[n-Im-cs
- ∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cn-°p-∂X- v. a‰m¿°pw A[n-Im-ca
- n-√. Adn-
hp-≈-h¿ Nne¿°p Zm\w hmßp-∂-Xn\p hntcm-[-an-s√∂p ]d-bp∂p.
Bcpw Zm\w hmßn-°b - n-s√-∂p-h∂- m¬ temI-Øn¬ Zm\-IY Xs∂
C√m-Xm-bn-Øo-cpw. F∂m¬ Zpjv{]-Xn-{Klw tZmj-am-Ip-∂p.”
AhnsS al¿jn-bm¬ hn[n-°-s∏´ im¥nsb Xmsg hnh-cn-°p-∂p.
“kz[¿ΩsØ th≠-t]mse A\p-jvTn-°p∂ Krl-ÿ\p
am{Xta Zm\w hmßp-hm≥ A[n-Im-c-ap-≈p. Ahs‚ kz[¿Ωm-N-
cWw Zm\w-\n-an-Ø-ap-ff ]m]sØ ian-∏n-°pw.”
CXns‚ tijw {]kvXpX {]am-W-Øn¬ B kz[¿ΩsØ
hnh-cn®p ]d-bp-Ibpw AXns\ {Ia-{]-Imcw BN-cn-®m¬ Zpjv{]-
Xn-{K-l-tZmjw Xo¿∂v A·nsbt∏mse tim`n°pw F∂p Iev]n-
°p-Ibpw sNbvXn-cn-°p-∂p. Cu Imc-WØ - m¬ Zm\-kzo-Im-cw-sIm≠v
tZmj-ap-s≠-¶nepw AXns\ At∏mƒXs∂ \nh¿Øn-®p-sIm-≈m-
sa-∂p-≈-Xn-\m¬ BbXp Ipd-®n-en\p Imc-W-am-bn´v Nnc-Im-e-sa-
∂√ Aev]-Im-ew-t]mepw \ne-\n¬°m-\n-S-bn-√. C\nbpw {_m“-
Wcpw Ah-cn¬ XmW PmXn-°mcpw ]e-h-I-bm-bn´v F{Xtbm Zm\-
߃ Ign-°bpw {_m“-W-cp-Xs∂ kzoI-cn-°bpw sNøpI ]≠p-
]t≠ ]Xnhpw \S∏pw Bbn-´p-≈X - m-Ip-∂p. Chn-Sp≈ {_m“-W¿°-
√msX Cu ]pXpa as‰m-cp-Ø¿°pw D≈-Xmtbm D≠m-bn-cp-∂X - mtbm
tI´p-tIƒhn-t]m-ep-an-√.
{`jvSn\p ImcWw Zm\-kzo-Im-c-a√; BsW∂p hmZn-°p∂
]£-Øn¬ kzoIr-Øp-°ƒ°p I¿Ω-i-‡n-bn-√. Zm\-Øn\v A¿l-

digitized by [Link]
ae-bm-f-{_m-“-Wsc ]c-ip-cm-a≥ sIm≠p-h-∂n-´n√ 31

X-bn-√m-Ø-hsc ]c-ip-cm-a≥ sIm≠p-h-cn-I-bn-√, sIm≠p-h-∂n-´p-

an√.
Cu ae-bm-f-`q-an-Zm-\hpw kzoI-c-Whpw \nμy-am-bn-´p-≈-sX∂p
hcp-∂-]-£hpw kzoIr-Øp-Iƒ C∂ C∂ {]Imcw kZvhrØn-bn-
en-cp-∂m¬ Ah-cpsS Zm\-kzo-Im-ct- Zm-jß - s - f√mw \in®v Ah¿ bi-
kzn-I-fm-bn-cn°pw F∂p ]d-™n-cn-°p-∂-Xn-\m¬ Cu ae-bm-f-{_m-
“-W¿ A{]-Im-c-ap≈ k¬Ir-Xy-ß-fn¬ A[n-Im-chpw A\p-jvTm-
\hpw C√mØ A[-a-∑m-cm-Ip∂p F∂v kzbw kΩ-Xn-®p-sIm-≠me-
√msX Zm\-kzo-Im-c-tZm-j-amWv Ah-cpsS Ipd-®n-en\p Imc-W-sa-
∂p-≈Xp tNcp-I-bn-√. {`jvSn\p ImcWw Zm\-a-s√∂p kΩ-Xn-°p-
∂-]£w ae-bm-f-`q-an-bpsS Ah-Imiw DS≥ {_m“-Wsc hns´m-gn-
tb-≠-Xm-bn-h-cpw. Cu hmZw Ah-km-\n-°p-Ibpw sNøpw. AX√m
X߃ I¿Ωm-\p-jvTm-\a - n-√mØ A[-a∑ - m¿ Xs∂-sb∂v Ah¿ kΩ-
Xn-®p-I-f-bp∂ ]£w Ah¿ Zm\-Øn\v A¿l-∑m-c-s√∂pw h∂p-
t]m-Ipw. “kz[¿Ω-tÿ\ k¿tΔjmw Krl-tÿ\ {]Xn-{Klx
Imtcym- \m-t\y-\....................................................” (im. kvar. A. 5 ]m.
4 t«m. 5)
A¿∞w: “kz[¿ΩsØ th≠pw-hÆw A\p-jvTn-°p∂ Krl-
ÿ-\p-am-{Xta Zm\w hmßm≥ A[n-Im-c-ap-≈q. A√m-Øh-\-[n-Im-
c-an-√. (Cu hnjbw a\p-kvarXn 4˛mw A≤ymb-Øn¬ hnh-cn-®p-]-d-
™n-´p-≠v.)
`m¿§-h\v Cu hnj-b-sØ-∏-‰n-bp≈ A`n-{]mbw ta¬{]-Im-c-
am-Ip-∂p. Cu A`n-{]m-bØ
- n¬ `m¿§-hk
- var-Xnbpw im¶-ck
- var-Xnbpw
tbmPn-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. `m¿§-h≥ apºp Zm\w-sNbvhm≥ C—n®v
{_m“-Wsc hcp-Øm≥ ZqXs\ Ab-®-t∏mƒ Ah-t\mSp {]tXyIw
Cßs\ Iev]n-®p.
“ZzntPm-Ø-am-\m-\-bkz Phm¬ KXzm..........
Zm\m¿lm≥................................” (tI. am. A. 4)
A\-¥cw Zm\w-sIm-Sp-Ø-b-h-k-c-Øn¬ Cßs\ ]d™p:
“ZZman Zi-Zm-\m\n Zm\m¿lmx Ine `qkpcmx”
(tI. am. A. 5)
Cßs\ {]tXyIw Icp-X¬Im-Wn-®n-´p≈ aXn-am\pw Zm\-^-
em-\p-t`m-‡m-hp-amb `m¿§-h≥ Cu ae-bm-f-`q-ansb Zm\w sNøp-

digitized by [Link]
32 {]mNo-\-a-e-bmfw

∂-Xn\p Xm≥Xs∂ Bfp-Isf At\z-jn-®p-]n-Sn-°p-tºmƒ Cu

hnjbw Aev]w-t]mepw hnkva-cn-®p-t]m-I-bn-√m. AXn-\m¬ BNm-
c-lo-\-∑m¿ At±-l-Øm¬ sIm≠p-h-c-s∏-Sp-I-bn-√. C\n ae-bm-f-
`qan Zm\w-hm-ßp-∂-Xn-te-°p-am{Xw Fß-s\-bp-f-f-h-cm-bmepw aXn
F∂p Icp-Xn-b-Xm-bn´p ]d-bp∂p F¶n-¬ ap≥hn-h-cn® tIc-f-am-
lmflyw 11-˛mw A≤ym-bhpw a‰pw t\m°p-I. (A-\p-_-‘w1) AhnsS
`m¿§-h≥ Ctßm´p sIm≠p-h-∂Xv AXyp-Ø-a-∑m-sc-bm-sW∂v
kv]jvS-ambn hnh-cn-®n-´p-≠v.
Cu \ymb-ß-sf-s°m≠p t\m°p-tºmƒ Zm\w ssIbn¬
hmßn-bn-cp∂p F¶n¬ tZmjhpw kw`-hn-°p-am-bn-cp∂p F∂p-t≈-
SØv kn≤n-°p∂ Zm\m¿l-Xsb A\p-h-Zn-°p-∂-Xmb hyh-[m-\-P-
\y-]m-]m`mhw A¿∞m¬ kn≤n-\ym-b-{]-Imcw k{am-´p-ap-X¬ ]m]n-
hsc F√m-h-cnepw B]-Xn-°p-∂p. At∏mƒ “Aºp-sIm-≈m-Ø-h-
cn√ Ipcp-°-fn¬” F∂-t]mse Bbn-Øo-cp-∂p. Cu Imc-W-ß-fm¬
Cu ae-bm-f-{_m-“-W¿ `m¿§-h-\m¬ hcp-Ø-s∏-´-h-c√ F∂p sXfn-
bp-∂p.

digitized by [Link]
 33

A≤ymbw 3
]c-ip-cm-a≥ ae-bm-f`q-ansb
Zm\w-sN-bvXn-´n√
(kw-{K-lw) tIc-f-am-lm-flyw, tIc-fm-h-Im-i-{I-aw, PmXn-
\n¿Æbw apXembh-bn¬ ae-bm-f-{_m-“-W-cmb kI-ecpw Adp-
]-Øn-\mep{Kma-°m-cn¬ Dƒs∏-´-h-cm-sW∂pw Cu Adp-]-Øn-\mep
{Kma-°m-¿°pwIq-Sn-bmWv ]c-ip-cm-a≥ ae-bm-f-`q-ansb Zm\w-sN-bvXn-
´p-f-f-sX∂pw ]d-™n-cn-°p-∂p. F√m¿°pw sImSpØp F∂p ]d-
™Xp icn-bm-sW-¶n¬ Zm\-kzo-Im-cw-sIm≠v Nne¿°p-am{Xw
]XnXzw h∂-sX-ßs\ F∂p t\m°p-tºmƒ ssIbn¬ hmßn-b-
h¿ (]qhpw \ocpw kln-Xw) ]m]n-Iƒ, ssIbn¬ hmßm-Ø-h¿
DØ-a¿ F∂v B {]am-W-ß-fn¬ kam-[m\w ImWp-∂p. ssIbn¬
hmßn-bn-s√-¶n¬ Ah-Imiw Fßs\ kn≤n®p F∂p-ff tNmZy-
Øn\v ssIbn¬ hmßn-b-h¿ X߃°p-th-≠nbpw a‰p-≈-h¿°p-
th-≠nbpwIqSn (Ip-d-Xo¿Øv As√-¶n¬ {]Xn-\n-[n-ÿm\w hln®v)
hmßn F∂pw Aßs\ hmßn-b-h¿°v `qanbpw ]m]hpw kn≤n-
°bpw a‰p-≈-h¿°v ]m]w IqSmsX `qan-am{Xw kn≤n-°-bpw-sNbvXp
F∂pw adp-]Sn In´p-∂p. F∂m¬ Cu Adp-]-Øn-\mep {Kma-°m-
cn¬Øs∂ ]e¿°pw P∑n-Xz-an-√msX Ccn-°p-∂-s√m Ipd Xo¿Øp
hmßn-b-Xn¬ Chsc Dƒs∏-Sp-Øm-Ø-sX¥v F∂p≈ tNmZy-Øn\p
kam-[m-\ta ImWp-∂n-√.-ap-ºn-esØ tNmZy-߃°p≈ kam-[m-\-
߃ kzoIm-cy-ß-f-√m-bvI-bmepw HSp-hn-esØ tNmZy-Øn\p kam-
[m-\a - n-√m-bvIb
- mepw Adp-]Ø - n-\mep {Kma-°m-cn¬ F√m¿°pw IqSn
]c-ip-cm-a≥ ae-bm-f` - q-ansb Zm\w-sNbvXp F∂p ]d-™n-cn-°p-∂Xp
km[p-h-√. Aßs\ Hmtcm Imc-W-ß-fm¬ Cu {_m“-W-cn¬ DØ-
a-∑m-cmb AjvSK - r-lØ - n¬ BVy-∑m¿°pw AXp-t]mse ssIbn¬
hmßn-b-h-sc∂p ]d-bp∂ {`jvS-∑m¿°pw, Cu aq∂p kwK-Xn-I-
tfbpw thsd Nne Imc-Wß - t- fbpw ASn-ÿm-\s- ∏-SpØn Cu {_m“-

digitized by [Link]
34 {]mNo-\-a-e-bmfw

W-cn¬ bmsXm-cp-Ø¿°pw ]c-ip-cm-a≥ ae-bm-f-`q-ansb Zm\w

sNbvXn-´n-√.
“AJnemw tIcfow `qaow {_m“-tWt`ym ZZu {]`px
NXp-jvj-jvSn-X-ta-`y-kvXp.....” (tI. am)
A¿∞w: “`m¿§-h≥ Adp-]-Øn-\mep {Kma-°m¿°pambn´p
tIc-f-`qan apgp-h\pw Zm\w-sNbvXp” F∂v AS-°n-∏-d-™n-cn-°-
sIm≠v Chn-sS-bp≈ F√m ae-bm-f-{_m-“-W¿°pw (Cu Adp-]-
Øn-\m-en¬ Dƒs∏-SmsX Chn-sS-bn-√) P∑-`q-anbpw P∑n-Xzhpw D≠m-
bn-cn-t°-≠-Xm-Wv. A{]-Im-c-a-√msX F{Xtbm ae-bm-f-{_m-“-W-
Ip-Spw-_-߃ ]mc-º-cy-am-bnt´ Cu ae-bm-f-`qanbn¬ D≠v. AXn-
\m¬ F√m-t]¿°pw sImSpØp F∂p≈ {]am-Whpw P\-{ip-Xnbpw
[mc-Wbpw icn-bm-bn-´p-≈-X-√. F∂m¬ At\-Iw-t]¿°p sImSp-
Øn-´n-√-Xs∂ F∂m-sW-¶n¬ `m¿§-h≥ A\ym-b-°m-c-\m-sW∂pw
h∂p-t]m-Ipw.
Fß-s\-sb-∂m¬, ]c-tZ-i-ß-fn¬ sN∂v DØ-a-{_m-“-Wsc
kXyw-sNbvXp £Wn-®p-sIm-≠p-h∂v ChnsS kpJ-ambn ]m¿∏n-®-
Xn-s‚-tijw Ah-cn¬ GXm-\pw-t]¿ kztZ-i-tØ°p s]mbv°-f-
™-Xn-\m¬ `m¿§-h≥ hyk-\n®v CXp-t]mse tijw D≈-hcpw
t]mIm-Xn-cn-∏m≥th≠n Ah¿s°√mw ]q¿Δ-inJ (ap≥Ip-Sp-a)
hbv]n-°bpw thjw BNmcw thZm-≤yb-\-kzc-k-{º-Zmbw apX-em-
b-hsb t`Z-s∏-Sp-Øp-Ibpw sNbvXp F∂p ImWp-I-bm¬ Ah¿°v
ChnSw kztZ-iw-t]mse kpJ-{]-Z-a-√m-bn-cp∂p F∂pw, F¶nepw
Xncn-®p-t]m-Im-Xn-cn-∏m≥ Bbn-cp∂p ]c-tZ-i\
- n-jn-≤a
- mb ap≥]-d™
G¿∏m-Sp-Iƒ sNbvXp _em-XvIm-ca - mbn Ahsc Xma-kn-∏n-®s - X∂pw
kv]jvS-am-Ip-∂p. C{]-Imcw `m¿§-h≥ sNbvXXp hmkvX-h-am-sW-
∂p-h-cn-In¬ Zm\w hmßn-b-h¿s°-∂-t]m-se-Xs∂ hmßm-Ø-
h¿°pw `qan apX-em-b-hbpw AXp-I-fpsS P∑m-h-Im-ihpw BVy-
Xzhpw At±lw sImSp-Øn-cn-°-Ww. A√msX Ipe-i-{XpX D≠m-
bn-cp-∂n´pw Iog-S-ßnb £{Xn-bs\ kzt£-{X-Øn¬ sIm≠n-cpØn
c£n® Ct±lw X∂m¬ sIm≠p-h-c-s∏-´-hcpw Xs‚ B⁄bv°p
Iog-Sßn kztZ-i-tØ°p sIm≈-cp-Xm-Ø-hn-[-Øn¬ thjw apX-
em-b-hbpw am‰n A\-\y-K-Xn-I-fmbn \n∂n-cp-∂-hcpw Bb F{Xtbm
{_m“-Wsc H∂pw sImSp-°msX Dt]-£n®p F∂p ]d-bp-∂Xv
Hcn-°epw tNcp-I-bn-√. F∂m¬ sImSp-°msX Dt]-£n-®n-´√

digitized by [Link]
]c-ip-cm-a≥ ae-bm-f`q-ansb Zm\w-sN-bvXn-´n√ 35

Ah¿°p ths≠∂v Hgn-™n-´mWv F∂p ]d-I-bm-sW-¶n¬ hntZ-

i-Øp-\n-∂p-ap≈ Ah-cpsS BK-a-\-Øns‚ Dt±iyw ]ns∂ F¥m-
bn-cn°pw? Hcp-th-f A_-≤-Øn¬ h∂p-t]m-b-Xm-sW-∂p-h-cn-In¬
Ah¿ thjw amdp-Ibpw thsd hn[w kºm-Zn®v D]-Po-h\w Ign-®p-
sIm- s ≠- ¶ nepw Chn- s S- Ø s∂ ÿnc- a mbn Xma- k n- ° p- I bpw
sNømsX DS≥Xs∂ s]mbv°-f-bp-am-bn-cp-∂p.
C\n Ch¿ `m¿§-h-\m¬ £Wn-°-s∏-SmsX (X-\n-sb) h∂p
thjw-amdn Xma-kn-®-h-cm-I-sIm-≠mWv Ch¿°v `qan In´m-Xn-cp-∂-
sX-¶n¬, H∂m-aXv AXn-te°v {]am-Wtam P\-{ip-Xntbm H∂pw-X-
s∂-bn√; c≠m-aXp ]c-tZ-i-Øp≈ {_m“-W-cpsS hmk-ÿ-e-Øp-
sN∂v Ahsc \n¿_-‘n®p Iq´n-s°m-≠p-h∂v Zm\w-sNbvX `m¿§-
h≥ B ImeØp X\nsb h∂-hcpw P∑w apgp-h≥ ChnsS Xma-
kn-°p-∂-Xn\v k∂-≤-cmbncp∂-hcpw Bb Chsc Hgn-°-bn-√m-bn-
cp-∂p. AXp-sIm≠pw Zm\w-hm-ßn-b-h¿ hmßm-Ø-h-cmb a‰p-≈-
h¿°p-th-≠n-s®bvX Ipd-Xo¿®-bn¬ Ch¿ Dƒs∏-Sm-Xn-cp-∂Xp
sIm≠pw Adp-]-Øn-\mep {Kma-°m-cn¬ F√m-h¿°pw sImSpØp
F∂v ]d-™Xp icn-bm-Ip-∂n-√.
Cu ae-bm-f-Ønse `qan-Zm-\-kzo-I-c-W-Øn¬ ZØ-`qan am{X-
a√ Hcp-\mfpw amdm-Ø-Xmb {`wi-cq-]amb ]m]-hpw-IqSn kn≤n°pw
F∂m-Wt√m {]amWwsIm≠pw A\p-`h - w-sIm≠pw Cu {_m“-W¿
hniz-kn-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xmbn sXfn-™n-cn-°p-∂-Xv. Cuhn[ {`jvS-cq-]-
]m-]-k-lnXZm\-kzo-Im-c-am-Ip∂p ChnsS D≈ P∑n-Xz-Øn\pw {]`p-
Xz-Øn\pw Imc-W-sa∂pw ImWp-∂p. BVy-∑m¿°p≈ Ah-Imiw
`m¿§-h-Zm-\-{]-Imcw kn≤n-®-Xm-sW∂p ImWp-∂-Xn-\m¬ ta¬]-
d™ apdbv°v Ch¿°pw ]m]hpw X∂n-anØw {`jvSpw kw`-hn-®n-
cn-t°-≠-Xm-bn-cp-∂p. A{]-Imcw ImWp-∂n-√. BVy-∑m¿ C∂pw
t{ijvT-∑m¿X-s∂-bm-Wv.
kam-[m\w: t\cn´p Iøn¬ hmßn-s®-¶nte ]m]-ap-≈p. Cu
BVy-∑m¿ Aßs\ hmßn-®n-´n-√. AXp-sIm≠v Ah¿°p ]m]-
hp-an-√.
\ntj[w: ‘alm-{_m-“-W¿°p {`jvSp hcp-tØ-≠. Zm\w
ta¬{]-Im-cw-aX
- n. AXp-sIm≠p Zm\^ew kn≤n-®p-sIm-≈pw’ F∂n-
ßs\ `m¿§-h\p Zb-hp-tXm∂n Zm\w kzoI-cn-°m-\p-≈-hsc am‰n-

digitized by [Link]
36 {]mNo-\-a-e-bmfw

\n-dp-Øn-bpw-sh®v `qan-bntem as‰-hn-sS-sb-¶n-eptam Zm\-hkvXp

sh®p sImSp-°p-Ibpw A{]-Imcw Ch¿°p kn≤n-°bpw sNbvXn-
cn-°-bm-sW∂v Duln-t°-≠n-bn-cn-°p-∂p. B ÿnXn°v C{X Zbm-
ep-hmb `m¿§-h\v a‰p-≈-hsc (I-øn¬hm-ßn-b-h-sc) kw_-‘n®pw
CXp-t]mse sNbvXv tZmjw IqSmsX Imcyw km[n-°m-am-bn-cp-∂p.
Aßs\ \S-Øn-b-Xm-bn-°m-Wm-Ø-Xn-\m¬ `m¿§-h\v AXp kΩ-
X-as- √∂pw AXp-sIm≠v At±lw Aßs\ sNbvXn-´n-s√∂pw sXfn-
bp-∂p.
hnti-jn®pw Zm\-hn-j-b-amb ]m]w GXp-hn-[-Øn-se-¶nepw
Zm\w kzoI-cn-®-h-t\m-S-√msX Fhn-tS-°p-t]m-Ip-sa∂v Adn-bp-∂n√.
AXp-ho≠pw ZmXm-hn¬Xs∂ tNcp-sat∂m AX√m X¬°mew amdn-
\n∂v ssIbn¬ hmßm-sX-bp≈ kzoIm-c-{In-b-sIm≠p \in-®p-t]m-
Ip-sat∂m ]d-bp-∂-Xm-bm¬ AXp bp‡n°p tNcp-∂-X-√.
Hcp-h≥ sImSp-°p-Ibpw thsdm-cp-h≥ AXn-\\
- p-Iq-ea
- m-bn-\n∂v
G‰p-hm-ßp-Ibpw sNbvsX-¶nte AXp Zm\-am-Ibpw ^e-s∏-Sp-Ibpw
{]Xn-{K-lo-Xm-hn\p ZØ-h-kvXp-hn¬ Ah-Imiw kn≤n-°bpw
sNbvI-bp-≈q. B ÿnXn°v t\tc G‰p-hm-ßo-´n-√mØ Ch¿°p
hkvXp Ah-Im-i-ap-s≠∂p ]d-bp-∂Xp icn-b-√. AYhm Ah-Im-
i-ap-s≠-∂p-h-cn-In¬ AXp-thsd h√ am¿§-Ønepw kn≤n-®n-´p-≈-
Xm-bn-cn-°-Ww.
F∂m¬, Ch¿ (-B-Vy-∑m¿) hmßn-bn-s√-¶nepw a‰p-≈-h¿
hmßo-´p-≠-t√m. B hm߬ Ch-cpsS Ah-Im-i-Øn\pw Imc-W-
ambn F∂m-sW-¶n¬, Ah¿°p `m¿§-h-t\mSp Zm\w hmßo-´p-≈-
Xm-b√
- msX thsd hkvXp-°f - n-√m-ØX
- n-\mepw Ah-cpsS hmß-ens‚
^e-kn≤n Ch¿°m-sW∂v C∏-d™ `mKw-sIm≠p h∂p-t]m-Ip-
∂-Xn-\mepw Ah-cpsS kI-e-h-kvXp-°-fpsS Ah-Im-ihpw Ch¿°p
kn≤n-®n-cn-t°-≠-Xm-Ip-∂p.
kam-[m\w: a‰-h¿ (ssI-bn¬ hmßn-b-h¿) Ah¿°p-th-
≠nbpw Ch¿°p-th-≠nbpw Cßs\ c≠p-hn[w hmßo-´p-≠v; AXn-
\m¬ Ch¿°p-th≠n hmßn-b-Xp-am-{Xw Ch-cp-tS-Xm-bn-cn-°pw.
\ntj[w: A{]-Imcw hmßn-bXv ZØ-h-kvXp-k-ln-Xtam
AtXm ]m]-sØ-am-{Xtam? ZØ-h-kvXp-k-ln-X-am-Ip∂p F¶n¬
B¿°p-th≠n Bbmepw icn tZb-h-kvXp-kw-_-‘-ambn ZmXm-hn-

digitized by [Link]
]c-ip-cm-a≥ ae-bm-f`q-ansb Zm\w-sN-bvXn-´n√ 37

∂p-≠m-bn-cp∂ Ah-Imiw B ZmXm-hn-t\mSp th¿s]´p {]Xn-{K-

lo-Xm-hns‚ A[o-\-Øn¬ BIp-am-dp≈ IrXy-Øns\ BIp∂p
kzoImcw (hm-߬) F∂p-]-d-bp-∂-Xv. AXn-\m-epw,
“k¿Δ-]m-]-hn-ap-‡tb” (tI. am. A. 5)
A¿∞w: “F√m ]m]-Øn-t‚bpw hntam-N-\-Øn-\m-bn´v” F∂-
Xn-\mepw F√m ]m]-Øn-t‚bpw hntam-N-\-amWv Zm\-Øns‚ {]tbm-
P-\s- a∂p kn≤n-°p-∂p. ]m]sØ G‰p-hm-ßn-s°m-≠X - n-\m¬ `m¿§-
h\p Zm\-Øns‚ {]tbm-P-\-amb ]m]-hn-tam-N-\-Øn\p tlXp
ssIbn¬ hm߬ BIp-∂p. BI-bm¬ kzm¿∞-ambpw ]cm¿∞-
ambpw D≈ c≠p hmß-en¬ Dƒs∏´ hkvXp-°-fpsS Ah-Im-i-
ßfpw Xpey-_-e-tØm-Sp-IqSn B ssIbn¬ hmßn-b-h-cn¬Xs∂
Ccn-°mt\ \ymb-ap-≈q. AX√m \√ a\-t m-Sp-IqSn ]cm¿∞w
hmßnb hkvXp-°sf hn´p-sIm-Sp-°p-∂-]-£-Ønepw kzm¿∞w-hm-
ßnb hkvXp-°-fpsS Ah-Imiw F√m ImeØpw Ah-cn¬Xs∂
tN¿∂n-cn-t°-≠-Xm-Wv. Cu ÿnXn°v F√m hI-°m-cp-tSbpw
hkvXp-°-fpsS Ah-Imiw BZyw `m¿§-h\pw c≠m-aXv At±lw
sImSp-Øn´v ssIbn¬ hmßn-b-h¿°pw Ah¿ sImSp-Øn´v 3˛maXv
Ch¿°pw (B-Vy-∑m¿°pw) kn≤n-®n-´p-≈X - m-bn-cn-°W
- s - a∂p ÿnc-
s∏-Sp-∂p. `m¿§-hZm-\-{]-Imcw kn≤n-®Xp a‰-h¿°pw Ah-cpsS Zm\-
{]-Imcw kn≤n-®Xv Ch¿°pw F∂-√msX BVy-∑m¿°p `m¿§-h-
Zm-\-{]-Imcw kn≤n®p F∂p ]d-bp-∂-Xns\ Ch-cpsS {]am-Ww-X-
s∂- J-WvUn-°p-∂p.
C\n- ssI-bn¬ hmßn-b-h¿ Ah-Im-isØ hn´p- ]m-]sØ
am{X-amWv hmßn-bs - X-¶n¬ `qan AXn¬ Dƒs∏-Sm-Xn-cp-∂X
- p-sIm≠v
AXv BVy-∑m-cpsS P∑m-h-Im-i-Øn\p Imc-W-a-s√-∂m-hpw. `m¿§-
h-t\mSp hmßo-´n-s√∂v BZy-ta-Xs∂ ]d-™p-t]m-b-Xn-\m¬ `m¿§-
h-Zm\amWv P∑m-h-Im-i-Øn\p Imc-W-sa∂p ]d-hm\pw ]mSn-√.
A√m-sXbpw BN-{μ-Xmcw A\p-`-hn-∏m≥ hkvXp-hns\ A√msX
hnjq-NnI F∂-t]mse £b-Øn\p tlXp-`q-X-amb ]m]sØ
BtWm ]qhpw \ocpw klnXw sImSp-°p-∂Xv? Zm\-Øns‚ apd
{]Imcw BtWm? CXn\p hn]-co-X-ambn `m¿§-h≥Xs∂ sNbvXn-
´p≈ `qao-Zm-\-a-cym-Zsb t\m°mw:
“]ptcm-ln-Xm≥ kam-lqb thZ-⁄m≥ thZ-]m-c-Km≥
hkn-jvTmZo≥ ZznPm-Xow› `qan-Zm-\-a-I-ev]-b¬;

digitized by [Link]
38 {]mNo-\-a-e-bmfw

Akva¬ ]m]-hn-\m-im¿∞w Ipkp-ssa- -ln-tXm-ZIw

lkvtX KrloXzm cmakvXp DhmN ap\n-]pw-K-hm≥:
]ptcm-ln-X-»-Xm-\-μ- -am-KXy kam-ÿnXx
`qZm\w ZobXmw cmP≥ tKm{X-]q¿Δw k\m-aIw
KuX-aky kptX-t\m-‡-a-{_-ho-∑-{¥-]q¿ΔIw:
`qanw enJnXzm ]t{Xjp {_m“-tWt`ym ZZu-{]`px
k¿Δm≥ `qa-WvU-em-\zm]n k¿Δ-]m-]-hn-ap-‡tb
hnt{]-t`ymlw `qan-Zm\w {]Z-Zman ap\o-izcmx
NXp- m-K-c-a≤ym N `qan- m-Zo-btX abm
\m\m-tKm-{X-Zzn-tP-`ykvXp `qan-Zm\w abm IrXw.”
(tI. am. A. 5)
C{]-Imcw Zm\w-sN-bvXn-´p≈ {]tbm-P\w ZmXm-hn\v ]m]-tam-
N-\hpw kzoI¿Øm-hn\p hkvXz-\p-t`m-Khpw BIp-∂p. ZmXmhp
hkvXp-hn-t\bpw ]m]-tØ-bpw-IqSn sImSpØp F¶nepw hkvXp
A\p- ` - h n- ° - s ∏- S - W - s a∂pw ]m]w £bn- ∏ n- ° - s ∏- S - W - s a∂pw
BIp∂p Dt±-iyw. AXn-\m¬ Ipkp-tam-Z-I-k-taXw ZØ-am-tI-
≠Xpw Bbn-´p-≈Xpw ‘tZb-hkvXp’ BIp-∂p. A√msX Hcn-°epw
‘]m]-a√m’ F∂p-≈Xp ap≥Im-Wn® {]am-Ww-sIm≠pw kn≤n-°p-
∂p. AXn-\m¬ hkvXp-hns\ Hgn®p Zm\w hmßn F∂p ]d-™m¬
BbXp tNcp-I-bn-√m.
C\n hmßn-®-h¿ hmßn-°m-Ø-h-cmb Ch¿°p-th≠n Ipd-
Xo¿®-sN-bvX-t∏mƒ Ipd Xo¿∂p-t]m-b-Xmbpw ]m]w hkvXp-hn-
t\bpw XZ-\p-t`m-‡m-°-fmb Ch-tcbpw hn´n´v Ah-cpsS ASpØv
DS≥ sN∂-Xmbpw ]d-bp-∂Xv H´pw icn-b-s√∂p ImWn-°mw.
ZmXr-]m-]sØ tZb-h-kvXp-hn¬ k¶-ev]n-®m-°nbpw tZb-
hkvXp Iøn¬ AS-ßm-Ø-Xm-sW-¶n¬ Bb-Xns\ DZ-I-Zm-\-Øn¬
k¶-ev]n-®m-°nbpw BIp∂p Zm\w-sN-øp-∂-Xv. ZmXmhv \ocpw ]qhpw
Iøn-se-SpØv Fs‚ ]m]w Fs∂ hn´v Cu Zm\-tØm-Sp-IqSn
t]msbm- g n- b s´ F∂n- ß s\ k¶- e v ] n®p sImSp- ° p- I bpw
kzoI¿Ømhv Cu ZmXm-hns‚ ]m]sØ Cu tZb-h-kvXp-thm-Sp-
IqSn Rm≥ G‰n-cn-°p∂p F∂p k¶-ev]n®p hmßn-°p-Ibpw sNøp-
tºmƒ B k¶-ev]-{]-Imcw B ]m]-am-Is´ ZØ-h-kvXp-hns\
XpS¿∂p kzoIr-Øn-t\mSp tNcp-∂p. Cu ÿnXn°v ZmXr-k-¶ev]w

digitized by [Link]
]c-ip-cm-a≥ ae-bm-f`q-ansb Zm\w-sN-bvXn-´n√ 39

Ahs‚ ]m]sØ Ahs‚ ]°¬\n∂pw th¿s]-SpØn kzoIr-

Øn-t\mSp tNcp-amdv ZØ-h-kvXp-am¿§-ambn Xf-fn-hn-Sp-∂-Xn-\p≈
H∂m-Ip∂p: ZØ-]-Zm¿∞w ta¬{]-Imcw hnS-s∏´ ]m]-Øn\p
kzoIr-Øn-¶¬ ]m™p sN√p-∂-Xn-\p≈ am¿§-am-Ip-∂p. kzoIr-
Øns‚ k¶ev]w A{]-Imcw hcp∂ ]m]sØ AXv Ccp∂ ÿe-
tØbv°p (a-dp-]-Snbpw ZmXm-hn-¶¬ Xs∂) sN√m-Ø-hn[w G‰p-
sIm-≈p-∂X - n-\p≈ H∂m-Ip-∂p. C{]-Imcw Zm\hpw kzoIm-chpw Ign-
™n´v ZØ-h-kvXp-hn¬ ZmXm-hn-\m¬ k¶-ev]w-sIm-≠p-≠m-°-s∏-
´n-´p≈ ]m]sØ kzoIrØm-b-h≥ Xs‚ Xt]m-_-ew-sIm≠p \in-
∏n®v B hkvXp-hns\ A\ys\ ]m]-Øn¬\n∂pw c£n-®-Xns‚
{]Xn-^-e-am-bn´v A\p-`-hn-®p-sIm-≈p-∂p.
A√msX Iøn¬ t\cn- ´ p- s Im- S p- ° p- ∂ Xpw hmßp- ∂ Xpw
]m]sØ am{X-a√ k¶-ev]h - n-∂y-kvX]
- m-]a- m-bn-cn-°p∂ tZb-hk
- vXp-
hn-t\bpw XZ-h-Im-i-tØ-bp-am-Ip∂p. Cu Ah-ÿbv°v Hcp Zm\-
Øn¬ hkvXphpw ]m]hpw H∂n-®n-cn-°sh hkvXp Hcn-SØpw ]m]w
as‰m-cn-SØpw BIp-sa-∂p-≈Xv Akw-`m-hyw-X-s∂.
kam-[m\w: Iøn¬ hmßn-b-h¿°v Ch¿°p-≈Xpt]mse
Xs∂ `m¿§-h-Z-Ø-h-kvXp-°ƒ D≈-Xn-\m¬ Cu ]m]-hpw-IqSn k¶-
ev]-{]-Imcw Ah-bn¬ tN¿∂n-cp∂psIm≈pw.
\ntj[w: F¶n¬, B ZØ-h-kvXp-am¿§w kw{I-an® ]m]w
FhnsS t]mIpw? Cu ]m]-Øn\v Ccn-∏m≥IqSn B hkvXp-°ƒ
aXn-bm-Ip-sa-¶n¬ Ch¿°p thsd sImSp-Øn-´m-h-iy-an-√m, sImSp-
Øn-cn-°p-Ibpw C√.
C\nbpw Iøn¬ hmßn-b-h¿ hmßm-Ø-hcmb a‰p-≈-h-cpsS
Ipd-Xo¿®-IqSn sNbvXp-hm-ßn®p F∂p ]d-bp-∂p-h-s√m. BbXp
kXy-am-bn-cp-∂p-sh-¶n¬ X߃°p-th-≠n-bpw, ssIøn¬ hmß-em-
Ip∂ Aip-≤nsb sXmSmsX hkvXp-°s - f-am{Xw apdp-sI-∏n-Sn®v A\p-
`-hn-®pw-sIm≠v ]cn-ip-≤a- m-bn-cn-°p∂ a‰p≈ P∑n-Iƒ°p-th-≠nbpw
Zm\sØ Iøn¬ hmßn®v Ipg-ßn-°n-S-°p∂ B P∑n-Isf ]nSn-Iq-
Snb kzm¿∞-]-cm¿Ø-Ir-Xy-ß-fm-bn-cn-°p∂ c≠p-hI {`jvSp-I-
tfbpw {`jvSp-Iq-SmsX Imcyw ]‰n®p ka¿∞∑mcmbn-cn-°p∂ P∑n-
Iƒ, Zm\-tZm-j-]-cn-lm-c-am¿§w kvarXn-I-fn¬ hn[n-°-s∏-´n-cp-∂n-´pw,
Bb-Xns\ sNbvXv D]-Im-cn-I-fmb kzP-\-ß-fn¬\n∂p tZmjw

digitized by [Link]
40 {]mNo-\-a-e-bmfw

\o°n Ahsc Xß-fpsS kaq-l-Øn¬ tN¿Øp-sIm-≈msX F∂-

t∂°pw Cßs\ ]pdw-X≈n hn´p-I-f-bp-Ibpw Ah¿ (I-øn¬hm-
ßn-b-h¿) B D]-Im-csØ Hm¿Ω-s∏-SpØn a‰-h-tcmSv \n¿_-‘n®p
{]Xn-hn[n sNøn®p Xß-fpsS ÿnXn icn-bm-°n-s°m-≈msX D≈
Ime-sam-s°bpw Cu Imcy-Øn¬ am{Xw £a-tbm-Sp-IqSn Cßs\
au\-{hXw A\p-jvTn-®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp-I-f-bp-am-bn-
cpt∂m? Hcn-°-ep-an-√. AXp-sIm≠p hmßn-b-h¿ a‰p-≈-h-cpsS Ipd
Xo¿®-sNbvXp hmßo-´n-s√-∂p-≈Xp \n›-b-am-Ip-∂p.
kam-[m\w: CXv Cu Hcp Zm\-Øn\p am{X-am-bn-´p≈ ]pXnb
kw`-h-am-Wv. Bb-Xn-\m¬ CXns‚ \nhr-Øn-°p≈ D]mbw Hcp
kvarXn-bnepw {]am-W-ß-fnepw thZ-Ønepw ImWp-I-bn-√. AXp-
sIm-≠mWv ]cn-lrXw BImsX InS-°p-∂-Xv. A√msX Ah¿°p
a\- n-√m-™n-´-√.
\ntj[w: Hcp Zm\-Øn¬ hkvXphpw ]m]hpw Dƒs∏-´n-cn-
°sh hkvXp-am{Xw Zm\w hmßn-b-h-t\mSp ]m]w am{Xw AXn¬
kw_-‘n-°mØ thsdm-cp-ht- \mSpw sN∂p-tN-cp-sa-∂p≈ \nb-ahpw
H∂nepw Hcn-SØpw C√. AXn-\m-em-bn-cn°mw ]cn-lm-chpw Iev]n-
°-s∏-Sm-Ø-Xv.
kam-[m\w: Zm\w hmßm-Ø-h¿ a‰p-≈-h-cpsS Ipd Xo¿®-
sNbvXp hmßnb \nan-Ø-amWv Ah¿°v Ah-Imiw kn≤n-®-Xv.
\ntj[w: BbXv F√m-h¿°pw kn≤n-®n-cn-t°-≠-Xm-bn-cp-∂p.
ChnsS hmßm-Ø-h-cn¬ At\-Iw-t]¿°v CXp ^en-°msX Ah¿
IpSn-bm-bn-h-∑m-cpsS tiJ-c-Øn¬ thsd-hn[w kºm-Zn®p Ime-
t£]w sNøp-∂h - c
- mbn ImWp-∂p. AXn-\m¬ CXp icn-bm-Ip-∂n√.
kam-[m\w: Nne¿°p-th≠n am{Xta hmßn-bp-≈q.
\ntj[w: A{]-Imcw ]£-]mXw sNbvhm≥ Imc-W-an-√.
Ah¿ Aßs\ Xp\n-™m-epw.
“\m\m-tKm-{X-Zzn-tP-`ykvXp `qan-Zm\w abm IrXw”(tI. am.
A. 5)
“F√m tKm{X-°m-cmb {_m“-W¿°pw F∂m¬ `qan Zm\w
sNø-s∏-´p. ”

digitized by [Link]
]c-ip-cm-a≥ ae-bm-f`q-ansb Zm\w-sN-bvXn-´n√ 41

Cßs\ F√m-t]¿°pw ]£-]mXw IqSmsX Zm\w sNbvX

`m¿§-h≥ AXn-epƒs∏´ GXm-\pw-t]¿°m-bn´p am{Xw sImSp-°-
bn-√. sImSp-°mØ ÿnXn°p Ah¿ hmßnbpw Ccn-°-bn-√-s√m.
kam-[m\w: Cu ae-bm-f-`qanZm\-Øn-\p-am{Xw `m¿§-h≥ ]£-
]m-X-am¿§sØ A\p-jvTn-®p.
\ntj[w: CXv Adp-]-Øn-\mep {Kma-°m-cmb {_m“-W¿°p-
am-bn´p tIc-f-`qan apgp-h\pw `m¿§-h≥ Zm\w sNbvXp F∂p≈
{]am-W-Øn\p hn]-co-X-am-bn-´n-cn-°p-∂p.
C\nbpw Ch¿°p-≈-Xns\ Ch¿Xs∂ hmßm-Xn-cn-∏m\pw B
Ipd-hns\ A\y-cpsS hmß-en¬ ka¿∏n-®p-If- b
- m\pw Imc-Ws
- a¥v?
tZmj-i-¶-\n-anØw a\- n-√m-™n-t´m, AtXm `m¿§-h≥ sImSp-°m-
™n-t´m?
tZmj-i¶- \
- n-anØw a\- n-√m-™n-s´-¶n¬ C{X Zqcw hcn-Ibpw
A\-¥cw A\-\y-tZ-i-i-c-W-∑m-cm-bn´v Chn-sS-Øs∂ hmgp-Ibpw
sNbvI-bn-√m-bn-cp-∂p. A√m-tXbpw Zm\m-¿l-∑m¿°v CXn¬ tZmj-
i-¶bv°v hIbpw C√. D≠m-bn-t∏m-sb-¶n¬ A¿l-c-s√∂pw P∑n-
Xz-Im-cWw `m¿§-h-Zm\ (kzo-I-c-W)-a-s√∂pw h∂p-Iq-Spw. `m¿§-h≥
sImSp-°m-Xn-cn-°m≥ CS-bn-s√-∂p-≈Xp Xmsg-∏-d-bp∂ {]am-W-`m-
K-Øn¬\n∂pw shfn-hm-Ip-∂p.
“X{XmkvtX {_m“Wx I›n-tZz-Z-hn-Zv`n-c-ew-IrXx
jSv°¿Ω-\n-ctXm \nXy-am-Nm-cy-kvX¬ ]ptc kp[ox
Xky Zmcm ]Xn-{hXm `¿Xr-ip-{iq-jtW cXm
Xtbm-c-jvS-kp-]p-{Xmw-›......
`m¿§-th-ssWh ap‡kvXp ZznPm-Xo\mw Kpcp-kvXZm
AjvS-]pss{X kZm-ssc› {]bmWaI-tcmZvZznPx
BKXy tIctf kwt⁄ hrjm-{Zn-]p-c-kw-⁄ntI”
(tI. am. A. 11)
ta¬Im-Wn® {]am-W-Øn¬\n∂pw AjvS-{K-l-Øn¬ BVy-
∑m¿ Hc-—-t‚bpw AΩ-bp-tSbpw ]p{X-∑m-sc∂p ImWp-∂p. Cu
ÿnXn°v Ah¿ Hcp tKm{X-°m-cmbncn∏mt\ CS-bp-≈q. Hcp tKm{X-
°m¿°v At\ym\yw hnhm-l-_‘w ]mSn√ F∂ \nbaw C∂pw
{_m“-W-cpsS CS-bn¬ \S-∏m-Wv. Ch¿ At\ym\yw hnhmlw
sNbvXp-h-cp-∂-Xp-sIm≠v ap≥]-d-™Xp icn-b-s√∂pw Ah¿
shtΔsd tKm{Xw D≈-h-cm-sW∂pw \n›-bn-t°-≠n-bn-cn-°p-∂p.

digitized by [Link]
42 {]mNo-\-a-e-bmfw

Iøn¬ hmßn-b-h¿ F∂p ]d-b-s∏-Sp-∂-h-cmb P∑n-

Iƒ°pw `m¿§-h≥ sImSp-Øn-´n√m
`m¿§-h≥ hfsc t¢i-s∏´v kap-{Z-Øn¬\n∂pw Cu `qansb
kºm-Zn-®Xv F¥n-\m-bn´v? At±lw BZyw sNbvX tjmU-i-a-lm-
Zm\w (Z-i) k¿Δ-`q-a-WvU-e-Zm\w CXp-Iƒ\n-anØw apºn¬ ImWn-
®-{]-Imcw hoc-l-Xym-]m-]-Øns‚ F∂√ Xs‚ kIe ]m]-ß-fp-
sSbpw tamN\w kn≤n-®p-t]m-b-Xn-\m¬ Bb-Xn-te°v As√-∂p-
≈Xp Xo¿®-X-s∂. “{]tbm-P-\-a-\p-±n-iy- \ -a-tμm]n {]h¿ØtX”
{]tbm-P-\sØ C—n-°msX aμ-\m-bp-≈-h≥t]mepw H∂pw-Xs∂
{]h¿Øn-°-bn-√m. `m¿§-h\v Cu kμ¿`-Øn¬ AXym-h-iy-amb
{]tbm- P - \ - s a- ¥ m- b n- c p- ∂ n- c n°mw F∂p t\m°n- b m¬ BbXp
apºp≈ {]am-W-߃sIm≠v Ccn-∏m≥ CSw D≠m-hp-I-bm-sW∂p
shfn-s∏-Sp-∂p.
A√msX Zm\w sNø-W-sa-∂p≈ Bhiyw At±-l-Øn\p
kzev]w-t]mepw D≠m-bn-cp-∂n-√.
At±lw Bth-K-tØm-SpwIq-Sn-h∂v `qansb D≠m°n ]pXp-
tam-Sn-bn¬ A{]-Imcw btY—w Ccp-∂p-sh-¶nepw Iptd-°mew Ign-
™-tijw {_m“-W¿°p sImSpØp F∂v hnNm-cn-°p-∂-]£w,
`m¿§-h≥ At±-l-Øns‚ ]pXnb `qan-bn¬ {_m“-Wsc Ccp-∂p-
sIm-≈p-hm≥ A\p-hZ- n-®pw-sh®v t]mIbpw Ipd-t™m-cp-Imew sN∂-
tijw Ah¿ At±-lsØ ]co-£n-°-bm¬ X¬£Ww h∂p
tIm]n®p i]n-®n´v `qan sImSp-°p-I-bn√, F∂p ]d-Ibpw Ah¿
`b∂p kvXpXn-®t- ∏mƒ, im]-tam-£w sImSp-Øpw-h®p t]mhp-Ibpw
sNbvXp. C{]-Im-c-a-√msX klym-{Zn-J-WvU-Øn¬ `m¿§-h-Zm-\-Øn-
t\-°p-dn®v H∂pw-Xs∂ ImWp-∂n-√. AXp-sIm≠v `m¿§-h≥ Zm\w-
sN-bvXn-´n√. C\n Ds≠∂p hbv°p-∂-]-£hpw AXv C∏-d-™-Xn-
\n-Sbv°v GsX-¶nepw Hcp kμ¿`-Øn-em-bn-cn-°mt\ ]mSp-≈p. Aß-
s\-bm-sW-¶n¬ AXv {_m“-Wsc Ccp-Øn-bpw-sh®v kt¥m-j-am-
bn´v t]mb-t∏mtgm AX-√, A\-¥cw {_m“-W¿ ]co-£n-®-Xn-\m¬
c≠m-aXp h∂p i]n-®-t∏mtgm? BZy-am-sW-¶n¬,
“k¿Δm≥ `qa-WvU-em-∂zm]n k¿Δ-]m-]-hn-ap-‡tb
hnt{]-t`ymlw `qan-Zm\w {]Z-Zman ap\o-izcmx”
(tI-c-f-am-lm-flyw)

digitized by [Link]
]c-ip-cm-a≥ ae-bm-f`q-ansb Zm\w-sN-bvXn-´n√ 43

“F√m `qanbpw kI-e-]m-]-\n-hr-Øn-°m-bn´v Rm≥ {_m“-

W¿°v Zm\w-sN-øp-∂p.” F∂pw a‰pw ImWp-∂-Xp-t]m-se, B hnh-
chpw Cu {]am-W-Øn¬ ImWn-°m-Ø-Xn\p Imc-W-sa¥v? ]ns∂
`m¿§-h\v At∏mƒ `qan-Zm\w sNbvXn´v bmsXmcp Imcyhpw C√m-
bn-cp∂p Xm\pw.
C\n-bpw, BZysa sImSp-Øn-cp-∂p-sh-¶n¬ C\n Xcn-I-bn-
s√∂p c≠m-aXp ]d-hm≥ CS-bn-√m. A√msXbpw sImSp-Øpw-sh®v
A{]-Imcw ]d-I-sb-∂p-h-∂m¬ `m¿§-h≥ t`mjvIp-]-d-bp-∂-h-\m-
bn-t∏m-Ib - pw At∏mƒ “aZzmIyw kXy-ta-h¥p” (Fs‚ hm°v kXy-
am-bn-´p-Xs∂ `hn-°pw) F∂v At±lw ]te-SØpw ]d-™n´p≈Xp
hnizm- k - t bm- K y- a - s √∂pw At±- l - Ø n\p ZØm- ] - l m- c - t Zmjw
Ds≠∂pw hcn-Ibpw sNøpw. `qan apgp-h\pw hmßn-s°m≠v “C\n
CXn-en-cn-°m≥ ]mSn√ FhnsS F¶nepw s]mbvs°m-≈ptI th≠p”
F∂p apºv ap\n-amcpw a‰pw ]d-™-t∏mƒ CXn-e-[nIw tIm]w
hcm\pw “Fs∂ h©n®p hmßn-b-Xm-I-sIm≠v CXp icn-bmb Hcp
Zm\ta A√, Bb-Xn-\m¬ Rm≥ Xcp-∂-X-√”, F∂p ]d-bp-hm\pw
Xncnsb FSp-Øp-sIm-≈p-∂-Xn-\p-X-s∂bpw \ymb-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p.
F∂n-´p-t]mepw A{]-Imcw sNømsX £an-®p-t]m∂ alm-\mb
`m¿§-h≥ apsº sImSp-Øn-cp∂p F¶n¬ ]n∂oSv Cßs\ ]d-bp-I-
bn-s√∂p \n›-bw-X-s∂.
c≠m-aXp h∂n-cp-∂-t∏mƒ Zm\w-sN-bvXp-sh-¶n¬, At∏m-gp-
≠m-bXv tIm]n®p i]n-°bpw `qan Xcn-I-bn-s√∂p i]-Yw-sN-
bvsXm-gn-Ibpw Bbn-cp-∂-t√m. A√m-sX-bpw, {_m“-W¿ `qan apgp-
h\pw ssI°-em-°n-s°m≠v “R߃°p ZØ-am-bn-t∏m-bn, C\n
CXn-en-cn-t°-≠, FhnsS F¶nepw s]mbvs°m-≈Ww” F∂p ]d-
™p-tI-´-t∏mƒ s]mSp-∂-\th D≠mb a\-kvXm-]-Øm¬ “BIs´
C{]-Imcw Hcp `qan D≠m°n ]cn-]m-en-°mtam F∂p t\m°s´”
F∂p {]Xn-⁄-sNbvXp t]mbn `qan kºm-Zn® `m¿§-h≥ “sIm≈n-
sIm-≠-Sn-sIm≠ ]q®bv°p an∂m-an-\p-ßns\ `bw” F∂p≈ ]g-
sam-gn-t]mse X\n-°p-]-‰nb XI-cm-dns\ Hm¿Øv Hcp-Im-eØpw
Cu `qan A\ym-[o-\-Øn¬ t]mIm-Ø-hn[w G¿∏m-Sp-sNbvIb-
√msX Zm\w-sNbvhm≥ Hcp-ßp-I-bn-s√∂p {]tXyIw ]d-tb-≠-
Xp-an-√.

digitized by [Link]
44 {]mNo-\-a-e-bmfw

`m¿§-h≥ ae-bm-f-`q-ansb
B¿°pw Zm\w-sN-bvXn√1
“A{_m-“tWy XZm tZti ssIh¿Øm≥ t{]£y-`m¿§hx
OnXzm X¬_-fniw IWvtT b⁄-kq-{X-a-I-ev]-b¬
ÿm]-bnXzm kzIotb kzt£t{X hn{]m≥ kzI-ev]n-Xm≥
Pma-Z-·n-kvX-tXm-hmN kp{]o-tX-\m-¥-cm-fl\m”
(k-lym-{Zn-J-WvUw)
`m¿§-h≥ C{]-Im-c-sa√mw sNbvXXv Btem-Nn-°p-tºmƒ
“C\n bmsXm-∂n\pw {_m“-W-cpsS klm-bhpw Nm¿®bpw kl-
hm-khpw th≠” F∂pw \nXyhpw Poh-lnw-k-sNbvXp Ign-°p∂
AXn-\n-Ir-jvS-Pm-Xn-°m-sc∂p hcn-Inepw “Ch¿ Ah-sc-°m-ƒ t`Zw,
Ah- c psS ]qWq- \ qen- s \- ° mfpw Ch- c psS Cc tIm¿Øn- S p∂
Nq≠¬°-bdp t`Zw” F∂pw Ahsc ({_m-“-W-sc)°pdn®v At±-
l-Øn\v Hcp shdp∏p tXm∂n-bX - mbn shfn-s∏-Sp-∂p. Cu ÿnXn°p
`qan-X-cn-I-bn-s√∂p ]d-™n-´p-≈-Xn¬ \n∂v apºn¬ sImSp-Øn-´n-
s√∂p shfn-hm-Ip-∂-Xp-t]m-se-Xs∂ ]ns∂bpw AXm-bXv CXp-h-
scbpw sImSp-Øn-´n-s√∂p \n›-bn-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.
A{X-bp-a√ `m¿§-h≥ Ahsc ({_m-“-W-sc) “\nß-ƒ hfsc
{]Im-c-Øn-ep≈ IjvSm-h-ÿ-Isf {]m]n-∏n≥” F∂p i]n-®n-´mWv
“`qan Xcn-I-bn√” F∂p ]d-™n-´pf-f-Xv. A\-¥cw {_m“-W¿
G‰hpw hyk-\-tØm-Sp-IqSn im]-tam-£-Øn\v At]-£n-®-t∏mƒ
At±lw AhtcmSv Ien-bpKw h¿≤n-®p-h-cp∂ ImeØv Fs‚
hm°p icn-bm-bn-´p-hcpw; F¶nepw \n߃ ‘Akn-{]ÿw’ F∂
`qan-bn¬ «mL-\o-b-∑m-cmbn `hn°pw; F∂n-ßs\ ]d™v Ab-®-
tX-bp-≈p. `qan sImSp-Øn-cp-∂p-sh-¶n¬ C{]-Imcw ]d-I-bn-√m-bn-
cp∂p. Cu hm°p-sIm≠v At±-l-Øns‚ tZiØv Ch-cn-cn-°p-∂-
Xp-t]mepw CjvS-a-s√∂pw Ccp-∂m¬ Ch¿°v IjvSX `hn-°p-
sa∂pw Fs¥-¶nepw \∑-th-W-sa-¶n¬ AhnSw hn´v A\y-tZ-iØp
s]mbvs°m-≈-W-sa∂pw D≈ `m¿§-hs‚ Bibw shfn-s∏-Sp-∂p.
kam-[m\w: `qan Xcn-I-bn-s√∂pw a‰p-ap≈ hmIy-߃ klym-
{Zn-JWvUw F∂ {KŸ-Øn¬ DØ-cm¿≤-Øn¬ D≈-hbpw thsd
Zqc-ÿ-e-Øp-h®v kw`-hn-®n-´p≈ kwK-Xn-Isf kw_-‘n-®-hbpw
Cu ae- b m- f - ` q- a n- s b- ° p- d n®p kzoI- c n- ° - Ø - ° - X - √ m- Ø - h bpw

digitized by [Link]
]c-ip-cm-a≥ ae-bm-f`q-ansb Zm\w-sN-bvXn-´n√ 45

BIp∂p. ChnsS th≠Xv ‘tIc-f-am-lmflyw’ ‘tIc-tfm-ev]Øn’

apX-em-b-h-bn-ep≈ km£y-ß-fm-Wv.
\ntj[w: C∏-d™ c≠p-hI {]am-W-ß-fn¬ ]d-bp∂ `qan-
I-fpsS DS-a-ÿ\pw c≠p-ÿ-esØ kwK-Xn-Ifpw \S-Ønb Bfpw
`m¿§-h≥ HcmƒXs∂ BIp-∂p.
kam-[m\w: AhnsS {_m“-W¿°p `qan sImSp-°-bn-s√∂p
]d™p \ntj-[n-°bpw ChnsS k¬°m-c-]q¿Δw sImSp-°-bp-amWv
sNbvXn-´p-≈-Xv.
\ntj[w: klym-{Zn-J-WvU-Øn¬ ]d-bp∂ `qan, Bƒ, kwK-
Xn-Iƒ, \S-]-Sn-Iƒ Ch-X-s∂-bmWv Cu tIc-f-am-lmflyw apX-em-
b-h-bnepw {]Xn-]m-Zn-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv. AXn-\m¬ CXp-Isf H∂m-bn-´-
√msX shtΔsd ]d-hm≥ ]mSn-√. ]d-bp-∂-Xm-bn-cp-∂m¬, Cu
c≠nte°pw \mY≥ Hcm-fm-bn-cn-°-sIm≠p {]kvXpX kwK-Xn-Iƒ
Hcp kμ¿`-Øn¬ \S-Øp-∂-Xn\p ]mSn-s√-∂pw, c≠p kμ¿`-Øn¬
ap∂pw ]n∂pw Bbn-cn-°ms\ ]mSp≈q F∂pw hcpw. B ÿnXn°v
ChnsS sImSp-ØX - v, AhnsS sImSp-°b - n-s√∂p \ntj-[n-°bpw i]n-
°bpw sNbvXX - n¬ ]n∂otSm AXn\p aptºm? F∂v Btem-Nn°mw.
]n∂oSv BsW-¶n¬, A{]-Imcw hntcm-[s∏´v \ntj-[n-°bpw
i]n-°-bpw-sNbvX ÿnXn°v A\-¥cw Chn-sS-h∂p sImSp-∏m≥
Xp\n-bp-I-bn-√. AXn-te°v Bh-iyhpw C√. A{X-bp-a√ AhnsS
{_m“-Wsc kt{Im[w _lp-{]-Im-c-Øn¬ i]n®pwh®p `m¿§-h≥
X]- n-\m-bn s]mbv°-f™p F∂pw ]ns∂ Xncn-™p-t\m-°ot´
Cs√∂pw AXn-s‚-tijw B {_m“-W¿ im]-{K-kvX-∑mcpw,
ZpxJm¿Ø∑mcpw, iq{Z-{]m-b-∑mcpw Bbn-°n-S-∂n-cp-∂p-sh∂pw A\-
¥cw abq-c-h¿Ω≥ F∂ kqcy-Ip-e-cm-Pmhpw ]n¬°mew At±-l-
Øns‚ ]p{X-\mb N{μmw-K-Z\pw B Zn°ns\ ]cn-jvI-cn®p F∂pw
ap≥]-d™ {_m“-Wc - psS A\-¥c
- m-\p-`h
- ß
- ƒ `m¿§-h≥ sImSpØ
im]-tam-£-{]-Imcw Xs∂ Bbn-cp∂p F∂pw ImWp-∂-X-√msX
`m¿§-h≥ ]ns∂ as‰mcp ÿeØp sN∂p apºn¬ ]d-™n-´p-≈-
{]-Imcw H∂pw-Xs∂ \S-Øn-b-Xmbn ImWp-∂n-√.
kam-[m\w: AhnsS \ntj-[n-°-s∏´ {_m“-W¿°-√, CXn-
te-°m-bn´p thsd sIm≠p-h-c-s∏´ {_m“-W¿°m-Wv, ChnsS `qan
sImSp-Ø-Xv.

digitized by [Link]
46 {]mNo-\-a-e-bmfw

\ntj[w: At∏mƒ, kap-{ZsØ \o°¬, `qan-\n¿Ωm-Ww,

Zm\w apX-em-bh `m¿§-h≥ ]e-t∏mgpw sNbvXn-´p-s≠∂p h∂p-
t]m-Ipw. Aßs\ BIp-tºm-ƒ, hoc-lX - ym-]m-]t- am-N\
- m¿∞w Zm\w
sNbvhms\∂pw `qan apgp-h\pw {_m“-W¿°p sImSp-Øp-t]m-b-Xn-
\m¬ X\n- ° n- c n- ∏ m≥ ÿe- a n- √ m- ™ n´v AXn- t e- ° p- t h≠n
BsW∂pw D≈ kam-[m-\-ßfpw X’w-_-‘-amb IrXy-ßfpw
H∂n-e-[nIw XhW th≠n-h-cpw. At∏m-ƒ Ccp-]-sØm-∂p-h´w
£{Xn-bsc \n{K-ln®v `qansb \n£-{Xn-b-bm-°p-I, ho≠pw `qansb
\n¿Ωn-°pI AXns\ Zm\w-sN-øpI Ch-sb√mw BZyw Hcn-°¬sN-
bvXn´v ]ns∂bpw sNøp-I, AXm-bXv BZyw sIm∂ £{Xn-bsc
]ns∂bpw sIm√p-I. BZyw Zm\w sNbvX `qansb ]ns∂bpw Zm\w-
sN-bvI, BZyw \n¿Ωn® `qansb ]ns∂bpw \n¿Ωn-°, BZyw hcp-
Øn-b-Xp-t]mse ]ns∂bpw {_m“-Wsc hcp-Øp-I, apºn-e-sØ-
t∏mse {_m“-Wsc Ccp-Ønbpw h®p hnNm-cn-°p-tºmƒ hcm-
sa∂pw ]d™p ]ns∂bpw t]mI, BZyw ]co-£n-®-Xp-t]mse
]ns∂bpw {_m“-W¿ ]co-£n-°, BZyw h∂-{]-Imcw ]ns∂bpw
hcn-I, BZyw tIm]n-®-{]-Imcw ]ns∂bpw tIm]n-°, BZyw i]n-
®-{]-Imcw ]ns∂bpw i]n° F∂n-ßs\ CXp-kw-_-‘-ambn ]d-
b-s∏-Sp∂ kI-ek - w-KX - n-It- fbpw C{]-Im-cw-Xs∂ `m¿§-h≥ ho≠pw
{]h¿Øn-®n-´p-s≠∂p hcn-Ibpw BbXp ]cn-lm-k-P-\-I-am-bn-Øo-
cp-Ibpw sNøpw.
kam-[m\w: `m¿§-h≥ Ccp-∂p-hm-gp-∂-Xn\pw Zm\w-sN-øp-∂-
Xn\pw `qan-Iƒ Bh-iy-s∏-´n-cp-∂p. AXn-\m¬ hSs° `mK-amb
kp{_-“-Wyw-ap-X¬ sshX-c-Wn-hsc X\n-°n-cn-°p-∂-Xn-te°pw
I\ym-Ip-am-cn-ap-X¬ tKmI¿Æw hsc Zm\w-sN-øp-∂-Xn-te°pw `qan
D≠m°n th≠p∂ G¿∏m-Sp-Iƒ sNbvXn-´p-≈-Xm-Wv. Cu ÿnXn°v
Ah {]tXyIw {]tXyIw Bbn-´-√msX H∂m-bn-´n-cn-°m≥ ]mSp-≈-
X-√.
\ntj[w: apºp `m¿§-hs‚ A[o-\-Øn¬ Ccp∂ `qan apgp-
h\pw Zm\w-\n-anØw ssIhn-´p-t]m-b-Xn-\m¬ X\n-°n-cp∂p hmgp-
hm-\m-bn´p am{X-amWv sXt° `mK-amb I\ym-Ip-am-cn- apX¬
tKmI¿Æw-hsc D≈ `qan D≠m-°n-b-sX∂v Chn-S-tØ-°p≈ {]am-
W-ß-fn¬ apJy-ambn tIc-f-am-lm-fly-Øn¬ ]d-™n-cn-°-sIm≠pw
tIc-tfm-ev]-Øn-I-fn¬ ImWp-∂-{]-Imcw Cu `qan ]m]-hn-tam-N-

digitized by [Link]
]c-ip-cm-a≥ ae-bm-f`q-ansb Zm\w-sN-bvXn-´n√ 47

\m¿∞w Zm\w-sNbvhm\m-bn´v D≠m-°n-b-Xm-sW-∂p≈ `mKw CXn-

\p-ap-ºp-Xs∂ JWvUn-°-s∏-´p-t]m-bn-cn-°-sIm≠pw CXpw `m¿§-
h\v Ccp∂p hmgp-hm≥ D≠m-°n-b-Xm-sW∂pw (D-≠m-°n-sb-¶n¬)
Zm\-Øn-\m-bn´v As√∂pw kv]jvS-am-Ip-∂p.
]ns∂bpw kp{_-“-Wyw-ap-X¬ tKmI¿Æw-h-sc-bp≈ ÿew
klym-{Zn-J-WvU-{]-Imcw BZyw `m¿§-h≥ \n¿Ωn-®-Xn¬ Dƒs∏-´p-
t]m-bn. AXp-t]mse B ÿew tIc-f-am-lm-flym-Zn-{]-Imcw c≠m-
asØ \n¿Ωm-W-Ønepw Dƒs∏-´n-cn-°p-∂-Xmbn ImWp-∂p. CXp
Xosc tbmPn-°p-∂n-√.
F√m Imc-W-ß-fmepw CXp-Iƒ c≠√ F∂pw H∂p-X-s∂-
bm-sW∂pw cs≠-∂-a-´n¬ ]d-bp-∂Xp icn-b-s√∂pw ZrjvSm-¥-s∏-
Sp-∂p.
F∂m¬, hmkvXhw C{]-Im-c-am-sW-¶n¬ {]am-W-ß-ƒ c≠p-
{]-Imcw Fgp-Xn-sh-bv]m≥ Imc-W-sa-s¥∂v Hcp hep-Xmb Pn⁄m-
kbpw i¶bpw ChnsS kw`-hn-°m≥ CS-bp-≠v. CXn¬Øs∂ C\n-
sbmcp ÿeØv Hmtcm-∂mbn Nq≠n-°m-Wn®p ]d-tb-≠Xm-bn-cn-
°p-∂-Xn-\mepw CXp-hsc ]d-™p-h∂ kwK-Xn-I-ƒ ta¬°m-Wn®
\ymb-߃sIm≠v G‰hpw kv]jvSo-`h - n-®n-cn-°p-∂X
- n-\mepw Ahsb
ChnsS hnh-cn°p∂n√.
\ntj-[n-°bpw i]n-°bpw sNbvXn-´p-≈-Xn\p apºm-bn-cp-∂p-
sh-¶n¬, ‘klym¬ kmK-c-]-cy¥w’ InS-°p∂ `m¿§-h-t£-{X-
Øns‚ sXt°-`m-K-amb Cu ae-bm-f-`q-an-bn¬ alm-tbm-Ky-∑m-cmb
{_m“-W¿ `m¿§-hs‚ kzm[o-\-Øn¬ D≠mbn-cp-∂n-cn-°p-sa-∂p-
≈Xv \n›-b-am-Ip-∂p. B ÿnXn°v At±-l-Øns‚ kz¥-Im-cy-
߃°m-bn´v Akzm-[o-\-Øn¬ Ccn-°p-∂-h-cmb thsd {_m“-W-
sc-t∏mbn £Wn-°p-∂-Xn\v Bh-iy-an-√m-bn-cp-∂p.
kam-[m\w: A∂v ChnsS D≠m-bn-cp∂ {_m“-W¿ Zm\w
hmßpI apX-emb IrXy-ßf - n¬ Dƒs∏-´X - n-\m¬ ]e-{]-Imcw {`jvSp-
`-hn-®h
- c
- m-bn-cp-∂X
- p-sIm≠v DØ-aI - m-cy-߃°v C\n Ahsc £Wn-
t°-s≠∂p hnNm-cn-®m-bn-cp-∂p.
\ntj[w: {`jvS-∑m-c-√m-Ø-h-cmb hnin-jvS¿ apX-emb {_m“-
W¿ F{X-tbm-t]¿ D≠m-bn-cp-∂-t√m. Bb-hsc £Wn-°cpXm-bn-
cpt∂m?

digitized by [Link]
48 {]mNo-\-a-e-bmfw

kam-[m\w: a‰p≈ {_m“-W¿ ({`-jvS-∑m¿) hcp-sa∂p hnNm-

cn®ncp-∂-Xn-\m¬ BWv.
\ntj[w: Bb-h¿ hcn-I-bn-s√∂p Xo¿® Bb-Xn¬ ]ns∂-
sb-¶nepw Chsc £Wn-°m-am-bn-cp-∂t√m; Ch¿°p hcm-Xn-cn-∏m≥
]mSn-s√-∂p-≈-Xn-te°p kwi-b-hp-an-√-t√m. F∂n´v A{]-Imcw
sNømsX “{im≤m¿∞ss©h-b-⁄m¿∞w a{¥n-Xm- ¿Δ-{_m-
“Wmx \mKXm Ej-b- ¿tΔ {Ipt≤m-`q¬ `m¿§thm ap\nx abm
............... t£{Xw \qX-\-\n¿Ωn-Xw.
\mKXm {_m“-Wm- ¿tΔ ImcWw Inw {]tbm-P-\w.
{_m“Wm \qX\m Imcym Ghw....................”
A¿∞w: “{im≤w bmKw CXp-Iƒ°mbn {_m“-Wsc £Wn-
®n´v Bcpw-Xs∂ sN∂n-√. `m¿§-h≥ tIm]n®v ‘Rm≥ \qX-\-ambn
`qan-bp-≠m°n; {_m“-W-cmcpw £Wn-®n´p h∂n-√. CXn-te°p Imc-
W-sa¥v? C\n {_m“-Wtcbpw \qX-\-ambn D≠m-°p-∂p-≠v.”
F∂n-{]-Imcw Nn¥n®v a‰mcpw e`n-°m-Ø-Xp-t]mse “t]m°-
‰m¬ (K-Xn-sI-´m¬) ]pen ]p√pw Xn∂pw” F∂ a´n¬ \nIr-jvS-Pm-
Xn-°msc, AXpw \nXyhpw Pohn lnwk-sNbvXp Ign-®p-Iq-´p∂ ap°p-
h-∑msc ]nSn®p Xs‚ Imcy-߃°v D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-∂-hn[w {_m“-
W-cm-°n-Øo¿°p-am-bn-cpt∂m? Hcn-°-ep-an-√m. AXn-\m¬ klym-
{Zn-JW
- vU{- ]-Imcw hS-°p-`m-KsØ G¿∏m-Sn\p apºn-embncp∂p Chn-
S-tØXv F∂p ]d-hm≥ Aev]w-t]mepw Imc-W-an-√m.
C°m-Wn® \ymb-߃sIm-≠v klym-{Zn-JWvUw tIc-f-am-
lmflyw apX-em-b-h-bnse {]am-W-߃ thsd `qan-Iƒ, kwK-Xn-
Iƒ Ch-sb-°p-dn-®p-≈-h-b-s√∂p ÿnc-s∏-Sp-∂p.
kam- [ m\w: klym- { Zn- J - W v U - { ]- a m- W sØ hniz- k n- ∏ m≥
]mSn√.
\ntj[w: A{]-Imcw hniz-kn-°m-Xn-cn-°p-∂Xv Imc-Wt- ØmSp
IqSm-sXtbm IqSntbm?
IqSmsX F¶n¬, CXp-t]m-se-Xs∂ GXp {]am-W-tØbpw
B¿°pw hniz-kn-°msX X≈n-°-f-bm-sa-∂p-h-cpw. B ÿnXn°p
tIc-fa
- m-lmflyw, tIc-tfm-ev]Ø
- n-Iƒ
- apX-emb {]am-Wß
- fpw X≈-

digitized by [Link]
]c-ip-cm-a≥ ae-bm-f`q-ansb Zm\w-sN-bvXn-´n√ 49

s∏-Spw. At∏mƒ Cu `m¿§h {_m“-W-Io¿Ø-\m-Zn-I-sf√mw Zqsc

sXdn-®p-t]m-Ibpw kXyw \ne-\n¬°p-Ibpw sNøpw.
Imc-W-tØm-Sp-Iq-Sn-b-m-sW-¶n¬, AXns\ {]tXyIw Nq≠n-
°m-Wn-t°-≠-Xmbn hcpw.
kam-[m\w: klym-{Zn-J-WvU-{]-amWw {_m“-Wsc Zpjn-
°m≥ th≠n Bsc-√m-tam-IqSn FgpXn sh®-Xm-Wv. CXp-Xs∂
ImcWw.
\ntj[w: tIc-f-am-lm-flyw, tIc-tfm-ev]Øn apX-em-bh
{_m“-Wsc h¿Æn-°m\pw a‰p-≈-hsc Zpjn-°m-\p-am-bn´v Bsc-
√mtam IqSn-t®¿∂v Fgp-Xn-h-bv°-s∏-´-h-bm-Wv.
kam-[m\w: Cu ae-bm-fØ - n¬ {_m“-Wc - pw, hnti-jn®v \ºq-
cn-am-cpw, iq{Z(-\m-b-∑m)cpw XΩn-ep≈ tkhy-tk-hI `mhw sXs°
ae-bm-f-Øn-te-°p≈ {]am-W-ß-fmb tIc-f-am-lmflyw apX-em-b-
h-bn¬ ]d-™n-cn-°p∂ {]Imcw C∂p-h-scbpw {]Xy-£-ambn I≠p-
h-cn-I-bm¬ B hI {]am-W-ßsf hniz-kn°Xs∂ thWw.
\ntj[w: {]am-W-Øn¬ ]d-bp∂ kwK-Xnbpw Imc-Whpw \S-
]-Snbpw AXn¬ ]d-bpw-{]-ImcwXs∂ icn-bm-bn´pw bp‡ym-\p-`-h-
߃s°mØpw Ccn-°p-∂p-sh-¶n¬ hniz-kn-°-Ww. {]Xy-£-Øn¬
I≠-dn-b-Ø-°Xpw \S-∏n¬ Ccn-°p-∂Xpw Bb kwK-Xn-I-sf-°p-
dn-®p≈ Hcp {]amWw B kwK-Xn°v As√-¶n¬ AXn¬ A[nIw
`mK-Øn-\p-X-°-Xmb ASn-ÿm-\-am-bn-cn-°-Ww.
tIc-tfm-ev]-Øn, tIc-f-am-lm-flyw, apX-em-b-h-bn¬, I\ym-
Ip-amcn apX¬ hS°v Im™-tcm-´p-]pg hsc 32 ae-bm-f-{Km-a-a-S-ßnb
sXt° ae-bm-f-tZ-i-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈ kIe kwK-Xn-I-tfbpw Sn
Im™-tcm-´p-]pg apX¬ hS°p tKmI¿Æw-h-sc-bp≈ Xpfp-tZ-i-
sØ-°p-dn®v 32 {Kma-ß-fpsS \ma-ßsf am{Xhpw ]d-bp-∂p.
klym-{Zn-J-WvU-Øn¬ kp{_-“Wyw apX¬ tKmI¿Æw-hsc
F∂pw kp{_-“-Wy-Øn\p kao-]-ap-≈-Xmb DØ-c-I-\ym-Ip-am-cn-ap-
X¬ \mkn-Im-{Xyw-_Iw-hs
- c-sb∂pw AXn¿Øn-\n¿Æbw ImWp∂p.
AXn¬ tKmI¿Æ-tØ-°-∏p-d-ap≈ 32 {Kma-ß-tfbpw X¬kw-
_-‘a
- mb kwK-Xn-It- fbpw IqSn hnh-cn-®n-cn-°p-∂p; tKmI¿Æw-hsc-

digitized by [Link]
50 {]mNo-\-a-e-bmfw

bp≈ Xpfp-tZiw taev]-d™ c≠p-h-I-{]-am-W-ß-fnepw Dƒs∏-´p-

Im-Wp-∂p. CXp-I-fn¬ icn-sh-t°-≠Xp tIc-f-am-lmflyw apX-em-
b-Xp-I-sftbm klym-{Zn-J-WvU-sØtbm? BZyw ]d-b-s∏-´-hsb
BsW-¶n¬, (1) B hI {]am-W-߃ {][m\ kwK-Xn-Isft∏mepw
At\ym\yw hncp-≤a - mbpw hyXym-ka - mbpw ]d-™n-cn-°p-∂p; (2) Ah-
bnse {][m-\-hn-j-b-ß-fmb `qZm\w apX-em-b-h-bpsS kIe Imc-
W-ßfpw bp‡n-\ym-b-ß-fm¬ BZy-ta-Xs∂ JWvUn-°-s∏-´p-t]m-
bn-cn-°p-∂p: (3) hSs° 32 Xpfp-{Km-aß- f- psS \ma-ßsf am{X-a√- msX
B {Kma-߃ Ccn-°p∂ ÿew, AXn¿Øn, e£yw, kwJy, Ahn-
sS-bp≈ \Zn-Iƒ, {Kma-ß-fpsS ]ncn-hp-Iƒ, B ]ncn-hp-I-fpsS
ImcWw, {Kma-°m-cpsS BK-aw, Ah-ÿm-Xm-c-X-ayw, BNmcw CXp-
Isf H∂n-s\bpw Ah hnh-cn-°p-∂n-√.
{_m“- W cpw iq{Zcpw XΩn- e p≈ tkhy- t k- h - I - ` mhw
{_m“W¿ FgpXn-h® - n-´p≈ {]am-Wß - f
- n¬ ImWp-∂p-s≠-∂√ - msX
]c-ºc - b
- mbn \S-∂p-hc - p∂ \S-]S- n-Isf t\m°p-tºmƒ AXp ImWp-
∂n-√. F∂p-Xs - ∂-bp-a√ {]am-Wß - f - n¬ ImWp∂ kwK-Xn-If - m-Is´
AXp-Iƒ°p ]d-bp∂ Imc-W-ß-fm-Is´, H´pw-Xs∂ ]c-am¿∞-am-
bn-cn-°p-∂n-√. C°m-Wn® \ymb-ß-fm¬ hniz-kn-°msX X≈p-∂-
Xn-te°p X°-Xmb Imc-W-ß-tfm-Sp-IqSnbncn-°p-∂Xv tIc-f-am-
lmflyw apX-em-b-h-X-s∂-bm-Wv. Imk-tcm-´p-]pg (Im-™-tcm-´p-
]pg)bv°p hS°v tKmI¿Æw-h-sc-bp≈ tZi-߃, \Zn-Iƒ, Zzm{Xnw-
i¬ (32) Xpfp {Kma-߃, AXp-Iƒ Ccn-°p∂ ÿe-߃, AXp-I-
fpsS \ma-߃, ]ncn-hp-Iƒ, B ]ncn-hp-I-fpsS kwJy-Iƒ, A{]-
Imcw ]ncn-hp-Iƒ D≠m-Im-\p≈ Imc-Ww, {Kma-°m-cpsS BK-aw,
D¬Ir-jvS-\n-Ir-jvS-X-Iƒ, BNm-c-߃, Nn”-߃ apX-em-b-hbpw
tKmI¿Æ-tØ-°-∏p-d-ap≈ kwK-Xn-Ifpw klym-{Zn-J-WvU-Øn¬
hnh-cn-®n-cn-°p-∂-hn[w AZym]n an°-hmdpw icn-bm-bn´pw ]c-am¿∞-
am-bn´pw Ccn-°p∂p F∂p-≈Xv tZi-N-cn{Xw `qan-imkv{Xw CXp-
Iƒ hmbn-°p-∂-h¿°pw At\z-jn-°p-∂-h¿°pw ZrjvSm-¥-s∏-Sp-∂-
Xm-Wv. C{]-Im-c-am-I-bm¬ Cu c≠n¬ \ntj-[-\o-b-a-√m-sXbpw
kIm-cWw hniz-k\ - o-ba - mbpw Ccn-°p-∂Xv klym-{Zn-JWvUwXs∂-
bm-Ip-∂p.
C\n Cu klym-{Zn-J-WvU-tØ-bpw-IqSn hniz-kn-°msX Dt]-
£n-®p-I-f-tb-≠-Xm-bn-h∂p F∂n-cn-°-s´. At∏mƒ Cu hnj-b-Øn-

digitized by [Link]
]c-ip-cm-a≥ ae-bm-f`q-ansb Zm\w-sN-bvXn-´n√ 51

te°v ]pcm-W-{]-am-W-߃ H∂pw Cs√-∂m-bn. ]ns∂ bp‡nbpw

CXp-hsc \S-∂p-h-cp-∂-hbpw {]Xy-£m-\p-`-h-tbm-Ky-ßfpw Bb
\S-]-Sn-Ifpw hkvXp-°sf kw_-‘n-®p≈ B[m-c-{]-am-W-ßfpw
am{Xw tijn-°pw. Cßs\ t\m°p-∂-Xm-bn-cp-∂mepw {_“-kzw-
hI, tZh-kzw-h-I, Kh¨sa‚p-hI apX-emb kIe hkvXp°
fptSbpw BZy-P-∑n-am¿ \mb¿{]`p (\m-I-{]-`p)-°-∑m¿X-s∂-sb∂p
sXfn-hm-Ipw. AXn-s\-∏‰n ASpØ A≤ym-b-Øn¬ hnh-cn-°p-∂-
XmWv.
F∂m¬ ta¬]-d™ bp‡y-\p-`h - ß
- ƒ, B[m-c{- ]-am-Wß
- ƒ
CXp-I-tfbpw hniz-kn-°msX X≈mtam F∂p t\m°n-bm¬ ]ns∂
bmsXm-c-h-Im-ihpw tijn-°-bn-√. P∑n-Iƒ°pw cmPm-°-∑m¿°pw
{]`p-°ƒ°pw B¿°pw-Xs∂ H∂n\pw Ah-Imiw kn≤n-°msX
kI-ehpw Acm-P-I-Xz-ambn Iem-in-°pw.
tIc-f-am-lm-flymZn ta¬]-d-b-s∏´ ]pcm-W-{]-am-W-ß-fpsS
kzoI-cWw At\ym-\y-kv]¿≤bv°pw sFI-aX - y-\m-iß
- ƒ°pw a‰pw
Imc-Wa - m-bn-cn-°p-∂p. AXp-Isf Dt]-£n-°p-∂X- p-sIm≠v bmsXmcp
Xc-t°Spw hcp-hm-\n-√. a\p-jy¿°v km[m-c-W-ambn D≠m-bn-cn-t°-
≠Xpw {]Ir-X-Øn¬ \mb-∑m¿°v {]tXy-I-ambn D≠m-bn-cn-t°-
≠Xpw Bb Bflm-`n-am\w B¿°pw tZmjsØ sNøp-∂-Xmbn
hcn-I-bn-√.

digitized by [Link]
52 {]mNo-\-a-e-bmfw

A≤ymbw 4
ae-bm-f-`qan `m¿§-h-\p-≈-X√
“sshX-c-Wym-±-£ntW Xp kp{_-“-Wym-Ø-tYm-Øtc
klym-’m-K-c-]-cy¥w iq¿∏m-Imcw hyh-ÿnXw”
(k-lym-{Zn-JWvUw DØ-cm¿≤w)
A¿∞w ˛ “sshX-c-Wn°p sX°pw kp{_-“-Wy-Øn-\p-h-
S°pw kly-]¿ΔXw XpSßn kap-{Zw-h-sc, AXm-bXv kly∂v ]Sn-
™mdpw kap-{Z-Øn\p Ing-°p-am-bn-´v, apd-Øns‚ BIr-Xn-bn¬ InS-
°p-∂p,” CXm-Ip∂p `m¿§-h-`q-an-bpsS AXn¿Øn-\n¿Æ-bw.
`m¿§-h≥ kz¥-`q-an-bmb Cu ÿe-Øn-cp∂pw sIm≠v, ]e
Zn°n¬\n∂pw Ahn-sS-h∂p Xma-kn-°p∂ {_m“-W-tcmSv “Rm≥
\n߃°v `qan Xcn-I-bn√; \n߃ F√m-bn-SØpw bmN-I-∑m-cmbn
`hn°pw” F∂p apX-embn i]n-®-t∏mƒ Ah¿ `b∂v im]-tam-£-
Øn-∂-t]-£n-®p. F∂n´pw At±lw kz¥-`q-ansb Ah¿°p sImSp-
°-bn-s√-∂p≈ kn≤m-¥sØ hnSmsX Dd-∏n-®pw-sIm≠v Ien-bp-K-
am-Ip-tºmƒ \n߃,
“Akn-{]-ÿm-h-\o-ÿmt\ «mL-\obm `hn-jy-Y.”
(k-lym-{Zn-J-WvUw)
A¿∞w ˛ “Akn-{]ÿw F∂ ÿeØv «mL-\o-b-cmbn
`hn-∏n≥.”
F∂n-ßs\ ]d™v X≈n-hn-´-Xmbn ImWp-∂-Xn-\mepw B
im]-tam-£-{]-Imcw B {_m“-W¿ h∂p-tN¿∂Xv Cu ae-bm-f-`q-
an-bn-em-I-sIm≠pw ChnSw `m¿§-h-t‚-X-s√∂p sXfn-bp-∂p.
kam-[m\w: Cu ae-bm-fØ- nse {_m“-W¿ im]w G‰pw im]-
tam-£-{]-Im-chpw h∂-h-cm-sW∂p ]d-hm≥ ]mSn-√. im]-ta-‰n-´p-
≈-h¿ `m¿§-h≥ ]d-™-{]-Imcw Akn-{]-ÿm-h-\n-bn¬ t]mbn-
cn°pw. B ÿew thsd Fhn-sStbm Bbn-cn-°mw.

digitized by [Link]
ae-bm-f-`qan `m¿§-h-\p-≈-X√ 53

\ntj[w: Cu {_m“-W¿ BZyw hS-°≥{]-tZ-i-ß-fn¬ awK-

e]pcw ]pg-bpsS hS-t°-I-c-tbmfw h∂p\nd-™p. A\-¥cw
ÿehpw, `h-\h - pw, \nXy-hr-Øn-am¿§hpw C√msX \Zo-am¿§-ØqsS
ae-sh≈w \nd-™p-I-hn-™p-h-cpw-t]mse Xn°n-Øn-c°n {]h-ln®v
sX-t°m-´p-Xs∂ hcn-I-bm¬ Cu {]tZ-iØp h∂p-tN-cp-hmt\ CS-
bp-≈q. F∂p-X-s∂-bp-a-√, Ipe-{`-jvS-cmbn cma-im-]-l-X-∑m-cm-bn-
cn-°p∂ Ch¿ ({_m-“-W¿) iq{Zm∂ \nc-X-∑m-cm-bn´v ip‡n-aXn
(aw-K-e-]pcw D≈m-f≥]p-g) IS∂v Z£n-W-I-\ym-Ip-am-cnbpw AK-
kvXy-Iq-Shpw \mI-∑m-sc∂p {]kn≤n AS-™-h-cm-bn-cn-°p∂ {]`p-
°fpw D≈n-S-amb Z£nW (sX-°≥) Zn°n-te°p ]pd-s∏-´p-sN∂v
At\-Ih - n[w {]hr-Øn-Iƒ - ssIs°m≠v Ime-t£]w sNbvXp-h∂p
F∂v Sn klym-{Zn-J-WvU-Øn¬ ]d-™n-cn-°bpw sNøp-∂p. ‘ae-
bm- { Zn- a m- l mflyw’ F∂ {KŸ- Ø n¬ Cu ae- b m- f - ` q- a n- b psS
AXn¿Øn-sb-°p-dn®v Cßs\ ]d-™n-cn-°p-∂p.
“ae-b-t{Im-U-`q-takvXp koam-tXz\ hn\n-›nXm
]b-kzn-∂yp-Ø-c-kym¥p1 Z£ntW Xp Ipam-cnIm
]q¿Δ-koam Xp Kncn-cm-◊-ebx ]›n-taw-_p[nx”
“hS°v Im™-tcm-´p-]p-gbpw sX°v I\ym-Ip-am-cnbpw Ing°v
ae-b-]¿Δ-Xhpw ]Sn-™mdv kap-{Z-hpw.” Sn {KŸ-Øn¬ AXns‚
t]cn-t\bpw `c-W-tØbpw Ipdn®p Xmsg-∏-d-bpw-{]-Imcw ImWp∂p:
“Akn-lkvssXx c£n-X-Xzm¬ {]`p-`n¿∂mI \massIx
Akn-]-RvP-cn-X-Xzm® Akn-{]-ÿa-Ym-K-aXv”
A¿∞w ˛ ssIbn¬ (H-gn-bm-sX) hmfp-≈-h-cmbn \mI-∑m-
sc∂ {]`p-°-∑m-cm¬ F√m-bvt∏mgpw `cn-°-s∏-Sp-I-bmepw hmƒ{]-
tbm-Khpw AXn-te°v A[n-IN - m-Xp-cy-{]-Nm-chpw D≈-Xn-\mepw (Cu
ae-bm-f-`q-an-°v) Akn-{]ÿw F∂ \maw kn≤n-®p.” Cu Imc-W-
ß-fm¬ `m¿§-h-`qan Im™-tcm-´p-]pg apX¬ hS-t°m-´p≈ {]tZ-i-
am-sW∂pw ae-bm-f-`qan Im™-tcm-´p-]pg apX¬ sXt°m-´p≈ {]tZ-
i-am-sW∂pw CXv ae-bm-fn-\m-b¿{]`p-°-∑m¿°v kz¥-am-bn-´p-≈-
Xm-sW∂pw sXfn-bp-∂p.
F∂m¬,
“....................... {]Xn⁄m km[nXm Xzbm
XkvamØp cmPy-`m-c-kvXz-]y-`n-tj-I-kvXz-a¿lkn”
(tI. am. A. 9)

digitized by [Link]
54 {]mNo-\-a-e-bmfw

A¿∞w ˛ “AtßsS {]Xn⁄ km[n-®p. AXp-sIm≠v A`n-

tj-I-Øn\pw cmPy-`m-c-Øn\pw Aßp-Xs∂ A¿l-\m-Ip-∂p.”
F∂n-ßs\ {Xnaq¿Øn-Ifpw kIe tZh-∑mcpw Ejn-I-fpw-
IqSn `m¿§-h-t\mSv ]d-™-{]-Imcw At±-lw,
NXpx-j-jvSn-X-ssa¿{Km-ssa¿_r-l-∂±ymw kam-KXx
tIcfymw `m¿§thm cmax kΩy-{Km-Pyw- {]-im-kXn
{Xn]-©m-i-’-l-{kmWn h¿jmWn N `rKq-Øax
bmhZv tKmI¿Æ-]-cy¥mw Xmh-ZvI-\ym-Ip-am-cnImw
cmta cmPyw {]im-kXn [¿tΩW ]rYzn-ho-an-amw.”
(tI. am. A. 54)
A¿∞w ˛ “Adp-]-Øn-\m-ep-{Km-a-°m-tcm-SpwIqSn s]cp-ºp-g-
°¬ h∂p-tN¿∂v tKmI¿Æw apX¬ I\ym-Ip-am-cn-tbmfw D≈
cmPysØ A≥]-Øn-aq-hm-bncw h¿jw [¿Ω-tØmsS ]cn-]m-en-®n-
cp-∂p” F∂p ImWp-∂p. B ÿnXn°v At±-l-Øns‚ t]cn¬
tcJm-{]-am-W-߃ [mcmfw D≠m-bn-cn-t°-≠-Xm-Wv. A{]-Imcw
ImWp-∂n-s√-∂p-X-s∂-b√, Cu ae-bm-f-\m-Sp-I-fn¬ H∂mb Xncp-
hn-Xmw-Iq¿`qan Xs∂ ]≠m-c-hI tX´w, ]≠m-c-hI H‰n, ]≠m-c-
hI ImWw, ]≠m-c-hI ]m´w, s]cpw-]-‰v, hncp-Øn-∏m-´w, ]pXp-
h¬ ]m´w, Ig-I-∏m-´w, Z¿Lm-kv]m-´w, s\¥-∏m-´w, k©m-b-∏m-´w,
\Sp-∏m-´w, IpØ-I-∏m-´w, hncp-Øn-H∂p ]mXn-∏m-´w, aosX-Sp-∏p-]m´w,
tXm¬]m´w, ]bn-‰p-]m-´w, sh´-gn-hp-]m-´w, Icn-°q-dp-]m-´w, ]m¬]m-
b-ka - T
- w-hI ]ng-bm-∏m-´w, hnf-°p-]m-´w, I≠p-Ir-jnhI ]m´w, IpØ-
I-°r-jn-h-I-∏m-´w, ta¬I-ßm-Ww, kt¶-Xw, Xpcw, IpSn-bn-cn-∏v,
IpSpw-_-s∏m-dp-Xn, Xncp-apJ Cd-bn-en, Acp-fn-d-bn-en, IpSpw-_-hn-
cpØn, Nmth-‰p-hn-cp-Øn, IqØp-hn-cp-Øn, sImSp-hn-cp-Øn, Ipg¬hn-
cp-Øn, sImºp-hn-cp-Øn, h≈p-hn-cp-Øn, h©n-hn-cp-Øn, B\-hn-
cpØn, ame-hn-cp-Øn, im¥n-hn-cp-Øn, Ib-dp-hn-cp-Øn, Xfn-hn-cp-Øn,
Nqep-hn-cp-Øn, Ig-I-hn-cp-Øn, ]m´p-hn-cp-Øn, ]mep-hn-cp-Øn, ]mse-
Sp-∏p-hn-cp-Øn, Iogm-◊-hn-cp-Øn, sNºp-]-Wn-hn-cp-Øn, Iqd-hn-cp-Øn,
HmS-∑m¿hn-cp-Øn, iwJp-hn-cp-Øn, alm-`m-cXw hmbv]p-hn-cp-Øn, \S-
Im-h¬hn-cp-Øn, shSn-hn-cp-Øn, A\p-t`m-K-hn-cp-Øn, ]cn-i-hn-cp-Øn,
I®-hn-cp-Øn, ap∂n-e-hn-cp-Øn, aq∂n-e-h-I-∏-Sn, ]gw-tNm-‰p-hn-cp-Øn,
Dugn-b-hn-cp-Øn, Cd-bn-en-\m-b-cph-I-∏-Sn, am\n-`w, A¿∞-am-\n-`w,
Ic-sam-gnhv, k¿Δ-am-\n-`w, {_“-Zm-bw, tZh-Zm-bw, h´-hn-cp-Øn,

digitized by [Link]
ae-bm-f-`qan `m¿§-h-\p-≈-X√ 55

aT{]w, \¥m-h-\-{]w, ZzmZ-in-{]w, Dº-fw, D`-b-D-º-fw, DS-a-D-ºfw,

P]vXn, Ab¬, eb≥ Dƒs∏´ Ab¬, ASn-a, A\p-`-hw, Xncp-hn-
fw, Xncp-A-S-bm-fw, Kpcp-Z-£n-W, aWvU-]-°p-d-Xo¿®, ae-hm-cw, hnf-
ta-e-Sn, ASn-b-d-∏m-´w, c£m-t`m-Kw, Zm\-{]-am-Ww, s]m∂n-´p-Im-cm-
◊, t\¿Im-cm-◊, Imcm-◊, A´n-t∏-dv, Xodv, hne-tbm-e, hmtbm-e,
{Ib-im-k\w, tNcm-H-‰n, aofm-shm-‰n, CS-°m-cm-gva, h®p]mXn-Im-cm-
gva, A©p-c-≠p-Im-cm-gva, Ipgn-°m-cm-gva, taem-gva, \Sp-°q-d-\p-`-hw,
\Sp-°q-dp-hm-tbme, ImW-∏m-´w, H‰n, Dg-hp-]m-´w, Dg-thm-e, Dg-shm-
‰n, ]´-tbm-e, amcmbw, As‰m-‰n, t\scm-‰n, t\¿]m-´w, Nns‰m-‰n,
dmshm-‰n, tasem-‰n, tImSm-en-°m-Wn, ]cy-∏m-Sv, ]W-bw, t\¿]-W-
bw, Nq≠n-∏-W-bw, Nqgn-∏-W-bw, amcm-b-∏m-´w, ]m´-H-‰n, amdm-]m-´w,
Imcm-◊-]m-´w, h®p-]m-Xn-∏m-´w, IpSn-∏m-Xn-∏m-´w, Hgn-bm-∏m-´w, hc-
º-S-I-∏m´w, sh¨]m´w, s]cp-ºm-´-tØ-´w, ]mXn-hm-cw, hnØp-]m-
Xn, hnØn-´p-In-f-®p]m-Xn, C´p-]m-Xn-∏m-´w, ssIsbm-cp-]m-Xn, H‰nbpw
Ipgn-°m-W-hpw, ]m´hpw Ipgn-°m-W-hpw, IpSn-∏p-≈n, X\-Xv, IpSn-P-
∑w, DI¥pS-a, bm]y DI-¥p-S-a, \wIp-S-a, t]¿Iq-en, Ad-∏p- z-Ω,
IpS- zΩ, s]cp-ºS- ∏ - p-kz-cq-]w-hI hncp-Øn, ]men-bØ
- p-ta-\h
- ≥hI
hncpØn Cßs\ a‰p ]e C\-ß-fn-em-bn-´mWp ImW-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv.
kam-[m\w: Ct∏mƒ ]e C\-ß-fn-em-bn-´n-cn-°p-∂p-sb-¶nepw
Cu `qan ap≥]-d-™-t]mse BZyw ]cip-cm-a-kz-Øm-bn-´p-am{Xw
Htc C\-Ønepw ]c-ip-cm-a-\m¬ ]men-°-s∏´pw Ccp-∂n-cp-∂p. A\-
¥cw At±lw Adp-]Ø - n-\mep {Kma-ßf - n-ep≈ {_m“-Ws - c-hc
- pØn
]qPn®v Ah¿°m-bn´p tIc-f` - qan apgp-h\pw Zm\w-sN-bvXp. C{]-Imcw
{_m“-W¿°p sImSp-ØX - n-s‚-tijw B {_m“-Wc - psS c£bv°p
euIn-Ia - mbpw sshZn-Ia- mbpw th≠p∂ Imcy-ßsf \S-Øp-∂X - n\p
\nb-an-°-s∏´ P\-ß-fp-tSbpw cmPm-°-∑m-cp-tSbpw a{¥n-I-fp-tSbpw
a‰pw D]-Po-h-\m¿∞-ambpw tZhm-e-b-߃°p-th-≠nbpw hI-h®p
Xncn-®p-sIm-Sp-°-\n-anØw ta¬{]-Imcw ]e C\-ß-fn-em-bn-´p-≈-
XmWv.
\ntj[w: a‰p≈ C\-ß-fm-Ip∂ kz]-cn-Wm-a-ß-tfmSpw ap∂n-
\-Øns‚ A`m-h-tØm-Spw-IqSn ÿnc-s∏´v H∂mbpw s]mXp-hmbpw
D≈ Hcn\w D≠m-bn-cn-°-W-sa-∂p-≈Xp \n›-b-am-I-sIm≠v Cu
]e C\-ßfpw h∂ am¿§w ]nSn®p t\m°n-s®-∂m¬ F√m-‰n-t‚bpw
H∂mb aqe-ÿm-\sØ icn-bmbn I≠p-]n-Sn-°m-sa∂p hcpw. AXn-
\m¬ apºn¬ ImWn-°s- ∏´ C\-ßsf kw_-‘n®v kwi-b\ - n-hrØn

digitized by [Link]
56 {]mNo-\-a-e-bmfw

hcp-∂-Xp-hsc (th-≠n-S-tØm-fw) Hmtcm-∂ns\ Bbn´p ]nSn-®p-

t\m°n Atßm-´p-sN-√mw. AXn-\p≈ am¿§w tcJm-{]-am-W-߃
BIp-∂p. ChnsS tcJm-{]-am-Wß - ƒ F∂p ]d-™n-cn-°p-∂Xp tIc-
tfm-ev]-Øn-Iƒ, tIc-f-am-lm-flyw, PmXn-\n¿Æbw apX-emb {KŸ-
ßsf BsW∂v Bcpw a\- n-em-°n-°-f-b-cp-Xv. Ah-sb√mw Hmtcm
Dt±-iy-\n-hr-Øn-°mbn FgpXn D≠m-°-s∏-´-h-bm-Wv. Aßs\
FgpXn D≠m-°p-∂Xv (1) hmkvXhw shfns∏SpØm≥ am{Xhpw (2)
kzm¿∞-]-c-X-\n-anØw C√m-Ø-hsb Ir{Xn-a-ambn Fgp-Xn-t®¿Øp
hmkvXh - sØ ad®v Ip£n-]q-cWw km[n-°p-∂X - n-\p-am-{Xhpw Bbn-
cn-°pw. tIc-tfm-ev]-Øn-I-ƒ apX-em-bh c≠m-aXp ]d-b-s∏´ tiJ-
c-Øn¬ D≈-h-bm-Wv. CXp-I-fn¬ ap≥Im-Wn-®-t]mse hkvXp-°sf
kw_-‘n®v Adn-tb-≠-Xmb Hcp hnh-chpw C√m. BI-bm¬ CXp-
Iƒ bYm¿Øm-t\z-jW - h- n-jb
- Ø
- n¬ ssIsIm-≠p-sXm-Sm≥t]mepw
sIm≈p-I-bn-√.
C\n ap≥]-d-™-t]m-se, cmPm-°-∑m¿ a{¥n-am¿ {]`p-°-∑m¿
apX-em-b-h-cp-tSbpw tZhkzw {_“kzw apX-em-b-h-bn-tebpw kIe
sNe-hp-Iƒ°pw th≠p∂sX√mw AXm-Xn∂p hI Cd-°o-´p≈
hkvXp-°-fn¬\n-∂p-Xs∂ D≠m-I-Ww. D≠m-Ip-∂-Xn\p tZlÆw
\S-Ø-Ww. tZlÆw \S-Øp-∂-Xn\v Ahsb IpSn-bm-\-h-∑m-cmb
P\-ßsf Gev]n-°-Ww. Aßs\ Gev]n-°p-tºmƒ hfsc P\-
ßfpw hkvXp-°fpw D≠mI-sIm≠v Fhn-sS, F{]-Im-ca - p≈ hkvXp-
hns\ Bcv, B¿°v, Fßs\ sImSpØp F∂p apX-emb hnh-c-
߃ Adn-bp-∂-Xn\p tcJm-{]-amWw thWw.
ÿm\-a-dn™p Icw sImSp-°p-∂-Xn\v Fgp-Xn-s°m-Sp-°p∂
P∑n-bpsS t]cpw Icw sImSp-°m-Ø-]£w hcp-Øn-t®m-Zn-°, \S-
]Sn \S-Øp-I CXp-Iƒ°v Fgp-Xn-hm-ßn-°p∂ Dg-hs‚ t]cpw
hkvXp InS-°p∂ ÿew Adn-bp-∂-Xn\p tZiw apX-em-b-h-bpsS
hnh-chpw AXn-cp-I-S∂v A\y-t‚-Xn¬ sN√msX Ccn-°m\pw Xt‚-
X-dn™v apgp-h-\nepw {]th-in-∏m\pw th≠n Fep-I-Ifpw C{X-sb-
∂-dn™p Icw \n›-bn-°p-∂-Xn-te°v Afhpw At∏m-g-t∏mƒ Imc-
Wm-¥-c-h-im¬ ]e-hn-[-Øn¬ ]e-am-Xncn Ah-Im-i-ßfpw kn≤n-
®p-sIm≠p ]ecpw Ah-Im-in-If - mbn ht∂-°p-sa-∂p-≈X
- n-\m¬ ASn-
°Sn t]cp-amdn hcp-tºmƒ ap≥hn-hc - ß
- ƒ°pw hkvXp-hn\pw Ipg°p
t\cn-SmsX Ccn-°p-∂X- n-te°p hkvXp-hns‚ ap∂n-\hpw (C-∂m-cpsS
kz¥-sa∂v BZy DSaÿs‚ t]¿ ImWn-°¬) DS-a-ÿ\p kn≤n®

digitized by [Link]
ae-bm-f-`qan `m¿§-h-\p-≈-X√ 57

am¿§hpw Ah-Im-i-Øns‚ Afhpw a‰pw tcJm-{]-am-W-Øn¬ (B-

[m- c - Ø n¬) ImWn- ® p- s Im- S p- ° p- I bpw th≠p∂ F√m hnh- c -
߃°pw P∑n-ÿm-\Øp IW-°p-Ifpw \S-∂n-´p-≈Xpw \S-°p-
∂Xpw Bb kwK-Xn-Iƒ°v bYm¿∞-ambn {KŸ-h-cnbpw D≠m-
°n-h-bv°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂Xp ]cn-]m-e-\-I¿Øm-°-∑m¿°p ]Xn-hm-
W-s√m. ChnsS hmkvXhw I≠p-]n-Sn-°p-∂-Xn\v CuhI {]am-W-
ß-fm-Ip∂p th≠-Xv.
C{]-Imcw B[m-c-ß-ƒ IW-°p-Iƒ apX-emb {]am-W-߃2
]cn-tim-[n-®-Xns‚ tijw IpSn-Iƒ, k¿°m¿ kma-¥-∑m¿, cmPm-
°-∑m¿, tZh-kz-߃, [¿Ω-a-T-߃, CXp-I-fn¬ bmsXm-∂n-t‚bpw
aq∂n-\-ß-ƒ `m¿§-h-t‚tXm {_m“-W-cp-tStXm Bbn´p ImWp-
∂n√m. ka-kvXhpw ae-bm-fn-\m-b¿{]-`p-°-fpsS hI-bm-bn´p am{X-
amWp ImWp-∂-Xv.
kam-[m\w: AXp ]c-ip-cm-a≥ {_m“-W-ip-{iq-j-bv°p-th≠n
]c-tZ-i-Øp-\n∂pw hcpØn ASn-a-I-fm°n ]m¿∏n-°-s∏-´-h¿ As√-
¶n¬ kz¿§-Øp-\n∂pw `m¿§-h-\m¬ sIm≠p-h-c-s∏´ kv{XoI-fn¬
{_m“-W¿°p P\n-®h - ¿ Bb iq{Z¿ A\ym-ba- mbn kI-ehpw A]-
l-cn®v A[o-\-Øn-em-°n-b-Xn-\m¬ B Imew-ap-X¬°v Ah-cpsS
t]cn¬ C{]-Imcw tcJm-{]-am-W-ß-ƒ D≠m-hm≥ CS-bm-b-Xm-Wv.
A√msX ]q¿h-ÿn-Xn-bn¬ Aßs\ Bbn-cp-∂n-√.
\ntj[w: F∂m¬ CS-°m-eØv Ah¿ ssIh-i-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-
Xn-\p-apºv D≈-Xmb {]am-W-߃ {_m“-W-cpsS ]°¬ ImtW-
≠-Xm-Wv. {]am-W-ß-tfbpw IqSn iq{Z¿ A]-l-cn®p \in-∏n®p
If™p F¶n¬ iq{Z-_m-[-I-ambpw {_m“-W-km-[-I-ambpw ]d-
bp∂ tIc-f-am-lmflyw tIc-tfm-ev]-Øn-Iƒ apX-emb kIe {]am-
W-ßfpwIqSn Ah¿ (iq-{Z¿) A]-l-cn®p \in-∏n-t°-≠-Xm-bn-cp-∂p.
A{]-Imcw ImWp-∂n-√m-ØX - p-sIm≠pw BhI {]am-Wß- ƒ {_m“-
W-cpsS ]°¬ F∂p-X-s∂-b√m iq{Z-cpsS A[o-\-Ønepw Xnc-
kvIr-X-ß-fm-ImsX {]Xy-£-ambn ImWp-I-sIm≠pw A]-l-cn®p
F∂p ]d-bp-∂Xp Xosc icn-b-√.
`m¿§-h≥ `qansb D≠m°n c£-bv°m-bn´v cmPm-°-∑m-scbpw
ip{iq-jm-Zn-Iƒ°v iq{Z-scbpw a‰p-≈-hbv°v a‰p-≈-h-tcbpw \nb-
an®v F√mw kpam-dm°n alm-{_m-“-W¿°v Zm\w-sN-bvX-Xm-bn-´m-
Wt√m ]d-bp-∂-Xv. F∂m¬ CXn-\n-Sbv°p iq{Z¿°v A]-l-cn-°m≥

digitized by [Link]
58 {]mNo-\-a-e-bmfw

kuI-cyhpw i‡nbpw Xosc-bn-√m-bn-cp∂p F∂pw AXn¬ ]n∂oSv

{_m“-Wcpw cmPm-°-∑mcpw hfsc Db¿∂pw iq{Z¿ ASn-a-I-fpsS
\ne-bn¬ hfsc Xmgv∂pw Ccp-∂n-cp-∂tX D≈p F∂pw tIc-f-am-
lmflyw tIc-tfm-ev]Øn apX-emb {KŸ-߃ Hcn-°-se-¶nepw
hmbn-®n-´p-≈h
- ¿°v \√-t]mse Adn-bm-hp-∂Xpw ta¬{]-Imcw Ah¿
(iq-{Z¿) bmsXmcp A{I-a-ßfpw sNbvXn-´p-≈-Xm-bn´v Hcp {]am-W-
Ønepw ImWp-∂n-√m-ØXpw BIp-∂p.
A√m-sXbpw ASn-a-I-fmbpw Akz-X-{¥--cmbpw A\-[n-Im-cn-
I-fmbpw Ak-º-∂-∑m-cmbpw Ai-‡-∑m-cmbpw Ccp∂ B iq{Z¿
CXp-Isf Fßs\ A]-l-cn®p? At∏mƒ kzman-am-cpw kº-∂-
∑mcpw kzX- { ¥- ∑ mcpw i‡- ∑ mcpw Bbn- c p∂ {_m“- W ¿
F¥n\mbn´v GXp-hn-[-Øn¬ Ahsb hn´p-I-f™p?
kam-[m\w: {_m“-W¿ B{in-X-hm-’eyw sIm≠pw D]-Im-
c-kva-c-W-sIm≠pw iq{Z-cn¬ ]e¿°pw CS-°m-e-ß-fn¬ {]`p-Xz-
tØbpw ÿm\-am-\ß - t- fbpw sImSp-Øp. Ah¿ Ime-{I-taW {]_-
e-∑m-cmbn a‰p≈ iq{Z-scbpw A[o-\-Øn-em°n F√mw A]-l-cn-
°bpw Aßs\ hkvXp-°ƒ {_m“-W-cn¬\n∂pw ssIhn-´p-t]m-
Ibpw sNbvXp.
\ntj[w: F¶n¬ iq{Z¿ ssI°-em°n F∂p ]d-bp∂ `qan-
I-fpsS CS-°nsS hfsc \ev]mbpw ssIhm-°n\pw F{Xtbm hkvXp-
°ƒ {_“-kzw-h-I-bmbn InS-°p-∂p-≠v. Ah-bvs°m-s°bpw C∂p-
h-scbpw P∑n-am¿ {_m“-Wcpw Hg-h-∑m¿ iq{Z-cpw-Xs∂ Bbn-cn-
°p-∂p. F∂m¬ Ah-sb-°qSn B {]_-e-∑m-cmb iq{Z¿°v A]-
l-cn-°-cp-Xm-bn-cpt∂m?
kam-[m\w: B hkvXp-°-fpsS P∑n-am-cmb {_m“-W¿ B
iq{Z-sc-°mfpw {]m_-eyhpw i‡nbpw D≈-hc
- m-bn-cp-∂X
- n-\m¬ A{]-
Imcw ]‰n-bn-√.
\ntj[w: F¶n¬ B {]_-e-∑m-cm-bn-cp∂ P∑n-am¿°p-Xs∂
iq{Z-tc-°mƒ C{X-tØmfw i‡n-bp-≠m-bn-cp∂ ÿnXn°v Ahcpw
a‰p {_m“-Wcpw Hcp-an-®p-IqSn iq{Zsc Zn°p-hn´p ]d-Øm-am-bn-cp-
∂-t√m. At∏mƒ Ah¿ Cu A{I-ßsf sNbvI-bn-√m-bn-cp-∂-t√m.
kam-[m\w: a‰p-≈-h-cp-tSXv A]-l-cn-®p-I-gn-™-t∏mƒ aXn-
sb∂pw tijw P∑n-I-fp-tSXv ths≠∂pw sh®n-´m-Wv.

digitized by [Link]
ae-bm-f-`qan `m¿§-h-\p-≈-X√ 59

\ntj[w: F¶n¬ s]s´∂v Ah¿°v C{]-Imcw Hcp hnc-‡n-

tXm-∂p-hm≥ Imc-W-sa¥v? CXp kw_-‘-ambn Xmsg-∏-d-bp∂
{]amWw t\m°p-I.
“hmk-\n-hm-c-I-t{]jy hmIy-tkym-®m-cWw anYx
]u¿Δm-]-tcyW Xpteymbw [¿tΩm `qtZh iq{Ztbmx
_mlp-tPm-cp-P-h¿Æm\mw `qtZ-th]n I\o-bkn
BKtX kZrtim [¿Ωx {]Xyp-∞m-\m-`n-hm-Zt\
cma-t£t{X Xp iq{Zky \m`n-hmZ CXn ÿnXnx
k X¬ÿm-t\-RvPenw Ipcym-ZnXn `m¿§-h-im-k-\w.
_mlp-tPm-cp-P-tbm-≤¿Ω-kv{Xo-I¿Ω-]-cn-\n-jvSnXx
A\y{X `m¿§-h-t£-{Xm¬ km[m-cW CXn kvarXx
_mlp-Pmw-{Ln-P-tbm-≤¿Ω-kvXymtKm ssh¢-_y-tXm-]n\m
{]mWm\mw {_m“-W-kym¿t∞ km[m-cW DZm-lrXx
Ducp-Pmw-{Ln-P-tbm¿Zq¿Δm-e-h\w £nXn-h¿≤\w
{]mW-XymtKm Khm¿t∞ N [¿Ω-km-[m-c-W-kv{XnIw”
(im-¶-c-kvar-Xn, A. 1, ]mZw 1)
hnti-jn®pw ae-bm-f-Øn-te°v {]tXy-I-am-bn-´p≈ kvarXn-{]-
amWw ChnsS \S-∏m-°n-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xn-\m¬ ap≥]-d-™-{]-Imcw
iq{Z¿ Hcn-°epw {_“-kzsØ A]-l-cn-®n-cn-°-bn-√.
kam-[m\w: Ah¿ Zpcm-ibpw ZujvSyhpw \nanØw {]am-W-
tØbpw \ymb-tØbpw ewLn®v A{]-Imcw sNbvXp-I-f-™p.
\ntj[w: Aßs\ sNbvX-h¿ {_m“-W-i-{Xp-°fpw ]c-a-
t{Zm-ln-Ifpw alm-Zp-jvS∑
- m-cp-am-bn-cn-°W
- w. B a´n\p {_m“-W¿°v
Ah-tcmSpw Ah¿°v {_m“-W-tcmSpw hnizm-khpw ASp-∏hpw
kvt\lhpw BZ-chpw Hcp-Im-eØpw D≠m-bn-cn-°m-\n-S-bn-√.
F∂m¬ Ch¿ c≠p hI-°mcpw Cu ae-bm-f-Øn¬ ]mc-º-
cy-am-bn´v At\ym\yw GXp-{]-Im-c-amWv s]cp-am-dn-h-cp-∂Xv? iq{Z-
kv{Xo-Iƒ°v {_m“-W¿ kw_‘w sNøp-∂Xv F{Xbpw \√-Xm-
sW∂p hnNm-cn®v an° `h-\-ß-fnepw Ah-sc-s°m-≠p-Xs∂
kw_‘w sNøn-∏n®v Aßs\ \S-∂p-h-cp-∂p. iq{Z CS-{]-`p-°-∑m-
cpsS (I-bvaƒ, ]Wn-°¿ apX-em-b-h-cp-sS) `h-\-ß-fn¬ ka-Pm-Xn-
°m¿ ]mSn-√. {_m“-Wtc kw_‘w BImhq F∂pw-Iq-Sn-bp≠v;
C∂p-h-scbpw \S∏pw A{]-Imcw Xs∂-bm-Wv. F∂m¬ iq{Z-kv{Xo-

digitized by [Link]
60 {]mNo-\-a-e-bmfw

bn¬ \ºq-Xn-cn°p P\n-®p-≠m-Ip∂ k¥-Xn°v B ]nXm-hns‚

kzØn¬ bmsXm-∂n\pw Ah-Im-i-an-√. AYhm B ]nXmhv Ip´n°v
\mep-Im-in\v h√Xpw Xo¿∏n®v C´p-t]m-bm¬ “Aøtøm: {_“-kzw-
hI bmsXm∂pw IpSpw-_-Øn¬ tI‰-cp-tX, Xd-hmSp apSn-™p-t]m-
Ipta” F∂p s]Æp-S-b-∑m¿ ]d™v Bb-Xns\ as‰mcp {_m“-
W\v Zm\w sNbvI-IqSn ]Xn-hm-Wv. ]ns∂ `¿Øm-hmb \ºqcn
hcp-tºmƒ Abm-tfm-Sp-IqSn Nßm-Xn-am-cmbn c≠p aq∂n¬ Ipd-
bmsX \ºq-cn-amcpw Ah¿°v Bsfm-∂n\v Hmtcm-cp-Ø¿ho-X-sa-
¶nepw hmey-°m-cpw-IqSn hcpw. {]tXyIw aThpw InWdpw Ipfhpw
ASp-°-fbpw C√mØ Xd-hm-Sp-Iƒ ae-bm-fØp \mb-∑m¿°v Zp¿√-
`- a m- W v . hcp- ∂ - h ¿s°√mw F{X- I m- e - s a- ¶ nepw Xma- k n- ° m-
hp∂XmWv. A°m-eß - f- n¬ shSn-∏m-bn´p km∏m-Sv, tX®p-Ip-fn, ap≠v
F∂p-th≠ kIe sNehpw sImSp-°pw. ]ns∂ sXm´-Xn\pw ]nSn-
®-Xn\pw F√mw Ch-sc-s°m≠v I¿Ωw sNøn-°p-I, Ch¿°v Z£n-
W-sIm-Sp-°pI apX-em-b-h-bp-ap-≠v. ae-bm-f-Ip-Spw-_-Ønse Krl-
—n-{Zw, apX¬\jvSw, Ah-am-\w, Zp¿_p-≤n-I-fmb k¥-Xn-Iƒ apX-
emb B]¬]m-Z-]-߃°v BZn-_oPw an°-hmdpw {_m“-W-cpsS
{]th-i\ - a- m-Wv. Cßs\ Hcp alm-kº - Ø
- p≈ IpSpw-_Ø - n¬ F¥n-
\m-bn-s´-¶nepw Ch-cpsS {]th-i\w imJo-\n-_n-U-hn]n-\-Øn¬
th\¬°m-eØv Im´pXo ]nSn-°p-∂-Xp-t]m-sebpw Xfn¿Øp sImgp-
Øp-\n¬°p∂ Iev]-hr-£-Øn¬ {]f-b-Im-eØv AXn-I-Tn-\-amb
hPvd-]mXw D≠m-Ip-∂-Xp-t]m-se-bp-am-Wv. C{]-Imcw ae-bm-f-Øp-
ff an° Xd-hm-Sp-Ifpw \in-®p-I-gn™pw \in-®p-sIm≠pw Ccn-°p-
∂p. F∂n´pw Xd-hm-´p-S-a-ÿ-cn¬ {][m-\n-Iƒ Nne \n m-c-ß-fmb
Zpc-`n-am-\߃ \nan-Øw, A\p-`-h-s∏-´p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p∂ Cu B]-
Øn¬\n∂pw c£-s]-Sp-∂-Xn\p {]b-Xv\n-°m-sXbpw AXn-s\-°p-
dn®p ]d-bp-∂-h-tcmSv ip≤ Akw-_-‘-ß-fmb kam-[m-\-ßsf
\n¿√÷w hnfn-s®-gp-∂-≈n-®p-sIm≠pw Xd-hm-´p-P-∑-»-\n-I-fmbn
Pohn-°p-∂p. Ch¿ km[p-°-tfbpw KpW-tZm-jn-°p∂ tbmKy-∑m-
tcbpw Ae-£y-am-bn´p hnNm-cn-°p∂p F¶nepw {_m“-W-tcmSp
acym-Z-bp-≈-h-cmbnØs∂-bn-cn-°p-∂p. Fß-s\-bp≈ \S-Ø-°m-cm-
bmepw Xc-t°-Sn-√m, Ah-tcm-sS√mw iq{Z-{]-`p-°-∑m¿t]mepw hnfn-
sam-gn, Xncp-ta-\n, Xncp-a\ -  - v, Iev]\
- , Acp-f∏
- m-Sv, Icn-°m-Sn, s\¬]-
Xn-cv, sNºp-Im-iv, I√-cn, Ip∏-am-Sw, ]S-∂-∏p-gn, ]m≠n-sR-´v, CØn-
s∏m-Sn, ASn-tXm¬, hnS-sImƒI, ]g-a-\- v, \new-s]m-Øp-I, Cdm≥,
ASn-b≥ CXymZn Xmgva hm°p-Iƒ ]d™pw AXp-t]mse BN-

digitized by [Link]
ae-bm-f-`qan `m¿§-h-\p-≈-X√ 61

cn®pw hcp-∂p. ]ns∂ iq{Z¿°p \ºq-cn-am-cpsS k¥-Xn-I-fm-Ip∂p

F∂p≈ Hu¬Ir-jvSy-\mSyw AX-ßs\; {_mlvW-sc-∂p≈ `b-
`‡n AsXm-cp-hI; A—-∑m-sc∂ `‡n thsdm-cp-hI; hn[n-I¿Øm-
°--∑m-sc∂pw as‰m-cp-hI ˛ F∂p-th≠m Hcp PmXn-°m-sc-°p-dn®p
as‰mcp PmXn-°m¿°pw ae-bm-f-{_m-“-W-sc-°p-dn®p ae-bm-f-iq-
{Z¿°p-≈X - p-t]m-se-bp≈ `‡n-hn-izm-ka
- n-√m. Cß-s\-bm-Ip∂p ]mc-
º-cy-ambn Ch¿ XΩn-ep≈ s]cp-am-‰w. Nne ]cn-jvIm-cn-Iƒ KpW-
tZm-j-ßsf {]tXyIw ImWn®v D]-tZ-in-°p∂ Cu ImeØv C{X-
tØmfw Bb-t∏mƒ “{_m“tWm aa ssZhXw” F∂p apdp-sI-∏n-
Sn-®n-cp∂ ap≥Im-eØv F{X-am-{X-am-bn-cn°pw! Cß-s\-bp-≈-h¿
{_“kzw A]-l-cn®p F∂p ]d-™m¬ AXp henb A\ym-b-am-
bn-Øs∂ Ccn-°pw.

ASn-°p-dn-∏p-Iƒ
1. “]b-kzn-∂yp-Øtc tZti” F∂pw ]d-bm-dp-≠v.
2. ASpØ ]pkvX-I-Øn¬ ImWn-°pw.

digitized by [Link]
62 {]mNo-\-a-e-bmfw

A≤ymbw 5
\mb-∑m-cpsS ÿm\-am-\-Zm-Xm-°ƒ
`m¿§-ht\m {_m“-Wtcm A√
C\n Ign™ A≤ym-b-Øn¬ ImWn-®-hn[w `m¿§-ht\m
{_m“-Wtcm BWv \mb-∑m-cpsS ÿm\-am-\-Zm-Xm-°-∑m-sc-∂p≈
tIc-f-am-lm-flymZn kn≤m-¥-sØ-∏‰n Btem-Nn-°mw. Ibvaƒ,
I¿Øm, ]Wn-°¿, tat\m≥, C√w, kzcq-]w, ]≈n-®m≥ XpS-ßn-
bp≈ F√m \mb-∑m-scbpw s]mXpsh iq{Z-cm°n KWn®v Ah-
cn¬ Hmtcm-cp-Ø¿°p≈ ÿm\-am-\-ßsf `m¿§-h≥ As√-¶n¬
{_m“-W¿ sImSp-Ø-Xm-bn-´mWv ]d-bp-∂-Xv. AtXm-Sp-tN¿∂v,
“kma-¥m\mw ZznPm-Zo\mw \mbIx ]cn-Nm-cIx”
(tI. am.)
A¿∞w: “\mb¿h¿§w kma-¥-∑m¿°pw ZznP-∑m¿°pw ]cn-
Nm-c-I-∑m-cm-Ip-∂p” F∂p \nb-ahpw D≠v. kzman-am-cmb {]`p-°ƒ
ASn-a-I-fmb Zmk-∑m-cn¬ Nne¿t°m ]e¿°ptam BIs´ s]cp-
abpw ÿm\-am-\-ßfpw sImSp-°p-∂-Xm-bn-cp-∂m¬ BbXv F¥n-
\m-bn-cn°pw? B Zmk-∑m¿ B {]`p-°-∑m-tc-°mƒ Xmgv∂ ÿnXn-
bn¬ Ccn-°p-∂-Xnt\m Ah-tcmSp Xpey-∑m-cm-Ip-∂-Xnt\m Ah-sc-
°mƒ hfsc D∂-X-ÿn-Xnbn¬ BIp-∂-Xnt\m?
Xmgv ∂ ÿnXn- b n¬Øs∂ Ccn- ° m- \ m- s W- ¶ n¬ BZyw
XpSßn A{]-Im-cw-Xs∂ Ccp-∂p-h-cp-∂-Xn-\m¬ AXn-te-bv°m-bn´p
hnti-jn-s®m∂pw {]h¿Øn-°-W-sa-∂n-√.
Xpeym- h - ÿ - b n- e n- c n- ° m- \ m- s W- ¶ n¬ A{]- I m- c - a n- c p- ∂ n´p
bmsXmcp {]tbm-P-\hpw D≠m-hm-\n-√. A√m-sXbpw AXn-∑Æw
sNøp-∂Xv B Zmk-∑m¿ At]-£n-®nt´m A{]-Imcw sNbvXp-sIm-
Sp-°m-sa∂v {]`p-°-∑m-cpsS D≈n¬Xs∂ X\nsb tXm∂n-bnt´m?
GXp-hn-[-am-bmepw AXv temI-km-[m-c-W-a-√. Cßs\ ÿm\-am-

digitized by [Link]
\mb-∑m-cpsS ÿm\-am-\-Zm-Xm-°ƒ `m¿§-ht\m {_m“-Wtcm A√ 63

\-ßsf Zmk-∑m¿ _em¬°m-c-am-bn´v FSp-Øp-sIm-≠-Xm-sW-∂p-

\n-cq-]n-°p-∂-]£w BbXv icn-bm-I-bn-s√∂p ap∂-≤ym-b-Øn¬
ImWn-®n-´p-≠v.
kam-[m\w: Hmtcm alm-P\w Xmgv∂-\n-e-bn-ep≈ At\-Iw-
t]¿°v ÿm\-am-\ß - ƒ sImSp-Øn-´p-≈X
- mbn tIƒhnbpw Aßs\
]pcm-X-\-Imew XpSßn \S∏pw D≠v.
\ntj[w: 1. ÿm\-am-\-kw-`m-h-\bpw {]m]vXnbpw X¬kw-
_-‘-amb Hcp-°-ßfpw {]hr-Øn-Ifpw ]e-{]-Im-c-Øn-ep-ap-≠v. Hcp
cmP-Ip-Spw-_-Øn-te°v B IpSpw-_-Øn-ep-≈tXm A√m-Ø-]£w
thsd Hcp IpSpw-_-Øn-ep-≈tXm Bb Hcm-fns\ ]´w-sI-t´-≠-
Xmbpw a‰pw hcp- t ºmƒ Bb- X n- t e°p th≠p- ∂ - h - s b√mw
{]h¿Øn®p Imcyw \nd-th-‰p-∂X - n\v G¿s∏-Sp-Øs
- ∏´v BZmbw ]‰n
]mc-º-cy-ambn hmWp-h-cp∂ ]ptcm-ln-X¿, P\-{]-[m-\n-Iƒ apX-em-
b-h¿ H∂p-tN¿∂v BhI {Inb-Iƒ {Ia-{]-Imcw \S-Øp-I. AXmXp
{]`p-°-∑m-cp-tSbpw Ah-c-h-cpsS ÿm\-Øn-s‚bpw \maw, BNmcw
CXym-Zn-sIm≠v B Bƒ C∂ h¿§-°m-cs\∂v Adn-bp-I.
2. Hcp cmPy- Ø n¬Øs∂ sshZn- I - h n- j - b - Ø n- t e- ° p≈
t£{X-Øn¬ \nZm-\-Ir-Xy-ß-fmb ]qPm-Zn-Ifpw hnti-j-Ir-Xy-ß-
fmb D’-hm-Zn-Ifpw \S-°p-tºmƒ Ahn-SsØ Imcy-hn-Nm-cØ - n\mbn
\nb-an-°-s∏´v ]Xn-hp≈ BZmbw kzoI-cn-®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p∂ Ducm-
◊-°m¿ apX-em-b-hcpw, A{]-Im-cw-Xs∂ euIn-I-hn-j-b-kw-_-‘-
ambn \nb-an-°-s∏´ It®-cn-ap-X-emb ÿe-ß-fn-ep≈ DtZym-K-ÿ-
∑m-cpw, B cmPy-Ønse {][m-\n-bmb {]`p-hn\pw A{]-[m-\n-Ifmb
X߃°pw XΩn-ep≈ Ah-ÿm-Xm-c-Xayw \nanØw \S-∂p-h-cp-
∂Xpw tkhy-tk-h-I-`m-hsØ kqNn-∏n-°p-∂Xpw Bb ]e {]Im-
c-Øn-ep≈ IrXy-ßsf th≠-Xmb kμ¿`-ß-fn¬ \S-Øp-Ibpw
{]`p kzoI-cn-°p-Ibpw sNøp-I.
3. {]`p-hm-bp-≈-h≥ tbmKy-Xbv°pw k¿Δo-kn\pw X°-hÆw
P\-ß-fn¬ Nne¿°pw DtZym-K-ÿ-∑m¿°pw ÿm\-am-\-߃ sImSp-
°p-I.
CXp-I-fn¬ H∂pw c≠pw tkhy-ÿm-\-Øn-ep-≈-h¿°v Ah-
cpsS A[o-\-Ønepw c£-bnepw Ccn-°p∂ tkh-I-ÿm-\-Øn-ep-
≈-h¿ sNbvXp-h-cp∂ IS-a-Ifpw aq∂m-aXp ]d-b-s∏-´Xv tkhy-∑m¿
tkh-I¿°p sImSp-°p∂ ÿm\-am-\hpw BIp∂p; F¶nepw ap≥]-

digitized by [Link]
64 {]mNo-\-a-e-bmfw

d-™{- ]-Imcw ÿm\-am\w hmßp-∂h

- ¿ km[m-cW D≈-hc
- n¬\n∂v
taemb Hcp hnti-j-ÿm-\-Øn-embn F∂-√msX ÿm\-am\w
sImSpØ Bfn-s\-°mƒ taemb ]Z-hn-bn¬ Hcn-°epw BIp-∂n√.
C\n Cu ae-bm-f-Øn¬ `m¿§-h-\-s√-¶n¬ {_m“-W¿ sImSp-
Ø-Xmbn ]d-b-s∏-Sp-∂-hbpw \mb-∑m¿°p-≈-h-bp-amb Nne ÿm\-
am-\-ß-sf-Øs∂ Chn-sS- Nn-¥n-®p-t\m-°mw.
t£{X-ß-fn¬ D’-hmZn ASn-b-¥n-c-߃°v B ÿesØ
\mb¿{]-`p-hns\ {_m“-W¿, Iq´wIqSn \n¬°p-tºmƒ X≠n-se-Sp-
Øp-sIm-≠p-h-cn-Ibpw B {]`p B {_m“-W-k-Z- nse {][m\
A{Km-k-\-Øn-en-cn-°bpw BVy¿, sshZn-I¿ apX-em-b-h-tcmSv bYm-
{I-a-an-cp-∂p-sIm-≈p-hm≥ B⁄m-]n-°bpw A{]-Im-c-a-h-c-\p-jvTn-
®p-sIm-≈p-Ibpw sNøp-I.
t£{X-ß-fn¬ sImSn-tb-dp∂ Znhkw \mb¿ÿm\n hml-
\m-cq-V\
- m-bn-h∂p am\y-ÿm-\Ø- n-en-cp-∂m¬ A\-¥cw {_m“-W¿
\n∂pw-sIm≠v {]-`p-hn-t\mSv A\p-hm-Z-Øn-\-t]-£n-°p-Ibpw A\p-
hmZw e`n-®-tijw Ccn-°p-Ibpw sNøp-I.
t£{X-Øn¬ D’-hØ- n\v {_m“-W¿ km[m-cW P\-ßf - psS
tiJ-cØ- n¬ \n¬°sh \mb¿{]`p X≠n¬ Ibdn Ah-cpsS at≤y-
IqSn t£{X-Øn-\-IØp h∂n-d-ßp-Ibpw BZyw Xm≥ tkm]m-\-
Øn¬ Ibdn sXmgp-Ibpw At∏mƒ AI-Øp-\n¬°p∂ \ºn,
tZhs‚ ]oT-Øn¬ ap≥Iq´n h®n-cn-°p∂ sh‰ne ]m°v ]Ww CXp-
Isf FSpØp Z£n-W-t]mse sImSp-°p-Ibpw {]`p Bb-Xns\
hmßns°m≠v C\n {_m“-W¿ apX-embn F√m-t]cpw sXmgp-Xp-
sIm-≈s´ F∂v B⁄m-]n-°p-Ibpw A\-¥cw F√m-t]cpw sXmgp-
Ibpw sNøp-I.
{_m“-W-cpsS hnhmlw apX-emb ASn-b-¥n-c-߃°v B
ÿesØ \mb¿ÿm-\n-bpsS `h-\-Øn¬ ASn-b-¥n-c-°m-c≥
{_m“-W≥ sh‰n-e-s°´p sIm≠p h®v “ASn-b-¥n-c-ÿ-e-Øp-h∂v
F√mw i´w-sI´n \S-Øp-∂-Xn\p ]nSm-I-°m¿°pw \S-∂p-sIm-≈p-
∂-Xn\v R߃°pw A\p-hm-Z-ap-≠m-IWw” F∂v At]-£n-°p-
Ibpw A{]-Imcw sNbvX-Xn-\p-tijw am{Xw Imcyw \S-Øp-Ibpw
sNøpI.
t£{X-Øn¬ sImSn-tb‰pk-a-bØv Ahn-SsØ \mb¿ÿm\n
- mepw hs∂-Øm-Xn-cp-∂p-t]m-bm¬ “Chn-SsØ \mY≥
h√ Imc-WØ

digitized by [Link]
\mb-∑m-cpsS ÿm\-am-\-Zm-Xm-°ƒ `m¿§-ht\m {_m“-Wtcm A√ 65

h∂p-tN¿t∂m? F∂v a‰p≈ t£{Xm-[n-Im-cn-Iƒ BZ-c-thm-Sp-IqSn

D®-Øn¬ hnfn-®p-tNm-Zn-°p-Ibpw h∂-Xm-b-dn-™-Xn-\p-ta¬ am{Xw
sImSn-tb-‰p-Ibpw sNøp-I.
{_m“-W¿ thZw A`y-kn®p ]co-£-sIm-Sp-°m-\m-bn´v lmP-
cm-bm¬ t£{X-D-S-a-ÿ-\mb \mb¿{]`p ]co-£-I-\m-bn-cp-∂p-
sIm≠v ]co-£n-°p-Ibpw Pbn-°p-∂-]£w B≠p-tXmdpw Bbn-c-
∏d s\√pw a‰v BZm-b-ßfpw sImSpØv Abmsf B t£{X-Ønse
Hcp Ducm-◊-ÿm-\-Øn-em-°p-Ibpw tXm‰p-t]m-Ip-s∂-¶n¬ A]-am-
\n®v B‰n\-°-sc-I-SØn HmSn-°p-Ibpw sNøp-I.
Cu DZm-lc
- W
- ß
- f
- n¬ _lp-am-\n-°s - ∏-Sp-∂h
- s
- c√mw AXmXp
tZi-ß-fnse {]Y-a-ÿm-\n-I-fmb \mb¿ {]`p-°-∑mcpw _lp-am-\n-
°p-∂-h-sc-√mw AXmXp ÿe-ß-fnse ap≥]-d-b-s∏´ {]Y-a-ÿm-
\n-I-fpsS A[o-\-Øn-en-cn-°p-∂-h-cmb a‰p≈ {]`p-°-∑mcpw Ducm-
◊-°m-cmb {_m“-W-cp-am-Ip-∂p.
C{]-Imcw \mb¿ CS-{]-`p-°-∑m-cpsS kz¥-ambpw Ah-cpsS
c£-bnepw Ccp-∂n-cp∂ Cu ae-bm-f-\m-´n¬ Hmtcm tZi-ß-fnepw
ta¬°m-Wn-®-{]-Imcw tkhy-tk-h-I-`m-hsØ Adn-bn-°p-∂-h-bmb
G¿∏m-Sp-Ifpw \S-]-Sn-Ifpw kzev]-t`-Z-K-Xn-I-tfm-Sp-Iq-Sn-b-h-bm-bn-
´p≠v. taev]-d™ DZm-l-c-W-߃ Gsd-°psd kp{]-kn-≤-ß-fm-
Ip-∂p. Cßs\ C\nbpw H´p-h-fsc ]d-hm-\p-≠v; Ahsb ASpØ
]pkvX-I-Øn¬ hnh-cn-®p-sIm-≈mw.

digitized by [Link]
66 {]mNo-\-a-e-bmfw

A≤ymbw 6
\mb-∑m-cpsS Hu¬Ir-jvSyhpw
ae-bm-f-`q-an-°p≈
Ah-cpsS DS-a-ÿm-h-Im-ihpw
BZyw {_m“-WcpsS Hu¬Ir-jvSy-tØbpw iq{Z-cpsS ss\Ir-
jvSy-tØbpw ImWn-°p-∂X - mb Ah-cpsS At\ym-\y-s]-cp-am-‰ß - sf
]d-™p. A\-¥cw iq{Z-cpsS Hu¬Ir-jvSy-tØbpw {_m“-W-cpsS
ss\Ir-jvSy-tØbpw ImWn-°p∂ IrXy-ßsf ]d-™p. CXp-I-fn¬
{_m“-W-cpsS s]cp-a-tbbpw (ta-∑-tb-bpw) iq{Z-cpsS Xmgva-tbbpw
Ipdn®p ]d-bp-∂-Xns\ F√mw {_m“-W-]-c-am-bn-cn-°p∂ tIc-tfm-
ev]-Øn-Iƒ, tIc-f-am-lmflyw apX-em-bh Xmßp-∂p-≠v. iq{Z-cpsS
ta∑-tbbpw {_m“-W-cpsS Xmgva-tbbpw Ipdn®p ]d-bp∂ kwK-
Xn-Isf Hs°bpw F√m-t]cpw kΩ-Xn-®n-cn-°p∂ B[m-c-{]-am-W-
ßfpw bp‡y-\p-`-h-ßfpw Xmßp-∂p-≠v. CXp-I-fn¬ BZysØ
`mKw icn-bm-sW-¶n¬ c≠m-asØ (hn-[-hpw) `mKhpw c≠m-asØ
`mKw icn-bm-bn-cn-°p∂ ]£w BZysØ (H-∂m-asØ) `mKhpw
hmkvX-h-ambn hcm≥ ]mSn-√.
H∂m-asØ ]£-Øn¬ tN¿∂ `m¿§h{_m“-W-Io¿Ø\-
ßfpw X¬{]-am-W-ßfpw {ipXn-bp-‡y-\p-`-h-߃°v H°m-sXbpw
JWvUn-°s - ∏´pw t]mb-Xp-sIm≠v B[m-c{- ]-am-Wß - ƒ°pw bp‡y-
\p-`-h-߃°pw icn-bmbn-´n-cn-°p∂ c≠mw-`m-K-sØ-Øs∂ hmkvX-
am-bp-≈sX∂p \n›-bn-t°-≠X - m-bn-cn-°p-∂p. A{]-Im-ca
- m-Iptºmƒ
ae-bm-f-`q-anbpw kIe hkvXp-°fpw \mb-∑m¿°p am{X-ap-≈-Xm-
bnt´ Ccn-°m≥ ]mSp-≈q. At∏mƒ ae-bm-f-{_m-“-W-cpsS hkvXp-
°fpw ÿm\-am-\-ßfpw kI-ehpw iq{Z-cpsS hI-bm-bn´pw Ah¿
Cu {_m“-W¿°p sImSp-ØX - m-bn´pw Xs∂-bn-cn-°W - w. As√-¶n¬

digitized by [Link]
\mb-∑m-cpsS Hu¬Ir-jvSyhpw ae-bm-f`- q-an-°p≈ Ah-cpsS DS-aÿ
- m-hI
- m-ihpw 67

Cu {_m“-Wcpw iq{Z¿X-s∂-bm-Ip∂p F∂pw as‰mcp {]Im-c-Øn-

ep-am-hm≥ ]mSn-s√∂pwhcpw.
F∂m¬ C\n {_m“-W-cpsS hkvXp-°fpw ]Z-hn-I-fpw-IqSn
taev]d
- ™
- {- ]-Imcw iq{Z¿°p-≈X
- m-bn´pw Ah¿ Cu {_m“-W¿°p
sImSp-Ø-Xm-bn´pw Xs∂-bn-cn-°pt∂m; A√m-Ø-]£w ae-bm-f-{_m-
“-W¿ F∂p ]d-b-s∏-Sp∂hcpw iq{Z¿X-s∂-bm-sW∂p Iem-in-
°pt∂m? c≠p-{]-Im-c-Øn-te-Xm-Ip∂p icn F∂p t\m°mw:
ae-bm-f{- _m-“W - ¿ F∂m¬ ae-bm-fØ
- nse {_m“-W¿ F∂v
A¿∞-am-Ip-∂p. ae-bm-f-Ønse {_m“-W-sc-∂-Xn-∂¿∞w ae-bm-
f-Øn¬ P\n®p hmgp-∂-h-sct∂m A\y-tZ-i-ß-fn¬ h∂p Xma-kn-
°p-∂-h-sct∂m? ae-bm-f-`q-an-bp-≠m-b-tijw BZy-am-bn´v AhnsS
{_m“-W-sc-s∂mcp hI-°m-cp-≠m-bn-cp-∂n-s√∂p {]am-W-kn-≤-am-
I-bm¬ P\n-®p-hm-gp-∂-h-sc∂p ]d-hm≥ ]mSn-√m. ]c-tZ-i-ß-
fn¬\n∂p h∂p Xma-kn-°p-∂-h-sc-∂m-Ip-∂-]£w {_m“-W-Pm-Xn-
bn-ep≈ At\-I-h¿§-°m¿ ae-bm-fØp h∂p Xma-kn-®p-h-cp-∂p-≠v.
Ah-cn-em¿°pw ae-bm-f-i_vZw tNcp-Itbm tN¿°p-Itbm sNbvXn-
´n-√m. Chn-sS-\n∂p e`n-°p∂ BZm-b-Øn-t\mSp kvt\l-ap-s≠-
¶nepw ae-bm-f-i-_vZsØ kzPm-Xn-\m-a-tØmSp tN¿°p∂ Imcy-
Øn¬ ]e¿°pw shdp-∏p-X-s∂. {ih-W-am-{X-Øn¬t∏mepw shdp-
∏p-tXm-∂p∂ hI-°m¿ [mcm-f-an-s√-∂n-√m. ‘]c-tZ-i-{_m-“-W-sc-√m-
t]cpw ]e-t∏m-gm-bn´v X\nsb h∂n-´p-≈-hcpw btYjvSw kztZ-
iØpw ae-bm-f-Øn-ep-am-bn´p KXm-KXw sNbvXp-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-∂-
h-cp-am-I-bm¬ ae-bm-f-cm-Im-Ø-Xm-Wv. BZyw h∂-h¿ A{]-Im-c-ap-
≈- h - c - √ m. `m¿§- h ≥ t]mbn £Wn- ® p- s Im- ≠ p- h ∂p `qanbpw
sImSpØp kztZ-i-amb ]c-tZ-iØv Hcp-\mfpw t]mIm≥]m-Sn-√m-Ø-
hn-[-Øn-ep≈ G¿∏m-Sp-Ifpw sNbvXv Chn-sS-Øs∂ hmgn-°-bm¬
ae-bm-f-cm-bn-t∏m-b-Xm-Wv,’ F∂n-ßs\ ]d-bm-sa-∂p-h-®m¬ `m¿§-
h≥ sIm≠p-h∂p F∂pw a‰p-ap≈ kIe kwK-Xn-Ifpw CXn-\p- ap-
ºp-Xs∂ JWvUn-°-s∏´p t]mbn-cn-°p-∂-Xn-\m¬ Bb-Xn\pw
]mSn√.
A√m-sXbpw ‘ae-bm-f-sa∂pw {_m“-W’- s\∂pw c≠p hm°p-
f-f-h-bn¬ BZy-tØXp ]{¥≠p Xan-gp-\m-Sp-I-fn-sem-∂mb Cu ae-
bm-f-`q-an-bpsS t]cm-I-bm¬ ae-bm-f-`m-j-bn-ep-≈Xpw c≠m-a-tØXv

digitized by [Link]
68 {]mNo-\-a-e-bmfw

({_m-“-W-i-_vZw) ae-bm-f-`m-j-tbmSp tN¿∂X-√m-ØXpw {_“m-

h¿Ø-Øn-ep-≠m-bXpw Bcym-h¿Øw apgp-h\pw [mcmfw \S-∏p-≈-
Xp-am-I-bm¬ kwkvIr-X-`m-j-bn¬ tN¿∂-Xp-am-Ip-∂p.
C{]-Imcw ae-bm-f-\mSpw {_m“-W-i-_vZhpw At\ym\yw
hfsc Zqc-Øn-em-I-bm¬ {_m“-W-i-_vZ-Øns‚ tZiØp ae-bm-f-
\mSpw ae-bm-f-\m-´n¬ {_m“-W-i-_vZhpw hcp-hm≥ ]mSn-√m. c≠p
i_vZ-ßfpw tN¿∂v ‘ae-bm-f-{_m-“-W¿’ Fs∂mcp hm°v D≠mbn
Cu \m´n¬ hf-sc-°m-e-am-bn´p \S-∏n¬ h∂n-cn-°-bm¬ CXn-te°v
GsX-¶nepw am¿§hpw Bh-iyhpw IqSmsX Ign-I-bn-s√-∂p-≈Xp
\n›-bw-X-s∂. F∂m¬ AXn-s\-∏‰n At\z-jWw sNbvXm¬
Xmsg ImWn-°p-∂-h-b-√msX a‰p bmsXmcp am¿§hpw Bh-iyhpw
AXn-\n-s√∂p Xo¿®-s∏-Sp-∂p.
{_m“-W¿ ChnsS h∂p-tN-cp-∂-Xn\p aptº-Xs∂ ChnsS
(ae-bm-fØ- n¬) kz¥-am-bn´v Hcp-hI Bfp-Iƒ D≠m-bn-cp∂p F∂pw
Bb-h¿ hfsc _e-hm-∑mcpw kma¿∞y-im-en-Ifpw kZm-Nm-c-[¿Ω-
X-ev]-c-∑mcpw k¬Kp-W-k-º-∂cpw ss[cy-im-en-Ifpw Bbn-cp-∂p-
sh∂pw Ah¿Xs∂ Cu `qansb ]cn-]m-en-®p-h∂p F∂pw Aß-
s\-bn-cn-°sh {_m“-W¿ Zmcn-{Zy-\n-hr-Ønsb IcpXn ]e-t∏mgpw
Iq´w-Iq-´a- m-bn´v ChnsS h∂p-tN-cp-Ibpw Ah-cpsS \S-]S- n-Ifpw kz`m-
h-ßfpw ]nSn-°m-bvI-bm¬ A∏-g-t∏m-ƒ kztZ-in-Iƒ (\m-b-I-∑m¿)
Ahsc XpcØn HmSn-°bpw F¥m-bn´pw thsd KXnbn√m-bvI-bm¬
Ah¿ ]ecpw ]e k{º-Zm-b-ßfpw sIm≠p kq{X-Øn¬ h∂p
]e-tcbpw ]e-{]-Im-c-Øn¬ {]oXn-s∏-Sp-Øp-Ibpw Cßs\ {ItaW
Chn-SsØ Xma-k-Øn\p Xcw kºm-Zn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp F∂pw
kwkvIr-Xw, Cw•ojv apXemb `mj-I-fnse \√ Ihn-I-sf-°p-dn®v
A`n-\-h-Im-fn-Zm-k-s\∂pw C≥Uy≥ tjIvkv]n-b-sd∂pw a‰pw ]d-
bp-∂-Xp-t]mse B ImeØv Cu ae-bm-f-Øp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p-h-cpsS
Ahÿ Ahn-SsØ (B-cym-h¿Ø-Øn-se) k¬{_m-“W - c - psS Ah-
ÿ-tbmSp Xpey-am-bnt´m AXn-s\-°mƒ D]-cn-bm-bnt´m Ccn-°p-∂-
Xns\ I≠pw Fß-s\bpw ta¬°p-ta¬ {]oXnsb kºm-Zn-°p-∂-
Xn-\p-th-≠nbpw _lp-am-\-kq-N-I-am-bn´v B (h-∂n-cp-∂) {_m“-
W¿Xs∂ C{]-Imcw ‘ae-bm-f-{_m-“-W¿’ F∂p hnfn-®p-Xp-S-ßp-
Ibpw Ch¿ AXns\ kzoI-cn-®p-t]m-cp-Ibpw sNbvXn-´p-≈-Xm-Ip∂p
F∂p-amWv CXns‚ hmkvX-hw. taev]-d™ kwK-Xn-Isf Xmsg
ImWn-°p∂ {]am-W-߃ apgp-h≥ km[q-I-cn-°p-∂p.

digitized by [Link]
\mb-∑m-cpsS Hu¬Ir-jvSyhpw ae-bm-f`- q-an-°p≈ Ah-cpsS DS-aÿ
- m-hI
- m-ihpw 69

“\mIm- ¿tΔ kam-KXy {ioaq-e-ÿm-\-a-WvU-t],

NXp-jvj-jvSn-Xam \mIm hb-tah \ kwibx
hcp-WkvXp ]pcm-kvamIw ZØ-hm≥ ZznP-k-Øamx
kap-{Zmt¥ N bm `qan¿PmXm tN∑a imk-\m¬
\mtI-`y› abm ZØm at±-lky hntjm¬Icw
\mIm\mw imk-\m-tZh \nhm-c-bXp tZl-Pw.
hnj-lo-\-i-co-tcm-`q-ج°mte tXPkm bpXx
Xkvam-Z-kvam-I-ta-hmip tIcfw `qan-a-WvUew
\ ZobtX N bpjvam-`n¿—¿±-bn-jym-atl hnjw
NXp-jvj-jvSn-Xta {Kmta k¿Δw cmPkp Ip¿Ωtl,
`m¿§hw {]ml `K-hm≥ \mctZm ap\n-h-√`x
NXp¿Æmw ÿm\-a-ss{Xh GI-`m-K› Zob-Xmw.
\mc-Z-ky-h-Niv {ipXzm `m¿§-thm-Z-Ø-hm≥ ZznssPx
bmh¬ tKmI¿Æ-]-cy¥w Xmh¬ I\ym-Ip-am-cnIm
{Kmtajp t£{X-tKm-jvtT-jvS-`-h-t\jp aa-m⁄bm
NXp¿Æm-ta-I-`m-K© \mtI-`y› {]b-—Xn”
(tI. am. A. 88.)
A¿∞w: “\mI-∑m-sc-√m-hcpw IqSn-t®¿∂p {ioaq-e-ÿm-\-a-
WvU-e-Øn¬ {]th-in®v A√tbm ZznP-k-Ø-a-∑mtc! R߃ 64
{Kma-°m-cmb \mI-∑m-cm-Ip∂p; kwi-b-an√m (kw-i-bn-t°-≠) Cu
`qan hcp-W≥ ]≠p R߃°p X∂-Xm-Ip∂p (F-ß-s\-sb-∂m¬)
Fs‚ (h-cp-W-s‚) B⁄-\n-anØw kap-{Z-Øn-ep-≠mb `qansb
Rm≥ \mI-∑m¿°m-bn´p sImSp-Øn-cn-°p∂p; Fs‚ ico-c-Øn-ep-
≠m-bn-cn-°p∂ hnj-h¿≤\1 Cu \mb-I-∑m-cpsS imk-\-sIm-≠p-
Xs∂ ian-°s´ (i-an-°pw)2; C{]-Imcw sImSp-Ø-t∏mƒ hnj-lo-
\-ic- o-c\
- mbn tXtPm-ab
- \ - n-°bpw sNbvXp3; AXp-sIm≠v Cu
- m-bn-`h
`qan R߃°p- ≈ - X p- X - s ∂- b m- W v . Cu tIc- f - ` q- a - W v U - e sØ
X¬£Ww Ctßm´p hn´p-X-∂n-s√-∂p-h-cn-In¬ 64 {Kma-ß-fnepw
hnjsØ ]pd-s∏-Sp-hn-°p-∂p≠v 4; Cßs\ ]d-™-t∏mƒ icn-bm-
bn´p \men-sem-cp-`mKw (tKm-I¿Æw apX¬ I\ym-Ip-am-cn-h-sc)
Ah¿°p sImSp-°p-∂-XmWv \√Xv F∂p `m¿§-h-t\mSp \mc-Z≥
]d-™-Xp-tI´v `m¿§-h≥ F√m hkvXp-°-fn¬\n∂pw \men-semcp
`mKw {_m“-W-sc-s°m≠p sImSp-∏n-®p.”
F¶ntem ]≠p {_m“-W-\-cp-fm¬ Ae-I-Se-Sn®psIm≈pw,
FÆw-sIm-≠-S-ßm-ss°-I-sf√mw s]menhp hn´p, ]n≥hm-ßn-

digitized by [Link]
70 {]mNo-\-a-e-bmfw

s°mƒhqXm- I - s h, kap- { Z- c m- P - \ m- b n- c n- s ∏mcp hcp- W - c m- P ≥ 5

aIngvhp‰p6 Xms\ Xm≥ s]‰p7 sImSp∏qXpw sNbvXp.
“F¶ntem A°-S-ep-Sb \mI-Øm-∑m-ct√m BIp-∂-Xv.11
Ah¿°t√m BZn-Im-etØ hcp-W≥ Hcp \qs‰-´p-Im-Xw-sIm≠ Xd
apgp-hXpw sImSpØp F∂p sNm√n-b-Xv.”
“As∏cpw tImep‰ \mItcm No ]Sn-bmI almZpw {_m“-
W¿°p hi-a-√m™p;
“ImdnSnsbmØp ®odn-an-gn°, t∏Sn apgp-Øp, ss°I-sfm-Xp°n,
Iqd-Np-cp-°n, Øe-bXp XmgvØn, °mXw hn´p-°-Wnbpw hn´p ∏mSpw-
hn-´p, Øm\w-hn-´p, Cc-hn¬ Xms\ aq®p8 hnSmsX ∏md-∏‰ ∏e-hgn
t]mbm¿.”
(Hcp ]gb tIc-tfm-ev]-Øn)
“kºq¿Æm-Zp-Z-Im-÷mXm (\n-d™ Pe-Øn¬\n-∂p-≠m-b-Xv)
(tI-c-f-am-lm-flyw)
“tIcfw”; bZv (bm-sXm-∂p) tI (P-te) cfXn (cm-P-Xn)
bmsXm∂p sh≈-Øn¬ tim`n-°p-∂pthm AXp tIc-fw. (tI-c-f-
hn-em-kw)
“kap{Zw HcpImeØp {ItaW apt∂m-´p≈ Du°w hn´p ]Sn-
™mtdm´p amdn-b-t∏mƒ kap-{Z-cm-P-\mb hcp-W-cm-P≥ Xmt\ Xm≥
s]‰Xv” (k-ap{Zw \oßn-b-t∏mƒ AhnsS ImW-s∏-´-Xv.) (Hcp
]gb tIc-tfm-ev]-Øn)
“`m¿§-h≥ hcp-Ws\ tkhn®p X]- p-sNbvXp `qaotZhnsb
hμn®v (k-ap-{Z-Øn¬\n-∂v) \q‰-dp-]-Xp-ImXw `qansb D≠m-°n.”
(thsd Hcp tIc-tfm-ev]-Øn)
Cu {]am-W-ß-fm¬ Cu `qan, kap{Zw InS-∂n-cp∂ ÿew
AXm-bXp IS¬ssh∏v BIp∂p F∂p hni-Z-am-Ip-∂p.
“hcp-WkvXp ]pcm-kvamIw ZØ-hm-∑p-\n-k-Øa”
(tI-c-f-am-lmflyw)
A¿∞w: hcp-W-\m-Is´ ]≠p-]t≠ R߃°p X∂p-t]m-
bn-´p-≈-Xm-Ip-∂p.

digitized by [Link]
\mb-∑m-cpsS Hu¬Ir-jvSyhpw ae-bm-f`- q-an-°p≈ Ah-cpsS DS-aÿ
- m-hI
- m-ihpw 71

“Xkvam-Z-kvam-I-tah” (tI-c-f-am-lmflyw)
A¿∞w: “AXn-\m¬ R߃°p-≈-Xp-X-s∂-bm-Wv”9, F∂p
\mI-∑mcpw; AXns\ kΩ-Xn-®v,
\mtI`y› abm ZØm (tI-c-f-am-lm-flyw)
A¿∞w: “\mI-∑m¿°m-bn´p Rm≥ sImSp-Øn-cn-°p-∂p10
F∂p hcp-W\pw ]d-™n-cn-°p-∂-Xn-\m-epw,
“F¶ntem AS-°-ep-Sb \mI-Øm-∑m-ct√m BIp-∂Xv;*
Ah¿°t√m BZn-Im-esØ hcp-W≥ Hcp \q‰-dp-]-Xp-Im-Xw-sIm≠
Xd apgp-hXpw sImSpØp F∂p sNm√n-b-Xv.”
F∂v ap≥]-d™ tIc-tfm-ev]-Øn-hm-Iyw-sIm≠pw \mI-∑m¿
IS¬sh-∏mb Cu `qan-bpsS BZysØ DS-b-°mcpw ssIh-i-°mcpw
Cu IS¬sh-∏p-≠m-Ip-∂X- n-\p-apºv kap-{Z-tØmSp sXm´p-In-S∂
- n-cp∂
ae-{º-tZ-i-Ønse {]`p-°-fpw-A-hnsS ]m¿∏p-Imcpw Bbn-cp∂p
F∂p kn≤n-°p-∂p.
C\n F√m-‰nepw \mem-sem-cp-`mKw \mI-∑m¿°p sImSp-∏n®p,
F∂-Xns‚ kmcw ASp-Øp-hc - p∂ {]kw-Kß - f
- n¬\n∂p Xmt\ shfn-
s∏-Spw, AXp-sIm≠v ChnsS {]tXyIw FSpØp hnh-cn-°p-∂n-√.
“Akn-lkvssX c£n-X-Xzm¬{]`p-`n¿∂m-I-\m-assIx”
(a-e-bm{Zn amlm-flyw)
A¿∞w: “ssIbn¬ hmfp-≈-hcpw \mI-∑m¿ F∂p {]kn-≤-
∑mcpw Bb {]`p-°-fm¬ c£n-°-s∏-SpI \nan-Øw.”
“\mb-ImJym b{X iq{Z-cm-Pm-\- -¥n....”
(k-lym-{Zn-J-WvUw)
A¿∞w: “\mb- I - ∑ m- s c∂p t]cp≈ iq{Z- c m- P m- ° - f p≈
ÿew.”
Cu {]am-W-ß-fm¬ Cu `qansb \mI-∑m¿Xs∂ ssIh-iw-
h®p c£n-®p-h-∂n-cp∂p F∂p Xo¿®-s∏-Spw.
Xmsg ImWn-°p∂ {]am-Wß - s- f-s°m≠v Cu \mI-∑m¿ ]≠v
GsX√mw Ah-ÿ-bn-en-cp-∂n-´p-≈-h-cm-sW∂v Adn-bmw:

digitized by [Link]
72 {]mNo-\-a-e-bmfw

1) “Cuiz-cm-cm-[t\ c‡m `‡m b{X kpkm-[hx

P\m b{X Zm\-iqcmx kw{Km-am-¶-W-ss`-chmx
tbmKnt\m bZv Kplm-¥kvXp t]SnIm cXv\-Zo-]nImx
\mb-ImJym b{X iq{Z-cm-Pm-\- ¥n k¿Δ-Zm.”
(k-lym-{Zn-J-WvUw)
A¿∞w: Fhn-S-Øp-Im¿ Cuiz-cm-cm-[-\-Øn-¶¬ C—bpw
`‡n-bp-ap≈ km[p-°-tfm, bmsXm-cn-S-Øp-≈-h¿ Zm\-iq-c-∑m-cmbpw
hnin-jvS-tbm-≤m-°-fmbpw Ccn-°p-t∂m, Fhn-sS-bp≈ Kpl-I-fn¬
s]´n-I-fn¬ cXv\-Zo-]-ß-sf-∂-t]mse tbmKn-Iƒ tim`n-°p-∂p-thm,
k¿Δ-kzhpw Zm\w-sN-øp-∂-h-cmb \mb-I¿ F∂ iq{Z-cm-Pm-°ƒ
Fhn-sS-tbm,
2) s\Sp-ao-ssi, hncn-am-dq, XnS-ta-\n, ]S-hm-fp, \od-Wn-s\-‰n,
t\¿¥-tIm-fc - n-ta-ØS- w, s]m´n-®n-Xd
- h
- a
- ¿Øpw s\Sn-¥n-Ss- s°, s\Sp-
hn-√-¶¿, XS-hn-√-¶¿, taØS hn√-¶¿, Ccp-ØS hn√-¶¿, apØS
hn√-¶¿, amhn-√-¶¿, sh´-Ø-d-hn-√-¶¿, am¥-d, s\S-¥-d, sImSn-°-S-
bv°¬, tImhf acp-Øw-tIm-´v, sNºp-en-°-Æv, B\-tbm-´n-∏-S-h¿,
IpXn-c-sh-´n-∏-S-h¿, D≠-X-´n-∏-S-h¿, C´n-®o-cm-´n-∏-S-h¿, s\Sp-am-Ø≥
sIm√n, Icp-ºm-d-°-s°m-√n, ]psØ-√n, amd-∏m-Sn-°m-h-tdm-Sv, IÆ-
\m-Sv, aqgn-°p-fw, ]d-≠-tØm-fv, F´p-hn-√n-¶¬ Hcp IpXn-∏n-¬ ta¬
Infºn Cusc-s´Æw ta¬ adn-°-cWw t]m´v, apØ-d-bv°-∏m¬ D≠-
X-´n, Aºp-X-´n, I®n-s√dn X´n, am‰-e¿ sImSp-t¶m-sfm-∂p-ta-im-a¬
apØ-d-bv°-∏m¬ a∏-Sn®p°meq∂n h´-°m¬ho-in, am‰-e¿ I∂w
sXdn°s°mSpw Ime-Sn-°pw, Bƒ]-S-°m-e-am-S-s∏-cp-¥-sse-h-c-øm-
bn-c-hpw, sIm´q-e-Wn-th-¥¿, tabv°bvΩ apgp-°-bva, , tImbn-°-
bva, tImbn-°t- ∏-cp-s¶-bvΩ, ssIΩ-∏fp-sh-Æqdpw, \ºp-sIm-≠X - m\n
\mem-bn-chpw Fºp-sIm-≠-Xm\n FÆm-bn-c-hpw, \ºp-sIm-≠-Xm\n
ae-t®-cn-∏n-cm≥, \mc-sßm-fn-∏n-cm≥, sNßm-en-h-´-Ø-d-∏n-cm≥, amam-
Ø≥tNcn Acp-ºn-cm≥ ap∏-Øn-c≠ - pw, amam-Øt- ©cn h´-∏q¿ s]cp-
ºn-cm≥ \mev]-sØ´pw, ]cp-hm-h-Wn-h´w Hcp tImh-Wn-∏-S-°-f-°-
W°p FÆ-Øn-t®¿s∂m-c-pw, Incn-b-Øp-\m-I¿, Ipgm-ssh®w IWp-
‰-t®-c-tcm, F∂m¬ F¶ntem At®-c-th-¥vcvSn-s\-gp-¥p, sNwssI
IphnØp ]c-Øn, \o´n-bp-i‡n t]cp-X-hn-°p-≈n-c-¶n-b-ºp‰p t\cm-
I-samgn sN∏n-\m¿, F∂m¬ Xn¶-ƒ ]cnXn IXn-tØm¶n aÆphn-
Æ©p t]cp- X - h n- s ∏m- c pfp IXntØmw Ip\m- s f√mw sNssΩ-
s®¬hw, sNgp-s©¬hw tN¿¥p-hmgpw inh-s®¬hw sNssΩ-

digitized by [Link]
\mb-∑m-cpsS Hu¬Ir-jvSyhpw ae-bm-f`- q-an-°p≈ Ah-cpsS DS-aÿ
- m-hI
- m-ihpw 73

s®¬hw s]cp-s©¬hw t]imhq ssas∏-cp-s©¬h-a-Wn-I-fp-‰p-

hmgvhqXmI, hmgvhqXm-I, s\Sp-\mƒhmgvhqXm-I, \oSq-gn-hmgvhqXm-
I, Xsse-tbm-¶n-hmgvhqXm-I, ]pI-tgm-¥n-hmgvhqXm-I, sh\-s°m-
°-cn-Øm¿, Iqhn-\m¿.’
(Hcp ]gb hs´-gp-Øp-{K-Ÿw)
(3) “]mf-Ømdpw ]ssS-hm-fpw, aoXn-ep-Sp-∏pw, anXn-bS- n-bpw, aoi-
s°m-ºpw, hncn-Ip-g-epw, hoc-s®m√pw, hnssf-bm-´pw, \od-Wn-s\-‰n-
Ø-Sh- g
- I
- pw, t\cn-ssi-tbm-¶pw s\dn-\n-sse-bpw, \mI¿°n-cn-b¿ XpSn-
en-tX, \mSn-°p-Sn-b¿ hW-¶p-h-tX.”
(12Sn {KŸw as‰m-cp-`m-Kw)
(4) “F¶ƒIpgmw \√-d-h¿Ip-gm-sa,
sNm√pthmw sabvsNm¬X-g∏v
F¶ƒIpgmw \√-d-h¿Ip-gm-ta.
I≈-cp-¥n-Sp-h-Xp-ant√mw;
F¶ƒIpgmw \√-d-h¿ Ipgm-ta,
sI≠-∏-d-Wh sbmcp-h-I-bp-ap¨]-Xnt√mw;
F¶ƒIpgmw \√-d-h¿ Ipgm-ta,
Du≥h-ssI-bpƒs°m-f-hnt√mw;
F¶ƒIp-gmw-\-√-d-h¿Ip-gm-ta,
]nd-a-\-hn-b-ssc-Ø-h-dp-hn-cp-∏pd t\m°p-h-Xnt√mw;
F¶ƒIpgmw \√-d-h¿Ip-gmta,
Cuh-Xn-s√\ samgn-¥m¬ ]nd-In-¶p-bn¿ hmgvhXnt√mw”
(a-s‰mcp hs´-gpØv GSv)
(5) “DƒØn-Sta bpcp-hm\ \mI-Ømsc
ssIØn-Sta Icp-hm\ \mI-Ømsc
sshØn-Sta hne-hn-cp°pw \mI-Ømsc
sabvØn-Sta ta\n-bm\ \mI-Ømsc
s]mbvØn-Ssc s]mSn-bm°pw \mI-Ømsc
IØn-hmƒ ssIG¥pw \mI-Ømsc
FØn-ssibpw ]pIƒ sIm≠ \mI-Ømsc
NnØn, apØn, ssII≠ \mI-Ømsc
hn√m-fn-ho-c-cm\ \mI-Ømsc
hncp-Xp-sI´n ]S-sh√pw \mI-Ømsc

digitized by [Link]
74 {]mNo-\-a-e-bmfw

]p√-s\-sh√mw Xpd°pw \mI-Ømsc

]p\n-X-c-Sn-h-W¶n hogpw \mI-Ømsc
Ad-¥ms\ bpcp-hm\ \mI-Ømsc
Ad-¥ms\ Icp-hn-bm\ \mI-Ømsc
Ad-¥ms\ bp≈-am\ \mI-Ømsc
Ad-¥ms\ bpbn-cm-\-\m-I-Ømsc
Ad-¥ms\ IS-hp-fm\ \mI-Ømsc
Ad-¥ms\ I¬hn-bm\ \mI-Ømsc
Ad-¥m-s\-bp-e-I-am\ \mI-Ømsc
Ad-¥ms\ hbp-am\ \mI-Ømsc
(thsdmcp hs´-gpØv GSv)
C\n ta¬]-d™ {]am-W-ß-fn¬\n∂p Nne {][m\ hmIy-
ßsf FSpØv H∂p-IqSn hnh-cn-°mw.
“s\Sp-ao-i, \od-Wn-s\-‰n, ]mf-Øm-dpw, aoXn-ep-Sp-∏w, anXn-b-
Sn-bpw, aoi-s°m-ºpw, hncn-Ip-gepw (h-f¿Ønb Xe-ap-Sn), hoc-s®m¬
(Ku-c-h-hm-°v), \od-Wn-s\-‰n-Ø-S-h-gIpw” (\o-d-Wn-s\-‰n-sb-∂p-≈Xv
Chsc°pdn®p ]d-bp-s∂-S-sØms° hn´p-t]m-ImsX hnti-jn-s®-
SpØp ImWn-°p-∂p. AXp-sIm-≠v Ch-sc-√m-t]cpw ˛ ssih¿ ˛
inh-`-‡-∑m-cm-sW∂p \n›-b-am-Ip-∂p-≠v.) Cu hmIy-߃ Cu
\mb-I∑m-cpsS thjw C∂-{]-Im-ca - m-sW-∂p-ff
- X
- ns\ ImWn-°p-∂p.
hncn-amdv = hnkvXm-ca
- mb amdv (s\-©v), XnS-ta\n = ZrV-Km{Xw,
t\¿Ø = FXn¿Ø (a-Zn-®p-h-cp-∂), tImfcn = knwl(-Øn-s‚).
taØSw = akvX-Iw, s]m´n-®n-Xd = ]nf¿∂p (cp-[n-chpw Xe-t®mdpw
Nn¥p-am-dv), Aa¿Øp = XnSn-s\∂v Dut°m-Sp-IqSn sh®p-sR-cn-°p∂
AXm-bXv apjvSn-Np-cp´n CSn-°p-∂, s\Sp-¥n-Sss° = \o≠pw ZrV-
am-bp-an-cn-°p∂ ssIIƒ, ssIØn-Sta ta\n-bm\ (\m-I-Øm-sc)
_mlp-_-ew-Xs∂ kzcq-]-am-bp≈ Cu hmIy-߃ Ah-cpsS ico-
c-_-esØ ImWn-°p-∂p.
“kw{Kmam¶-W-ss`-chmx” “Imdn-Sn-sbm-Øp-®o-dn-an-gn°” Cu
hmIy- ß - f m¬ Ah¿ ]S- ° - f - Ø n¬ (i- { Xp- ° ƒ°v ) hep- X mb
`bsØ D≠m-°p-∂-h¿ ˛ AXm-bXv hninjvS tbm≤m-°-sf-∂pw,
“s]mbvØn-Ssc s]mSn-bm°pw \mI-Øm-sc.” Cu hmIyw Ah¿
(\m-I-∑m¿) Ak-Xy-hm-∑msc (Zp¿÷-\-ß-sf) \in-∏n-°p-∂-h-cm-
sW∂pw sXfn-bp-∂p.

digitized by [Link]
\mb-∑m-cpsS Hu¬Ir-jvSyhpw ae-bm-f`- q-an-°p≈ Ah-cpsS DS-aÿ
- m-hI
- m-ihpw 75

‘s\Sp-hn-√-¶¿’, ‘XS-hn-√-¶¿’, ‘taØ-S-hn-√-¶¿’, ‘Ccp-Ø-S-hn-

√-¶¿’, ‘apØ-S-hn-√-¶¿’, ‘amhn-√-¶¿’, ‘sh´-Ø-d-hn-√-¶¿’ apX-emb
hmIy-߃ Ah¿ hn√p-hn-Zy-bn¬ AXn-k-a¿∞-∑mcpw i{Xp-°-tfmSv
alm-hn-j-a-°m-cp-am-sW∂p ImWn-°p-∂p.
‘Akn- l kv s sXx’ ‘Akn- ] - R v P - c n- X - X zm®’ ‘IØn- h mƒ
Itø¥pw \mI-Ømsc’ (]-S-hmƒ Iøn-ep-≈-h¿) Cu hmIy-߃
\mI-∑m¿ F√m-bvt]mgpw Iøn¬ hmfp-≈-hcpw hmf-`ym-k-Øn¬
AXn-ka
- ¿∞-∑mcpw {]kn≤n kºm-Zn-®h - cpw BIp∂p F∂pw, (7˛mw
A≤ymbw t\m°p-I).
“D≠-X-´n-∏-S-h¿” F∂p ImWp-∂-Xn-\m¬ \mI-∑m¿ D≠-
bn¬\n∂v A]m-b-s∏-SmsX c£s]-´psIm≈p∂-Xn\p X°-hÆw
hnti-j-ambn Ft¥m Hcp hnZybpw kma¿∞yhpw D≈-h-sc∂p Icp-
tX-≠n-bn-cn-°p-∂p. AXns‚ hmkvXhw GXp-{]-Im-cs - a∂v Adn-hm≥
]mSn-√. F∂m¬ Ch-cpsS ]cn-ibv°v “D≠-X´pw ]cni” F∂mWv
\maw. (C-Xn-te-bv°p≈ Znhy-Hu-j[ - Ø
- n\v Hcp temlhpw Nne ]®n-
e-Ifpw tNcp-am-\-ß-fmbn D≠v. AXp-Iq-Sm-tXbpw CuhI ]cni
D]-tbm-Kn-°-W-sa-∂p-≈-t∏m-sgms° AXnepw ]cn-i-°m-cpsS
icocw, DSp∏v apX-em-b-h-bnepw ta¬]-d™ Huj-[-ßsf tX°pI
]Xn-hm-Wv.)
‘Aºp-X-´n’, ‘I®n-s√-dn-X´n’ I¬ + Nn√p = I®n√p = Icn-
¶¬I-j-Ww Cu hm°p-Iƒ F{Xbpw Du°-Øn¬ ]m™p-h-cp∂
Akv{X-ß-tfbpw AXp-Iq-SmsX Ihn-W-sIm-≠p≈ It√-dp-I-tfbpw
(]≠v Cu Ihn-tWdv [mcm-f-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. AXv Hcp shSn-bp-≠-
sbtbm Aºn-s\-tbm-t]mse Du°p-≈Xpw hfsc D]-{Z-h-I-c-hp-am-
bn-cp-∂p.) Du°n¬h-cp∂ hmfp-I-tfbpw eLp-hn¬ XSp-Øp-I-f-bp-
∂-Xn\v kma¿∞y-ap-≈h - s- c∂pw, (sh´pw XSbpw \mI-∑m¿°v _me-
]m-T-am-bn-cp-∂p.)
“Hcp IpXn-∏n¬ ta¬In-f-ºn...........” F∂p XpS-ßnb hmIy-
߃ hnti-j-amb Nm´-߃, adn-®n-ep-Iƒ, Hcp Nm´-Øn-\n-Sbv°v
AXn-i-bn-°-Ø-°h-bmb At\Iw A`ym-k-߃ Chsb sNøp-
∂-Xn\v Ah¿ alm-k-a¿∞-∑m-cm-bn-cp∂p F∂pw,
“IpXn-c-sh-´n-∏-S-h¿” F∂Xv Ah¿ IpXn-c∏Ssb sh´p-∂-
Xn\v hnti-jk- m-a¿∞yw D≈-hs - c∂pw, (Im-ens‚ ap´n-\p-Xmsg ]Sw-
hsc ap≥h-iØp Hcp-am-Xncn aq¿®-bp≈ Bbp[w h®p apdp-°n-

digitized by [Link]
76 {]mNo-\-a-e-bmfw

s°m≠v AXn-th-K-Øn¬ ta¬t]m-´p≈ Nm´-tØm-Sp-IqSn IpXn-c-

bpsS Igp-Øns‚ ap≥h-i-Øp-\n∂pw taevt]m´p Im¬hoin Igp-
Øns\ apdn°bpw AtXm-sSm-cp-an®p ssIhmƒsIm≠p IpXn-c-∏p-
d-Øn-cn-°p∂ Bfn-s\-°qSn sh´p-Ibpw sNøp-I Ah¿°p km[m-
c-W-amb A`ym-k-am-bn-cp-∂p.)
“B\-tbm-´n-∏-S-h¿” F∂ ]Zw Ah¿ B\-∏-Ssb HmSn-°p-
∂-Xn\p hncp-Xp-≈h - s
- c-∂pw, (C-°m-cy-Øn-te°pw Ah¿°v At\Iw
Znhu-j-[-ßfpw {]tXy-I-amb A`ym-k-Nm-Xp-cyhpw D≠m-bn-cp∂p;
‘amXw-K-eoe’ (K-P-e-£-W-im-kv{Xw) t]mse ‘Bss\-°p-dn-®¥w’
‘]mI-cv\ssS’ apX-emb {KŸ-\n-c-Iƒ Ah-cpsS `h-\-ßfn¬ F√m-
bn-SØpw D≠m-bn-cp-∂p. kv{XoP-\-߃°pw-IqSn CXp \√-t]mse
]cn-N-b-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂-Xmbn ImWp-∂p.)
“sNm√pthmw tabvs®m¬X-g∏v”; “s]mbvhm¿ssØ samgn-¥-
\mthm ]nd-In-X-∏S ImWmsX” (Ak`y-hm°p ]d™ \m°n\v
AXp-hsc AXn-cp∂p hmW-ÿ-esØ ]n∂oSp ImWp-∂-Xn\p Ign-
bp-I-bn-√. AXm-bXv At∏mƒØs∂ B \m°ns\ FSpØp shfn-
bn¬ If-bp-sa∂v A¿∞w.) CXp-Iƒ Ah¿ kZm kXy-hm-Zn-Iƒ
Bbn-cp∂p F∂pw,
‘Ad-h¿’ = [¿Ωn-jvT¿, (kw-kvIr-X-`m-j-bn¬ ‘[¿Ω-’sa∂pw
‘A[¿Ω-’sa∂pw ]d-bp-∂X - n\v Xangv `mj-bn¬ ‘Adw’ F∂pw ‘adw’
F∂pw ]d-bpw. CXp-I-fn¬ Ad-tØmSp tN¿∂-h¿ ‘Ad-hcpw’ ad-
tØmSp tN¿∂-h¿ ‘ad-hcpw’ BIp-∂p.) Xan-gn¬ Ipgmw F∂
hm°n\v ‘kaqlw’ F∂¿∞w. AXn-\m¬, “F¶ƒIpgmw \√-h¿Ip-
gmta” F∂ hmIyw Rß-fpsS (\m-I-∑m-cpsS) kaqlw [¿Ωn-jvT-
k-aq-l-am-Ip∂p F∂pw,
“Ad-¥m-s\ ‘bpcp’-hm\ \mI-Øm-sc, Ad-¥ms\ ‘Icp-hn’-
bm\ \mI-Øm-sc, Ad-¥ms\ ‘bp≈-’am\ \mI-Ømsc; Ad-¥ms\
‘bpbn-cm’\ \mI-Ømsc, Ad-¥ms\ ‘IS-hp-’fm\ \mI-Øm-sc, Ad-
¥ms\ ‘I¬hn’-bm\ \mI-Øm-sc, Ad-¥ms\ ‘bpe-I’-am\ \mI-
Øm-sc, Ad-¥ms\ ‘sbssh’-bp-am\ \mI-Ømsc” Cu hmIy-߃
\mI-∑m-cpsS (D-cp) kzcq-]-hpw, (Icp-hn) ]t©-{μn-b-ß-fpw, (D-≈w)
A¥x- I - c - W - h pw, (D- b n¿) {]mW- ß - f pw, (I- S - h pƒ) ssZh- h pw,
13
(I¬hn) hnZy-bpw, (D-e-Iw) temI-hpw,- F-∂p-th≠ Ah-cpsS (F-
ssh) k¿Δhpw [¿Ω-a-b-am-bn-cp∂p F∂pw,

digitized by [Link]
\mb-∑m-cpsS Hu¬Ir-jvSyhpw ae-bm-f`- q-an-°p≈ Ah-cpsS DS-aÿ
- m-hI
- m-ihpw 77

“I≈-cp-¥n-Sp-h-Xnt√mw” = “R߃ aZy-]m\w sNøp-∂n√;

sImss≠-∏-d-Wh HcphssIbp¨]-Xnt√mw” = a’ym-Zn-Iƒ H∂pw
`£n-°p-∂n√m; “Du≥hssI bpƒs°m-f-hnt√mw” = amwkm-Zn-I-ƒ
`£n-°p-∂n√; “]nd¿a-\-hn-bssc Øhdp hncp-∏pd t\m°p-h-
Xnt√mw” = ]c-kv{Xo-Isf sX‰m-bn´p≈ kvt\lw P\n-°p-amdp
t\m°p-∂n-√. Cu hmIy-߃ \mI-∑m¿ aZy-]m\w; a’yw-Xo-‰n,
amwk-`-£-Ww, ]c-kv{Xo-hm-RvO, CXymZn Zp¿Kp-W-߃ bmsXm-
∂p-an-√mØ ]cn-ip-≤-cm-bn-cp∂p F∂pw,
“Zm\-iqcmx k¿ΔZm” = F√m-bvt]mgpw Zm\-kz-`m-h-ap-≈-h¿;
“C√mssc°≠-ßn-ssi-¥p-Xhn sNø-th≠pw” = Zcn-{Z-cmbpw km[p-
°-fmbpw D≈ P\-ßsf At\z-jn®p klm-bn-°Ww; “Cuh-Xn-
s√\ samgn-¥m¬ ]nd-Inw-Ip-bn¿ hmgvhXnt√mw” = Cs√∂p ]d-
™p-t]m-bm¬ ]ns∂ Pohs\ [cn-°p-∂n√; (‘C√’ F∂v Hcp hm°p
]pd-s∏-Sp-hn-°m≥ CS-bm-bn-t∏m-bm¬ ]ns∂ Ah¿ Pohn-®n-cn-°-
bn√). Cu hmIy-߃ Ah¿ al-Ømb Zm\-io-ehpw at\m-Kp-Whpw
D≈-h-cm-bn-cp∂p F∂pw.
“Cuizm-cm-cm-[t\ c‡mx `‡mx kpkm-[hx” “]p\n-X-c-Sn-h-
W¶n hogpw \mI-Øm-sc,” “\√msc °≠p \b-¥p-h-W-¶-th-Wpw”,
“\√-dn-R¿]m¿s®≥dp \√-Sn-ssa-bm-I-th-≠pw. F√m hnss\-∏-
bs\≥dn fIm-Xn-°-th-≠pw,” Cu hmIy-ßfm¬ \mI-Øm-∑m¿
Cuiz-cm-cm-[\
- Ø
- n¬ Xmev]c
- y-hpw, al-Øp-°f
- n¬ `‡nbpw ssI¶-
cyhpw Fß-s\-bp≈ A\p-`-h-߃ h∂mepw Cf-Im-Xn-cn-°-Ø-°-
Xmb £abpw D≈-h-sc∂pw sXfn-bp-∂p.
C\nbpw \mbI-∑m-cpsS Iq´-Øn¬ cmP-tbm-Kn-Iƒ, kn≤-tbm-
Kn-Iƒ, lT-tbm-Kn-Iƒ apX-emb tbmKn-h-cy-∑mcpw D≠m-bn-cp∂p
F∂p-≈-Xn\p Xmsg ]d-bp-∂h ZrjvSm-¥-ß-fm-Ip-∂p.
(1) “tbmKnt\m b¬ Kplm-¥kvXp t]SnIm cXv\ Zo]n-Im”,
(2) “NnØn, apØn, ssII≠ \mI-Ømsc” (3) ‘tIm-bn-°-s∏cpw
Ibvaƒ’ Fs∂mcp alm-\mb \mb¿{]-`p-hns‚ Ihn-X-I-fn¬\n-∂pw.

tImf-cn-∏m´v
tImf-cn-sb, tImf-cn-sb, tIme-an-d-s¥mcp tImf-cnsb
I≠m-cpƒsh-fn-t°m-f-cnsb ImWm-Xm¿°n-cpƒ tIm-f-cn-sb

digitized by [Link]
78 {]mNo-\-a-e-bmfw

H≥]-Xp-hmbv14°p≠n-∑p-I-Sp-≈-Øp‰p hnf-¶nb tIm-f-cn-sb

Bdpw15 Xm≠ns®∂m-e-°sc bc¨a-ss\-ta-hnb
tImf-cnsb16

tIm\m¿ ]m´v
“tIm\m-sc-ss°-sIm-´n-∏m-Sp-ho-sc,
sIm≠m-\-Sn®p IqØm-Sp-ho-sc,
am\-tam-\-t°mss´ t]mSp-ho-sc,
ame‰p amhn≥]w IqSp-ho-sc,
Xobpw, ]p\-epw, 17 hfn, 18 hnipºpw 19

aÆpw Ie¿¥p aS-ºn-s°´n

ho´n-en-cn°pw \¿t∏-c-\m-sc,
]mSp-ho¿ ]mSp-ho¿ ]mh-e-sc.”
4. thsdmcp \mb¿alms‚ Ihn-X-I-fn¬\n-∂v

s]cp-sº-´n-∏m´v
“Xn¶ƒ ]cnXn Xncn-s¥m-Sp¶pw s]cp-sº´n
tX\q-dn-h¥p sXfn-¥n-cp°pw s]cp-sº´n
am\-a‰ Xpb¿°p amfm-s∏-cp-sº´n
aÆp-hnÆpw a‰-ss\-Øp-a-SwIpw s]cp-sº´n.”
5. as‰mcp Ihn
“thWm-´p-s∏m-¶n-en-bm¿ shSn-h-®p-°m-´,
ImWma \n≥dhsc I¨s]m-s´-sc-∂m¿,
amWm-°¿ Xma-css] aIn-gv¥p-]‰n ]mcm´
tImWm-a¬ ImWmsc tImfn-en-I-sf-∂m¿.”
6. thsdm∂v
“]nfcn apg-°n-∏-≈n-sb-gp-∏n-t∏-cn-º-°-S¬ s]m¶n-hc
Ifcn XfpØp Xpbn-e-bn-´p-°m¿ta-\n-s∏m-cn-Nn-¥n-sbg”
“]ps√\sh√mw Xpd°pw \mI-Ømsc” Cu hmIyw \mI-
∑m-cpsS Iq´-Øn¬ s]cnb Xpd-hn-Ifpw (Xym-Kn-Iƒ) D≠m-bn-
cp∂p F∂p ImWn-°p-∂p.

digitized by [Link]
\mb-∑m-cpsS Hu¬Ir-jvSyhpw ae-bm-f`- q-an-°p≈ Ah-cpsS DS-aÿ
- m-hI
- m-ihpw 79

7. am-\m-cn-t°m-´-bn¬ tImºn-Øm≥ inhm-߃

“Np´-dsh sh´ shfn X\n-bm-tbm¶n
a´-d-sh-b-S™ \ne \ne-Xm-\mIpw
A∂ne Xm\-gn-bm-tXm-c-dn-hm-tbmcp
hnÆn-sse-sb-∂-a-Xm-im≥ hnf-ºn-\mssc”
“AI-a‰p, ]pd-a-‰-ßm-ssI-b-‰p,
tae-‰p, Iog-‰p, shfn-bp-a-‰p,
IÆ-‰p, °mW-e-‰p, Im£n-b‰p
hnÆn-sse-sb-∂-a-Xm-im≥ hnf-ºn-\msc”
a∂mSn A®≥ inhm-߃
“Hma-s∂-gp-Øp-Xm-\qssa bmbn-\n-∂qin ap\-bnepw \pÆn-
XmIn, tX™p-Nn-dpIn inh-hn-ÆmIn H‰pta b‰p ]ncn-h-‰m-Ipw.
FÆm-a-b°m IS-¥-hm-\w, G‰-Ip-d-h-‰n-cp°pw hm\w, Gas\
°mas\Øns‚ hm\w, F√m-aXp hmIn \ns‚ hm\w, ImgvNbv°pw
tIƒhn°pw F´m-hm-\w, \m‰w Npssh, ]‰n-d-¥-hm-\w, sh®p-S≥
aq®-‰n-eIpw hm\w, t]cn≥ ]amIs∏men-¥-hm-\w, aØepw sImØ-
ep-am-≠-hm-\w, h∂m-´p-ap-∂m´w hn´-hm-\w, Bim-\-cp-fm-e-ssS-¥-
hm\w, hm\-sa-∂p-≈Xpw t]m\ hm\w.”
Cu hmIy-߃ \mI-∑m-cpsS Iq´-Øn¬ {_“-km-£m¬Im-
c-a-S™ ⁄m\n-Iƒ km[m-c-W-am-bp-≠m-bn-cp∂p F∂p ImWn-
°p-∂p.
ta¬°m-Wn® kwK-Xn-I-sf-s°m≠v \mI-∑m¿ G‰hpw ico-
c-_-e-ap-≈-h-cpw, hnin-jvS-tbm-≤m-°-fpw, Zp¿÷-\-ßsf Dt]-£n-
°p-∂-h-cpw, i{Xp-°ƒ°v AXn-`-b-¶-c-∑m-cpw, hn√-`ym-kw, hmf-
`ymkw, It√-d-`ym-kw, D≠-X-´p-I, Aºp-X-´p-I, IpXn-c-sh-´p-I, B\-
tbm-´p-I, hnti-j-amb Nm´w, adn-®n¬, a¿Ω-hnZy apX-em-b-h-bn¬
alm-k-a¿∞-∑m-cpw, Fs¥ms° Bbmepw AkXyw ]d-bm-Ø-
hcpw, Zm\-iu-WvU-∑mcpw Cuizm-cm-cm-[-\-Øn-epw al-Øp-°-sf-
°p-dn®pw Xmev]c - yhpw `‡nbpw ssI¶-cyhpw D≈-hc - pw, AXn-[¿Ωn-
jvT-∑m-cpw, aZy-]m-\w, a’yw-Xo‰n, amwk-`-£-Ww, CXp-I-sfm-∂p-
an-√m-Ø-h-cpw, ]c-kv{Xo-K-a-\-Øn-ep≈ hmRvO Nn¥-bn¬t]mepw
A¶p-cn-°msX kq£n-®p-sIm-≈p-∂-h-cpw, cmP-tbm-Kn-Iƒ apX-emb
tbmKo-iz-c-∑m¿ {_“-km-£m¬Im-c-a-S™ ⁄m\n-Iƒ apX-emb

digitized by [Link]
80 {]mNo-\-a-e-bmfw

kap-Zm-bmw-K-ß-tfm-Sp-Iq-Sn-b-hcpw B hI kwK-Xn-I-sf-°p-dn®v
km[m-c-W-ambn \√-t]mse Adnhpw hnizm-khpw D≈-hcpw Bbn-
cp∂p F∂p kn≤n-°p-∂p.
{_m“-W-i_vZw Cu ae-bm-f-tZ-iØp kz¥-am-bn-´p-≈-X-s√-
∂pw, BZy-Im-ew-ap-X¬ {_m“-W¿ h∂p-tI-dnb Imew-hsc (h-fsc
IqSp-X¬ Ime-tØ-°v) CXn-hnsS C√m-Xn-cp-∂-Xm-sW-∂pw, Cu
i_vZw ChnsS ]e-{]-Im-cØ -- n-ep≈ tZmj-߃°p tlXp-hmbn `hn-
®n-´p≠v F∂pw Cu i_vZ-sØ-s°m≠p \∑ kn≤n-t°-≠-Xm-bn´v
BZy-Imew apX¬°n-Xp-hsc KW-\o-b-amb Hcp kwK-Xnbpw D≠m-
bn-cp-∂n-´n-s√-∂pw, ae-bm-f-cn¬ Bsc-¶nepw Chn-sS-bn-cp-∂p-sIm-≠m-
Is´ AhnsS sN∂m-Is´ Cu i_vZsØ Bh-iy-s∏-Sp-I-tbm,
sIm≠p-h-cn-I-tbm sNbvXn-´n-s√-∂pw, apºn¬ ]d-™-t]mse hntZ-
i-Øp-\n∂pw h∂-h-cmb {_m“-W¿ Ah-cpsS Imcy-em-`-sØ-°-
cpXn Chn-Sp-Øp-Im-cnepw Cu i_vZsØ ka¿∏n-°-bpw, Fß-
s\tbm sX‰n-≤-cn®v Ch¿ AXns\ kzoI-cn-°bpw sNbvXp-t]m-b-
Xm-sW∂pw D≈Xp taev]-d™ kwK-Xn-I-fn¬ \n∂p \√-t]mse
sXfn-™n-cn-°p-∂p. BI-bm¬ CS-°m-eØp Iq´n-t®¿ØXpw A\m-
h-iy-I-hp-amb Cu i_vZsØ Ch-cn¬ \n∂v X≈n-°-f-tb-≠-Xm-
Ip-∂p. A√mØ ]£w AXns\ hntZiob-∑m-cmb Nne h¿§-
°m¿°p≈ s]mXp-t]-cp-I-sf-t∏m-se-am{Xw KWn®p ae-bm-f-{_m-
“-W¿ F∂v A`n-am\w `mhn-°p-∂-h-cpsS ÿm\-h-en-∏sØ KWy-
am-°msX Ccn-t°-≠-Xm-Ip-∂p. C{]-Imcw ae-bm-f-{_m-“-W-i-
_vZsØ Dt]-£n-®p-I-gn-™m¬ ]ns∂ B i_vZ-tØmSp Ie¿∂n-
cn-°p∂ F{ºm≥, \ºq-cn, t]m‰n F∂o ÿm\-߃ am{X-amWv
{][m-\-ambn tijn-°p-∂-Xv. Ch-sb-∏-‰nbpw a‰pw khn-kvXcw
ASpØ ]pkvX-I-Øn¬ {]Xn-]m-Zn-®p-sIm-≈mw.

ASn-°p-dn-∏p-Iƒ
1. ‘Fs‚(-h-cp-W-s‚) ico-c-Øn-ep-≠m-bn-cp∂ hnj-h¿≤\’ F∂-Xn\p kap{Zw
amdnb ÿe-Øp≈ \navt\m-∂X - {- ]-tZ-iß
- f
- nepw NXp-∏p-\n-eß
- f
- nepw Hmcns‚
Cu¿∏-Øn¬°qSn shbn-e-Sn-°p-∂-Xn-\m-ep≈ AXyp-jvWhpw, Pe-P-¥p-°-
fpsS Aÿn, sImºv, ap≈v apX-em-b-hbpw a‰pw-sIm≠p ]e-{]-Im-c-Øn-ep≈
hnj-a-X-Iƒ F∂pw.
2. ‘\mI-∑m-cpsS imk-\-sIm≠v ian°’ F∂-Xn\v AXn kao-]-hm-kn-I-fmbpw
kz¥-°m-cmbpw {]`p-°-fmbpw AkwJyw P\w A[o-\-Øn-ep-≈-h-cmbpw

digitized by [Link]
\mb-∑m-cpsS Hu¬Ir-jvSyhpw ae-bm-f`- q-an-°p≈ Ah-cpsS DS-aÿ
- m-hI
- m-ihpw 81

AXyp-’m-ln-I-fmbpw kº-∂-∑m-cmbpw D≈ \mI-∑m¿ DZy-an-®mte Bƒ

tiJ-cn®p th≠pw-t]mse tZlÆw \SØn Zp¿L-S-ß-sf-sb-√mw-\-in-∏n-°p-
hm≥ Ignbq F∂pw,
3. ‘hnj-lo-\-i-co-c-\mbn tXtPm-a-b-\mbn `hn-°bpw sNbvXp’ F∂-Xn\v A{]-
Imcw \mI-∑m¿ {]b-Xv\n®p \∂m-°n-sb∂pw At∏mƒap-X¬°v Cu `qan-
bpsS \njv{]-tbm-P-\-Xbpw kIe amen-\y-ßfpw Hgn™v AXv kz¿§-k-Zr-
i-ambn {]Im-in®p F∂pw,
4. ‘Cu tIc-f-`q-ansb X¬£Ww hn´p-X-∂n-s√-¶n¬ 64 {Kma-ß-fnepw hnjsØ
]pd-s∏-Sp-hn-°p-∂p≠v’ F∂-Xn\p \oXn-tISp ImWn-®m¬ F√m-t]-tcbpw
R߃ in£n®p ]pd-Øm-°n-°-f-bp-sa-∂pw, (Cu {_m“-W≥ AXym-{K-lw-
\n-anØw ]e-X-h-W-bpw-h∂v F¥pw tXm∂ym-k-߃ ImWn-°bpw AXn\p
\mI-∑m¿ Ahsc At∏m-gt- ∏mƒ in£n-®p-]p-dØ - p-If
- I
- bpw sNbvXn-´p-s≠∂pw
‘Cu {_m“-W¿°v \mI-∑m-sc-°p-dn®p hfsc `b-ap-s≠∂pw {_m“-W¿
ChnsS kz¥-C-jvS-߃ h√Xpw km[n-®n-´p-s≠-¶nepw BbXp \mI-∑msc
B{i-bn-®p-IqSn kq{X-Øn¬ ]‰n®v Ime-{I-taW ]e NXnhpw h©-\bpw
{]tbm-Kn®p am{X-am-sW∂pw D≈-Xn-te°v ta¬Im-Wn® hmIy-hpw, ‘Cu
{_m“-W¿ ChnsS h∂v ASp-°fssh-∏v, a{¥-hm-Zw, At\ym\yw Ie-l-ap-
≠m-°p-I, tkhm-hrØn apX-emb sXmgn-ep-Iƒ sNbvXp-sIm≠v kq{X-Øn¬
ChnsS tIdn-∏-‰n-b-Xm-Ip∂p’ F∂ klym-{Zn-J-WvU-h-N-\hpw km£yw hln-
°p-∂p. h∂-Xns‚ tijw {_m“-W¿ \mI-∑m-cpsS imk-\-\n-anØw Dd-®n-cn-
°msX s]mbv°-f-™n-´p≠v F∂p-≈-Xn-te°v ‘As∏cpw tImep‰ \mItcm
Nodpw-]-Sn-bmI alm-{_m-“-W¿°v hi-a-√m™p; Imdn-Sn-sbm-Øp-®odn angn°’
F∂p XpS-ßn-bp≈ tIc-tfm-ev]-Øn-h-N-\-߃ ZrjvSm-¥-am-Ip-∂p.
5. ‘kap-{Z-cm-P-\m-bn-cn-s∏mcp hcp-W-cm-P≥’ F∂-Xn\v ˛ kap-{Z(-P-e) kajvSn ˛
AXm-b-Xv, kap{ZwXs∂-bm-Ip∂p F∂pw,
6. ‘aIn-gvhp‰v’ F∂-Xn\p kt¥m-jn®p F∂pw, (I-S¬ Dut°m-Sp-IqSn Ae-b-
Sn®v apgßn aptºm´p Xmhn-s°m≠p \n¬°p∂ Ah-ÿbv°v IS-ens‚
tIm]w F∂pw F∂m¬ B Ahÿ hn´v im¥-ambn HXp-ßnb \ne ap≥]-
d™ tIm]-Øns‚ hn]-co-Xm-h-ÿ-bm-I-bm¬ AXn\p kt¥m-j-sa∂pw ]d-
bm-dp-≠v.)
7. ‘s]‰v’ F∂-Xn\p IS¬ \oßn-bn´v `qan ImWp-am-dmbn F∂pw,
8. aq®v = izmkw
9, 10. ‘hcp-W≥ R߃°p X∂p F∂v \mI-∑mcpw Rm≥ \mI-∑m¿°mbn
sImSpØp F∂v hcp-W\pw ]d™p’ F∂-Xn\v kap-{Z-Øn¬\n-∂p-≠mb
`qan as‰m-cp-Ø-cpsS A[o-\-Øn-em-ImsX \mI-∑m¿°v BI-am-dp-Xs∂ InS-
∂n-cp∂p F∂pw \mI-∑mcp as‰m-cp-Ø≥ apJm-¥-c-am-b-√msX t\cn´p {]th-
in®p F∂pw,
11. ‘A¿°-ep-Sb \mI-Øm-∑m-sct√m BIp-∂Xv F∂-Xn\v Cu `qan-bp-≠m-Ip-
∂-Xn\p apºv AXns\ aqSn-°n-S-∂-Xmb ISepw taev]-d™ \mI-Øm-∑m¿°p-
≈-sX-∂pw, Cu hmIy-߃°v A¿∞w BIp-∂p. (a-e-b-]¿Δ-X-Øns‚ Acn-
In¬hsc kap{Zw InS-∂n-cp∂p F∂pw B kap-{Z-tØmSp sXm´p-sIm≠v Ing-
°p-h-iØp sX°p-h-S-°mbn InS-°p∂ ae-b-]¿Δ-X-Øn¬ AXns‚ BZn-

digitized by [Link]
82 {]mNo-\-a-e-bmfw

\m-Y-∑m-cmb \mI-Øm-∑m¿ \nc∂p ]m¿Øn-cp∂p F∂pw D≈Xv F√mw-

sIm≠pw {]kn-≤-am-W-t√m. B ]¿Δ-X-Øn¬ Ah-cn¬ Hmtcm-cp-Ø¿°pw
X\-Xm-bp≈ {]tZ-i-Øns‚ sX°p-h-S°v Af-hn-s\mØp kap-{Z-`m-K-hpw-IqSn
tN¿∂n-cp∂p;)
12. ]g-b-{K-Ÿ-ßsf (In-´n-sb-S-tØm-f-ap≈ `mK-ß-sf) 3˛mw ]pkvX-I-Øn¬
tN¿Øp {]kn-≤w-sN-øp-∂-Xm-Wv). ˛{].-km.
13. ‘[¿tΩm-kva¬ Ipe-ssZ-hXw’ F∂p≈ Chn-SsØ AS-bm-f-hm-Iyhpw ta¬
]d-™-Xns\ A\p-k-cn®v kw`-hn-®n-´p-≈-Xm-Ip∂p F∂v \n›-bn-t°-≠n-bn-
cn-°p-∂p.
14. \h-Zzmcw
15. jUm-Zmcw
16. Ac¨a\ = Ac-a\ ˛ cmP-sIm-´mcw
17. ]p\¬ = sh≈w
18. hfn = hmbp
19. hnipºv = BImiw

digitized by [Link]
 83

A≤ymbw 7

\mb-∑m-sc-∏‰n Ncn-{X-Im-e-Øn¬
hntZ-io-b-∑m¿°p-≠m-bn-´p≈
A`n-{]m-b-߃
ap∂-≤ym-b-Øn¬ ImWn® {]am-W-߃ \mb-∑m-cpsS ]pcm-
X-\-ÿn-Xnsb Ipdn-°p-∂p. Imem-¥-c-Øn¬ {]kvXpX ÿnXn°v
]e Imc-W-ß-fm¬ hfsc `n∂XIfpw \yq\-X-Ifpw kw`-hn-°m-
\n-S-bm-bn. Aßs\ Ign-™p-h-csh Zzo]m-¥-c-\n-hm-kn-I-fmb hntZ-
io-b-∑m-cn¬ ]ecpw X߃°v CZw-{]-Y-a-ambn kn≤n® ]cn-jvIm-
c-Z-i-bm¬ t{]cn-X-∑m-cmbn ]e Ime-ß-fnepw Cu \mSns\ kμ¿in-
°bpw {]Xy-£a - m-bn-°≠ \mb¿k-ap-Zm-bsØ bYm-ÿnXn h¿Æn-
°bpw sNbvXn-´p≠v; Ah-bn¬ Nne-Xns\ Xmsg tN¿°p-∂p:
(1) ‘tdme≥Uv k¨’ F∂ kmbv]n-\m¬ X¿÷na sNø-
s∏´v e≠-\n¬ 1833-˛¬ A®-Sn-°-s∏´ ‘Sl-^-d-dpƒ apP-ln-Un≥’
F∂ aX- k w- _ - ‘ - a mb ]pcm- X - \ - { K- Ÿ - Ø ns‚ I¿Øm- h mb
‘ssj°v k n- \ p- U n≥’ F∂ apl- Ω - Z o- b ≥ ae- b m- f n- I - f psS
ÿnXnsb∏‰n C{]-Imcw ]d-™n-cn-°p-∂p.
‘Hcp {]`p sIm√-s∏-´m¬, Abm-fpsS A\p-N-c-∑m¿ kwi-]vX-
I-∑m-cpambn FXn¿Øp s]mcpXn i{Xp-°-fpsS cmPysØ ]e-hn-
t[\ \in-∏n-°bpw Acniw Xocpw-hsc P\-ßsf \n{K-ln-°bpw
sNøp-∂p.’
(2) {InkvXz_vZw 9˛mw iX-h¿j-Øn¬ c≠p apl-Ω-Zob
k©m-cn-Iƒ* Fgp-Xn-bXpw ‘td\m´v’ F∂-bmƒ X¿÷n-a-sNbvXv
1733 ¬ e≠-\n¬ {]kn-≤w-sN-bvXXpw Bb ]pkvX-I-Øn¬ Xmsg
]d-bp-∂-{]-Imcw1 ImWp-∂Xpw Cu \S-]-Snsb Dt±-in-®m-bn-cn-°mw.

digitized by [Link]
84 {]mNo-\-a-e-bmfw

‘cmPm-°∑
- m¿ knwlm-k\ - m-tcm-lWw sNøp-tºmƒ Xmsg ]d-
bp∂ acym-Zsb Ah-ew-_n-°m-dp-≠v: GXm\pw tNmdv cmPm-hns‚
apºn¬ sIm≠p-\n-cØpw; DS≥ ap∂qtdm \m\qtdm Bfp-Iƒ kz¥-
a-\- mse cmP-k-∂n-[nsb {]m]n®v At±lw Aev]w `£n-®-Xn-\p-
tijw Hmtcm-]nSn tNmdv At±-l-Øns‚ Iøn¬\n∂pw hmßpw.
CXns\ `£n-°p-∂t- Xm-Sp-IqSn cmPmhp acn-°tbm sIm√-s∏-Sp-Itbm
sNøp∂ Znh-k-Øn¬ X߃ A·n-{]-thiw sNøp-∂-Xn\p \n¿_-
‘n-X-∑m-cm-Ibpw AXns\ icn-bmIpw-hÆw Ah¿ A\p-jvTn-°bpw
sNøp-∂p.’ Cuam-Xncn Bfp-Iƒ°p ae-bm-f-t∏¿ ‘Nmh¿’ (Nm-Ip-
hm≥ Xøm-dp-≈-h¿) F∂m-Ip-∂p. ta¬]-d-™-Xn\v ‘_¿t_mkm’,
‘]¿°mkv’ F∂o t]m¿ØpKokv {KŸ-Im-c-∑mcpw km£yw-h-ln-
°p-∂p. (C-Xns\ A\p-I-cn®v am∏n-f-am-cpw, h≈p-h-\m´p cmPm-hns‚
Io¿Øn-°m-bn´v \mb-∑m-tcm-Sp-tN¿∂p Xncp-\m-hm-bn¬ ‘alm-aJw’
(am-am-¶w) F∂ D’-h-Øn\p ]c-kv]cw bp≤w-sNbvXp acn-∏m-s\m-
cp-ßp-∂p.)
(3) a{Zmkv kwÿm-\w-hI 1891-˛se sk≥k v dnt∏m¿´n¬
anÿ F®v.-F.-Ãyp-h¿´v F∂bmƒ C{]-Imcw Fgp-Xn-bn-cn-°p-∂p:
‘\mb-∑m¿ Hcp {Zmhn-U-h¿§am-Wv; Ah-cn¬ ]e `n∂-ß-fmb ]ncn-
hp-Ifpw Hmtcm ]ncn-hp-Iƒ°v {]tXyI sXmgn-ep-Ifpw ImWp∂p;
]pcm-X\ \mb-∑m¿ \n w-i-b-ambpw bpt≤m-Zyp-‡-amb Hcp kwL-
am-bn´v hncp-Øn-{I-a-Øn¬ hkvXp A\p-`-hn-°bpw th≠-t∏mƒ
bp≤w sNøp-Ibpw sNbvXn-cp-∂n-cn-°-Ww.’
(4) ‘ae-_m¿ Pn√m-Kk- ‰- o-b¿’ F∂ ]pkvXI
- Ø
- n¬ C{]-Imcw
ImWp∂p: ‘D¤hw t\m°n-bm¬ \mb-∑m¿ Hcp-thf {Zmhn-U-∑m-
cmb IpSn-]m¿∏p-Imcpw ae-_m-dns\ BZy-ambn B{I-an-®-h-cn¬
tN¿∂-h-cpw, tPXm-°-fpsS \ne-bn¬ `c-W-I¿Øm-°fpw P∑n-Ifpw
Bbn-Øo¿∂-hcpw Bbn-cn-°Ww: Bcy-c-‡-k-Ωn-{i-X-bpw, tZiy-
amb {]Ir-Xn-hn-ti-jß
- f
- pw-sIm≠v Ct∏mgsØ \mb-∑m¿°v a{Zmkv
kwÿm-\-Ønse a‰p≈ {Zmhn-U-h¿§-ß-fn¬\n∂v {]Xy-£-amb
hyXymkw ImW-s∏-Sp-∂p.
(5) Pm¨Ã-Wns‚ ‘temI-Øn¬ G‰hpw {]kn-≤a
- mb cmPyw’
F∂ ]pkvX-I-Øn¬\n∂pw an.-temK≥ Xmsg ]d-bp∂ `mKw D≤-
cn-°p∂p: ˛ “Cu \m´nse tbm≤mhv Xs‚ Bbp-[sØ {]tbm-Kn-
°p-∂-Xn¬ AXn-i-b-\o-b-amb kma¿∞yw ImWn-°p-∂p. Ah-

digitized by [Link]
\mb-∑m-sc-∏‰n Ncn-{X-Im-eØ
- n¬ hntZ-io-b∑
- m¿°p-≠m-bn-´p≈ A`n-{]m-bß
- ƒ 85

scms° ‘\mb-∑m¿’ F∂p hnfn-°-s∏-Sp∂ Hcp-am-Xncn {]`p-°-∑m-

cmWv; Ggp-h-b p {]mb-ap-≈-t∏mƒ ‘If-cn-I-fn¬’ Ah-cpsS Bbp-
[m-`ymkw Bcw-`n-°p-∂p. AhnsS ka¿∞-∑m-cmb ‘Bim-∑m¿’
Ah-cpsS tZlØv FÆ-bn´v Hmtcm tN¿∏p-Isf arZp-hm-°p-Ibpw
t]in-Isf DS-®p-tN¿°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. CXp-\n-anØw Ah¿°v
Km{X-em-L-hhpw Npdp-Np-dp∏pw kn≤n-°p-∂p. tZlsØ ]e-am-
Xncnbn¬ hf-bv°p-∂-Xn-\pw, apºpw ]nºpw Db¿∂pw Xmgv∂pw
th≠-hn-[-Øn¬ AXns\ D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xn\pw Ah¿°v Ign-bpw.
Ah-cpsS CΩm-Xncn A`ymkw Ah¿°v Nmcn-Xm¿∞y-P-\-Ihpw
A`n-am-\-tl-XpIhpw BWv. Cu hnj-b-Øn¬ Ahsc Bcpw AXn-
i-bn-°-bn-s√∂v Ah¿ Dd-∏mbn hniz-kn-°p-∂p.”
(6) _wKm-fn¬\n∂pw Ab-bv°-s∏´v (1792-˛93) ae-_m-dns\
kμ¿in® IΩo-j-Wdpw ]n∂oSv t_mws_ Kh¿Æ-dp-amb tPmW-
X≥ UwI≥ F∂-bmƒ an°nƒ F∂ {KŸ-Im-cs‚ ‘Itam-b≥kv’
7˛mw ]pkvX-I-Øn¬\n∂pw Xmsg ImWn-°p∂ `mKsØ D≤-cn-
°p∂p.
(X¿÷n-a)
“IogvPm-Xn-Iƒ the-°m¿°-hn-sS ]pe-b-sc-∂p-t]¿
hmgvNbv°p {]`p-°-∑m-c-`n-am-\n-Iƒ \mb-I¿;
Ic-Iu-i-ehpw ]ns∂ I¿j-I-∏-Wn-bm-Zn-bn¬
AXn-]p-—-a-h¿t°dpw hncpXpw s]mcp-Xp-∂-Xn¬,
sXfnbpw Ic-hm-f-sØ-®p-g-‰o´p he-Ønepw
Fcnbpw ]cn-i-®-{I-a-a¿Øo-´p-]-c-Ønepw”
Cu `mK-sØ-∏‰n {]kvXpX U¶≥ ho≠pw Cßs\ hna¿in-
°p∂p: “taev]-d™ t«mI-]m-Z-߃ hninjy HSp-hn-esØ c≠p
]mZ-߃ \mb-cpsS Hcp \√ h¿Æ-\-bm-Wv. A\y-cm-Py-ß-fn¬ hgn-
bm-{X-°m¿ Hcp hSntbm ]nctºm hln®p \S-°m-dp-≈-Xp-t]mse
A{X km[m-c-W-ambpw kuI-cy-ambpw \mb-∑m¿ hmfns\ G¥n
Fßpw k©-cn-°p-∂p. Ch-cn¬ Nne¿ hmƒ]n-Sntb apXp-In¬ Xncp-
Ip-∂p. ]nSn DSp-∏n-\-Sn-bn¬ Ac-s°-´n¬ XmgvØn-bn-cn-°pw. ap\
taevt]m-´p-b¿∂v Ccp-`p-P-ß-fnepw CS-bv°nsS X´n sXfp-sXsf
sXfn™p ImW-s∏-Spw.”
(7) k¿ slIvS¿ a¨tdm F∂ {_n´ojv tk\m-[n-]≥
\mb¿tbm-≤m-°-sf-∏‰n C{]-Imcw Fgp-Xp∂p: “bp≤-Im-e-ß-fn¬

digitized by [Link]
86 {]mNo-\-a-e-bmfw

]I¬k- a - b Øv Ahsc s]mSn- t ]mepw ImWp- I - b n- √ . Ah¿

aW¬°p-∂p-I-fp-tSbpw Ip‰n-s®-Sn-I-fp-tSbpw CS-bn¬ ]Xp-ßn-bn-
cp-∂p-I-f-bpw. R߃ tIm´sb B{I-an-°m≥ ]pd-s∏-Sp-tºmƒ
am{Xw Ah¿ IqSn-f-Inb tX\o-®-Iƒt]mse ImW-s∏-Spw. Ah¿
Xß-fpsS tXm°p-Isf icn-bm-Ipw-hÆw ]nSn-°p-Ibpw \√-t]mse
em°p- t \m°n shSn- s h- ° p- I bpw sNøp- ∂ p“ (Cu `mKw Xe-
t»cn∏≠n-I-im-e-bnse 1761-˛mam≠p hI Ub-dn-bn¬ Dƒs∏-´-Xm-
Ip-∂p)
{^©p-K-h¿Æ-dm-bn-cp∂ Fw.-am-ln-Un-em-t_m¿U\m-bnbpw
\mb-∑m-cpsS bp≤-km-a¿∞y-sØ-∏‰n ]eXpw {]iw-kn®p ]d-™n-
cn-°p-∂p.
(8) a{Zmkv ayqknbw kq{]-≠mb anÿ CuX-gvè ‘Z£nW
C¥y-bnse PmXn-Ifpw h¿§-ßfpw’ F∂ {KŸ-Øn¬ \mb-∑m-sc-
∏‰n C{]-Imcw ]d-™n-cn-°p∂p:
“Ah¿ ]c∂p s]mcp-Xp-∂-Xn\v G‰hpw ka¿∞-∑m-cmb
tbm≤m-°-fm-bn-cp-∂n-cn-°-Ww. F∂m¬ Hmtcm {]tXyI hn`m-K-ß-
fm-bn´v {]tXyI Dt±-iy-ß-tfm-Sp-IqSn ]ncn-™n-cn-°p-I-bm¬ hntZ-
io-b-∑m-cpsS B{I-a-W-ßsf XSp-°p-∂-Xn\v Ah¿°v \nhr-Øn-
bn-√msX Xo¿∂n-cp-∂p.”
(9) H∂m-asØ Iptem-ØpwK ]mWvUy-a-lm-cm-Pm-hns‚ ({In-
kvXz_vZw 1083-˛84) Hcp inem-te-J-\-Øn¬\n∂pw At±lw IpS-a-
e-\mSv (]-Sn-™msd ae-{º-tZ-iw) B{I-an®p Pbn®p F∂pw Ahn-
SsØ tbm≤m-°f - mb Ct∏m-gsØ \mb-∑m-cpsS ]q¿Δn-I∑
- m¿ Xß-
fpsS kzmX-{¥y-c-£-bv°mbn sNbvX ka-c-Øn¬ Hs´m-gn-bmsX
acn®p F∂pw ImWp-∂p.
(10) ‘Uphm¿´p _¿t_mkm’ F∂ ]m›m-Xy-\m¬ Fgp-X-
s∏-´Xpw 1866-˛¬ lm¢n-bp´v kwL-Øm¬ X¿÷-a-sN-ø-s∏-´Xpw
Bb ‘Ingt° B{^n-°-bp-tSbpw ae-_m-dn-t‚bpw kap-{Z-Xo-c-
h¿Æ\w’ F∂ {KŸ-Øn¬ 16-˛mw iX-h¿jm-cw-`-Ønse \mb-∑m-
cpsS ÿnXnsb°pdn®v Xmsg-∏-d-bp∂ hnhcw ImWp∂p: ‘\mb-
∑m¿ \m´nse {]`p-°-∑m-cm-Ip∂p; Ah¿°p bp≤w-sN-øpI am{Xta
sXmgn¬ D≈p. Ah¿ hmƒ, hn√v, Aºv, ]cn-i, Ip¥w F∂o Bbp-
[-ßsf ]e-t∏mgpw [cn®p k©-cn-°p-∂p. Ah¿ ka¿∞-∑mcpw
Xß-fpsS {]`m-hs- Ø-°p-dn®v hfsc A`n-am-\n-°p-∂h
- cpw BIp∂p;

digitized by [Link]
\mb-∑m-sc-∏‰n Ncn-{X-Im-eØ
- n¬ hntZ-io-b∑
- m¿°p-≠m-bn-´p≈ A`n-{]m-bß
- ƒ 87

Cu \mb-∑m¿ F√m-hcpw D¬Ir-jvS-Ip-e-Pm-X-∑m¿ Bbn-cn-°-W-

sa∂p am{X-a-√m, X߃ Hcp-an®p Xma-kn-°p∂ cmPm-hn-\mtem
{]`p-hn-\mtem Bbp[w sImSp-°s - ∏´pw Ccn-°W- w. AXn-\p-ti-jta
Bbp[w [cn-°p-∂-Xn\pw \mb¿ ÿm\-Øn\pw Ah¿ A¿l-∑m-
cmbn `hn-°-bp-≈q. icn-bmb Bbp-[-{]-tbm-K-Øn-\p-X-Ip-∂-Xmb
]e-am-Xncn AS-hp-Ifpw apd-Ifpw ]Tn-°p-∂-Xn\p km[m-c-W-bmbn
Ggp-h-b v {]mb-am-Ip-tºmƒ Ah¿ hnZym-e-b-Øn¬ Ab-bv°-s∏-
Sp∂p; H∂m-a-Xmbn \rØw-sN-øp-∂-Xn\pw ]n∂oSv Hmtcm-hn-[-Øn¬
adn-bp-∂-Xn\pw Ah¿ ]Tn-°p∂p; AXn-\m-bn´p _mey-Ønte Ah-
cpsS Ah-b-h-ßsf F{]-Im-c-sa-¶nepw hf-bv°-Ø-°-hÆw Ah¿
kzm[o-\-am-°n-Øo¿°p-∂p. Cu \mb-∑m¿ ]´-W-Øn\p shfn-bn-
embn a‰p P\-km-am-\y-Øn¬\n-∂pw ]ncn™v th≠p∂ _t¥m-
_-kvXp-I-tfm-Sp-Iq-Snb Xß-fpsS hkvXp-°-fn¬ ]m¿°p∂p; Fhn-
sS-sb-¶nepw t]mIp-tºmƒ am¿§w Hgn-™p-sIm-Sp-°p-∂-Xn\v Ah¿
I¿j-I-∑m-tcmSv D®-Øn¬ hnfn-®p-]-d-bp∂p; A{]-Im-cw-Xs∂
A\pkcn°-s∏-Sp-Ibpw sNøp∂p; AX-s√-¶n¬ bmsXmcp tNmZy-
hpw-Iq-SmsX Ahsc \mb-∑m¿°v sIm√mhp∂-Xm-Ip∂p; Hcp I¿j-
I≥ \n¿`m-Ky-h-im¬ Hcp \mb¿kv{Xosb sXm´p-t]m-bm¬ Ah-
fpsS _‘p-°ƒ DS≥Xs∂ Ahsf sIm√p∂p; A{]-Im-cw-Xs∂
Ahsf sXm´-h\pw Ahs‚ AJn-e-_-‘p-°fpw sIme-sN-ø-s∏-
Sp∂p; CXp I¿j-I-∑m-cpsS c‡w \mb-∑m-cn¬ Ie¿∂p-t]m-Im-
Xn-cn-∏m-\m-sW∂v Ah¿ ]d-bp∂p: Cu \mb¿kv{Xo-Iƒ hfsc
hrØn-bp-≈h - cpw th≠pw-hÆw hkv{X-[m-cW- a
- p-≈h- cpw BIp∂p.’
(11) 18-˛mw iX-h¿j-Øn¬ Fgp-X-s∏´ ‘]uc-kvXy-ln-μp-tZ-i-
ß-fpsS \ho\ Ncn{Xw’ F∂ {KŸ-Øn¬ lman¬S¨ Cßs\
]d-bp∂p: ]pcm-X-\-Im-e-ß-fn¬ kmaq-Xncn 12 h¿j-°m-eta cmPyw
`cn-°mdp ]Xn-hp-≈p. B Imem-h-[n°p apºn¬ acWw {]m]n-°-
bmsW¶n¬ ]c-ky-ambn Abmƒ°v Bfl-lØy sNtø≠nhcn-I-
bn-√, AXn-\n-S-bm-bn-s√-¶n¬ H∂m-a-Xmbn Abmƒ Xs‚ F√m {]`p-
°-∑m-tcbpw CS-{]-`p-°-∑m-tcbpw £Wn-®p-h-cpØn Hcp kZy-sIm-
Sp-°p-Ibpw ]n∂oSv `£-W-Øn-\p-tijw Ahsc A`n-hmZyw
sNbvXn´p {]tXyIw Xøm-dm-°n-bn-´p≈ Xq°p-ac - Ø
- n-tedn kI-ecpw
Im¨sI F{Xbpw IrXy-amb hn[-Øn¬ Xs‚ inc-t—Zw sNøp-
Ibpw sNøWw; Aev]w-I-gn™p ih-i-co-cØ F{Xbpw BtLm-
j-tØmSpw _lp-am-\-tØm-Spw-IqSn k¬°-cn-°bpw {]`p-°-∑mcpw

digitized by [Link]
88 {]mNo-\-a-e-bmfw

a‰pw-IqSn Hcp ]pXnb kmaq-Xn-cnsb Xnc-s™-Sp-°p-Ibpw sNøp∂p.”

(CXv ]pcm-X\ \S-]Sn am{Xw)
(12) ‘1774-˛-tebpw, 1781-˛-tebpw shÃn≥Uy≥ I∏¬bm-{X-Iƒ’
F∂ {KŸ-Øn¬ ‘skmÆ-dm‰v’ C{]-Imcw Fgp-Xp∂p:˛ “\mb-∑m¿
tbm≤m-°-fm-Ip∂p; Bbp[w [cn®p \S-°p-∂-Xp-sIm≠v Ahsc
a‰p h¿§-ß-fn¬\n∂pw Xncn-®-dn-bm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. Ah¿ F{Xbpw
Alw-`m-h-ap-≈-h-cmWv; Ah-cpsS ASpØp sN√p∂ Nne {]tXy-
I-h¿§-ßsf sIm∂p-I-f-bp-∂-Xn\v Ah¿°v Ah-Imiw D≠v. AXn-
s\-∏‰n ]cm-Xnbpw C√.”
_p°m-\≥ ho≠pw C{]-Imcw ]d-bp-∂p:˛ “\mb-∑m¿ \ºq-
cn-am-cpsS hcp-Xn-bnepw, cmPm-°-∑m-cpsS `c-W-Ønepw ae-bm-f-
Ønse tbm≤m- ° - f m- b n- c n- ° p∂p; Bbp- [ - { ]- t bm- K - Ø n- e mWv
Ah¿°v G‰hpw kt¥m-ja - p-≈Xv. Ch¿ taem-hn-t\mSv hfsc `‡n-
bp-≈-h-cm-Wv. F¶nepw Iogn-ep-≈-hsc H´p-h-fsc D]-{Z-hn-°p-∂p.”
(13) ‘ae-_m¿ \nb-ahpw \S-]-Snbpw’ F∂ {KŸ-Øn¬ anÿ
F¬. aq¿ C{]-Imcw ]d-bp∂p:-˛ “BwKe C≥Uy≥ \nL-≠p-°-
fn¬\n∂pw \mb¿°v, \mb-I≥, \mb¿ Ch Hcp [mXp-hn¬\n∂pw
D≠m-bn-´p-≈-Xm-sW∂v Adn-bmw.”
(14) hnP-b-K-\-c-Ønse \mb-°-∑m-tcm-Spw, hn´psImSp-°-s∏´
tZi-ß-fnse ‘\mb-°≥’ F∂-`n-[m-\-ap≈ t]mfn-Km¿ {]`p-°-∑m-
tcmSpw ]›n- a - X o- c - Ø nse \mb- ∑ m¿°v kw_- ‘ - a p- ≈ - X mbn
kyqh¬, k¿ Xmakv a¨sdm Ch¿ A`n-{]m-b-s∏-Sp-∂p. BW-d-
_nƒ Pm¨en≥Uvtkbpw CXns\ ]n≥Xmßn Fgp-Xp∂p (1783)
(15) Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿ sk≥kkv dnt∏m¿´n¬ ankv‰¿ F≥.-
kp-{_-“-Wy-ø¿ C{]-Imcw ]d-bp∂p:˛ “a[p-c-bnse Nne \mSp-hm-
gn-Iƒ ‘I¿Øm’ F∂ ÿm\-t∏¿ apºn¬ hln-®n-cp-∂p. a[p-c-bn-
tebpw X©m-hq-cn-tebpw \mb¿°v cmPm-°-∑m-cpsS A\-¥-cm-h-
Im-in-Iƒ F∂p KWn-®p-h-cp∂ ‘_men-P’-∑m¿ 1901-˛se P\-kw-Jy-
°-W-°n¬ Cu ÿm\w D]-tbm-Kn-®n-cn-°p-∂p.”
(16) 1901- ˛ ¬ {]kn≤w sNø- s ∏´ C≥Uy≥ sk≥kkv
dnt∏m¿´n-s\-°p-dn-®p≈ Hcp KpW-tZm-j-\n-cq-]-W-Øn¬ ‘\b‚o≥Xv
sk©zdn’ F∂ k©n-I-bn¬ anÿ sP.-Un. doUv (C-t∏mƒ k¿
tPm¨) 1904-˛¬ C{]-Imcw Fgp-Xn-bn-cn-°p∂p:˛ “sk≥kkv IΩo-

digitized by [Link]
\mb-∑m-sc-∏‰n Ncn-{X-Im-eØ
- n¬ hntZ-io-b∑
- m¿°p-≠m-bn-´p≈ A`n-{]m-bß
- ƒ 89

j-W¿°v \mb-∑m-cpsS CS-bn¬ Xma-kn-°p-∂-Xn\p Ah-kcw e`n-

®n-cp∂p F¶n¬, At±lw Ah-cpsS Iq´-Øn-ep≈ kv{Xo _mlp-
ey-sØ-°p-dn®v Ip‰w-]d
- I
- b
- n-√m-bn-cp-∂p. C≥Uy-bnse G‰hpw kpμ-
cn-I-fmb kv{Xoh¿§w F{X [mcm-f-am-sW-¶nepw {Ia-Øn-e-[n-I-am-
Im≥ Xc-an-√-t√m.” _p°m-\≥ ho≠pw C{]-Imcw ]d-bp∂p:˛ “ae-
bm-f-Ønse Db¿∂-h¿§-°m¿°v hkv{X-[m-cWw Ipd-™-co-Xn-bn-
emWv; ]t£, Ah¿ AXn-i-b-\o-b-am-Ipw-hÆw ipNn-bp-≈-h-cm-
Ip∂p. \mb¿kv{Xo-Iƒ Xß-fpsS tZl-ßfpw apSn-Ifpw Hmtcm kpK-
‘-h-kvXp-°ƒ tX®v ipNn-bmbn hbv°p-∂-Xn¬ F{Xbpw Pm{K-X-
bp-≈-h-cm-Ip-∂p. Ah¿ Agp-°p-hkv{Xw [cn-°m-dn-√.”
(17) anÿ F^v.-U-_vfn-bp. F√nkv C{]-Imcw ]d-bp∂p:˛
“BZn-Imew apX¬ 18-˛mw iX-h¿j-Øns‚ Ah-km-\-Im-ew-hsc,
‘Xd’ ‘\mSv’ Cu G¿∏m-Sp-Iƒ aqe-am-bn´v \mb¿{]-`p-°-∑m¿ ae-
bm-f-tZ-isØ kzX-{¥-cm-Pm-°-∑m-cpsS Zp¿`-c-W-Øn¬\n∂pw c£n-
®n-cp-∂-Xn-\m-em-Wv, tImgnt°mSv apX-emb \K-c-߃ bqtdm-]o-bm-
K-a-\-tØm-Sp-IqSn henb I®-h-S-ÿ-e-ß-fm-bn-Øo¿∂Xv; \mb-
∑m¿°v s]mXpth Hmh¿ko-b¿am-cp-tSbpw Pan-μm-cn-I-fp-tSbpw
ÿm\w D≠m-bn-cp-∂p.”
(18) anÿ temK≥ Xmsg ImWp-∂-hn[w Fgp-Xp∂p:˛ ae-
_m-dn¬ \mSv G¿∏m-Sp-≠m-bn-cp∂p; AXn≥{]-Imcw P\-c-£-I-
ÿm\w \mb-∑m¿°v kn≤-am-bn-cp-∂p. ({_n-´o-jv{]-th-i-\w-h-sc)
kwL-ßf - n¬ ‘600’ t]¿ho-Xa
- p≈ ‘\mSp’-Ifpw Hmtcm \m´nepw ‘150’
hoXw ‘Xd’-I-fpw, Hmtcm ‘Xd’bv°pw ‘4’¬ Ipd-bmsX IpSpw-_-
ßfpw D≠m-bn-cp∂p; C{Xbpw hn`m-K-߃ AS-ßnb tZi-Øns‚
c£m-[n-Im-c-ÿm\w X∂m-´p-{]-`phpw Adp-\q-‰n-\-[n-]\pw Bb
\mb¿°m-bn-cp-∂p.”
(19) tImgn-t°m-´p-\-K-c-Ønse _lp-am-\-s∏´ CuÃn≥Uym-
I-º-\n-hI Imcy-ÿ≥, 1746 tabvam-kw 28-˛mw XobXn Xe-t»-cn-
∏≠n-I-ime hI Ubdn-bn¬ C{]-Imcw ]d-™n-cn-°p∂p:˛ “Cu
\mb-∑m¿ tImgn-t°m´v P\-kw-LØ - ns‚ \mb-I∑- m-cm-Ib
- m¬ Ch¿
Cw•-≠nse ]m¿e-ta≠p kmam-Pn-I-∑m-cpsS \ne-bn-emWv; Ch¿
cmP-I-ev]-\sb F√m Imcy-Ønepw A\p-k-cn-°p-∂n-√. cmPm-hns‚
a{¥n-am¿ A\ym-b-Ir-Xy-ß-fn¬ {]th-in-°p-tºmƒ Ch¿ \n¿`bw
Ahsc in£n-°p-∂p.” Cu ]m¿e-ta-≠p-k` ‘Iq´w’ F∂p-t]-cmb

digitized by [Link]
90 {]mNo-\-a-e-bmfw

k` Bbn-cn-°-Ww. Z£n-W-I¿Æm-S-I-Ønse ‘Iq´w’ 1832-˛33-˛¬

{_n´ojv DtZym-Kÿ
- ∑
- m¿°v F{Xbpw D]-{Z-hI
- c
- a
- mbn Xo¿∂n-cp∂p.
(20) ae-bm-f-tZ-i-sØ-∏‰n \√ ]cn-Nbw kn≤n-®n-cp∂ ARvP-
I-≠n-bnse anÿ a¿Um°v {_u¨ F∂-bmƒ 19-˛mw iX-h¿jm-
cw-`-Øn¬ ‘anÿ {^m≥knkv _p°-\≥’ F∂-bmƒ°-b® Fgp-
Øn¬ cmP-i-‡nsb Ipdn-°p-∂-Xmbn {^m≥knepw a‰pw \S-∏p-≠m-
bn-cp∂ ^yqU¬ knÃ-Øns‚ coXn-bn-em-bn-cp∂p ae-_m-dnse \S-
]Sn ({_n-´ojv {]th-i-\w-h-sc) F∂p ]d-™n-cn-°p-∂p.
\mb-∑m-cpsS CS-bn¬ \S-∏p-≠m-bn-cp∂ ^yqU¬ knÃ-Øn\v
Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿ sk≥kkv IΩo-j-W¿ F≥.-kp-{_-“-Wyø¿
Ah¿Ifpw km£yw hln-°p-∂p. {InkvXz_vZw 925-˛¬ Fgp-X-s∏´
c≠m-asØ kncn-b≥ {InkvXy≥ {]am-W-Øn¬ ta¬]-d™ ‘Adp-
∂q-dp-Isf’∏‰n c≠n-SØp ]d-™n-cn-°p-∂p. sIm√w˛371-˛se Hcp
inem-te-J-\-Øn¬ Hcp thWm-´-dp-\q-dns\ ‘t£{Xm-[n-Im-cn-’I-fpsS
\ne-bn¬ ]d-™n-cn-°p-∂p. thWm-´n¬ BsI 18 Adp-\q-dp-≠m-bn-
cp-∂n-cn-°-Ww.
(21) ‘I¿°-S-I-am-k-Øn¬ (tZlw XWp-Øn-cn-°p-tºmƒ)
BWv \mb¿bp-hm-°ƒ Imbn-Im-`ymkw {]tXy-I-ambn sNøp-∂Xv.’
‘]tøm-fn-bn¬sh®v Hcp If-cn-bn¬ Ipdp∏p ]Tn-∏n-°p-∂Xpw
injy-∑m¿ Nm´w, adn-®n¬, XS apX-em-bh ]Tn-°p-∂Xpw I≠v Rm≥
F{Xbpw AXn-i-bn®p’ F∂v anÿ ^mÃv {]kvXm-hn-°p∂p (1845).
(22) \mb-∑m-cpsS aXm-\p-jvTm-\s
- Ø-∏‰n anÿ ^mÃv ho≠pw
C{]-Imcw ]d-bp∂p:
‘Kh¿tΩ≠v Poh-\w-\n-anØw Aku-I-cy-ap-≈-h¿ Hgn®v Hcp
\mbcpw Ipfn®p ap≠p-am-dmsX `£Ww Ign-°-bn-√. Ipfn-®-Xn-s‚-
tijw Zn\w-{]Xn Hcp t\cw Aº-e-Øn¬ sXmg-W-sa-∂p-≈Xpw
Hcp IWn-i-amb \nb-a-am-Wv.’
‘]e-t∏mgpw Ipfn c≠p Xh-W-bm-bn-cn-°pw. ap≥Im-e-ß-fn¬
ASp-Øp-h-cp∂ (Xo-≠p-∂) ]pe-b-t\bpw a‰pw sh´n-°-f-bp-Ibpw
Ct∏mƒ Ime-t`-Zw-\n-anØw amdn-s∏m-bvs°m-≈p-∂-Xn-\mbn hgn-bm-
´p-Ibpw ]Xn-hm-Wv’. F∂v _p°m-\≥ A`n-{]m-b-s∏-Sp-∂p.
(23) ap≥ {]kvXm-hn® kwK-Xnsb ASn-ÿm-\-s∏-Sp-Ønbpw
a‰pw \mb-∑m-sc-∏‰n anÿ ^mÃv ho≠pw C{]-Imcw ]d-bp-∂p.

digitized by [Link]
\mb-∑m-sc-∏‰n Ncn-{X-Im-eØ
- n¬ hntZ-io-b∑
- m¿°p-≠m-bn-´p≈ A`n-{]m-bß
- ƒ 91

‘]me-°m-Sn-\S- p-Øp≈ {]tZ-iß - f

- n¬ Hcp-am-Xncn a√-bp≤w \S-∏p≠v:
AXp tdma≥Im-cpsS CS-bn-ep-≠m-bn-cp∂ coXn°p kZr-i-am-bn-cn-
°p-∂p. tdma-¶m¿°p _n.-kn. 30-˛ap-X¬ ae-_m-dp-am-bn´p kw_-‘-
ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. ‘Aem-dn°v’ F∂ DtØ-c-tZ-io-b≥ tdmanse tcm[w
aXn-bm-°p-∂-Xn\v Bh-iy-s∏´ kwK-Xn-I-fn¬ H∂v 3000 dmج
\√-ap-f-Im-bn-cp∂p (5-˛mw iX-h¿jw). CXp ae-_m-dn¬\n-∂p-Xs∂
tdma-¶m¿°p In´n-bn-cn-°-Ww.
]pcm-X\ {Ko°p-Im-cp-tSbpw tdma-¶m-cp-tSbpw CS-bn¬ D≠m-
bn-cp∂ ]e Ifn-Ifpw Imbn-Im-`ym-k-ßfpw \mb-∑m-cpsS CS-bn¬
Aßp-anßpw Ah-in-jvS-ß-fm-bn´v AZym]n ImWp-∂p-≠v. HmW-
Øn\p \mb-∑m¿ c≠p I£n-I-fm-bn-\n∂p ap\ aS-ßnb Akv{X-
߃ h¿jn®p ]ecpw apdn-s∏-´p-ho-gp-∂-Xn-t\bpw Hcp s]mXp-hmb
e£y-Øn¬ kma¿∞yw ]co-£n-°p-∂-Xn-t\bpw a‰pw ]‰n ‘]mfn-
\kv’ {]kvXm-hn-°p-∂p.

ASn-°p-dn-∏p-Iƒ
1. CuX-gvÃs‚ “Z£nW C¥y-bnse” PmXn-Ifpw h¿§-ßfpw t\m°p-I.

digitized by [Link]
92 {]mNo-\-a-e-bmfw

A≤ymbw 8
iq{Z-i_vZw
ae-bm-f{- _m-“W
- i
- _
- vZhpw ae-bmf iq{Z-i_
- vZhpw BWv Chn-
Sp≈ Ipg-∏ß - ƒ°p {][m\ tlXp-°ƒ. Ch-bn¬ H∂m-at- Ø-Xns\
Hgn-hm-t°-≠X - m-sW∂v Bdmw A≤ym-bØ - n¬ kIm-cWw hnh-cn®p.
tijn-®n-cn-°p∂ (a-e-bm-f) iq{Z-i-_vZ-sØ-∏‰n ChnsS Nn¥n-°mw.
{_m“-W¿ ae-bm-fn-\m-b-∑msc ‘iq{Z¿’ F∂p ]d-™p-h-cp-
∂p. CXv shdpw hyh-lm-c-Øn¬ am{X-a-√. \mb-∑m-sc-∏‰n Ah¿
Fgp-Xn-bn-´p≈ {KŸ-ß-fnepw ImWp-∂p-≠v. BK-a-hn-kvar-Xn-
sImt≠m A⁄XzwsImt≠m Ch¿ AXns\ a\x-]q¿Δw kΩ-Xn-
°bpw sNøp-∂p. Cu hyh-lmcw Cßs\ h¿≤n®p h¿≤n®v kl-
P-am-bn, Ct∏mƒ \mb-∑m¿ XΩn-ep≈ kw`m-j-W-ß-fnepw tcJm-
{]-am-W-ß-fnepw IqSn B hn[w {]tbm-Kn-°p∂ \S∏v ÿnc-{]-Xn-
jvTn-Xa
- m-bn-Øo¿∂n-cn-°p-∂p. Cu Ah-kc- Ø
- n¬ \mb-∑m-cpsS BK-
a-sØ-∏‰n ‘tIc-f-am-lm-flyw’, ‘tIc-tfm-ev]Øn’ apX-emb {]am-W-
ßsf A\p-k-cn-®p≈ Hcp \ncq-]Ww \njv{]-tbm-P-\-ambn `hn-°-
bn-s√∂p hniz-kn-°p-∂p.
H∂m-a-Xm-bn, \mb-∑m¿°p-≠m-bn-´p-ff Cu iq{Z-i_vZw
BZyta D≠m-bn-cp-∂tXm CS-°m-eØp h∂p-Iq-Sn-btXm F∂p
\ap°v Btem-Nn-®p-t\m°mw: ‘tIc-f-am-lm-fly’-Øn¬ CXn-s\-∏‰n
Cßs\ ]d-™n-cn-°p-∂p. ‘{_m“-W¿°v’ A\p-`h - n-∏m≥ tZh-kv{Xo-
Isf XcWw’ F∂p `m¿§-h≥ kz¿§-Øp-sN∂v tZth-{μ-t\mSp
tNmZn-®p. At±lw Pb-¥s‚ ]p{Xn ‘kp`-K’-tbbpw K‘¿Δs‚
]p{Xn ‘ip`’-tbbpw Hcp cm£-k-kv{Xo-tbbpw Bdmdp I\y-I-am-
tcm-Sp-IqSn sImSp-Øp. A\-¥cw At±lw Zmkn-I-tfbpw Zmk-∑m-
tcbpw (hn-tZ-i-Øp-\n∂pw) sIm≠p-h-∂p.
Cu kwK-Xnsb {]tXyIw kw_-‘n-°p∂ {]am-W-ßsf
ASn-bn¬ hnh-cn-°p∂p:

digitized by [Link]
iq{Z-i_vZw 93

{]amWw A¿∞w
1. ‘tZh-\m-cy› ZmXhymx’ tZh-kv{Xo-I-sf-Ø-cWw
2. ‘Pb-¥ky kpXmw Im©n¬ Pb-¥s‚ ]p{Xn kp`-K-
kp`-Km-\ma kpμcow sb∂ kv{Xotbbpw Bdp
jSv°-\ym-k-lnXmw \mcow’ I\y-I-am-tcbpw (sIm-Sp-Øp)
3. ‘tZh-\mcyx Ine’ (C-h¿) tZh-kv{Xo-I-fm-Ip∂p
t]mepw
4. ‘]p\x Im©n® \mco¥p ]ns∂ K‘¿hs‚
K‘¿hky kpXmw ip`mw ]p{Xn ip`-sb∂ kv{Xotbbpw
jSv°-\ym-k-lnXmw \mcow’ Bdp I\y-I-am-tcbpw
(sIm-Sp-Øp)
5. ‘]p\› cm£kow X\zow A\-¥cw (H-cp) cm£k
jSv°\ym klnXmw XZm’ kv{Xotbbpw Bdp I\y-I-am-
tcbpw (sIm-Sp-Øp)
ta¬ ImWn® {]am-W-ß-fn¬ H∂n-epw-Xs∂ iq{Z-kw⁄
{]tbm-Kn-®p-Im-Wp-∂n-√. AXn-\m¬ ]c-ip-cm-a≥ sIm≠p-h∂
kv{XoIƒ°v apºn¬ Cu \maw C√m-bn-cp∂p F∂p sXfn-bp-∂p.
tIc-f-Øn¬ sIm≠p-h∂v Ccp-Øp∂ kabw B aq∂p-hI kv{XoI-
sf- ∏ - ‰ nbpw taev ] - d - ™ - h n[w (iq- { Z- i _v Z w IqSm- s X- X - s ∂)
Bh¿Øn®p ]d-™n-cn-°p-∂X - n-\m¬ hgn-at- ≤y-h®pw Ah-cn¬ iq{Z-
i_vZw tN¿∂n-s√-∂p-≈Xpw \n›-bw-X-s∂. C\n-bpw.
‘Zmko-Zm-km≥ IpSpw-_-Im≥’
A¿∞w: Zmkn-It- fbpw Zmk-∑m-tcbpw (hn-tZ-iØ - n¬ \n∂pw)
sIm≠p-h-∂p, F∂v ‘tIc-f-am-lm-fly’-Ønepw “`m¿§-h≥ ]c-tZ-i-
Øp-\n∂p Imc-bv°m´p sh≈m-fs - c-s°m-≠p-h∂p Xma-kn-∏n®p. Ah-
cmWv Incn-bØp \mb-∑m¿” F∂p ‘tIc-tfm-ev]-Øn-’bnepw ImWp-
∂p. C{]-Im-c-am-sW-¶n¬ Imc-bv°m-Sp-ap-X¬ ae-bm-fw-hsc (Dƒs∏-
sS)-bp≈ tZi-߃ Xan-gv\m-Sm-I-bm¬ ‘sh≈mw-]n≈’ apX-emb
Xan-gvt]-cp-If
- √
- msX Xan-gn-t\mSv Aev]hpw ASp-∏a - n-√m-ØXpw A\y-
`m-j-bn-ep-≈-Xp-amb iq{Z-i_vZw Ahn-sS-bm-Is´ Chn-sS-bm-Is´
X\-Xm-bn-´p-≠m-bn-cn-∏m-\n-S-bn-√.
C\n Nn¥n-t°-≠Xv Cu \maw ChnsS h∂tijw DS≥Xs∂
D≠mbn ]mc-º-cy-ambn \S-∂p-h-cp-∂-tXm-A-X√m ASpØ Ime-ß-
fn¬ D≠m-bn-´p-≈tXm F∂m-Wv.

digitized by [Link]
94 {]mNo-\-a-e-bmfw

ae-bm-f-tZ-i-Øp≈ Fgp-Øp-Ip-Øp-I-fn-em-Is´ B[m-c-{]-am-

W-ß-fn-em-Is´ bmsXm-∂n-epw-Xs∂ Cu iq{Z-kw⁄ ImWp-∂n√.
- ns\ ‘\mb¿]-´mfw’ F∂-√msX ‘iq{Z-∏´- mfw’ F∂p
ae-bmw-]´- m-fØ
]d-bp-∂n-√. Hcp kv{XotbmSv \ns‚ ‘\mbcv’ F∂-√msX ‘iq{Z≥’
F∂p ]d-bp-∂n-√. ‘]S-\m-b¿Ip-f-ßc’ ‘\mb¿Ipfw’ ‘Cssc-\m-
b¿Ipfw’ (C-c-Wm-Ip-fw) \mb¿h-I-∏Sn C{]-Imcw ae-bm-f-Øp-ff
{]tZ- i - ß ƒ, hkv X p- ° - f psS C\w CXp- I ƒs°√mw (D- ≈ - X n-
s\ms°) \mb¿kw-⁄I - f - √
- msX iq{Z-kw⁄ H∂nepw Hcn-SØpw
ImWp-∂n-√.
F∂m¬ Dt±iw 50 sIm√-߃°Iw \S-∏m-bn-´p≈ cPn-ÿ
B[m-c-ß-fn¬ (AXpw Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dn¬ am{Xw) Cu \maw ImWp-
∂p-≠v. AXn-\m¬ iq{Z-i_vZw Cu ae-bm-f-Øn¬ ap≥Im-e-ß-fn¬
C√m-bn-cp∂p F∂pw ASp-Ø-Im-eØp XpS-ßn-b-Xm-sW∂pw D≈-
Xn\p kwi-ba - n-√. Chn-SpsØ `mj-sIm≠p t\m°n-bmepw Cu \maw
ChnsS D≈-Xs - √∂pw kv]jvSa - m-Ip-∂p. (hn-hc
- Ww hgn-sb) Incnbw
apX¬ Xmtgm-´p≈ hI-°msc iq{Z-sc∂p Iptd-°m-e-Øn-\n-∏pdw
]d-™p-h-cn-Ibpw Ah¿ km[m-c-W-bmbn AXns\ hnkΩXn-°m-
Xn-cn-°bpw sNbvXp-t]m-cp-∂X - p-sIm-≠p-am{Xw Cu i_vZw Ah-cpsS
kz¥-am-sW∂p ]d-hm≥ ]mSn-√. (kz-¥-am-sW∂p hcp-∂-X-√). Hcp
h¿§-°m-sc-°p-dn®v as‰mcp h¿§-°m¿ tkz—m-\p-k-cWw ]e t]cpw
]d-bp-∂Xp \S-∏n-√m-Ø-X-√. BbXv Ct∏m-gsØ \ºq-cn-am¿ apX-
em-b-h-sc-°p-dn®pw Cs√-∂n-√. A{]-Im-c-ap≈ F√m t]cp-Ifpw hI-
bn¬ tN¿Øp KWn-°p-∂Xv tIhew t`mj-Xz-sat∂ ]d-hm-\p-≈p.
hnti-jn®pw ‘\ºqcn Ctßm´p hcp’ ‘]´tc hcp’ ‘t]m‰n
hcp’ F∂p ]d-bp-∂-Xp-t]mse ‘iq{Zm hm’ F∂p Hcp \mb-sc-
t\m°n ]d-bp-∂n-√. ]d-bp-∂-Xm-bmepw \ºq-cn, ]´¿ CXymZn D]-
\maw (h¿§-t∏¿ As√-¶n¬ ÿm\-t∏¿) t]mse B ÿm\-tØ°v
\mb¿, ]n≈, I¿Øm, Ibvaƒ, ta\-h≥ apX-emb kw⁄-Isf
am{Xta D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂p-≈q. ap≥ hnh-cn® kwK-Xn-I-fpsS kmcmw-
i-sØ-∏‰n Aev]w-t]mepw Nn¥n-°msX cPn-Ã-dm-[m-c-Øn¬ Hcp-
h-s\-gp-Xn, c≠p-t]-sc-gp-Xn, aq∂v, \mev, ]Øv, \qdv F∂n-ßs\
sXcp-sXsc Atßm´v ‘KÕ-en-I-{]-hm-l-\ymbw’1 t]mse CXv kw`-
hn®p Ft∂-bp-≈q.
“GIky I¿Ω kwho£y Itcm-Xy-t\ym]n K¿lnXw
KXm\pKXntIm temtIm \ temIx ]mc-am¿∞nIx”

digitized by [Link]
iq{Z-i_vZw 95

A¿∞w: “Hcp-Øs‚ \nμy-amb {]hrØn I≠n´v A\y\pw

AXp-t]mse sNbvXp-t]m-Ip-∂p. CXv apºn¬ t]mIp-∂-hs‚
]n∂mse ]ecpw t]mIp-∂-Xp-t]msebmWv. Hcp-h\pw ]c-am¿∞-a-
dn™p {]h¿Øn-°p-∂n-√.”
C\n iq{Z-i-_vZw, GXp `mj-bn-ep-≈-Xm-sW∂v t\m°mw:
“{_“-£-{Xnb hnSvNviq{Zm˛
›mXp¿h¿Wy-anXn kvarXw” (a-\p-kvar-Xn)
A¿∞w: {_m“W £{Xnb sshiy iq{Z¿ NmXp¿h¿Wy-
am-Ip-∂p. F∂p kvacn-°-s∏-´p.
‘lm tc Xzm iq{Zm’ (Om-tμm-tKym-]-\n-j-Øv)
A¿∞w: ‘IjvSw IjvSw FSm! iq{Zm \ns‚..............’
‘iu{Zw h¿Æ-a-kr-PX’ (_r-l-Zm-c-tWym-]-\n-j-Øv)
A¿∞w: ‘iq{Z-Pm-Xnsb krjvSn-®p.’
‘lm lm lm tc Xzm iq{Zm’ (kq-{X-`m-jyw)
A¿∞w: ‘IjvSw! IjvSw! IjvSw! FSm iq{Zm!
\ns‚....................’
‘iq{Zm›mh-c-h¿Æm›
hrj-em› PL-\yPm’ (A-a-c-tIm-iw)
A¿∞w; ‘iq{Z≥, Ah-c-h¿Æ≥, hrj-e≥, PL-\y-P≥ Ch
iq{Z-i-_vZ-Øns‚ ]cym-b-߃ (B-Ip-∂p):’
ta¬Im-Wn® {]am-W-ßfpw ]cym-b-ßfpw kwkvIr-X-`m-j-
bn¬ ImW-s∏-Sp-∂p. ‘ae-bmfw’ XpSßn ]{¥≠p ]ncn-hp-I-fp≈
‘Xan-gp’-`m-j-bnse Ce-°-Wm-Zn-{K-Ÿ-ß-fn¬ ‘Ah-ch - p-W≥’ ‘hncp-
- c
g-e≥’ ‘NI-∂n-b-N≥’ F∂n-ßs\ Xangv hm°p-I-f-s√∂p ImWn®v
‘NnssX-s®m-√m-bn´v’ D]-tbm-Kn-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xn-\m¬ iq{Z-i_vZw
kwkvIr-X-`m-j-bn-ep-≈-Xp-Xs∂ F∂p \n¿Æ-bn-°mw.
(X-angv `mj-bn¬ ‘s]b¿s®m√v’ (\m-ai - vZw) ‘hnss\-s®m√v’
- _
({In-bm-i_ - vZw), ‘CssS-s®m√v’ (G-It- Ziw Ahy-bw), ‘Xnssi-s®m√v’
(tZ- i o- b - \ m- a w), ‘hssS- s ®m√v ’ (C- X - c - tZ- i - ` m- j , AXm- b Xv
kwkvIrXw), ‘NnssX-s®m√v’ (\yq-\-\m-aw) F∂n-ßs\ ]Z-ßsf
]ncn-®n-´p-≠v. CXn¬ hssS-s®m-s√-∂Xp Xan-g-£-c-߃sIm≠v
kwkvIr-X-Øn-en-cp-∂-Xp-t]m-se-Xs∂ Fgp-Xm-hp∂ Icw, acw

digitized by [Link]
96 {]mNo-\-a-e-bmfw

CXymZn ]Z-ß-fpw, NnssX-s®m-s√-∂Xv Xan-g-£-c-߃sIm≠p icn-

bm-bn-´p-®c - n-°m≥ ]mSn-√msX ‘NnX®p’ (\yq-\s
- ∏-Sp-Øn) D®-cn-°p∂
D´Ww (D-jvWw) ]ncp¶w (`rw-Kw) CXymZn ]Z-ß-fp-am-Ip-∂p. iq{Zm-
Zn- ] - Z - ß ƒ Xangv `mj- b n¬ NnssX- s ®m- √ mbncn°p- ∂ - X n- \ m¬
kwkvIr-X-`m-j-bn-ep-≈-h-Xs∂ F∂p sXfn-bp-∂p).
C\n iq{Z-i_vZw GXp `mj-bn¬ F¥n-\m-bn-´p-]-tbm-Kn-®n-
cn-°p∂p F∂p t\m°p-∂-]£w ap≥Im-Wn-®n-cn-°p∂ {]am-Ww-
sIm≠v AXp NmXp¿h¿Æy-hy-hÿ- b- n¬ \mem-asØ h¿Æ-Øn\p
kw⁄-bm-sW∂p sXfn-bp-∂p. Cu h¿Æ-Øns‚ e£-Wm-Zn-Isf
{]tXyIw kv]jvS- a m°n ImWn- ° p- ∂ - X n\p s]mXp- h mb
NmXp¿h¿Æy-Øns‚ Hcp hnh-cWw AXym-h-iy-ambn tXm∂p-I-
bm¬ ASpØ A≤ym-b-Øn¬ AXn-s\m-cp-sº-Sp-∂p.

ASn-°p-dn-∏p-Iƒ
1. KÕen = sNΩcn: Hcp ]‰-am-bn´p t]mIp∂ B´n≥Iq´w hgn-sX-‰n-t∏m-bmepw
t\¿h- g n°v t]mbmepw apºn¬ \S- ° p∂ {]am- W nsb XpS¿∂p- X s∂
s]mbvt∏m-Ip-∂p. CXp-t]m-se-Xs
- ∂-bmWv Hcp-Ø≥ sNbvX {]hrØn icntbm
sXt‰m-sb-∂m-tem-Nn-°msX AXp-t]mse {]h¿Øn-°p-∂-Xv.

digitized by [Link]
 97

A≤ymbw 9
NmXp¿h¿Wyw
NmXp¿h¿Wyw F∂Xp ap≥]-d™ {_m“-WmZn \mep i_vZ-
߃°pw H∂m-bn-´p≈ t]cm-Ip-∂p. NXp¿h¿Æw F∂-Xp-Xs∂
NmXp¿h¿Wyw. ‘kzm¿∞n-I-jyRv’ F∂p≈ {]XybwsIm≠v cq]-
t`Zw kn≤n-®-X-√msX AXn\p hnti-jn®v A¿∞-t`Zw C√.
NmXp¿h¿Wy-Øns\ c≠mbn ]ncn-°mw. Ah-bn¬ H∂v KpW-
I¿Ω-ßsf ASn-ÿm-\-s∏-Sp-Ønbpw at‰Xp Ip£n-]q-c-W-a-XsØ
ASn-ÿm-\-s∏-Sp-Ønbpw Ccn-°p-∂p. F∂m¬ bYm¿∞-amb h¿Æ-
hn-`mKw icn-b√
- m-ØX
- m-sWt∂m AXn≥{]-Imcw Cl-]c - k
- p-Jß
- ƒ
km[n-°-bn-s√t∂m bmsXmcp h¿§-Øn\pw CXp-am-Xn-cn-bp≈
G¿∏m- S n¬ {]Xn- _ nw- _ - ` m- h - Ø n¬ F¶nepw AI- s ∏- S msX
temIØp Pohn-∏m≥ Ign-bp-sat∂m ]d-hm≥ ]mSn√; ]d-bp-∂p-an√.
Ct∏m-ƒ ChnsS \S-∏n-en-cn-°p∂ NmXp¿h¿Wy-\n-baw H∂m-a-Xmbn
]d™ KpW-I¿Ω-hn-`m-K-{]-[m-\-amb \nb-a-Øn-ep-≈-X-√. hn[n-{]-
Im-c-ap≈ {_m“-W-£-{Xn-bmZn \ma-ßsf am{Xw h®pw-sIm≠v B
\nb-a-Øns‚ Dt±-i-Øn\p hn]-co-X-ambpw AXns‚ icn-bmb kzcq-
]-Øn\v ad-hmbpw \mi-I-c-ambpw D≈ c≠m-asØ ]ncn-hn-s\-bmWv
ChnsS kzoI-cn-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv. CXv Hcn-°epw BZyw alm-∑m-cm¬
A\p-jvTn-°-s∏´ NmXp¿h¿Wy-\n-b-a-a√ F∂p \n›-bw-X-s∂.
CXns\ ]mj-WvU-a-X-tem-Im-b-X-a-X-an-{i-amb Zp¿hy-h-ÿ-sbt∂m
IjvSn-]njvSn NmXp¿h¿Wym-`m-k-sat∂m at‰m thWw ]d-hm≥.
]q¿Δ-\n-baw AarXw: CXp hnjw. AXns\ BN-cn-°p-∂Xv amXm-
hns‚ ape-bn¬ \n∂pw ]mep-Ip-Sn-°p-∂-Xp-t]mse: CXns\ BN-
cn-°p-∂Xv ape tOZn®v c‡-]m\w sNøp-∂-Xp-t]m-se. Cu hmkvX-
h-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈ A⁄Xzw \nanØw CXp alm-∑m-cpsS \nb-a-
am-I-bm¬ XymPy-a-s√-∂p≈ A‘-hn-izm-k-Pm-Uy-Øn¬ \ΩpsS
Bfp-Iƒ AI-s∏-´n-cn-°-bm-Wv.

digitized by [Link]
98 {]mNo-\-a-e-bmfw

Cu NXp¿hn-[-hn-`m-KsØ ASn-ÿm-\-am-°n-s°m-≠mWv ae-

bmfn \mb¿h¿§-Øn¬ iq{Z-i-_vZm-tcm-]Ww sNbvXn-´p-≈-Xv. Cu
Btcm-]Ww Ah¿°p hep-Xmb \misØ D≠m-°n-s°m-≠n-cn-
°p∂p. CXp-Im-cWw P\-ka - q-lØ
- n\v AXn-aq-VX
- , [\-\m-iw, Ae-
k-X, Zmcn-{Zyw, an{X-t{Zm-lw, IpSpw-_-I-e-lw, kzP-\-tZz-jw, A]-
a-cym-Z, Zpcm-Nm-cw, `rXy-hr-Øn, [¿Ω-{`w-iw, I¿Ω-tem-]w, A\m-
kvXnIyw CXp-Iƒ h¿≤n®p \ne-\n∂v BI-∏msS Ch¿ Zpcn-X-cq-
]n-I-fmbn ]c-P-\-]-cn-lm-k-Øn\pw Cl-tem-I-]-c-tem-I-ß-fn¬ \c-
Im-\p-`q-Xn°pw ]m{Xo-`h- n-®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-∂p. Cu B]-Øn¬\n∂pw
c£-s]-S-W-sa-¶n¬ H∂m-a-Xm-bn´p kI-e-tZm-j-ß-ƒ°pw _oP-
amb Cu Zp¿hy-h-ÿ-bn¬\n∂v Hgn-b-Ww. A{]-Imcw Hgn-b-W-sa-
¶n¬ P\-k-aq-l-Øn¬ hf-sc-°m-e-ambn thcp-d-®p-In-S-°p∂ sX‰n-
≤m-cW \nt»jw \in-°-Ww. Aßs\ \in-°-W-sa-¶n¬ Ejo-iz-
c-∑m-cm¬ kvarXn-aqew G¿s∏-Sp-Ø-s∏´ icn-bmb NmXp¿h¿Æy-
\n-b-a-co-Xn-I-tfbpw sISp-X-ens\ h¿≤n-∏n®p ab-°n-s°m-≠n-
cn°p∂ Zp¿hy-h-ÿm-co-Xn-I-tfbpw X¬I¿Øm-°-∑m-cpsS tbmKy-
X-I-tfbpw icn-bm-bn-Øs∂ apgp-h\pw Adn-b-Ww. BbXp Ign-
s®-¶nte a‰p≈ Huj-[-߃ ^en-°p. AXp-sIm≠p ap≥]-d™
c≠p-hI hyh-ÿ-I-tfbpw kw_-‘n®p th≠ hnh-c-߃ {]am-
W-bp-‡y-\p-`-h-k-lnXw ImWn-°m≥ XpS-ßp-∂p.
BZy-ambn KpW-I¿Ω-hn-`m-K-{]-[m-\-amb aXsØ ]d-bmw.
AXn-te°v A\p-{I-a-ambn Xmsg ]d-bp∂ kwK-Xn-I-sf-∏‰n Nn¥n-
t°-≠n-bn-cn-°p-∂p.
1. AXns‚ kmam-\y-\maw
2. ” {]tXy-I-\maw
3. ” I¿Ømhv
4. ” P\-\-Imew
5. ” {]tbm-P\w
6. ” ASn-ÿm\w
7. ” A[n-Imcn
8. ” \S-∏p-apd
9. ” Xmc-Xayw
10. ” hym]vXn

digitized by [Link]
NmXp¿h¿Wyw 99

1. kmam-\y-\maw
‘k¥Xn-t§m-{X-P-\-\-Ip-em-\y-`n-P-\m-\zbu
hwtim-\z-hm-b- -¥m-t\m-h¿Æmx-kyp¿{_m-“-Wm-Zbx’ (A-a-
c-tIm-iw)
A¿∞w: “k¥-Xn, tKm{Xw P\-\w, Ipew, A`n-P-\w, A\z-
bw, hwiw, A\z-hm-bw, k¥m\w Cu H≥]Xp i_vZ-ßfpw {_m“-
W-£-{Xn-bmZn h¿Æ-߃°v k¿Δ-km-[m-c-W-am-bn-´p-ff \ma-ß-fm-
Ip-∂p. CXp-I-fn¬ h¿Æ-sa∂ i_vZw {_m“W £{Xnb sshiy
iq{Z-Pm-Xn-Iƒ°v s]mXp-hm-bn-´p-≈-Xm-Ip-∂p.”
h¿ÆkvXpXu (h¿Æ F∂ [mXp kvXpXn F∂ A¿∞-
Øn¬ hcpw).
h¿Æyt¥ = “I]n-em-cp-W-]o-X-IrjvWh¿ssÆx \ncq-]y¥
CXn”
A¿∞w : I]n-e-\ndw (tKm-tcm-N-\-bpsS \ndw-t]m-se-bp≈
\ndw) AcpWw ({]-Im-i-an-√mØ Nph-∏p-\ndw) ]oXw (a-™ƒ\n-
dw) IrjvWw (I-dp-∏p-\n-dw) Cu h¿Æ-߃sIm≠v kvtXm{Xw sNø-
s∏-Sp-∂-Xv.
“I]nem›mcpWmx ]oXmx
IrjvWm-t›cn ]rYIv ]rYIv
{_m“Wmx £{Xnbm sshiym
iq{Zm-t›Xn hnh-£nXmx” (hn-jvWp-]p-cm-Ww)
I]nemx = {_m“-W¿; AcpWmx = £{Xn-b¿; ]oXmx =
sshiy¿; IrjvWmx = iq{Z¿.
I]n-em-cp-W-]o-X-Ir-jvW-h¿Æ-߃°v {]tXyIw {]tXyIw
{_m“-W≥, £{Xn-b≥, sshiy≥, iq{Z≥ F∂p ]d-b-s∏-Sp-∂p.

2. {]tXy-I-\maw
“{_“-£-{Xn-b-hn-SvNviq{Zm” (kvar-Xn)
A¿∞w: {_m“W £{Xnb sshiy iq{Z¿
“{_m“Ww £{Xnbw sshiyw iq{Z©” (kvar-Xn)
A¿∞w: {_m“-W\pw £{Xn-b\pw sshiy\pw iq{Z\pw

digitized by [Link]
100 {]mNo-\-a-e-bmfw

“{_“hm CZ-a-{K- Bko¬” (_r. D]-\n-j-Øv)

A¿∞w: BZyw {_“-sa∂ Hcp PmXn-Xs∂ `hn-®p.
“Akr-PX £{Xw” (_r-l-Zm-tc-tWym-]-\n-j-Øv)
A¿∞w: £{XsØ (£-{Xn-b-s\) krjvSn-®p.
“hni-a-kr-PXv” (_r. D]-\n-j-Øv)
A¿∞w: sshiys\ krjvSn-®p.
“iu{Zw h¿Æ-a-kr-PXv” (_r. D]-\n-j-Øv)
A¿∞w: iq{Z-Pm-Xnsb krjvSn®p.
Cu {]am-W-ß-sf-s°m≠v CXn-e-S-ßnb {]tXyI \ma-߃
{_m“-W≥, £{Xn-b≥, sshiy≥, iq{Z≥ F∂-Xp-If- m-Ip∂p F∂p
kn≤n-°p-∂p.

3. P∑-`qan
“kc-kz-Xo-Zr-j-Zz-tXym¿t±-h-\-tZym-cy-Z-¥cw
Xw tZh-\n¿ΩnXw tZiw {_“m-h¿Øw {]h-£ytX” (a-\p-
kvar-Xn)
A¿∞w: ‘kc-kz-Xn’-sb∂pw ‘Zrj-Zz-Xn’-sb∂pw ]d-bs - ∏-Sp∂
tZh-\Z- n-If
- psS a≤y-tZiw tZh-∑m-cm-te¿-s∏-Sp-Øs
- ∏´ {_“m-h¿Ø-
sa∂p ]d-b-s∏-Sp-∂p.
“Xkvan≥ tZti b BNmcx ]mc-º-cy-{I-am-KXx
h¿Æm\mw km¥-cm-flm\mw k kZm-Nmc DNy-tX.” (a-\p-
kvar-Xn)
A¿∞w : B tZi-Øn¬ Ft∏mgpw alm-∑m¿ hkn-°p-∂-Xn-
\m¬ {_m“-Wm-Zn-h¿Æ-߃°pw k¶-cP- m-Xn-Iƒ°pw injvSm-Nmcw
A\m-Zn-bmbn Ahn-S-Øn¬\n∂pw D≠m-Ip-∂p.
Cu {]am-Ww-sIm≠v NmXp¿h¿Æyw D≠mbXv {_“m-h¿Ø-
Øn¬\n-∂m-sW∂p kn≤n-®p.

4. I¿Ømhv
“IrX-hm≥ {]`p” (Km-b-{Xn-X-{¥w)
A¿∞w: {]`p-hn-\m¬ sNø-s∏-´p.

digitized by [Link]
NmXp¿h¿Wyw 101

“NmXp¿h¿Wyw abm krjvSw” (`-K-h¬Ko-X)

A¿∞w: NmXp¿h¿Wyw F∂m¬ krjvSn-°-s∏-´p.
CXp-IƒsIm≠v NmXp¿h¿Wy-\n-b-asØ krjvSn-®Xv k®n-
Zm-flm-hmb `K-hm-\m-sW∂p kn≤-am-bn.

5. P\-\-Imew
h¿Æm-{ia hn`m-K› t{XXmbmw IrX-hm≥ (Km-b{Xn X{¥w)
h¿Æm-{i-a-hn-`m-KsØ t{XXm-bp-K-Øn¬ sNbvXp F∂-Xp-
sIm≠v CXns‚ P\-\-Imew t{XXm-bp-K-Øn-em-sW∂p kn≤n-®p.

6. {]tbm-P\w
“temIm-\m¥p hnhr-≤y¿∞w” (a-\p-kvar-Xn)
A¿∞w: temI-ß-fpsS h¿≤-\-bv°p-th≠n; F∂-Xp-sIm≠v
CXns‚ {]tbm-P\w temI-h¿≤\ (c-£)-bm-sW∂p sXfn-bp-∂p.
lnμp-a-Xm-\p-km-cn-Iƒ°v BZ-c-Wo-b-ßsf∂p kΩ-X-ap≈
{]am-W-ß-fn¬ ImWp-∂-hn[w taev]-d™ aq∂p-ap-X¬ Bdp-hsc
Imcy-ß-fn¬\n∂p {]`p-hm-bn-cp∂ `K-hm≥ Cu h¿Æm-{i-a-hn-`m-
KsØ {_“m-h¿Ø-Øn¬ h®p temI-ß-fpsS h¿≤-\-bv°p-th≠n
D≠m°n F∂p kv]jvS-am-bn.
Cu \nbaw temI-h¿≤\-bv°m-bn-´n-cn-°p∂ ÿnXn°v t{XXm-
bp-K-Øn-\p-apºv IrX-bp-K-Ønepw Cu h¿≤\ Ahiyw th≠-Xm-
bn-cn-°mt\ Xc-ap-≈q.
“BZu IrX-bptK h¿tÆm
\rWmw lwk CXn kvarXx” (`m-K-h-Xw)
A¿∞w: BZn-bn¬ IrX-bp-KØn¬ a\p-jy¿ F√m-hcpw
lwk-∑m¿ F∂p ]d-b-s∏-Sp∂ Hcp h¿Æw am{X-am-bn-cp-∂p.
“\ hnti-tjmkvXn h¿Æm\mw
k¿Δw {_“-anZw PKZv” (`m-c-Xw)
A¿∞w: h¿Æ-t`-Zw-Iq-SmsX temIw Htc PmXn-bm-bn-cp-∂p.

digitized by [Link]
102 {]mNo-\-a-e-bmfw

“GI-h¿Æ-anZw ]q¿Δw
hniz-am-ko-Zyp-[n-jvTnc” (`m-c-Xw)
A¿∞w: tl bp[n-jvTnc! ]≠p temIw h¿Æ-t`Zw IqSmsX
Htc PmXn-bm-bn-cp-∂p.
“{_“ hm CZZw A-{K-Bko-tZ-I-tah” (_r- l - Z m- c -
Wy-tIm-]-\n-j-Øv)
Cu {]am-W-ß-fmepw “t{XXmbmw IrX-hm≥ {]`px” F∂-Xn-
\mepw IrX-bp-K-Øn¬ Cu hn`mKw D≠m-bn-cp-∂n-s√∂p ImWp-
∂p. IrX-bp-K-Ønepw temI-hr≤n Bh-iy-ap-≈-Xm-bn-cp-∂n´pw B
ImeØv G¿s∏-Sp-Øm-Xn-cn-∏m\pw t{XX-hsc Xma-kn-∏m\pw Imc-
W-sa¥v?
“IrX-IrXymx {]Pm PmXym
Xkvam¬ IrX-bpKw hnZpx” (`m-K-h-Xw)
A¿∞w: {]P-Iƒ P\-\m¬ Xs∂ IrX-Ir-Xy-∑m-cm-bn-cn-°-
bm¬ IrX-bp-K-sa∂p ]d-b-s∏-´p.
“NXp-jv]m-’-Item [¿Ωx
kXyw ssNh IrtX bptK
\m[¿tΩ-Wm-Kax I›n˛
∑\p-jym≥ {]Xn-h¿ØtX” (a-\p-kvarXn A. 1)
A¿∞w: IrX-bp-K-Øn¬ [¿Ωhpw \mep ]mZ-am-bn-cp-∂p.
AXn¬ a\p-jysc A[¿Ω-Øn-\m-ep-≠m-Ip∂ ZpxJw ]oUn-∏n-°p-
∂n-√.
Cu {]am- W - ß - f m¬ IrX- b p- K - Ø n¬ [¿Ωw XnI™p
kw]q¿Æ-am-Ipw-hÆ - a- p-≠m-bn-cp-s∂-∂pw, AXn-\m¬ P\-߃ h¿Æ-
t`Zw IqSmsX Htc PmXn-bn¬ \njvI-f¶lrZ-bcpw D]m-k-Icpw
[¿Ωn-jvT-∑m-cp-am-bn-cp-s∂-∂pw, AXn-\m¬ Ah¿°v bmsXm-cp-]-{Z-
h-ßfpw t\cn-´n-´n√m-bn-cp∂p F∂pw, th≠p∂ Imcy-ßsf Ah-c-
h¿Xs∂ \n¿_m-[-ambn {]b-Xv\w-sNbvXp \nh¿Øn-®p-t]m∂p
F∂pw, Bb-Xp-sIm≠v A°m-eØv ‘Cu hn`mKw’ (Nm-Xp¿h-Æyw)
Bh-iyambn-cp-∂n-s√∂pw shfn-hm-Ip∂p F∂m¬,
‘t{XXm-bptK `n∂-[ntbm’ (`m-K-h-Xw)

digitized by [Link]
NmXp¿h¿Wyw 103

A¿∞w: t{XXm-bp-K-Øn¬ (a-\p-jy¿) hn]-co-X-_p-≤n-I-fmbn

`hn-®p.
“CX-tc-jzm-K-am≤¿Ωx
]mZ-i-kvXz-h-tcm-]nXx
Nucn-Im-\r-X-am-bm-`n˛
¿≤¿Ω-›m-ss]Xn ]mZix” (a-\p-kw-ln-X, A. 1)
A¿∞w: a‰p bpK-ß(-t{X-Xm-bpKw apX-em-b)-fn¬ tamj-Ww,
Ak-Xyw, h©\ Cu IrXy-ß-sf-s°m≠v [\w, hnZy apX-em-bh
kºm-Zn-°-\n-anØw [¿Ωw, kXyw Ch Hmtcm ]mZ-ambn Ipd-bp∂p.
Cu {]am-W-ß-fm¬ t{XXm-bpKw apX¬°v [¿Ωw {ItaW
Ipd-™pw, A[¿Ωw h¿≤n®pw h∂n-cp∂p F∂pw, P\-ßfpw
A[¿Ωn-jvT-∑m-cmbn `hn®p F∂pw ImWp-∂p. AXp-sIm≠v B
Imew (t{X-Xm-bp-Kw) apX¬°v Cu hn`mKw (Nm-Xp¿h-Æyw) Bh-
iy-ambn-h-∂p. CXm-Ip∂p IrXbp-K-Øn-te¿s∏-Sp-Øm-Xn-cn-∏m\pw
t{XX-hsc Xma-kn-∏m\pw Imc-Ww.

7.- A-Sn-ÿm\w
“NmXp¿Δ¿Wyw abm krjvSw
KpW-I¿Ω hn`m-Kix” (`-K-hXvKoX)
A¿∞w: KpW- I ¿Ω- h n- ` m- K sØ ASn- ÿ m- \ - s ∏- S pØn
NmXp¿Δ¿Wyw F∂m¬ krjvSn-°-s∏-´p.
“{_“Wm ]q¿Δ-krjvSw ln
I¿Ω-`n¿h¿ÆXmw KXw” (`m-c-Xw)
A¿∞w: {_“m-hn-\m¬ ]≠v (F√m a\p-jy-cpw) krjvSn-°-
s∏-´p. I¿Ωw-sIm≠v (]-e) h¿Æ-ßsf {]m]n-®p.
“I¿Ω-{Inbm hnti-tjW
NmXp¿Δ¿Wyw {]Xn-jvTnXw” (Km-b-{Xo-X-{¥w)
A¿∞w: I¿Ω-ß-fpsS t`Z-K-Xn-sIm≠v NmXp¿Δ¿Wyw {]Xn-
jvTn-°-s∏-´p. CXn¬\n∂p NmXp¿Δ¿Wy-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm\w
hrØn-t`-ZsØ B{i-bn-®m-sW∂v hy‡-am-Ip-∂p.

digitized by [Link]
104 {]mNo-\-a-e-bmfw

8. C∂n∂ KpW- I ¿Ω- ß - f p- ≈ - h s\ C∂ hn`m- K -

Øn¬h®p F∂v
1
‘{_“ hm CZ-a-{K BkotZI-tah XtZIw k≥\]y`h-Xv
t{itbm cq]-a-Xy-kr-PX £{Xw bmt\y-Xm\ntZh-£-{Xm-Wo-t{μm-
h-cpWx tkmtam cp{Zx ]¿÷-t\ym- btam arXyp-co-im\ CXn.’
(1˛4˛11)
(X-kvam¬ £{Xm¬ ]cw \mkvXn Xkvam¬ {_m“Wx
£{Xnb a[-kvXm-Zp-]mkvtX cmP-kqtb £{X Gh XZy-tim-Z[
- mXn
sskjm £{Xky tbm\n-cyZv {_“ Xkvam-Zy-]n cmPm ]c-aXmw
K—Xn {_ss“-hm-¥X D]-\n-{i-bXn kzmw tbm\nw b D G\w
ln\kvXn kzmw k tbm-\n-ar-—Xn k ]m]o-bm≥ `hXn bYm
t{ibmw-kw-lnw-kn-Xzm)
(_r-l-Zm-c-Wy-tIm-]-\n-j-Øv) (1˛4-˛1)
A¿∞w: ‘Bssfl-th-Z-a-{K- Bko¬’ F∂p-s≈-SØv Bfl-
i- _ v Z w- s Im≠p hnh- £ n- X - a m- b n- c n- ° p∂ {kjv { Sp {_“w
bmsXmt∂m (A-·nsb krjvSn-®p) {_m“-W-Pm-Xy-`n-am-\-ap≈
B≤ym-flnI-am-bn-cn-°p∂ AXv GIw am-{X-am-bn-cp∂p. ]cn-]m-e-
\mZn sNøp-∂-Xn-\p≈ ‘£{X’-tØm-Sp-Iq-SmsX I¿Ω-Øn-\m-bn-
s°m≠p aXn-bm-bn-√. AXp-sIm≠v B {_“-I¿Ω-I¿Ør-Xz-hn-`q-
Xn-°m-bn´v {]i-kvX-cq-]-sam∂p hnti-j-ambn krjvSn-®p. AXm-bXv
‘£{Xw’, C{μ≥, hcp-W≥, tkma≥, ]¿P-\y≥ (hn-Zyp-Zm-Xn-I-fpsS
\mY≥), ba≥, arXyp-co-im-\-s\-∂n-ßs\ bmh-Nn-e-cpt≠m Ah¿
tZh(-∑m-cn¬) £{Xn-b(-∑m)¿.
“k ss\-h h
- y-`h
- ’
- - hn-ia
- k
- r-PX
- - bm-t\y-Xm\n tZh-Pm-Xm\n
KWi BJym-bt¥ hkthm cp{Zm BZn-Xym-hn-tiz-tZhm (1-˛4-˛12)
acpX CXn.”
(_r-l-Zm-c-Wy-tIm-]-\n-j-Øv)

A¿∞w: {_m“-W-Pm-Xy-`n-am-\-ap≈ B A·n-]p-cp-j≥ {Zhy-

k-ºm-Zy-°m-c-t\m-Sp-Iq-SmsX I¿Ω-Øn-\m-bn-s°m≠v aXn-bm-ImsX
sshiy-Pm-Xnsb krjvSn-®p. B tZh-ssh-iy-∑m¿ Gh-sc-∂m¬
hkp-°ƒ, cp{Z-∑m¿, BZn-Xy-∑m¿, hniz-tZ-h-∑m¿, acp-Øp-Iƒ F∂n-
ßs\ h¿§w-h¿§-ambn ]d-b-s∏-Sp-∂-h¿X-s∂.

digitized by [Link]
NmXp¿h¿Wyw 105

‘kss\-h-hy-`-h-’-iu-{Zw-h¿Æ-a-kr-PX; (1-˛4-˛13) ]qj-W-

anbw ssh ]qtjbw loZw k¿Δw ]pjyXn bZnZw In©.’ (_r:
D]-\n-j-Øv)
A¿∞w: ‘]n∂oSv Ch≥ (B A·n-]p-cp-j≥) ]cn-Nm-c-I-\n-
√m- b v I - b m¬ I¿Ω- Ø n\v BIm- X n- c p∂v iq{Z- h ¿Æw (Pm- X n)
krjvSn®p. ]qjmhv Cu iq{Z-h¿Æ-Øn¬ tN¿∂-h-\m-Ip-∂p. Cu
]rYn-hn-bm-Is´ ]qjm-hm-bn´p `hn-°p-∂p. Fs¥-∂m¬ Cubp≈
(`q-X-Pm-ew) F√mw t]mjn-∏n-°p-∂p.’
‘Ima t`mK-{]n-b-kvXo£vWmx t{Im[\mx {]nb-km-lkmx
Xy‡-kz-[¿Ω-c-‡mwKmx tX ZznPmx £{XXmw KXmx’
A¿∞w: hnj-b-kp-J-Øn¬ C—-tbm-Sp-Iq-Snbhcpw kml-k-
Øn¬ {]nb-ap-≈-hcpw tIm]n-jvT-∑mcpw Bbn kz[¿Ω-ßsf hn´p
ctPm-Kp-W-tØm-Sn-cp∂ {_m“-W¿ £{Xn-b-cmbn `hn-®p.
‘tKmt`ym hrØnw kam-ÿmb ]oXm IrjvSyp-]-Po-hn\x
kz[¿Ωm-∂m-\p-Xn-jvT¥n tX ZznPm sshiyXmw KXmx’
A¿∞w: ]ip-]m-e-\hpw Dghpw Xs‚ hrØn-bm-bn´p h®p-
sIm≠p ctPm-Kp-Whpw Xtam-Kp-Whpw D≈-h-cmbn kz[¿ΩsØ
XyPn-®-h-cmb {_m“-W¿ sshiy-cmbn `hn-®p.
‘lnwkm-\r-X-{In-bm-ep_v[mx k¿Δ-I¿tΩm-]-Po-hn\x
Irjv W m- » u- N - ] - c n- { `- j v S mkv t X ZznPmx iq{ZXmw KXmx’
(`mcXw)
A¿∞w: ‘sImebpw Ifhpw {]h¿Øn-°p-∂h - cpw tem`n-Ifpw
D]-Po-h-\-Øn\v F¥p I¿Ω-tØbpw A\p-jvTn-°m≥ aSn-bn-√m-Ø-
hcpw Xtam-Kp-W-io-e-∑mcpw iuN-an-√m-Ø-hcpw ]cn-{`-jvS-∑m-cp-amb
{_m“-W¿ iq{Z-cm-bn-Øo¿∂p.’
ta¬ ImWn® {]am-W-ß-fn¬\n∂v C∂n∂ KpW-ß-fp-≈-h¿
C∂ PmXn-bmbn F∂p kn≤n-°p-∂p.

9. \S-∏p-apd
‘\ hnti-tjmkvXn h¿Æm\mw
k¿Δw {_“-anZw PKXv

digitized by [Link]
106 {]mNo-\-a-e-bmfw

{_“Wm ]q¿Δ-krjvSw ln
I¿ΩWm h¿ÆXmw KXw’ (`m-c-Xw)
A¿∞w: ‘h¿Æ-t`-Z-an-√, temIw-ap-gp-h\pw {_“-kw-_-‘-am-
bXv BIp-∂p. {_“m-hn-\m¬ ]q¿Δw krjvSn-°-s∏-´p. Ah-\-hs‚
I¿Ωw-\n-anØw h¿Æ-ßsf kºm-Zn-®p.’
‘iqt{Zm {_m“-W-Xm-taXn
{_m“-W-ss›Xn iq{ZXmw
£{Xn-bm-÷m-X-ta-h¥p
hnZym-ssZz-iym-Ø-ssY-hN’ (a-\p-kvar-Xn)
A¿∞w: ‘iq{Zcpw {_m“-W-cm-Ip-∂p. {_m“-Wcpw iq{Z-cm-
Ip-∂p. £{Xn-bcpw sshiy-]p-{Xcpw C{]-Imcw Xs∂ BIp∂p
F∂v Adn-b-Ww.’
Cu hnjbw `mc-X-Ønse A\p-im-k-\-]¿Δ-Øn¬ hnkvXm-
c-ambn ImWn-®n-cn-°p-∂p.
‘G`nkvXp I¿Ω-`n¿t±ho
iqss`-cm-N-cn-ssX-kvXYm
iqt{Zm {_m“-WXmw bmXn
sshiyx £{Xn-bXmw {htP¬.’
A¿∞w: A√tbm tZho! Cu (ap≥sNm-∂) I¿Ω-ß-fmepw
kZm-Nm-c-Øn-\mepw iq{Z≥ {_m“-W-\m-Ip∂p. sshiy≥ £{Xn-
b-\m-Ip-∂p.
‘GssXx I¿Ω-^-sse¿t±ho! \yq\-Pm-Xn-Ip-tem-¤hx
iqt{Zm-]ym-K-a-k-ºt∂m ZzntPm `hXn kwkvIrXx’
A¿∞w: A√tbm tZho! Xmgv∂P - m-Xn-bn¬ Xmgv∂ Ipe-Øn¬
P\n® iq{Z-s\-∂p-h-cn-Inepw Ah≥ Cu I¿Ω-ß-fpsS ^e-Øn-
\m¬ imkv{X-⁄m-\a - p-≠mbn ]cn-ip-≤\- mbn ZznP-\mbn `hn-°p∂p.
‘{_m“tWm hm]y-k-Zzr-Øn- ¿Δ-k-¶-c-t`m-P\x
{_m“Wyw ka-\p¬krPy iqt{Zm `hXn XmZrix’
A¿∞w: A{]-Imcw {_m“-W-\m-bn-cp-∂mepw Zp¿Ωm¿§nbpw
k¶-c-t`m-Pnbpw BIp∂p F¶n¬ {_m“-W-Øz-tØm-Sp-th¿s]´v
iq{Z-\mbn `hn-°p-∂p.

digitized by [Link]
NmXp¿h¿Wyw 107

‘I¿Ω`nx ipNn-`n¿t±ho! ip≤mflm hnPn-tX-{μnbx

iqt{Zm]n ZznP-h¬ tkhyx CXn {_“m-\p-im-k\w’
A¿∞w: A√tbm tZho! I¿Ω-Øn-\mepw ]cn-ip-≤-X-bmepw
]cn-ip-≤m-flm-hmbn C{μn-b-ßsf Pbn-®-h≥ iq{Z-\m-bn-cp-∂mepw
ZznP-s\-∂t- ]mse tkhn-°s
- ∏-SØ
- °
- h
- \
- m-Ip∂p F∂v ssZh-\n-baw.
‘kz`mhw I¿Ω N ip`w b{X iqt{Zm]n XnjvTXn
hninjvSx k ZznPm-tX¿ ssh hnt⁄b CXn ta aXnx’
A¿∞w: bmsXmcp iq{Zs‚ kz`m-hhpw {]hr-Ønbpw ]cn-
ip-≤-ß-fm-bn-cn-°p∂p B iq{Zs\ ZznP-s\-°mfpw DØ-a\mbn (hn-
ti-j-hm\mbn) Adn-bWw; CXv Fs‚ A`n-{]m-b-am-Ip-∂p.
‘\ tbm\n¿∂m]n kwkvImtcm \ {ipXw \ N k¥Xnx
Imc-Wm\n ZznP-Xzky hrØ-tah Xp ImcWw’
A¿∞w: P\-\w, aXm-\p-jvTm-\w, imkv{X-{]-b-Xv\w, Ipew,
Ch ZznPXzw kn≤n-°p-∂-Xn\p Imc-W-am-I-bn-√. AXn-te°v BNm-
cwXs∂ Imc-Ww.
‘k¿thjmw {_m“tWm temtI hrtØ\ N hn[o-btX
hrtØ-ÿn-XkvXp iqt{Zm]n {_m“-WXzw \nb-—-Xn.’
A¿∞w: temI-hm-kn-I-fmb F√m-hcpw BNmcw sIm≠p-
Xs∂ {_m“-W-cm-Imw. kZzr-Øn-bn-en-cn-°p∂ iq{Z\pw {_m“-
WXzw kn≤n-°p-∂p.
{_“-kz-`mhx IeymWn! kax k¿Δ{X ta aXnx
\n¿KpWw \n¿Ωew {_“w b{X \njvTXn k ZznPx
A¿∞w: A√tbm IeymWo! {_“-Øns‚ kz`mhw F√m-
bn-SØpw H∂p-t]m-se-Xs∂ Ccn-°p-∂p. \n¿§p-Whpw \n¿Ω-e-hp-
amb {_“w Gh-\n-ept≠m Aht\ {_m“-W≥.
‘GXtØ Kply-am-JymXw bYm iqt{Zm `th-±znPx
{_m“tWm hm NyptXm [¿Ωm¬ bYm-iq-{Z-Xz-am-]v\ptX’
A¿∞w: iq{Z\v GXp-{]-Imcw {_m“-W-\m-Im≥ Ign-bp-tam,
{_m“-W≥ [¿Ω-\m-iw-sIm≠v F{]-Imcw iq{Z-\m-Ipt∂m AXns‚
cl-ky-hn-j-b-߃ \n\-°m-bn´p ]d-b-s∏-´p.

digitized by [Link]
108 {]mNo-\-a-e-bmfw

CXp-t]mse alm`mc-X-Øn¬ C\nbpw ]e ÿe-ß-fnepw

ImWm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.
‘kXyw Zm\w £am-ioew B\r-iwkyw Xt]m LrWm
ZriytX b{X \mtK{μ! k {_m“W CXn kvarXx’
A¿∞w: kXyw, Zm\w, £a, kZm-Nm-cw, im¥-X, X]- v,
IcpW CXp-Iƒ Bcn-en-cn-°pt∂m A√tbm \mtK{μ! Ah≥Xs∂
{_m“-W≥.
‘PntX-{μntbm [¿Ω-]cx kzm[ym-b-\n-cXx ipNnx
Ima-t{Im[u hti bky Xw tZhm {_m“Ww hnZpx’
A¿∞w: Fh≥ C{μn-bß - sf Pbn-®h
- t- \m, [¿Ω-ßsf A\p-
jvTn-°p∂ht\m, thZm-[y-b-\-Øn¬ C—-bp-≈-h-t\m, ]cn-ip-≤-t\m,
Gh\v Ima-t{Im-[-߃ hi-am-bn-cn-°pt∂m Ah-s\-Øs∂ tZh-
∑m¿ {_m“-W-s\∂v Adn-bp-∂p.
‘bky Nmfl-ktam temtIm [¿Ω-⁄ky ka-\znXx
k¿Δ-[¿tΩjp Nc-XkvXw tZhm {_m“Ww hnZpx’
A¿∞w: Gh≥ temIsc Xs∂-t∏mse \ncq-]n-°p-t∂m [¿Ω-
Øn¬ ⁄m\hpw {]i-kvX-Nn-Øhpw D≈-h-t\m, taepw Gh≥
[¿Ωm-\p-jvTm-\ß
- f
- n¬ C—-bp-≈h
- \
- m-bn-cn-°pt∂m Ah-s\-Øs∂
tZh-X-Iƒ {_m“-W-s\∂v Adn-bp-∂p.
alm`mcXw Bc-Wy-]¿Δw b£-bp-[n-jvTn-c-kw-hmZw F∂
L´-Øn¬ C\nbpw Cu Imcy-sØ-∏‰n ]d-™n-cn-°p-∂p.
bt£m-hmN:˛
‘cmP≥! Ipte\ hrtØ\ kzm[ym-tb\ {iptX\ hm
{_m“Wyw tI\ `hXn {]{_q-tly-X¬ kp\n-›nXw’
A¿∞w: A√tbm cmPmth! {_m“-W-Xzw, Ipe-Øn-\mtem
{]hrØnbm-tem, thZ-im-kv{X-]-T-\-Øn-\mtem GXn-\m¬ D≠m-
Ip∂p? Cu \n›-bsØ \√-t]mse ]d-™m-epw.
bp[n-jvTn-tcm-hmN:˛
‘irWp b£! Ipew XmX! \ kzm[ymtbm \ N {ipXw
ImcWw ln ZznPtXz N hrØ-tah \ kwibx’

digitized by [Link]
NmXp¿h¿Wyw 109

A¿∞w: A√tbm b£! Aßp tI´m-epw, {_m“-Wy-Øn\p

Ipew thZ-im-kv{X-]-T\w CXp-Iƒ Imc-W-ß-fm-I-bn-√. kZm-Nm-
cw-X-s∂-bm-Ip∂p ZznP-Xz-Im-cWw kwi-b-an-√.
CXp-hsc FSp-Øp-Im-Wn® ]Zy-ß-fm¬ Hcp {]hr-Øn-sN-
øp∂ ]nXr-am-Xr-°f- n¬ P\n® Hcp-h\
- m-Is´ X∂-Øms\ Hcp {]hr-
Øn-sN-øp-∂-h-\m-Is´ as‰mcp {]hr-Øn-bm¬ thsd PmXn-bn-em-Im-
sa∂pw CXn-\m¬ Xmgv∂ PmXn-°m-c≥ Db¿∂ PmXn-bnepw Db¿∂-
h≥ Xmgv∂ PmXn-bnepw hcp-sa-∂p-≈-Xp-sIm≠v C∂ PmXn F∂p
\n›-bn-°p-∂-Xn-te°p {]hr-Ønbpw KpW-hpw-Xs∂ apJy-ß-
sf∂pw sXfn-bp-∂p.

10. Xmc-Xayw (ÿm-\w) AXm-bXv D¬]Øn

‘.............................-ap-J-_m-lq-cp-]m-ZXx’ (a-\p-kvar-Xn)
A¿∞w: apJw, ssI, XpS, ]mZw Cu ÿm\-ß-fn¬\n-∂v.
‘{_m“-tWmky apJ-am-ko¬’ (]p-cp-j-kq-‡w)
A¿∞w: {_m“-W≥ Chs‚ apJ-am-Ip-∂p.
‘_mlq cmP\yx IrXx’
A¿∞w: cmPmhv ssI BIp-∂p.
‘Ducp sshiy’ (]p-cp-j-kq-‡w)
A¿∞w: sshiy≥ XpS-bm-Ip∂p
‘]Zv`ymw iqt{Zm APm-bX’ (]p-cp-j-kq-‡w)
A¿∞w: ]mZ-ß-fn¬\n∂p iq{Z≥ P\n-®p.
Cu {]am-W-߃sIm≠v Hcp ico-c-Øn¬ apJ-_m-lqcp-]m-Z-
ßfpsS apJym-ap-Jy-X-Iƒt]mse {_m“-W-£-{Xnbm-ssh-iy-iq-
{Z¿I-fmb \mep h¿Æ-߃°pw G‰-°p-d-®n¬ Ds≠∂p kn≤n-
°p-∂p.
‘k¿Δh¿tÆjp Xpeymkp ]Xv\o-jz-£-X-tbm-\njp
B\p-tem-tay\ kw`qXm PmXym t⁄bm-kvX-ssb-htX’
(a\p. A. 1, t«m.5)
A¿∞w: ‘\mep h¿Æ-ß-fnepw Xs‚ PmXn-I-fmbpw hy`nNm-
c-tZm-ja- n-√m-Øh
- f
- mbpw Ccn-°p∂ [¿Ω-]X
- v\nsb hnhm-lw-sNbvX
hcs‚ _oPw-sIm≠v B [¿Ω-]Xv\n {]k-hn-°p∂ ]p{X-∑m¿ A\p-
tem-ay-ambn AXmXp PmXn-I-sf∂v Adn-tb-≠-Xm-Ip-∂p.’

digitized by [Link]
110 {]mNo-\-a-e-bmfw

‘A\mcyamcy-I¿Ωm-W-am-cy-©m-\m-cy-I¿ΩnWw
k {][mcym{_ho-≤mXm \ kau \mk-am-hnXn’ (a-\p. A
10, t«m.73)
A¿∞w: {_m“-Ws‚ sXmgn-ens\ sNbvXmepw iq{Z≥
{_m“-W-Pm-Xn-bmbn `hn-°p-∂-X-√. Fs¥-∂m¬ Ah\p {_m“-
W- P mXn sXmgn- e n¬ A[n- I m- c - a n- √ - b - t √m. iq{Z- I r- X ysØ
sNbvXmepw {_m“-W≥ iq{Z-\mbn `hn-°b - n-√. Fs¥-∂m¬ Ah≥
lo\-I¿ΩsØ sNbvXmepw Ahs‚ PmXn Db¿∂-X-√-tbm. C{]-
Im-cw-Xs∂ Cu hnj-bß - sf {_“mhpw \n›bw sNbvXn-cn-°p∂p.
CXymZn {]am-W-ß-fm¬ Cu {_m“-WmZn \mep i_vZ-ßfpw
cqV-ß-fm-sW∂pw KpW-I¿Ω-߃ B¿°v Fß-s\-bn-cp-∂mepw
{_m“-W-Xzm-Zn-Iƒ°v AXp-Iƒ kw_-‘-ambn bmsXmcp \yq\-
Xbpw hcn-I-bn-s√∂pw BWv CZm-\o-¥-\-∑m(-{_m-“-W)-cpsS hmZw.
F∂m¬ Ch-cpsS Cu hmZ-Øn\v Cu cqV-sa-∂Xv ASn-ÿm-\-am-
bn-cn-°b- m¬ Cu cqV-tØ-bpw, CXn-\S- p-Øh- bpw AXym-hi
- y-ßfpw
Bb tbmK-cq-Vm-Zn-I-tf-bpw-]-‰n Hcp hnh-cWw ChnsS ImWn-°m-
Xn-cp-∂m¬ CXn-ep≈ kwKXn apgp-h\pw F√m-h¿°pw [cn-°p-∂-
Xn\v Ffp-∏-an-√m-Ø-Xn-\m¬ AXn-te-s°m-cp-ßp-∂p.
kwkvIr-X` - m-jb
- n¬ hm°p-Iƒ, \maw, BJym-Xw, D]-k¿§w,
\n]mXw F∂n-ßs\ \mep-{]-Im-cØ - n-ep-≠v. Ch-bn¬ \maw F∂Xp
PmXn-i-_vZw, KpW-i-_vZw, {Inbm-i-_vZw, kw⁄m-i_vZw F∂p
\mep {]Im-c-ap-≠v; CXp-Iq-SmsX i‡w, e£-Iw, hyRvPIw F∂v
thsd aq∂p hn[-Øn-ep-≠v. CXp-I-fn¬ i‡-sa-∂-Xns\ hnh-cn®p
ImWn-°p-∂-Xn-\p-th≠n i_vZ-i-‡n-bpsS e£-WsØ Xmsg
ImWn-°p-∂p.
‘Akvam-—-_vZm-Z-b-a¿t∞m t_m≤hy CXo-iz-c-k-t¶-X-
»‡nx’
A¿∞w: ‘C∂ i_vZ-Øn¬\n∂v C∂ A¿∞sØ t_m[n-
t°-≠-Xm-Ip∂p F∂ Cuiz-c-k-t¶Xw (\n-b-aw) BIp∂p i‡n’,
F∂p Nne-cpw,
‘A¿∞kvarXy-\p-Iq-e-]-Z-]-Zm¿∞-kw-_-‘-»-‡nx’, Hcp
i_vZsØ tIƒ°p-tºmƒ AXn-\p≈ A¿∞w Hm¿Ω-bn¬h-cp-∂-

digitized by [Link]
NmXp¿h¿Wyw 111

Xn\p Imc-Wa
- mb ]Z-]Z- m¿∞-ßf
- psS XΩn-ep≈ kw_-‘a
- m-Ip∂p
i‡n’ F∂v thsd Nnecpw; ]d-bp-∂p.
Cu i‡n-bm-Is´ kap-Zm-b-i-‡n-sb∂pw Ah-b-h-i-‡n-
sb∂pw c≠p-hn[w ]d-b-s∏-Sp-∂p. CXp-I-fn¬ kap-Zm-b-i-‡nsb
cqVn F∂pw Ah-b-h-i-‡nsb tbmKw F∂pw ]d-bpw. Cßs\
GsX-¶nepw A¿∞sØ t_m[n-∏n-°p-∂X - n-\p≈ i‡nsb hln®
i_vZ-hn-ti-j-am-Ip∂p ap≥]-d™ i‡w. Cu i‡-am-Is´ cqVw,
tbmK-cq-Vw, buKn-Iw, buKn-I-cqVw F∂n-ßs\ \mep-hn-[w.
‘cqssVyh A¿∞-t_m-[Ix cqVx’
A¿∞w: cqVn-sIm≠v A¿∞sØ t_m[n-∏n-°p-∂Xp cqVw.
cqV-e-£Ww: “Ah-b-h-i-‡n-ss\-c-t]-t£yW kap-Zm-b-i-
‡n-am-t{XW _p≤ytX X{Zq-Vw.”
A¿∞w: bmsXm-∂n¬ Ah-b-h-i-‡nsb At]-£n-°msX
kap-Zm-b-i-‡n-sb-am{Xw t_m[n-∏n-°p-∂pthm B ]Zw cqVw. DZm-
l-cWw: ]rYzn-, Pew apX-em-b-h.
tbmK-cq-V-e-£Ww: “b{X Xp Ah-b-h-i-‡n-hn-jtb kap-
Zm-b-i-‡n-c-]ykvXn XtZym-K-cq-Vw.”
A¿∞w: bmsXmcp i_vZ-Øn¬ Ah-b-h-i-‡n°p hnj-b-
amb s]mcp-fn¬ kap-Zm-b-i-‡n-bp-an-cn-°p-∂pthm AXp tbmK-cq-
Vw. DZm-l-cWw: 1. ]¶Pw F∂ ]Zw. ]¶-Øn¬ (tN-dn¬)-\n∂p
P\n-®-sX-∂p≈ Ah-b-h-i-‡n°p hnj-b-amb A¿∞sØ kap-
Zm-b-i-‡n-sIm≠v ‘Xma-c∏q’ F∂p t_m[n-∏n-°p∂p. 2. jSv]Zw
F∂ ]Zw. jSv = Bdv, ]Zw = ]mZ-߃: Bdp-Im-ep-≈Xv F∂v
Ah-b-hm¿∞w. h≠v F∂p kap-Zm-bm¿∞w.
buKn-I-e-£Ww: “b{X Ah-b-hm¿∞ Gh _p≤ytX
XZyuKnIw.”
A¿∞w: bmsXmcp i_vZ-Øn¬\n∂v Ah-b-hm¿∞w am{Xw
Adn-b-s∏-Spt∂m AXp buKnIw. DZm-l-cWw; ]mNIx F∂ ]Zw
X\Xv Hcp Ah-b-h-amb ‘]Nv’ F∂ [mXp-hns‚ A¿∞-amb ]mIw-
sN-bvI¬ F∂-Xn-t\bpw ‘AI’ F∂ {]Xy-b-Øns‚ A¿∞-amb
I¿Øm-hn-t\bpw tN¿Øp ]mIw-sN-øp-∂-h≥ F∂ A¿∞sØ

digitized by [Link]
112 {]mNo-\-a-e-bmfw

t_m[n-∏n-°p-∂X
- √
- msX Cu ]Zw a‰p bmsXm-c¿∞-tØbpw t_m[n-
∏n-°p-∂n-√m.
buKn-I-cq-V-e-£Ww: ‘b{X Xp buKn-Im¿∞-cq-Vy¿∞-tbm-
 zm-X-{¥y-t_m-[-I-kvXZyuKnI-cq-Vw.’
A¿∞w: bmsXm-∂n¬ buKn-Im¿∞-Øn\pw cqVy¿∞-
Øn\pw ]c-kv]-c-kzm-X{¥yw (H-∂n-s\m∂p klm-bw-Iq-Sm-sX)
t_m[n-∏n-°pt∂m AXp buKn-I-cq-Vw. DZm-l-cWw: ‘D¤nZv’ F∂
]Zw Dt¤-Zn-®p(-]n-f¿∂p)-sIm≠v taevt]m´p ]pd-s∏-´p-h-cp∂ hr£-
e-Xm-Zn-I-tfbpw AXns‚ klm-bw-Iq-SmsX Hcp bmK-Øn-t\bpw
t_m[n-∏n-°p∂p. CXmWv cqVym-Zn-hn-h-c-Ww.
{_m“-W£ - {- Xn-bmZn i_vZß - ƒ H∂m-aX- mbn ]d-bs- ∏´ cqV-
h-Ip-∏n¬ tN¿∂-h-bm-Ip∂p F∂pw Ah-b-hm¿∞w Nn¥n-®n´p
Imcy-an-s√∂pw KP-Xp-c-Km-Zn-i-_vZ-߃ ]e-hn[ arK-Pm-Xn-Isf
t_m[n-∏n-°p∂ \ma-ßf - m-Ip-∂X
- p-t]mse {_m“-Wm-Zn-i_
- vZß
- fpw
]e-hn[ a\p-jy-Pm-Xnsb t_m[n-∏n-°p∂ \ma-ß-fm-Ip∂p F∂pw
Cu a\p-jy-Pm-Xn-bn-ep≈ hI-t`-Z-ßsf {kjvSm-hmb Cuiz-c\pw
]tcm-£-⁄m-\-i-‡-cmb al¿jn-Iƒ°pw am{Xta Adn-hm≥
Ignbq F∂pw AXn-\m¬ DØ-a-Kp-W-ßsf e`n-®-Xp-sIm≠v A[-
a-h-Ip-∏p-Im¿ DØ-a-h-Ip-∏nepw A[-a-Kp-W-߃ tlXp-hm-bn´v DØ-
a-h-Ip-∏p-Im¿ A[-a-h-Ip-∏nepw BI-bn-s√∂pw, AXmXp PmXn-bn-
ep-≈-h-cpsS ]p{X-]u-{X-]-c-º-c-Iƒ am{Xta AXmXp PmXn-bm-I-
bp≈p F∂pw BWv CZm-\o-¥-\-{_m-“-W-cpsS hmZw.
Ch-cpsS Cu kn≤m-¥hpw CXn-∂-\p-Iq-e-amb kIe {]am-
W-ßfpw k¿hm-_-≤-sa∂v Xmsg ImWn-°p-∂p.
]X-RvP-en-bpsS hymI-c-W-a-lm-`mjyw 2˛mw B”n-I-Øn¬
‘\ho-\-ß-fm-tb¿s∏-SpØp∂ i_vZ-ßsf \ymbm-\p-k-cWw Iev]n-
°-W-’sa∂p ]d-bp-∂p. amtl-iz-c-kq{Xw c≠mw \ncp-‡-Ønepw
imI-Sm-b\
- h
- ym-Ic
- W - nepw ‘\ma-ßs
- Ø - f√mw [mXp-°f
- n¬\n-∂p-≠m-
b-h’-sb∂p ]d-™n-cn-°p-∂p. A√m-sX-bpw, [mXp, {]Xybw CXp-
I-sf-s°m≠p \ma-ßsf D≠m-°p∂ Bƒ, B [mXp-hn-t‚bpw
{]Xy-b-Øn-t‚bpw A¿∞sØ XyPn-®n´v i_vZ-am-{Xw-sIm≠v
bmsXm-cp-Im-c-Whpw IqSmsX \ma-ßsf G¿s∏-SpØn F∂p ]d-
bp-∂Xv Akw-_-‘-am-Ip-∂p. C°m-eØpw \nL-≠zm-Zn-I-fpsS

digitized by [Link]
NmXp¿h¿Wyw 113

hymJym-Xm-°-∑m-cmb `m\p-Zo-£n-X¿ apX-em-b-h¿ Hcp i_vZsØ

F¶nepw Ah-b-hm¿∞w IqSmsX hn´p-I-f-bp-∂n-√. AXn-\m¬
Akv]j - vSI - m-cW - I
- ߃ As√-¶n¬ A⁄m-XI - m-cW- I - ß
- ƒ Bb
\ma-ßsf cqV-ß-sf∂pw ⁄mX-Im-c-W-I-ßsf tbmK-cq-V-ß-
sf∂pw ]d-bp-∂-Xp-Xs∂ bp‡-am-bn-cn-°pw. Bb-Xn-\m¬ Ah-b-
hm¿∞-an-√msX bmsXmcp i_vZ-hp-an√ Imem-[nIyw tlXp-hm-bn´v
Nne i_vZß - fpsS ImcWw Adn-bm-sX-h∂ - X
- n-\m¬ Ah-bh - m¿∞w
kv]jvS-am-ImsX Ccp-∂-Xp-sIm-≠p-am{Xw AXp-Isf cqV-ß-sf∂p
]d-bp-∂p. Aßs\ cqV-߃ A⁄m-XI - m-cW - I- ß- ƒ F∂-√msX
A`m- h - I m- c - W I- ß ƒ (A- h - b - h m¿∞- a n- √ m- Ø - h ) BsW∂v
Hcn°epw kn≤n-°p-∂n-√.
C\n Cu {_m“-W-cpsS kn≤m-¥-{]-Imcw {_m“-Wm-Zn-i-_vZ-
߃ cqV-h-Ip-∏n¬tN¿∂-h-b-s√∂p ImWn-°p-∂p.
{_m“-W≥: {_“m-hns‚ DØ-amw-K-Øn¬\n∂pw P\n-®-Xp-
sIm≠pw BZyw D-≠m-b-Xp-sIm≠pw {_“sØ (th-Z-sØ) [cn-®-
Xp-sIm≠pw ‘{_m“-W≥’; (a-\p-kvar-Xn).
{_“m-hns‚ ]p{X-\m-b-Xp-sIm≠pw {_“sØ (th-Z-sØ)
]Tn-°p-∂-h-\-s√-¶n¬ Adn-bp-∂-h-\m-I-sIm≠pw ‘{_m“-W≥’ (]m-
Wn-\o-kq-{Xw)
£{Xn-b≥: £X-Øn-¶¬ (B-]-Øn¬, apdn-hn¬) \n∂pw
{XmW\w sN-øp-∂(-c£- n-°p-∂)-h≥ ‘£{Xw’. £{X-Øns‚ k¥Xn
‘£{Xn-b≥’ (]m-Wn-\o-kq{Xw 1˛13-˛8) C\nbpw £{Xw F∂
hm°ns‚ ]cym-b-\m-a-amb ‘cmP’ F∂ hm°n\v ‘ZpjvS-∑m-cpsS
D]-{ZhØn¬\n∂p \o°n cRvPn-∏n-°p-∂-h≥’ F∂p alm-`m-c-X-
Øn¬ A¿∞w ImWp-∂p. CXp-Iq-Sm-sXbpw cmP-k≥, cmP-]p-{X≥,
£{Xn-b≥, £{X-]p-{X≥ Cu \ma-߃ kΔm¿∞-\m-a-ß-fm-bn-´p-
X-s∂-bn-cn-°p-∂p. AXn-\m¬ £{Xn-b-i_vZw kv]jvS-Im-c-W-Iw-
X-s∂-sb∂pw cqV-h-Ip-∏n¬ tN¿∂-X-s√∂pw kn≤n-°p-∂p.
sshiy≥: sshiy≥ F∂ hm°v ‘hni’ F∂ [mXp-hn¬\n∂v
D≠m-bXpw sXmgn-ep-I-fn¬ {]th-in-®-h≥ F∂v A¿∞-ap-≈-Xp-
amb ‘hni’ Fs∂mcp \maw (cq-]w) IqSn-bp-≈Xpw BIp∂p (\n-
L-≠p-hym-Jym-\w)

digitized by [Link]
114 {]mNo-\-a-e-bmfw

]ns∂bpw CXns‚ ]cym-b-\m-a-߃ F√mw [\n-I≥ Ft∂m

I®-h-S-°m-c≥ Ft∂m D≈ A¿∞sØ t_m[n-∏n-°p-∂-Xp-sIm≠v
Chbpw kv]jvS-Im-c-W-I-߃X-s∂-sb∂p sXfn-bp-∂p.
iq{Z≥: Cu ]Zw ‘ipN=timtI’ F∂ [mXp-hn¬ \n∂p-≠m-
b-Xpw, timIn-°p∂, ZpxJn-°p-∂)-h≥ F∂¿∞-ap-≈Xpw BIp-∂p.
(hym-k-cpsS thZm-¥-kq-{Xw) CXns\ i¶-cm-Nm-cy-cpsS Sn kq{X-`m-
jyhpw \nL-≠p-hym-Jym-\hpw Xmßn-∏-d-bp-∂p. CXn¬\n∂pw
iq{Z≥ a‰p aq∂p hIp-∏pIm ({_m-“-W-£-{Xn-b-ssh-iy)-cpsS {Inb-
Isf sNøp-∂-Xn-\p≈ _p≤nsb e`n-°m-Ø-Xp-sIm≠p timIn-°p-
∂-h≥ As√-¶n¬ timIn-°p-∂-hn-[-ap≈ Xmgva-tbm-Sp-Iq-Sn-b-h≥
BsW∂p Imc-Ww-sIm-≠p- h-∂-Xn-\m¬ Cu i_vZhpw kv]jvS-
Im-c-W-Iw-X-s∂. AXp-sIm≠v Cu i_vZ-߃ H∂pw-Xs∂ Ah-
b-hm¿∞w C√m-Xp-≈-h-b-s√∂pw X∂n-anØw cqV-ß-f-s√∂pw
kn≤n-°p-∂p.

11-˛m-aXv Cu \nb-a-Øn¬s∏´ `qan-Iƒ

‘kc-kz-Xo-Zr-j-Zz-tXym¿t±-h-\-tZym-cy-Z-¥cw
Xtμ-h-\n¿ΩnXw tZiw {_“m-h¿Øw {]h-£ytX’ (a-\p.
2˛17)
A¿∞w: kc-kz-Xn-sb∂pw Zrj-Zz-Xn-sb∂pw ]d-b-s∏-Sp∂
tZh-\-Zn-I-fpsS a≤y-{]-thiw tZh-∑m-cm¬ G¿s∏-Sp-Ø-s∏´ {_“m-
h¿Ø-sa∂p ]d-b-s∏-Sp-∂p.
‘Ipcp-t£-{X© a’ym› ]m©memx iqc-tk-\Imx
Gj {_“¿jn-tZtim ssh {_“m-h¿Øm-Z-\-¥cx’ (a-\p.
2˛19)
A¿∞w: Ipcp-t£-{Xw, a’y-tZ-iw, ]m©m-e-tZ-iw, DØ-ca-
[pc Cu tZi-߃ {_“¿jn-Iƒ hkn-°p∂ tZi-ß-fm-Ip-∂p. Cu
ÿe-߃ {_“m-h¿Ø-tZ-i-ß-tfmfw «mLy-ß-f-√.
‘lna-h-Zzn-‘y-tbm¿Ω[yw b¬ {]mKzn-\-i-\m-Z]n
{]Xy-tKh {]tbm-Km® a[y-tZix {]Io¿ØnXx’ (a-\p. 2˛21)
A¿∞w: lna-hm≥]¿Δ-X-Øn\pw hn‘y-]¿Δ-X-Øn\pw a[y-
ambpw kc-kzXn ad™ hnP-\t- Z-iØ
- n\p Ing-°mbpw {]bm-Kbv°p
]Sn-™m-dmbpw Ccn-°p∂ {]tZiw a[y-tZ-i-sa∂p ]d-b-s∏-Sp-∂p.

digitized by [Link]
NmXp¿h¿Wyw 115

‘Bk-ap-{ZmØp ssh ]q¿Δm-Zm-k-ap-{ZmØp ]›n-am¬

Xtbm-tc-hm-¥cw Kntcym-cm-cym-h¿Øw hnZp¿ _p[mx’
(a-\p. 2˛22)
A¿∞w: Ings° kap{Zw XpSßn ]Sn-™msd kap-{Zw-h-sc-
bp≈ ap≥]-d™ ]¿Δ-X-ß-fpsS a[y-{]-tZiw alm-∑m¿ A[n-h-
kn-°p∂ Bcym-h¿Ø-sa∂p ]d-b-s∏-Sp-∂p.
‘IrjvW-km-ckvXp NcXn artKm b{X kz`m-hXx
kt⁄tbm b⁄ntbm tZtim tæ—-tZ-i-kvXzXx ]cx’
(a-\p. 2˛23)
A¿∞w: IrjvW-km-c-sa∂ am\m-Is´ GXp ÿe-Øn¬
kzm`m-hn-I-ambn k©-cn-°pt∂m B tZiw-X-s∂-bmWv bmKw-sN-
øp-∂-Xn\p tbmKy-am-b-Xv-˛-a-‰p-tZ-i-߃ Aip-≤-ß-fmb tæ—-tZ-i-
ß-sf∂p ]d-b-s∏-Sp-∂p.
Cu {]am-W-ß-fm¬ NmXp¿h¿Æy-hy-h-ÿ-bpsS P\-\-`q-an-
bmb {_“m-h¿Ø-Øn¬ P\-ß-fpsS A`n-hr-≤n-\n-anØw AhnSw
Xt]m-\p-jvTm-\-߃°p aXn-bm-Im-bvI-bm¬ B Ejn-Iƒ ASp-
Øp≈ hnP-\-{]-tZ-i-ß-fn¬ h∂p lnX-am-Ipw-hÆw Xma-kn-®p.
AXp-sIm≠v Cu {]tZ-iØ - n\p {_“¿jn-tZ-is - a∂ kw⁄ kn≤n-
®p. Cu ÿew {_“m-h¿Ø-Øns‚ ASpØp sX°p-In-g-°m-bn-´m-
Ip-∂p. CXns‚ hSt° A‰w {_“m-h¿Ø-Øns‚ ASpØ ]q¿Δ-
Z-£n-W-`m-K-Øp≈ lkvXn-\m-]pcw apX-em-b-Xns\ Hcp-Im-eØv
A¥¿`-hn-∏n®p-sIm-≠n-cp∂ Ipcp-t£-{Xhpw a[y-Øn¬ ]m©m-e-
tZ-ihpw iqc-tk-\-Ihpw (A-Xm-bXp a[pc As√-¶n¬ ap{Sm-bpw)
Z£n-W-Øn¬ a’y-tZ-ihpw BIp-∂p. Zm¿em-∏q-cns‚ ]Sn-™mdpw
sPbn-∏q-cn\v 40 ssa¬ hS-°pap≈ hncmSw (ss_c-Sv) F∂ {]tZiw
Hcp-Im-eØv CXns‚ {][m\ ÿm\-am-bn-cp-∂p. Cu ÿehpw P\-
\n-_n-U-am-b-t∏mƒ Ejn-Iƒ tImkew apX-emb a[y-tZ-i-ß-fn¬
h∂p Xma-kn-®p. GI-tZiw a[y-Im-e-Øp-≠m-bXpsIm≠pw ]q¿Δ-
]-›n-a-k-ap-{Z-ß-fpsS CS-bn-ep≈ `qan-bpsS GI-tZiw a[ym-¥-c-
Øn-em-I-sIm≠pw ASpØp ]d-b-s∏´ {_“¿jn-tZiw Dƒs∏sS
tImkew apX-em-b-hbv°p a[y-tZiw F∂p kw⁄ e`n-®n-cn-
°Ww. CXns‚ ]›n-am-h[n Ipcp-t£-{X-hpw, ]q¿Δm-h[n {]bm-
Kbpw, Z£n-tWm-Ø-cm-h-[n-Iƒ hn‘y-ln-am-eb ]¿Δ-X-ß-fp-am-
Ip∂p. Chn-sSbpw KwKm-\-Zn-bpsS DØ-c-Xo-c-Øn¬ BZyw Ejn-
Iƒ h∂p Xma-kn-®-Xns‚ tij-amWv a‰p-≈-hcpw Ahn-sS-h∂p

digitized by [Link]
116 {]mNo-\-a-e-bmfw

\nd-™-sX∂pw AXn-\m¬ Ejn-Iƒ KwK-bpsS Z£n-W-Xo-c-Øn¬

hkn-∏m-\m-cw-`n®p F∂pw, Ejn-Iƒ Xm¥m-߃Xs∂ [ym\m-Zn-
Iƒ°p hnP-\-{]-tZ-i-ßsf At\z-jn-°p-∂-h-cm-I-sIm≠pw hmevao-
In-cm-am-b-W-Øn¬ (_m-e-Im-WvUw) hnizm-an-{X≥ apX-emb Ejn-
I-fpsS B{i-a-߃ Z£n-W-Xo-c-Ønepw Atbm≤y apX-emb ÿe-
߃ DØ-c-Xo-c-Ønepw h¿Æn-°-s∏-´-Xp-sIm≠pw Duln-°m-hp-∂-
Xm-Wv. Cßs\ Ime-{I-taW ]q¿Δ-]-›n-a-k-ap-{Z-ß-fptSbpw lnam-
e-b-hn-‘y-]¿Δ-X-ß-fp-tSbpw A¥-cm-f-`qan Bk-Iew P\-ß-fpsS
hmk-ÿe - a
- m-bn´p `hn-®p. Cu ÿeØp apgp-h\pw h¿Æm-{i-a[
- ¿Ω-
߃ D≠m-bn-cp-∂p. h¿Æm-{i-a-[¿Ω-ß-fpsS Ah-[n-bn-epƒs∏-´-
h¿°v Bcy-∑m-sc∂pw a‰p-≈-h¿°v tæ—-∑m-sc∂pw t]cn´p hyh-
l-cn-®p-h-cp∂p. Bcy≥ F∂ hm°n\v (‘EKXu KXy¿∞m\mw
⁄m\m¿∞-Xzw’) Adn-hp-≈-h≥ F∂pw tæ—-i-_vZ-Øn\v (tæ-—-
A-]-i-_vtZ) \√-hÆw kw`m-j-Ww-sN-øm-\-dn-bm-Ø-h≥ F∂pw
A¿∞-am-Ip-∂p. Bcy-∑m¿ h¿Øn®XpsIm≠v Cu ÿe-Øn\v
Bcym-h¿Ø-sa∂pw a‰p-≈-ÿ-e-߃°v tæ—-tZ-i-߃ F∂pw
t]¿ In´n.
CXn¬\n∂p NmXp¿h¿Æy-\n-b-a-Øns‚ Ah-[n-bn-epƒs∏´
`qan-Iƒ, ]q¿Δ-]-›n-a-k-ap-{Z-߃°pw hn‘y-ln-am-e-b-]¿Δ-X-
߃°pw A¥-cm-f-`q-an-bmb Bcym-h¿Ø-am-sW∂p kn≤n-®p.
ta¬]-d™ {]am-W-ß-fm¬ PK-∂n-b-¥m-hm-bn-cn-°p∂ `K-
hm≥ {_“m-h¿Ø-Øn-en-cp∂p t{XXm-bp-K-Øn¬ temI-Øns‚
h¿≤-\-bv°m-bn´v KpW-I¿Ω-hn-`m-K-ßsf ASn-ÿm-\-s∏-SpØn Hcp
ico-c-Øn¬ apJw, _mlp, Ducp, ]mZw CXp-I-fpsS Xmc-X-ay-{I-a-
Øn\p h¿Æ-sa∂p kmam-\y-\m-a-tØmSpw {_m“-W-£-{Xn-b-ssh-
iy-iq-{Z-sc∂ {]tXyI \ma-tØm-Spw-Iq-Snb NmXp¿h¿Æy hyh-ÿm-
]-\sb {_“m-h¿Øw XpSßn Bcym-h¿Øw apgp-h-\n-te-°p-ap≈
\nb-a-am-bn´v G¿s∏-SpØn F∂p hy‡-am-bn.
Cu ae-bm-f-tZ-i-am-Is´ {_“m-h¿Ø-Øn-s‚bpw Bcym-
h¿Ø-Øn-s‚bpw AXn¿Øn-bnepƒs∏-´-X-s√-∂pw, AXn-\m¬
ChnsS NmXp¿h¿Æy-\n-baw B Ime-ß-fn¬ \S-∏n-em-bn-cp-∂n-
s√∂pw CXn¬\n∂pw hy‡-am-Ip-∂p. taev]-d™ AXn¿Øn-°p-
]p-d-ta-bp≈ F√m ÿe-ß-tfbpw tæ—-tZ-i-ß-sf∂pw F√m Bfp-
I-tfbpw tæ—-∑m-sc∂pw Hcp-t]mse Icp-Xn-t∏m-∂n-cp∂ Bcy-∑m¿
Xß-fpsS Nne {KŸ-ß-fn¬ ae-bm-fn-\m-b-∑msc tæ—-ÿm-\-Øn-

digitized by [Link]
NmXp¿h¿Wyw 117

ep-]-cn-bmbn Iev]n-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xp-Xs∂ A°m-esØ \mb-∑m-cpsS

_lp-am-\y-Xbv°v Hcp aXn-bmb sXfn-hm-Ip-∂p. 2Cß-s\-bn-cn-°th
Cu ae-bm-fn-\m-b-∑m-cn¬ iq{Z-i-_vZm-tcm-]-Ww-sN-bvhm≥, {]am-W-
bp-‡ym-\p-`h- ß
- f
- m¬ XymPy-ambn X≈nb ]c-ºc - m-hI
- m-iw-sIm-≠p-
t]mepw B¿°pw A¿l-X-bn-s√∂p sXfn-™n-cn-°p-∂p.
C\nbpw h¿Æ-hy-Xymkw {]Ir-Xy-\p-k-c-W-am-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xn-
\m¬ bmsXmcp kap-Zm-b-Øn\pw as‰m-∂ns‚ ta¬ PmXn-t{i-jvTX
`mhn-°p-hm≥ A¿l-X-bn-s√-∂p≈Xn\p ta¬Im-Wn-®-h-Iq-SmsX
Xmsg-∏-d-bp∂ kwK-Xn-Ifpw KW-\o-b-ß-fm-Ip-∂p.
“EKvt`ym PmXw sshiy-h¿Æ-amlp; bPp¿tΔZw £{Xn-b-
kym-lp¿ tbm\nw; kma-thtZm {_m“-Wm\mw {]kqXnx”
(ssX-Øn-co-b-{_m-“-Ww)
A¿∞w: {_m“-Ws‚ P∑w kma-th-Z-Øn¬\n∂pw, £{Xn-
bs‚ P∑w bPp¿tΔ-Z-Øn¬\n∂pw sshiys‚ P∑w EtKz-Z-
Øn¬\n∂pw BIp-∂p. ssih-im-kv{X-Øn¬ inhs‚ Ah-b-h-ß-
fn¬\n∂pw NmXp¿Δ¿Wy-ap-≠mbn F∂pw sshjvW-h-im-kv{X-
Øn¬ hnjvWp-hns‚ Ah-b-h-ß-fn¬\n-∂m-sW∂pw imt‡-b-
Øn¬ i‡n (tZ- h n) bpsS Ah- b - h - ß - f n¬\n- ∂ m- s W∂pw
ImWp∂p; BI-∏msS t\m°n-bm¬ h¿Æ-hy-Xym-k-Øn-\p≈
ImcWw temI-hr≤n am{X-am-Ip-∂p. AX-\p-k-cn®v F√m-bn-SØpw
F√m-°m-eØpw ]e-am-Xncn ÿnXn-t`-Z-߃ D≠m-bn-s°m-≠n-cn-°p-
∂p. (_r-lZ- m-cW
- y-tIm-]\
- n-jØ
- n¬\n∂pw apºn¬ tN¿Øn-cn-°p∂
`mKw t\m°p-I) ]ptcm-ln-X-s∏-cp-a-bpsS tZmj-^-e-ßsf Hgn-®p-
t\m-°p-I-bm-sW-¶n¬ \ΩpsS I¿Ω-`q-an-bn¬Ø-s∂bpw ]pcm-X-\-
Im-ew-ap-X¬t° CXns‚ ]c-am¿∞w icn-bmbn Adn-b-s∏-´n-cp∂p
F∂p shfn-hm-Ip-∂-Xm-Wv. DZm-l-c-W-ambn Xmsg-∏-d-bp∂ {_m“-
W-e-£Ww t\m°p-I.
“A·n-tlm-{X-{h-X-]-cm≥ kzm[ym-b-\n-c-Xm≥ ipNo≥
D]-hm-k-c-Xm≥ Zm¥mw-kvXm≥ tZhm {_m“-Wm≥ hnZpx
£m¥w Zm¥w anX-t{Im[w PnXm-flm\w PntX-{μnbw
Xtah {_m“Ww at\y tijmx iq{Zm CXn kvarXx
...............................................................................................................
\ PmXnx ]qPytX cmP≥ KpWmx Ieym-W-Im-cImx
NWvUm-e-a-]n-hr-Øÿw Xw tZhm {_m“Ww hnZpx”
(KuX-a-kw-ln-Xm)

digitized by [Link]
118 {]mNo-\-a-e-bmfw

C\n-bpw, {_m“-Wh - ¿Æw a\p-jy-cn¬ am{X-a√m tZh-∑m-cnepw

Ds≠-∂p-≈X - n\p ap≥Im-Wn® _rl-Zm-ct- Wym-]\
- n-jZv `mjyw sXfn-
hm-bn-cn-°p-∂p; F∂p-X-s∂-bp-a-√, Hmtcm P¥p-°-tfbpw km[-\-
ß-tf-bpw-]‰n ]d-bp-∂n-S-sØms° Cuam-Xncn h¿Æ-hy-Xymkw
]≠p-]t≠ hyh-ÿm-]n-Xhpw BIp-∂p. DZm-l-c-W-ambn B\,
k¿∏w apX-emb P¥p-°-fnepw cmKw, kzcw apX-em-b-h-bnepw
NmXp¿h¿Wyw tbmPn-∏n®p ImWp-∂p-≠v. {KŸ-hn-kvXc - `
- b
- Ø
- mepw
Cu hI kwK-Xn-Iƒ hmb-\-°m¿°v Zpjv{]m-]-a-√m-bvI-bmepw
ChnsS {]tXyIw hnh-cn-°p-∂n-√.
C{]-Imcw NmXp¿Δ¿Wy-Øns‚ \ne-\n-ev]n\v AXns‚ ASn-
ÿm-\-amb KpW-I¿Ω-hn-`mKw Imc-W-am-I-bm¬ AXn-en-cn-°p-∂-
Xn\v AXmXp h¿Æ-ß-fn-te°p \n›-bn-°-s∏-´n-´p≈ KpW-I¿Ω-
ß-fp-≈-h≥ am{Xta tbmKy-\mhq F∂pw A√m-Ø-h≥ h¿Æ-
Ønse ]nXr-am-Xr-°-fn¬\n∂p P\n-®-h-\m-bmepw B h¿Æ-ß-fn-
en-cn-°m≥ tbmKy-\m-Ib- n-s√∂pw GsX-¶nepw Hcp h¿Æ-Øn¬ P\n-
®-h-\n¬ B h¿Æ-Øn-te°p th≠-Xmb KpW-I¿Ω-ß-fn-√m-Xn-cn-
°bpw a‰p h¿Æ-Øn-te°p X°-Xmb KpW-I¿Ω-ß-fp-≠m-bn-cn-
°bpw sNbvXm¬ bYm-tbmKyw am‰n-sh-°m-sa-∂pw, A{]-Imcw
C∂p-h-tcbpw sNbvXp-h-cp-∂p-s≠∂pw Cßs\ KpW-I¿Ω-ßsf
B{i-bn-®-√msX at‰-Xp-hn-[-am-bmepw Cu \nba-Øn\v ASn-ÿm-
\-an-√m-Xmbn t]mIp-∂-Xp-sIm≠v Imem-¥-c-Øn¬ ap≥]-d™
kIe G¿∏m-Sp-Ifpw \in®p h¿Æ-kmw-Icyw kw`-hn-®p-t]m-Ip-
sa∂pw NmXp¿Δ¿Wy-\n-b-a-Øn-\p-apºv Fß-s\-bn-cp-∂pthm A{]-
Im-cw-Xs∂ (Im-e-t`-Z-sam-gn-®v) Bbn-Øo-cp-sa∂pw kn≤n-°p-∂p.
F∂m¬ Ct∏m-gsØ \S-∏p-apd CXn\v A\p-Iq-e-am-bn-´m-
Ip∂p. AXn-s\-bm-Ip∂p (ap-ºn¬ ]d-b-s∏-´), c≠m-asØ ]ncn-
hmb Ip£n-]q-c-W-a-X-sa∂p ]d-bp-∂-Xv, AXns‚ kz`m-hm-Zn-Isf
ASpØ A≤ym-b-Øn¬ hnh-cn-°p-∂p.

ASn-°p-dn-∏p-Iƒ
1. Bssfl-thZw F∂p ]mdm-¥-cw.
2. [¿Ω-cmPyw F∂ t]cp-Xs∂ km£m¬ [¿Ω-]p-{X¿ Cu ae-bm-f-Øn\p
sImSp-Øn-´p-≈-Xm-sW∂v Hcp sFXn-ly-ap-≠v. ˛ {]. km.

digitized by [Link]
 119

A≤ymbw 10

NmXp¿h¿Wym-`m-khpw
{_m“-W-a-Xhpw
“iq{Zmbmw {_m“-Wm-÷mXx t{ibkmw tN¬ {]Pm-btX
At{i-bmw-Nvt{i-bkow PmXnw K—-Xym-k-]vX-am-Zy-Km¬”
A¿∞w: {_m“-W≥ hnhm-lw-sNbvX iq{Z-kv{Xo-bn¬ P\n®
I\yI {_m“-W-s\-Øs∂ hnhm-lw-sN-bvXn´v Ahƒ°pw ]p{Xn-
Iƒ P\n®v Ahcpw A{]-Imcw Xs∂ Ggp Xe-ap-d-hsc {_m“-W-
s\-Øs∂ hnhmlw sNbvXp-sIm-≠p-h∂ - m¬ Ggm-aXp Xe-ap-db
- n¬
P\n-®-h¿ {_m“-W-Pm-Xn-bm-bn-Øo-cp-∂p.
“iqt{Zm {_m“-W-Xm-taXn {_m“-W-ss›Xn iq{ZXmw
£{Xnbm÷m-Xta-h¥p hnZym-ssZziym XssYh N”
(a-\p-kvar-Xn)
A¿∞w: ta¬]-d-™-{]-Imcw kv{Xok-¥-Xn-h-gn-bn¬ iq{Z-
Ip-e-Øn¬ Ggm-asØ Xe-ap-d-bn¬ {_m“-W\p P\n-®-h≥ {_m“-
W-\m-Ip-∂p. B iq{Z-kv{Xo-bn¬ Xs∂ {_m“-W\p P\n® ]pcp-
j-k¥ - Xn iq{Z-XzsØ {]m]n-°pw. £{Xn-b\v iq{Z-kv{Xo-bn¬ P\n®
kv{Xok-¥Xn £{Xn-bs - \-Øs∂ XpS¿∂v hnhm-lw-sN-bvXp-sIm≠p
h∂m¬ A©m-aXv Xe-ap-d-bn¬ £{Xn-b-XzsØ {]m]n-°p-∂p.
sshiy\p iq{Z-kv{Xo-bn¬ P\n® kv{Xok-¥Xn aq∂p Xe-ap-d-hsc
sshiy-s\-Øs∂ hnhm-lw-sN-bvXp-sIm-≠p-h-∂m¬ sshiy-Xz-
tØbpw {]m]n-°pw.
{_m“-W-Pm-Xn-bn¬ D≈ kv{Xo]p-cp-j-∑m¿ hn[n-{]-Imcw
hnhm-lw-sNbvXv Ah-cn¬\n∂v P\n® ]p{X-]u-{X-]-c-º-c-I-fmbn
hcp-∂-h¿am-{X-amWv {_m“-W-Pm-Xn-Iƒ F∂p ImWp-∂p. Cu A`n-
{]m-b-{]-Im-cw, h¿§-h¿≤-\bv°p PmXn C∂-sX∂p I≠p-]n-Sn-t°-
≠-X-Xym-h-iy-am-I-bm¬ AXn-te-°p≈ am¿§-sa-s¥∂p t\m°mw.

digitized by [Link]
120 {]mNo-\-a-e-bmfw

a\p-jy-cn-ep≈ KpW-I¿Ω-hn-`m-K-ß-sf-s°m≠p I≠p-]n-Sn-°m-sa-

∂p-h-®m¬, {_m“-Ws‚ sXmgn-ens\ sNbvXm¬ iq{Z≥ {_m“-
W-\m-hp-Itbm iq{Zs‚ sXmgn-ens\ sNbvXm¬ {_m“-W≥ iq{Z-
\m-hp-Itbm sNbvI-bn-s√∂p ImWp-∂-ÿn-Xn°pw GXp PmXn-
bnepw GXp I¿Ωhpw hyh-ÿ-Iq-SmsX ImWp-sa-∂p-≈-Xn-\mepw
AXns\ PmXn-e£ - W
- a
- mbn kzoI-cn-®p-Iq-Sm. KpW-I¿Ω-hn-`m-Kß
- sf
Hgn-®m¬ PmXn I≠p-]n-Sn-°p-∂-Xn\v D]-I-cn-°p-∂-Xmbn ]d-bp-∂Xv
cqV(-hm-Z)-sØ-bm-Wv. CXp Xosc ASn-ÿm-\-an-√m-Ø-Xm-sW∂p
apºn¬Øs∂ ÿm]n-®p-I-gn-™n-cn-°p-∂p. C\n, “I]n-em-cp-W-]o-
X-Ir-jvWm”-Zn-I-fmb h¿Æ-ß-sf-s°m≠p PmXn \n¿Æbw sNømw
F∂p hnNm-cn-°p-∂-]£w Ah ]c-kv]chncp-≤-ambpw hyh-ÿ-
bn-√m-sXbpw ImWp-∂X - p-sIm≠v AXn-te°v Xosc D]-Ic - n-°p-∂n√.
]ns∂ PmXn-b-\p-cn®p Zº-Xn-Isf Xnc-s™-Sp-°p-∂-Xn\p as‰mcp
am¿§hpw D≈-Xmbpw tXm∂p-∂n-√.
KpW-I¿Ω-ßsf Hgn®v a‰p bmsXm∂pw PmXn-hn-`m-K-Øn\v
ASn-ÿm-\-ambn h∂p-Iq-Sm-sb∂pw ]mc-º-cy-Øns\ AXn-te°v
ASn-ÿm-\-am°n Iev]n-°p-∂Xp icn-b-s√∂pw D≈-Xn-te°v Nne
{]am-W-ßsf Xmsg tN¿°p-∂p.

1. `mcXw A\p-im-k-\-]¿Δw:
“XtXm {_m“-WXmw bmtXm
hnizm--ant{Xm alm-X]mx
£{Xnbx tkm]yY XYm
{_“-hw-iky ImcIx”
A¿∞w: alm X]-kzn-bmb hnizm-an-{X≥ £{Xn-b-\m-bn-cp-
∂n´pw ]n∂oSp {_m“-W-\m-bn. A√m-tXbpw {_m“-W-hw-i-Øn\p
Imc-W-am-bn.

2. hnjvWp-]p-cmWw 4˛mw Awiw 19-˛mw A≤ymbw

“{]Xn-c-Ym¬ IWz-kvX-kym]n ta[m-Xn-Yn¿-øXx
ImWzm-b-\-ZznPmx _`qhpx”
A¿∞w: £{Xn-b\ - mb {]Xn-cY
- s‚ ]p{X≥ IWz≥, IWzs‚
]p{X≥ ta[m-Xn-Yn, ta[m-Xn-Yn-bn¬\n∂v ImWzm-b\
- {- _m-“W
- ¿ kI-
ecpw D≠m-bn.

digitized by [Link]
NmXp¿h¿Wym-`m-khpw {_m“-W-a-Xhpw 121

“]p{X {]Xn-c-Y-kym-ko¬ IWzx ka-`-h-∂r]x

ta[m-Xn-Yn-kp-X-kvXky bkvam¬ ItWzm-`-h-ZznPx”
A¿∞w: IWz≥ {]Xn-c-Ys‚ ]p{X≥. ta[m-XnYn Ahs‚
]p{X≥; Ah-\n¬\n∂p ImWzm-b-\-{_m-“-W¿ `hn-®p.
“alm-ho-cym-Zp-cp-£-tbm-\ma ]pt{Xm-`q¬ Xky {Xøm˛
cpW-]p-jvI-cnWu I]n› ]p{X-{X-b-a-`q¬ X® {XnX
ba]n ]›m¬ hn{]-Xm-ap-]-P-Kma”
A¿∞w: ‘alm-hn-cy-s\∂ £{Xn-b\v Dcp-£-b-s\∂ ]p{X≥
`hn-®p. Ah\p {Xøm-cp-W≥, ]pjvI-c≥, I]n Cßs\ aq∂p ]p{X-
∑m¿ D≠m-bn-cp-∂p. Cu aq∂p t]cpw ]n∂oSp {_m“-W-cmbn
`hn®p.’

3. `mcXw lcn-hwiw 32-˛mw A≤ymbw

“Znhu-Zm-kky ZmbmZu {_“¿jn¿Ωn-{X-bp¿∂r]x
ssa{Xm-b-W-kvX-Xt m-a-ssa-t{X-bmkvXp XX-kvarXmx”
A¿∞w: “Znhu-Zm-ks
- \-∂h
- s‚ ]p{X≥ an{Xbp F∂ cmPmhv
{_“¿jn-bm-bn. At±-l-Øns‚ ]p{X≥ ssa{Xm-b-W≥. ssa{Xm-
b-Ws‚ ]p{X≥ tkma≥. tkma-\n¬\n∂v ssat{X-b-{_m-“-W-cp-
≠m-bn.”
tIhew £{Xn-b¿ am{Xta {_m“-W-cm-bn-´p≈q F∂p-]-d-
hm≥ ]mSn-√m.1 Xmgv∂-Pm-Xn-°mcpw {_m“Wcm-bn-´p-≠v; kvImμ-
]p-cm-W-Øn¬ tN¿∂ klym-{Zn-JWvUw DØ-cm¿≤-Øn¬ Xmsg
]d-bp-∂-hn[w ImWp-∂p.
“A{_m-“tWy XZm tZti ssIh¿Øm≥ t{]£y `m¿§hx
OnXzm X¬_-fniw IWvtT b⁄-kq-{X-a-I-ev]-b-Xv.”
A¿∞w: ‘{_m“-W-c-ln-X-amb B tZi-Øn¬ `m¿§-h≥
ap°p-h-∑msc I≠v, Ah-cpsS Nq≠sb JWvUn-®p-I-f-™n´v Ib-
dns\ ]qWq-embn [cn-∏n-®p.’
taepw C{]-Imcw Hcp PmXn-bn¬\n∂p thsdmcp PmXn I¿Ωw
\nanØw D≠m-Ip-∂Xp IqSmsX Hcp hwi-Øn¬Xs∂ I¿Ω-Im-c-
W-Øm¬ {_m“-Wm-Zn-bmb \mep PmXn-Ifpw D≠m-Ip∂p F∂p

digitized by [Link]
122 {]mNo-\-a-e-bmfw

ImWp-∂p. CXn\pw At\I {]am-W-߃ `mc-Xw, hnjvWp-]p-cmWw

apX-em-b {KŸ-ß-fn¬ D≠v.

4. hnjvWp-]p-cmWw 4˛mw Awiw 1˛mw A≤ymbw

“Icp-jm¬ Imcpjm alm-_em £{Xnbm _`qhpx”
A¿∞w: ({_m-“-W-\mb sshh-kz-X-a-\p-hns‚ ]p{X-∑m-cn¬
Hcp-h-\m-b) Icp-j-\n¬\n∂v G‰hpw _e-ap≈ Imcp-j-∑m-sc∂
£{Xn-b-cp-≠m-bn.
“\m`mtKm t\Zn-jvS-]p-{XkvXp sshiy-Xm-a-K-a-Xv.”
A¿∞w: ‘B sshh-kz-X-a-\p-hns‚ as‰mcp ]p{X≥ t\Zn-
jvS≥, Ahs‚ ]p{X-\mb \m`m-K≥ sshiy-\mbn `hn-®p.’
“]rj-{UkvXp Kpcp-tKm-h-[m¬ iq{Z-Xz-a-K-a¬”
A¿∞w: ‘B sshh-kz-Xa
- \
- p-hns‚ thsdmcp ]p{X-\mb ]rj-
{U≥ F∂-h≥ Kpcp-hns‚ ]ip-hns\ sIm∂-Xn-\m¬ iq{Z-\mbn
`hn-®p.’

5. hnjvWp-]p-cmWw 4˛mw Awiw 8˛mw A≤ymbw

“iIm-te-i-Kr-’-a-Zm-kv{X-tbm-kym-`-h≥
Kr’-a-Zky iu\-I-›m-Xp¿h¿Wy-{]-h¿Ø-bnXm”
A¿∞w: ‘(kp-\-tlm-{X-\p) Imi≥, tei≥, Kr’-a-Z≥
Cßs\ aq∂p ]p{X-∑m¿. Kr’-aZ- s‚ ]p{X-\mb iu\-I\
- n¬\n∂p
\mep PmXn-I-fp-ap-≠m-bn.’
lcn-hw-i-Øn¬ Cu ‘tei≥’ F∂p≈ \masØ ‘ie≥’
F∂pw, ‘iu\-I≥’ F∂ \masØ ‘ip\-I≥’ F∂pw Fgp-Xn-bn-cn-
°p-∂p.

6. hnjvWp-]p-cmWw 29-˛mw A≤ymbw

“kp\-tlm-{Xky Zmbm-Zm-kv{Xbx ]c-a-[m¿ΩnImx
Imix ie› ZzmthXu XYm Kr’-aZx {]`px”
A¿∞w: ‘kp\-tlm-{X\p Imi≥, ie≥, ‘Kr’-a-Z≥’ F∂p
alm-[¿Ωn-jvT-∑m-cmb aq∂p ]p{X-∑m-cp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p.’

digitized by [Link]
NmXp¿h¿Wym-`m-khpw {_m“-W-a-Xhpw 123

“]pt{Xm Kr’-a-Z-kym]n ip\tIm bky iu\Imx

{_m“-Wm-£-{Xn-bm-ss›h sshiymx iq{Zm-kvX-ssYh N”
A¿∞w: Kr’-a-Zs‚ ]p{X≥ ip\-I≥. Ahs‚ ]p{X-∑m-cmb
iu\-I-∑m¿ {_m“-Wcpw £{Xn-bcpw sshiycpw iq{Zcpw Bbn´p
`hn-®p.

7. hnjvWp-]p-cmWw 29-˛mw A≤ymbw

“`m¿§ky `m¿§-`qan-c-X-›m-Xp-h¿Wy-{]-hrØnx”
A¿∞w: ‘`m¿§-s‚ ]p{X≥ `m¿§-`qanx `m¿§-`q-an-bn¬\n∂pw
\mep h¿Æ-ßfpw D≠m-bn.’

8. `mcXw lcn-hwiw 32-˛mw A≤ymbw

“GtX-jzw-Kn-ckx ]p{Xm PmXm hwtiY `m¿§th
{_m“Wmx £{Xnbmx sshiymx iq{Zm-›-`-c-X¿j`!”
A¿∞w: ‘`rKp-hw-i-tØm-Sp-tN¿∂ AwKn-c- ns‚ ]p{X-∑m¿
{_m“-W-£-{Xn-b-ssh-iy-iq-{Z-cmbn `hn-®p.’

9. `mcXw lcn-hwiw 11-˛mw A≤ymbw

“\m`m-Km-cn-jvS-]p{Xu Zzu sshiyu {_m“-WXmw KXu”
A¿∞w: ‘\m`m-Km-cn-jvS-]p-{X-∑m-cmb c≠p sshiy-∑m¿°p
{_m“Wyw kn≤n-®p.’
sshh-kz-X-a-\p-hns‚ ]u{X-\m-bn-cp∂v sshiy-\mbn `hn®
\m`m-K≥ F∂-h≥ lcn-hw-i-sa∂ {]am-W-Øn¬ \m`m-Km-cn-jvS≥
F∂ kw⁄-bm¬ ]d-bs - ∏-Sp-∂p. t\Zn-jvSs‚ ]p{X-\mb Cu \m`m-
K≥ As√-¶n¬ \m`m-Km-cn-jvS≥ F∂-h≥ \oN-I¿Ω-Øm¬ sshiy-
\mbn `hn-®-Xp-t]m-se-Xs∂ sshiy-∑m-cm-bn-cp∂ Ahs‚ c≠p
]p{X-∑m¿ DØ-a-I¿Ω-Øm¬ {_m“-W-cmbn `hn-®p. CXn-\m¬ Hcp
hwi-°m¿ Hcp-Im-eØp \oN-I¿Ω-Øm¬ \oN-Pm-Xn-I-fmbn `hn®p
F¶nepw adp-]S- nbpw B hwi-°m¿Xs∂ DØ-aI - ¿Ω-Øm¬ Db¿∂
PmXn-°m-cm-Imsa∂p kn≤n-°p-∂p. CXp-hsc FSp-Øp-Im-Wn®
im_vZ-{]-am-W-ß-fm¬ ]q¿Δn-I-∑m¿ \nb-an® PmXn°p ImcWw

digitized by [Link]
124 {]mNo-\-a-e-bmfw

I¿Ω-a-√msX P∑-sa∂p hcp-∂n√ F∂p-≈Xp \njv]-£-]m-Xn-I-

fmb F√mt]¿°pw \n›-b-am-Ip-sa∂p hnNm-cn-°p-∂p.
C\n CXn-te°v thZ-Øn¬\n∂pw Nne {]am-W-ßsf D≤-cn-
°p-∂p.

10. Iujo-X-In-{_m-“Ww
“am≤yamx kc-kzXymw k{X-am-k-X. X≤m-]n -I-h-tjm-at≤y
\nj-km-Z. Xw tla Dt]m-Zp¿±mkym sshXzw ]pt{Xmkn ˛ \ hbw
Xzbm kl `£-bn-jyma CXnkx {Ip≤x {]{Z-h-’c-kz-Xo-ta-tX\
kqt‡\ XpjvSm-h. Xw tlb-a-t\z-bm-bmX Dtl ta \ncmKm Ch
ta\n-tc. Xw lm\zm-hr-tXymNpx Etj \akvtX AkvXp-am-t\m-
lnwko kvXzw ssh\x t{ijvtTmkn bw tXzb-at\z \oXn. Xw l
b⁄-]-bmw-N{Ip kvXkyl t{Im[w hn\n\ypx (k Gj Ih-j-
sskyj aln-am-kq-‡ky Nm\p-th-Zn-Xm-.)”
A¿∞w: \Sp-h(-a-≤y-a)-sc∂p hnfn-°-s∏-Sp∂ (B-iz-em-b-\-
kq-‡w-˛2-˛4) Kr’-a-Z, hnizm-an-{X, hma-tZ-h, A{Xn, `c-Zzm-P,
hknjvT al¿jn-am¿ kc-kz-Xo-Xo-cØv (H-cn-°¬) Hcp k{Xw \S-
Øn. Ah-cpsS CS-bn¬ At∏mƒ ‘Ih-j≥’ Ibdn Ccp-∂p. At±-
lsØ Ch¿ \o ASn-a-s∏¨]n≈ (Zm-ko-]p-{X≥) BIp∂p F∂n-
ßs\ iIm-cn-®p. At±lw tIm]n®p kc-kz-Xnsb ta¬ ]d™
({]-tZ-h-t{X-Xn) kq‡w-sIm≠p kvXpXn-®p. At∏mƒ tZhn At±-
lsØ Nqgv∂p (Iq-Sn) hcn-I-bm¬ Ah¿, At±lw \njvI-∑-j-s\-
∂p- h ®v ASpØp- s N∂v “A√tbm Etj! a{¥- { Z- j v S mth!
Atßbv°p \a-kvImcw; R߃°p t{Zmlw sNø-cptX! bmsXmcp
Asß Cu tZhn A\p-{K-ln-®p-h-∂pthm AXn-\m¬ Aßp Rß-
fn¬ t{ijvT-\m-Ip-∂p.” F∂n-ßs\ ]d™v Ah¿ At±-lsØ
b⁄-Im-cy-Z¿in-bm-°n-sNbvXv At±-l-Øns‚ tIm]-a-S-°n. (Cu
kq‡sØ D≠m-°nb (I-≠p-]n-Sn-®) Bsf-∂X - mWv Ct±-lØ
- ns‚
aln-a) Iujo-X-In-{_m-“-W-Øn¬ ImWn-®-Xp-t]mse sFX-tc-b-
{_m-“-W-Ønepw Zmko-]p-{X-\mb Cu Ih-js‚ IY-bp-≠v.

11. Iujo-X-In-{_m-“-Ww-˛-Zzn-Xo-b-]-©n-Im-˛-
Xr-Xo-bm-≤ymbx
“Ejtbm ssh kc-kzXymw k{X-am-kX - ˛- tX Ih-js
- sa-eqjw
tkmam-Z-\-b≥-˛-Zmkymx ]p{Xx InXthm {_m“Wx IYw t\m at≤y

digitized by [Link]
NmXp¿h¿Wym-`m-khpw {_m“-W-a-Xhpw 125

Zo£n-jvtS-Xn. Xw _ln¿≤t\zmZ hl-∂-ss{X\w ]n]mkm l¥p,

kc-kz-tXym-ZIw am ]mZnXn k _ln¿≤-t\ym`q Cl ]n]m-kbm
hnØ GX-Z-t]m-\-]v{Xo-b-a-]-iy-Xv. {]tZ-h-{Xn-{_m-“tW KmXp-tc-
Xzn-Xn.”
A¿∞w: ({]-kn-≤n-s]-‰) Ejn-am¿ kc-kz-Xo-Xo-c-Øp≈ Hcp
k{Xw Bcw-`n-®n-cp-∂-Xn¬ \n∂pw Ceq-j-]p-{X-\mb ‘Ih-j’s\
‘Zmko-]p-{X\pw [q¿Ø\pw A{_m-lvW-\p(-iq-{Z-\p)-amb Ch≥
Fßs\ \ΩpsS CS-bn¬ Ccp∂v b⁄-Ir-Xy-a¿ln°pw’ F∂p
]d™p ]pdw-X-f-fn At±-lsØ Hcp Duj-c-`q-an-bn-em°n kc-kz-
Xn-bnse sh≈w IpSn-°msX (Zmlw Chs\ sIm√-s´) acn-°-W-
sa∂p \n›n-bn-®p. At±lw Cßs\ (\n¿÷-e) acp-`q-an-bn-em-°-
s∏´v ZmlwsIm≠p he-™-t∏mƒ ‘Bt]m-\-]v{Xnbw’ F∂p
a{¥sØ Z¿in®p (I-≠p-]n-Sn-®p).
12. C\nbpw thZ-Øn¬ ‘I£o-hm≥’ F∂ Hcp _lp-am-\y-
\mb iq{Z-kv{Xo-]p-{Xs‚ IY ]d-bp-∂p-≠v.
“tkma-]m-\- z-cWw IrWpln {_“-W-kv]tX I£o-h¥w
b HuinPx”
A¿∞w: A√tbm {_“- W - k v ] tX! Cu tkma- ] m\w
sNøp∂ Fs∂ bmh-s\m-cp-Øt\m ‘DinIv’ F∂-h-fpsS ]p{X≥
B ‘I£o-hm-s\’-t∏mse {]Im-i-ap-≈-h-\m-°n-s®-bvXm-epw.
iq{Z\p hnZybv°pw thZm-≤y-b\w apX-em-b-hbv°pw A[n-
Im-c-an-s√-∂mWv {_m“-W-cpsS hmZw. CXn-te-bv°m-bn´v thZ-th-
Zmw-K-ß-fn-ep≈ ]e {]am-W-߃°pw Ah¿ ]q¿-h-]-£w-sNbvXp
Ir{Xn-am¿∞-߃ Iev]n-°m≥ {ian-®n-´p≠v. Cu hnj-b-Øn¬
Ah¿°v H´p-h-fsc _p≤n-ap-´n\v CS-bm-°o-´p-≈Xpw Ct∏mgpw apgp-
h≥ ÿnc-s∏-SmsX InS-°p-∂Xpw Bb Hcp hnj-b-amWv Omtμm-
tKym-]-\n-j-Ønse Pm\-{ip-Xyp-]m-Jym-\w. AXns‚ kwK-Xn-kmcw
Xmsg tN¿°p-∂p.
‘Pm\-{ipXn’ As√-¶n¬ ‘]u{Xm-b-W≥’ F∂ {]`p Xs‚
amfn-Ib
- n¬ Dd-ßn-°n-S∂
- n-cp-∂p. At∏mƒ aq∂p lwk-߃ AhnsS
]d-∂p-]-‰n. AXn¬ Hcp-h≥ ‘Cu Pm\-{ip-Xn-Xs∂ alm-tI-a≥’
F∂n-ßs\ ]d-™p. AXp-tI´v as‰m-cp-h≥ ‘sl! F¥p-]-d™p?
hnZym-hn-lo-\-\mb Ch-\mtWm tIa≥? h≠n-tbm-Sp-Iq-Snb ‘cbn-

digitized by [Link]
126 {]mNo-\-a-e-bmfw

Iz’s\ tIa-s\∂p ]d-b-Ww’ F∂v A]-l-kn-®p. Cu A\m-Z-c-

hmIyw tI´v Pm\-{ipXn Xs‚ Ipdhp Xo¿∏m≥ GXm\pw kz¿Æhpw
]ip-°fpw a‰pw-sIm≠v cbn-Izs‚ ASp-°¬sN∂v X\n°p {_“-
hnZy D]-tZ-in-°W
- s- a∂v At]-£n-®p. ‘IjvSw! IjvSw! FSm! iq{Zm!
\ns‚ ]ip-°ƒ \n\-°p-Xs∂ Ccn-°s´’ F∂v At±lw \nc-kn®p.
Pm\-{ipXn Xncn-®p-h∂v Xs‚ ]p{Xnbpw kpμ-cnbpw Bb Hcp I\y-
I-tbbpw Bbncw ]ip-°t- fbpw GXm\pw cY-tØbpw a‰pw sIm≠v
cbn-Izs‚ ASp-°¬ ho≠pw sN∂p. Ahsb kzoI-cn-®p-sIm≠v
At±lw Pm\-{ip-Xn°p {_“-hn-Zysb D]-tZ-in-®p.’
CXns‚ aqew Xmsg tN¿°p-∂p.

(km-a-thZw ˛ OmtμmKy D]-\n-j-Øv)

(4˛mw {]]m-Tw, kwh¿§-hn-Zy, Pm\-{ip-Xyp-]m-Jym-\w)
1
XZql Pm\-{ipXnx ]u{Xm-bW jSvi-Xm-\n-Khmw \njvI-a-
iz-X-co-cYw XZm-Zmb {]Xn-N-{Ita XKpw-lm-`yp-hm-Z.
2
cbn-tIz-am\n jSvi-Xm\n Khm-abw \njvtI-b-a-iz-X-co-c-tYm-
\pa GXmw `Kthm tZh-Xm-wKpw-im-[nbmw tZh-Xm-ap-]mkva CXn.
3
Xap-l-]cx {]Xyp-hmN l lmtc Xzm iq{Z Xssh hkl
tKm`n-c-kvXznXn XZpl ]p\-tch Pm\-{ipXnx ]u{Xm-bW kl{kw
Khmw \njvI-a-iz-X-co-cYw Zpln-Xcw XZm-Zmb {]Xn-N-{I-ta.
4
XKpw-lm-`yp-hmZ cbn-tIz-ZKpw kl{kw Khm-abw \njvtIm-
b-a-iz-Xco cY Cbw Pmbmbw {Kmtam-b-kvan-∂m-t -t∂z-h-am-`-Khx
im[o-Xn.
5
Xky lap-J-a-t]m-ZvKr-lvW-∂p-hmNm Plmtc amw iq{Zm-t\-
ss\h aptJ-\m-em-]-bn-jyYm CXn tX ssltX cbnIz ]¿Æm-\m-
a-a-lm-hr-tj-jpb-{Xmkvam Dhm-k-Xkvssa tlmhm-N.

digitized by [Link]
NmXp¿h¿Wym-`m-khpw {_m“-W-a-Xhpw 127

12. {_“-kq-{Xhpw i¶-c-`m-jyhpw

ta¬ ImWn® thZ-`m-K-ß-fnse iq{Z-i-_vZ-Øn\v Ir{Xn-
am¿∞w sNbvX kq{X-ßfpw Ah-bpsS `mjy-ßf- psS A¿∞-ßfpw
ASn-bn¬ tN¿°p-∂p. (`m-jy-߃°v A\p-_‘w t\m°pI 2)
kq{Xw: ipKky XZ-\m-Z-c-{i-h-Wm-Ø-Zm-{Z-h-Wm¬ kqNytX
ln. 34
`mjym¿∞w: a\p-jy¿°v hnZym-[n-Im-c-ap-s≠∂v kn≤m-¥n-
®pw-h®v GXp-{]-Imcw tZh-∑m¿°pw hn[n-°-s∏-´pthm A{]-Imcw
iq{Z\pw hnZym-[n-Im-ca
- p-s≠∂ i¶sb \nhr-Øn-°m-\mWv Cu A[n-
I-cWw Bcw-`n-°-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv.
iq{Z\p hnZy-bn-e-[n-Im-c-ap-≠v. iq{Z\p bmK-Øn¬ A[n-Im-c-
an-s√∂p \ntj-[n-°-s∏-´-Xp-t]mse hnZy-bnepw \ntj-[n-°-s∏-´-
Xmbn tIƒ°p-∂n-√. iq{Z\v (A-\-·n-Xzw) bmKm-·n-bpsS C√m-bva-
bp-≠v. Cu ‘A\-·nXzw’ X\n°p I¿Ω-ß-fn¬ A[n-Im-c-an-s√-
∂p≈Xn\p Imc-W-am-Ip-sa-∂-√msX AXv hnZym-[n-Im-c-\n-tj-[-
Øn\pw Imc-W-am-Ip-∂n-√. Blh-\o-bm-Zn-bmb bmKm-·n-bn-√m-Ø-
h\v hnZysb {Kln-∏m≥ Ign-bp-∂-X-s√-∂p-an-√. hnZy-bn¬ iq{Zm-[n-
Im-csØ {]_-eo-I-cn-°p-∂-Xn\v kwh¿§-hn-Zy-bn¬ Pm\-{ip-Xn-bm-
bn-cn-°p∂ ]u{Xm-bW - ≥, thZ-{i-hW- Ø- n\v C—n-®t- ∏mƒ cbn-Izs‚
kwt_m-[-\-hm-Iy-Øn¬ {]tbm-Kn-°-s∏´ iq{Z-i_vZw ]cm-a¿i-I-
am-bn-cn-°p-∂p. AXm-bXv ‘IjvSw IjvSw IjvSw FSm iq{Zm, \ns‚
]ip-°ƒ \n\-°p-Xs∂ `hn-°s´’ F∂m-Wv. hnZp-cm-Zn-Iƒ iq{Z-
tbm-\n-bn¬ P\n-®-h-cm-bn-cp-∂n´pw hnin-jvS-hn-⁄m-\-k-º-Øn-bp-
≈-h-cm-bn-cp∂p F∂p kvacn-®n-´p-ap-≠v, Cu Imc-W-ß-fm¬ iq{Z\v
hnZym-[n-Im-c-ap-s≠-∂p-s≠-¶n¬ \man-{]-Imcw ]d-bp-∂p. Fß-s\-
sb-∂m¬, iq{Z\v thZm-[n-Im-c-an-√m-Ø-Xn-\m¬ hnZy-bn-ep-a-[n-Im-c-
an-√. thZw ]Tn-®-h\p am{Xta thZm¿∞-ß-fn-ep-a-[n-Im-c-ap-≠m-hq.
iq{Z\v thZm-≤y-b-\-an-√-t√m. Fs¥-∂m¬ thZm-≤y-b-\-Øn\v D]-
\-b-\-kw-kvImcw Ign-™mse hn[n-bp-≈q. D]-\-b-\tam (Zzn-Pm-Zn-
Iƒ) {_“-£-{X, sshiy-∑m¿°p am{Xta hn[n-®n-´p-≈p. (km-
a¿∞yw) i‡n-bn-√m-Xn-cn-°p-tºmƒ hnZy-bn¬ At]-£-bp-s≠-∂p-
≈-Xp-am{Xw A[n-Im-c-Im-c-W-ambn Xocp-∂n-√. imkv{Xo-b-Im-cy-
Øn¬ imkv{Xo-ba - m-bn-cn-°p∂ kma¿∞yw hnZym-[n-Im-cØ - n\p aXn-
bm-hp-∂pan-√. iq{Z\v thZm-≤yb\w \njn-≤-am-I-bm¬ X’w-_-‘n-

digitized by [Link]
128 {]mNo-\-a-e-bmfw

\n-bmb i‡nbpw \ncm-I-cn-°-s∏-´n-cn-°-bm-Wt√m? \ymb-Øn\p

km[m-c-W-Xz-ap-≈-Xm-I-bm¬ GXp \ymb-Øm¬ iq{Z\v bmK-Øn-
ep-a[
- n-Im-ca
- n-√tbm? AXp-Xs∂ hnZy-bv°p-a[
- n-Im-ca
- n-s√-∂p-ff
- X
- ns\
kqNn-∏n-°p-∂p.
kwh¿§-hn-Zy-bn¬ iq{Z-i_vZw tIƒ°-s∏-Sp-I-bm¬ iq{Z\pw
hnZym-[n-Im-ca
- p-s≠∂p hnNm-cn-°b- m-sW-¶n¬ \ymb-hn-cp-≤a - m-Ib- m¬
AXpw Imc-W-am-Ip-∂n-√. Fs¥-∂m¬ \ymb-h-N-\-Øn\v enwK-
Z¿i\w tZymX-I-am-Ip-∂p. ChnsS \ymb-ap-≠m-Ip-∂p-an-√. Cu iq{Z-
i_vZw kwh¿§-hn-Zy-bn¬ Ccn-°b - m¬ B hnZy-sbm-∂n¬ Ccn-°p∂
iq{Zs\ am{Xta A[n-I-cn-°p-∂p-≈q. ‘kwh¿§-hnZy’ A¿∞-hm-Z-
L-´-Øn-em-I-bm¬ Cu iq{Z-i_vZw X\n°p a‰p≈ hnZy-I-fn¬
Hcn-SØpw A[n-Im-ca - p-≠m-°p-∂X- n\p {ian-°p-∂n-√. Cu iq{Z-i_vZw
A[n-Im-c-hn-j-b-Øn¬ am{Xta D]-tbm-Kn°q F∂p-f-f-sX-ß-s\-
bm-sW-∂p-s≠-¶n¬ ]dbmw: “FSm, hnZym-lo-\-\m-bn-cp-∂n´pw (H-
cp-Ø-s\) Cu Pm\-{ip-Xnsb h≠n-tbm-Sp-Iq-Sn-bn-cn-°p∂ sscIz-
t\mSp kZr-i-\m-°n-∏-d-bpt∂m?” F∂ lwk-hm-Iy-Øm¬ Xs‚
A\m-Z-csØ {ipXhm-\m-bn-cn-°p∂ B Pm-\-{ip-Xn-sb∂ ]u{Xm-
b-W\v ZpxJ-ap-≠m-bn. CXns\ Ejn-bm-bn-cn-°p∂ sscIz≥ iq{Z-i-
_vZw-sIm≠v kqNn-∏n-®-Xv, PmXn-»q-{Z\v hnZym-[n-Im-c-an-√m-gn-I-bm¬
Xs‚ ]tcm-£⁄ - m-\sØ Adn-bn-°p-∂X - n-\m-bn-´m-sW∂p tXm∂p-
∂p, X\n°v (ip-Iv)-tim-I-ap-≠m-sb∂p iq{Z-i-_vZw-sIm≠p kqNn-
°-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. (F-ß-s\-sb-∂m¬) ip°ns‚ B{Z-hWw tlXp-hm-
bn´pw, ip°ns\ A`n-{Z-hn-°-bm-epw, ip°n-\m¬ A`n-{Z-hn-°-s∏-s´-
∂v, ipt°m-Sp-IqSn sscIzs\ A`n-{Z-hn-s®-∂pw, iq{Z-i-_vZ-Øn\v
Ah-b-hm¿∞-ap-≈-Xm-I-bmepw cqVm¿∞-an-√m-gn-I-bm-ep-am-Ip-∂p.
F∂m¬ Cu A¿∞w Cu Pm\-{ip-Xyp-]m-Jym-\-Øn¬ ImW-s∏-Sp-
∂p-ap-≠v.
kq{Xw: £{Xn-b-Xz-K-tX-t›mØ-c{X
ssN{X-c-tY\ enwKm¬ 35
`mjym¿∞w: CXp-tl-Xp-hm-bn´pw Pm\-{ipXn PmXn-iq-{Z-\-√.
bmsXm-∂ns‚ ImcWw {]I-c-WsØ \ncq-]n-°-bm¬ kv]jvS-am-
Ip-∂p. Fß-s\-sb-∂m¬ Cu Pm\-{ip-Xn°v kwh¿§-hn-Zy-bpsS
DØ-c-`m-K-Øn¬ ssN{X-c-Y-\mbn A`n-{]-Xm-cn-bm-bn-cn-°p∂ £{Xn-
b-t\m-Sp≈ ka-`n-lmcw (Iq-´n-t®¿Øp ]d-I) F∂Xp tlXp-hm¬

digitized by [Link]
NmXp¿h¿Wym-`m-khpw {_m“-W-a-Xhpw 129

£{Xn-bXzw t_m≤y-s∏-Sp-∂p. kwh¿§-hn-Zym-hm-Iy-ti-j-Øn-emWv

ssN{X-c-Yn-bm-bn-cn-°p∂ A`n-{]Xm-cn-sb∂ £{Xn-b≥ Io¿Øn-°-
s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. AXm-bXv A\-¥cw kqX-\m¬ ]cn-hn-jy-am-W-∑m-cmbn
(hn-fw-_s-- ∏-Sp-∂-h-cm-bn) iu\-I-\m-bn-cn-°p∂ Im£-tk-\n-tbbpw
{_“-Nmcn `n£n®p F∂m-Wv. A`n-{]-Xmcn X\n°p Imt]-bt- bmKw
tlXp-hm-bn´v (ssN-{X-c-Yn-Xz) Nn{X-c-Ys‚ hwi-Øn-ep-≈-h-\m-sW-
∂p-≈Xpw kv]jvS-am-Ip-∂p. Fs¥-∂m¬ “CXp-sIm-≠mWv ssN{X-
c-Ys\ Imt]-b-∑m¿ bPn-∏n-®-Xv,” F∂ thZ-hm-Iy-Øm¬ ssN{X-
c-Y\p Imt]-b-tbm-K-ap-s≠∂pw Adn-b-s∏-´p. Xpey-hw-i-∑m¿°p
an°-hmdpw Xpey-hw-i-∑m¿ am{Xta bmP-I-∑m-cm-Ip-∂p-≈q. AXp
tlXp-hm-bn´v ssN{X-c-Yn-sb∂p {]kn-≤-\mb Hcp £{X-]-Xn-bp-
≠mbn F∂pw thZ-hm-Iy-Øn¬ £{X-]-Xn-sb∂p t_m[n-°-bm¬
ssN{X-c-Yn°p £{Xn-b-Xz-ap-s≠∂pw kv]jvS-am-Ip-∂p. £{Xn-b-
\m-bn-cn-°p∂ B A`n-{]-Xm-cn-tbm-Sp-IqSn Pm\-{ip-Xn°p Xpey-bm-
bn-cn-°p∂ hnZym-hn-j-b-Øn¬ k¶o¿Ø\w `hn-°-bm¬ X\n°pw
£{Xn-b-Xz-ap-s≠∂p kqNn-°p-∂p. Xpey-∑msc am{Xta an°-hmdpw
Iq´n-t®¿Øp ]d-I-bp-≈q. kqXs\ Ab-bv°pI apX-emb sFiz-
cy-tbm-K-an-cn-°-bmepw Pm\-{ip-Xn°pw £{Xn-b-Xz-ap-s≠∂p shfn-
hm-Ip-∂p. CXp tlXp-hm-bn´pw PmXn-iq-{Z\v hnZym-[n-Im-can-√.
kq{Xw: kwkvIm-c-]-cm-a¿im-Ø-Z-`m-hm-`n-em-]m-®. 36
`mjym¿∞w: CXp tlXp-hm-bn´pw iq{Z\v hnZy-bv°v, A[n-
Im-c-an-√.
Fs¥-∂m¬ hnZym-{]-tZ-i-ß-fn¬ D]-\-b-\m-Zn-bm-bn-cn-°p∂
kwkvIm-c-߃ Bh-iy-am-sW∂p ]cm-a¿in-°-s∏-Sp-∂p, “Ahs\
D]-\-bn-∏n®p `K-hms\! ]Tn-∏n-°tW!” F∂p ]d-™pw-sIm≠v D]-
km-Zn®p F∂pw thZ-]m-cK∑m-cmbpw kKp-W-{_-“-\n-jvT-∑m-cm-
bpap≈ `c-Zzm-Pm-Zn-Iƒ {_“sØ Xnc™v Cu ]n∏-em-Z≥ F√mw
]d-bp-sa∂p \n›-bn®v Ah¿ Iøn¬ Na-Xbpw h®p-sIm≠v `K-hm-
\m-bn-cn-°p∂ ]n∏-em-Zs\ {]m]n®p” F∂pw “Ahsc D]-\-bn-∏n-
°msX” F∂pw tIƒ°pIbm¬ thZm-≤y-b-\-Øn\v D]-\-b-\-
{]m]vXn ImWn-°s - ∏-´X - ∂-bn-cn-°p-∂p. “iq{Z≥ \mem-asØ
- m-bn-Øs
h¿Æhpw GI-Pm-Xnbpw” F∂v kvacn-®n-cn-°b - mepw iq{Z-¶¬ ]m]w
Aev]hpw C√m-Ø-Xn-\m¬ Ah\v kwkvImcw Bh-iy-an-s√∂p
]d-I-bmepw iq{Z\v kwkvIm-c-an-s√∂p ]d-b-s∏-Sp-∂p.

digitized by [Link]
130 {]mNo-\-a-e-bmfw

kq{Xw: XZ`m-h-\n¿≤m-ctW N {]hrtØx

`mjym¿∞w: CXp tlXp-hm-bn´pw iq{Z\v hnZy-bn-e-[n-Im-c-
an√. Fs¥-∂m¬, kXy-h-N-\-Øm¬ Xm≥ iq{Z-\-s√∂v Dd-∏m-°n-
b-Xns‚ tijta Pm_m-es\ KuX-a≥ D]-\b - n-∏n-°p-∂X
- n\pw A`y-
kn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn\pw {ian-®n-´p-≈p. CXns\ hnth-Nn®p ]d-bp-∂-Xn\v
{_m“-W\ - √
- m-Øh
- ≥ tbmKy-\m-Ip-∂n-√. A√tbm kuay! \o sN∂v
Na-X-sb-s°m-≠p-hm, \ns∂ D]-\-bn-∏n-°mw. \o kXy-Øn¬\n∂pw
sX‰n-bn√ F∂ thZ-hmIyw (enw-K)-Im-c-W-am-Ip-∂p.
kq{Xw: {ihWm≤yb-\m¿∞-{]-Xn-tj-[m¬ kvartX-›. 38
`mjym¿∞w: CXp tlXp-hm-bn´pw iq{Z∂v hnZy-bn¬ A[n-
Im-ca
- n-√, Fs¥-∂m¬ kvarXn-{]-am-WØ - m¬ iq{Z∂v {ih-WØ - n\pw
A≤y-b-\-Øn\pw {]Xn-tj[w ImWp-I-bm¬ thZ-{i-h-W-{]-Xn-tj-
[hpw thZm-≤y-b-\-{]-Xn-tj-[hpw thZm¿∞-⁄m-\-{]-Xn-tj-[hpw
thZm-\p-jvTm-\-{]-Xn-tj-[hpw kvacn-°-s∏-Sp-∂p. {ih-W-{]-Xn-tj[w
]d-b-s∏-´Xv Fß-s\-sb-∂m¬, “Ch≥ thZsØ tIƒ°p-I-bm¬
Cubhpw sagp-Ip-ap-cp-°n-sbm-gn®v Chs‚ sNhn-Isf \nd-bv°pI”
F∂pw, ]Zyp2 lth, XymZn-hm-Iy-Øm¬ iq{Z-k-ao-]-Øn¬h®p
A≤y-b\w sNø-cp-sX∂v tIƒ°p-Ib - m¬ kao-]Ø - n¬h®pt]mepw
hn[n-b√ - mØ thZm-≤y-b\w X\n°v Atijw ]mSn-s√∂pw kv]jvS-
am-Ip-∂p. ‘A{X-bp-a√m iq{Z≥ thZ-ap-®-cn-®m¬ \m°p I≠n-°-W-
sa-∂pw, [cn-®m¬ ico-csØ sh´n-∏n-f¿°-W-sa-∂p’-an-cn-°-bm¬,
thZm¿∞-⁄m-\-Øn\pw XZ\p-jvTm-\-Øn\pw ]mSn-s√∂v kn≤-am-
Ip-∂p. ‘iq{Z\v ⁄m\sØ sImSp-°c - p-sX∂pw’ A≤yb\w, bmKw,
Zm\w CXp-Iƒ ZznPm-Xn-Iƒ°m-sW∂pw thZ-{]-am-Whpw ImWp-∂p.
]q¿Δ-P-∑-Øn¬ sNø-s∏´ kwkvIm-c-{]m-]vXn-bm¬ hnZp-c≥, [¿Ω-
hym-[≥ XpS-ßnb iq{Z¿°v ⁄mt\m-ev]-Øn-bp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p-sh-
¶nepw ⁄m\-Øn\v sFIm-¥n-I-^-e-Xz-ap-≈-Xn-\mepw CXn-lm-k-
]p-cm-W-ßsf NmXp¿h¿Æy-ßsf {ihn-∏n-°-W-sa∂ tlXp-hmepw
Ah¿°v ^e-{]m-]vXnsb {]Xn-_-‘n-∏n-°m≥ Ign-bp-∂-X-√. BI-
bm¬ thZ-]q¿Δ-I-am-bn-cn-°p∂ hnZym-[n-Imcw iq{Z\v hnln-X-a-s√-
∂n-cn-°p-∂p.”
Pm\-{ipXn cbn-Izs‚ ASp-°¬sN∂v D]-tZiw thW-sa∂v
At]-£n-°p-Ibpw cbn-Iz≥ “IjvSw! IjvSw! iq{Z-\mb \n\°p
]d-™p-X-cn-I-bn√m; \ns‚ {Zhyw \oXs∂ FSptØm” F∂v Dt]-

digitized by [Link]
NmXp¿h¿Wym-`m-khpw {_m“-W-a-Xhpw 131

£n®p ]d-bp-Ibpw sNbvXp. iq{Z\p hnZym-[n-Im-c-an-√, Ahs\

bmsXm∂pw ]Tn-∏n-®p-t]m-I-cpXv F∂p≈ \nbaw {]_-e-ambn \S-
∂p-h-cp∂ Ime-Øm-I-bm¬, Cu hm°p-tI´p-Iq-Sp-tºmƒ, “Hmtlm
Fs∂ cbn-Iz≥ iq{Z-s\∂p sX‰n-≤-cn-®p-t]mbn; AXp-sIm-≠mWv
C{]- I mcw ]d- ™ p- \ n- t j- [ n- ® - X v . ” F∂p Pm\- { ip- X n°p \√-
Xn≥hÆw a\- n-em-bn-cn-°pw. Xm≥ iq{Z-\-√m-bn-cp∂p F¶n¬ (s]-
s´-∂v) “Atøm Rm≥ iq{Z-\-s√, C∂ PmXn-°m-c-\msW” F∂v
DS≥ ]d-bp-am-bn-cp-∂p. A{]-Imcw bmsXm∂pw sNøm-ØX - p-sIm≠p
Pm\-{ipXn PmXn iq{Z-\m-sW∂pw X∂n-anØw iq{Z-i_ - vZØ
- n\v Ah-
b-hm¿∞-an-s√∂pw hcp-∂p.
A√m-sXbpw, Cu Pm\-{ip-Xyp-]m-Jym\w tI´m¬ km[m-cW
hnZzm-∑m¿t]mepw Cu iq{Z-i-_vZ-Øn\v PmXn-iq-{Z-X-sb-Øs∂
A¿∞-ambn {Kln-∏ms\ CSbp-f-fp. Aß-s\-Xs∂ [cn-®p-an-cn-°p-
sa∂p Icp-Xn-bm-Wv kq{X`m-jy-Im-c-∑m¿ Bb-Xns\ ad-bv°p-∂-
Xn\p a\x-]q¿Δw ]q¿Δ-]£w sNbvXp \ntj-[n-®pw-h®p thsd {]Im-
c-Øn¬ kn≤m-¥n®v hfsc Hs° _≤-s∏´p ]cm-{I-a-ßsf ImWn-
®n-cn-°p-∂X
- v; CXns\ Btem-Nn-°p-tºm-ƒ C{]-Imcw Hcp kn≤m¥w
sNbvXn-s√-¶n¬ Pm\-{ip-Xn°v F√m-t]cpw PmXn-iq-{Z-X-sb-Øs∂
\n›-bn-®p-If - b
- p-sa∂p `mjy-I¿Ømhpw \ncq-]n-®n-´p-≈X
- mbn sXfn-
bp∂p; Pm\-{ipXn cbn-Izs‚ hm°v tI´p-Iq-Sp-tºmƒ AXns‚
km[m-cW A¿∞-amb PmXn-iq-{Z-X-sb-Ø-s∂-bmWv a\- n-em-°n-
bXv F∂v CXp-sIm≠pw \n›-bn-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.
AX-√, cbn-Iz≥ B¥-c-am-bn-°-cp-Xnb Ah-b-hm¿∞sØ
Xm≥ Adn-™-Xp-sIm-≠m-bn-cp∂p an≠msX t]mb-sX-¶n¬ “hnZym-
hn-lo-\-\mb Hcp-hs\” F∂p ]d-™-Xp-tI´p hyk-\n®v AXns\
]cn-l-cn-∏m≥ t\m°nb Pm\-{ip-Xn°p cbn-Izs‚ at\m-K-X-tØbpw
iq{Z-i-_vZ-Øn\v Akm-[m-c-W-ambn sIm≠p-h∂ Ah-b-hm¿∞-
tØbpw Adn-bp-∂-Xn-\p-X-°-Xmb ]tcm£⁄m\hpw i_vZm¿∞
imkv{X-]m-WvUn-Xyhpw D≠m-bn-cn-∏m\pw CS-bn-√. Bb-Xn-\m¬
AXpw tNcp-Ib - n-√. Cu \ymb-ßf
- m¬ Pm\-{ipXn PmXn-iq-{Z-s\∂pw
Ah-b-hm¿∞w hrYm-I-ev]n-X-sa∂pw sXfn-bp-∂p.
]ns∂-bpw, Ah-b-hm¿∞w kzoI-cn-°p-∂-]£w Pm\-{ipXn
PmXn-iq-{Z-\√ £{Xn-b-\m-sW∂pw At∏mƒ thZm-≤y-b-\-Øn\v
A\¿l-\-s√∂pw hc-Ww. B ÿnXn°v t\sc D]-tZ-in-®p-sIm-Sp-

digitized by [Link]
132 {]mNo-\-a-e-bmfw

°msX “IjvSw IjvSw....” F∂p-]d - ™p \ntj-[n-®Xv DNn-Xa - mtbm?

AXn-{i-≤t- bm-Sp-IqSn hyk-\n®p hcp-∂h - \v D]-tZ-in-°c
- p-sX∂v h√
\ntj-[-hp-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂n-´m-sW-¶n¬ AXp {]am-W-hn-cp-≤-am-Ip-∂p;
D]-tZ-in-°s - ∏-´m-e√
- msX hn´p-t]m-Im-ØXpw BZyw D]-tZ-in-°msX
Dt]-£n-∏m≥ Imc-W-sa∂p ImW-s∏-Sp-∂-Xp-amb hyk-\-tØm-Sp-
IqSn Ccn-°-th-Xs∂ c≠m-aXv D]-tZ-in-®p-an-cn-°p∂p; C{]-Imcw
hcp- ∂ - h ≥ BIp∂p D]- t Z- i n- ° - s ∏- S m≥ ]m{X- s a- ∂ p- ≈ Xv
“hnZymbmw hyk\w” apX-emb {]am-W-߃°pw bp‡y-\p-`-h-
߃°pw A\p-k-c-W-am-bpan-cn-°p-∂p.
Pm\-{ip-Xn-bpsS ]cn-]m-I-Xsb ]co-£n-∏m-\m-bn-cp∂p F¶n-
¬ apºn¬°q´n ]tcm-£-⁄m-\w-sIm≠v Adn-™n-cn-°p∂ cbn-
Iz\v ]co£ th≠-t√m. thW-sa∂p hcp-∂-]-£-Øn¬ At±lw
]tcm-£-⁄m\w sIm≠v Adn-bp∂ Bf-s√∂pw At∏mƒ iq{Z-
i_vZw Ah-b-hm¿∞-I-a-s√∂pw hcpw.
Pm\-{ip-Xn°v At∏mƒ D≠m-bn-cp∂ `‡n-{i≤ aXn-bm-Im-
bvI-bm¬ Bb-Xns\ h¿≤n-∏n-°m-\m-bn-cp∂p F¶n¬ hf-sc-°mew
Xma-kn-∏n-°bpw ip{iq-jn-∏n-°bpw a‰pw-sNbvXv kq£n®p I≠-
dn™v ]d-™p-sIm-Sp-t°-≠-Xm-bn-cp-∂p. ]co-£n-°m-\m-sW-¶nepw
A{]-Im-cw-Xs∂ “ZzmZ-im-_vZ¥p ip{iqjmw” F∂-√tbm {]amWw
]d-bp-∂-Xv. ChnsS AXpw A\p-jvTn-°-s∏-´n√; t\tc-a-dn®v “Cbw
Pmbm Abw-{Kmtam” F∂n-cn-°-bm¬ Kpcthm _l-h- ¥n injy-
hn-Øm-]-lm-cImx F∂-t]mse ]co-£n-∏m≥ t\m°n-bXv IqSp-X¬
Z£n-W-sb-°-cp-Xn-bm-sW∂p tXm∂p-∂p. thsd hn[w ]d-bp-∂-
Xn\v bmsXmcp am¿§hpw ImWp-∂n-√.
Xm≥ BZyw Dt]-£n-®m¬ c≠m-aXv D]-tZ-in-t°-≠-Xmbn
hcpw; At∏mƒ ASpØ `hn-jy-Øns\t∏mepw Adn-bp-∂-Xn-\p≈
]tcm-£-⁄m\w X\n°v Cs√∂p h∂p-t]mIpw; BbXp icn-bp-
a√ Ft∂m¿Øp £an-®p-If - b- msX Dt]-£n-®X
- ns\ t\m°p-tºmƒ
F√m-t]-tc-bpw-t]mse amwk-Zr-jvSn-sIm≠v ]pdsa At∏mƒ I≠-
{]-Imcw Adn-™n-cn-°p-sa-∂-√msX cbn-Iz≥ Xs‚ ]tcm-£-⁄m-
\w-sIm≠v Adn-bp-Itbm Bb-Xns\ shfn°p kqNn-∏n-°-W-sa∂p
Icp-Xp-Itbm sNbvXn-´n-s√∂pw BZyw Dt]-£n-®n´v c≠m-aXv D]-
tZ-in-°bpw ths≠∂p X≈n-tb®p IqSp-Xe - mbn In´n-bt- ∏m-ƒ aSßn
kzoI- c n- ° bpw sNbv X - X n- \ m¬ F¥m- b mepw {Zhy- e m- ` - Ø n- \ p-

digitized by [Link]
NmXp¿h¿Wym-`m-khpw {_m“-W-a-Xhpw 133

X°t]mse {]h¿Øn-°-W-sa-∂-√msX Xs‚ hm°n\pw {]hr-

Øn°pw hyh-ÿt- ISp kw`-hn-°c - p-sX-∂p≈ hnNm-cØ- n\p aqehpw
\ymb-hp-amb Hc-`n-am\w cbn-Iz\v D≠m-bn-cp-∂n-s√∂pw ImWp-∂-
Xn-\m¬ Cu iq{Z-i_vZw Ah-bh - m¿∞-Ia - s
- öpw Pm\-{ipXn PmXn-
iq-{Z≥ Xs∂ F∂pw kn≤n-°p-∂p.
ta¬Im-Wn® kq{X-`m-jy-Øn¬ Hcp-Zm-l-c-W-ambn kzoI-cn-
®n-cn-°p-∂Xpw Pm\-{ip-Xyp-]m-Jym-\w-t]mse Cu hnj-b-Øn¬ Hcp
{]am-W-ambn ]d-b-s∏-Sp-∂Xpw Bb Pm_m-es‚ IY-sb-∏‰n
kzev]w Nn¥n-°mw.
Pm_m-e-I-Ym-kmcw: “Pm_m-e≥ KuX-as‚ ASpØv A≤y-
b-\-Øn\p sN∂p. KuX-a\v Ahs‚ t]cn¬ iq{Z-i-¶-bp-≠m-bn.
Pm_m-e-s\-s°m≠v Xm≥ iq{Z-\-s√∂p kXyw-sN-øn-®-ti-jta ]Tn-
∏n-®p-sIm-Sp-Øp-≈q.”
CXn-s\bpw iq{Z≥ hnZybv°p ]≠p-]t≠ A\¿l-\m-sW-
∂p-≈-Xn\v Hcp ZrjvSm-¥-ambn {_m“-W¿ ]d-bp-∂p-≠v.
iq{Z≥ hnZybv ° v A\¿l- s \∂pw AXn- \ m¬ Ahs\
bmsXm∂pw ]Tn-∏n-®p-t]m-I-cp-sX∂pw apºn-\mse \ntj-[n-°-s∏-
´n-´p≠v ˛ Pm_m-e≥ sN∂Xv A`y-kn-∏m-\p-am-bn-cp-∂p. At∏mƒ
KuX-a≥ Pm_m-e-s\-s°m≠v iq{Z-\-s√∂p kXyw sNøn-®-Xn-\m¬
KuX-a\v Pm_m-e-s\-°p-dn®v iq{Z-i-¶-bp-≠m-bn-cp-s∂∂pw X∂n-
anØw Ch≥ \sΩ I_-fn-∏n®v hnZym-tam-j-W-Øn-\mbn h∂n-cn-
°-bm-sW-∂p≈ kwibw At±-l-Øns‚ D≈n¬ P\n-®n-cp∂p
F∂pw \n›-bw-X-s∂: ]ns∂ iq{Z≥ A\r-X-hm-°m-sW∂v {]am-
Whpw D≠v. Cßs\ Ahn-izm-kn-sb∂p sXfn-bp∂ Pm_m-es‚
hm°ns\ KuX-a≥ hniz-kn-°bpw ktμ-l-Øn¬\n∂p th¿s]-Sp-
Ibpw sNbvI-bn-√. KuX-a\v Pm_m-es‚ PmXn-\n¿Æbw sNbvtX
Ignbq F∂p \n¿_-‘-ap-≠m-bn-cp-s∂-¶n¬ Pm_m-es\ \√ ]cn-
N-ba - p-≈h - c
- mb {_m“-Wt- cmSv Btcm-sS-¶nepw At±lw ]c-am¿∞w
tNmZn-®d - n-bp-am-bn-cp-∂p. A{]-Imcw sNbvXX
- mbn ImWp-∂p-an-√. D]-
\-bn-∏n-°bpw ]Tn-∏n-°bpw sNbvXn-´p-ap-≠v. CsX-√mw-sIm≠pw KuX-
a\v a\x-]q¿Δ-am-bn´v iq{Zs\ ]Tn-∏n-®p-Iq-sSt∂m ]Tn-∏n-®m¬
X\n°pw ]Tn-®m¬ Ah\pw tZmj-ap-s≠t∂m iq{Z-\-s√∂v hcn-
Inte ]Tn-∏n-°mhq Ft∂m D≈ A`n-{]mbw D≠m-bn-cp-∂n-s√∂pw
Bcm-bmepw F¥p PmXn-bm-bmepw icn, {i≤-bp-≈-hsc ]Tn-∏n°-
W-sa-∂p≈ A`n-{]m-bta D≠m-bn-cp-∂p≈q F∂pw kv]jvSa - m-Ip∂p.

digitized by [Link]
134 {]mNo-\-a-e-bmfw

kam-[m\w: F∂m¬ kXyw sNøn-®-sX-¥n\v?

\ntj[w: AXp ]d-bmw. iq{Z\v {_m“-W-ip-{iqj Hgn®v
as‰mcp \∑bv°pw A[n-Im-c-an-s√-∂pw. Bcpw H∂pw ]Tn-∏n-®p-t]m-
I-cp-sX-∂pw, Ah-\-hs‚ C—-t]mse Nne kt¶-X-߃ G¿s∏-
SpØn Ahsb A\m-Zn-{]-am-Wm-\p-k-cWw \S-Øp-∂-Xn\v {i≤m-
ep-°-fm-bn-cp∂ A°m-esØ {]_-e-∑m-tcm-Sv, Rm≥ kXyw-sN-øn-
®-Xn¬ ]n∂otS ]d-™p-sIm-Sp-Øp≈p F∂p≈ kam-[m-\w-]-d™v
kΩ-X-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xn-te-°m-bn-´p-am-{X-am-bn-cp-∂p.
C\n ta¬°m-Wn® `mK-ß-sf-Øp-S¿∂v, D]-\-b-\m-Zn-sIm≠v
{_“-hn-Zybv°v A¿lX kn≤n-°-bn-s√-∂pw, km[-\-N-Xp-jvS-b-k-
º-∂-\mWv AXn-te°v A¿l-s\-∂p-ap-≈-Xn\v {ioth-Zm-¥-kq-{X-
`mjyw H∂mw A≤ymbw, H∂mw ]mZw, H∂mw A[n-I-c-Ww, H∂mw
kq{X-`m-KsØ Xmsg tN¿°p-∂p.
“AYmtXm {_“-Pn-⁄mkm” CXn-`mjyw X{X AY i_vZ
B\-¥-cym¿∞x ]cn-Kr-ly-tX. \m[n-Im-cm¿∞x {_“-Pn-⁄m-
kmbm A\-[n-Im-cy-Xzm¬ awK-fky N hmIym¿t∞ ka-\z-bm-`m-
hm¬ A¿∞m-¥-c-{]-bp‡w Gh ln AY i_vZx {ipXym awK-f-
{]-tbm-Pt\m `h-Xn. ]q¿Δ {]Ir-Xm-t]-£m-bm› ^eXx B\-¥cy
A]y-Xn-tc-Im¬ kXn N B\-¥c - ym¿∞tXz bYm [¿Ω-Pn-⁄mkm
]q¿ΔhrØw thZm-≤y-b\w \nb-ta-\m-t]£ tX Ghw {_“-Pn-
⁄m-km]n b¬ ]q¿Δ-hrØw \nb-ta-\m-t]-£tX XZz-‡hyw
kzm≤ym-bm-\m-¥-cy¥p kam\w \∂znl I¿Ωm-h-t_m-[m-\-¥cyw
hntijx \ [¿Ω-Pn-⁄m-kmbmx {]mK-]y-[o-X-th-Zm-¥ky {_“-
Pn-⁄m-tkm-]-]-Øtb bYm N lrZ-bm-Zy-h-Zm-\m-\m-am-\-¥-cy-\n-
bax {Iaky hnh-£n-X-Xzm¬ \ XtYl {Itam hnh-£nXx tij-
ti-jntXz A[n-Ir-Xm-[n-Imtc hm {]am-Wm-`m-hm¬ [¿Ω-{_-“-Pn-
⁄m-ktbmx ^e-Pn-⁄m-km-t`-Zm® A`yp-Z-b-^ew [¿Ω-⁄m\w
X®m-\p-jvTm-\m-t]£w \nt{i-bk-^-e¥p {_“-hn-⁄m-\w, \
Nm\p-jvTm-\m-¥c- m-t]£w `hy› [¿tΩm Pn⁄mtkym \ ⁄m\-
Im-tekvXn ]pcp-j-hym-]mc X{¥-Xzm¬ Cl Xp `qXw {_“-Pn-
⁄mkyw \nXy-\n¿hr-Ø-Xzm¬ \ ]pcp-j-hym-]m-c-X{¥w tNmZ-
\m-{]-hrØn t`Zm® bmln tNmZ-\m-[¿Ωky e£Ww km kzhn-
jtb \nbp-RvPm-ss\h ]pcp-j-a-h-t_m-[-bXn {_“-tNm-Z-\¥p
]pcp-j-a-h-t_m-[-b-tXy-h-tI-h-ew. Ah-t_m-[-\k -- y-tNm-Z-\m-P-\y-

digitized by [Link]
NmXp¿h¿Wym-`m-khpw {_m“-W-a-Xhpw 135

Xzm¬ \ ]pcp-tjmf-ht- _mt[ \nbp-PytX bYm £m{Xy-k∂- n-I¿tj-

Wm¿∞mh-t_mt[ XZz¬ Xkvam¬ Ina]n h‡hyw bZ-\-¥cw
{_“-Pn-⁄m-tkm-]-Zn-iyX CXn DNy-tX. \nXym-\n-Xy-h-kvXp-hn-
thIm Clm-ap-{Xm¿∞ t`mK-hn-cmKx ia-Z-amZn km[-\-k-º¬ap-ap-
£p-Xz© tXjp ln k’p-{]m-K]n [¿Ω-Pn-⁄m-kmb Du¿≤z-
©-i-IytX {_“-Pn-⁄m-knXpw ⁄mXp© Xkvam-ZY i_vtZ\
btYm-‡-km-[-\-k-º-Xym-\-¥-cy-ap-]-Zn-iy-tX.
KpW-I¿Ω-ßsf ASn-ÿm-\s∏SpØn am{Xta h¿Æ-hy-
Xymkw D≠m-bn-cn-°m≥ ]mSp≈p F∂pw AXn-te°p ]mc-ºc - ysØ
ASn-ÿm-\-am-°n-∏-d-bp-∂Xp ]ni-Im-sW∂pw BZy-Im-ew-ap-X¬°v
]mc-º-cy-`n-∂-ambpw A\p-tem-a-{]-Xn-tem-a-K-Xn-I-fmbpw h¿Æ-t`-Z-
ß-fp-≠m-bn´ps≠∂pw apºn¬ {]kvXm-hn-®p. CXn-te°p thsdm-
cp-Zm-l-c-W-ambn {_m“-W-h¿§-Øns‚ Hcp s]mXp hnh-c-Whpw
]p{X-]u-{X-]-c-º-cbm {_m“-W-sc-∂-`n-am-\n®v ]cn-jvIm-c-{]m-
]vXn°p _m[-I-fm-bn-Øo¿∂n-cn-°p-∂-h-cn¬ Nne-cpsS Dev]-Øn-
Ifpw ChnsS tN¿°p-∂p. Ch¿°v h¿Æ-hy-Xymkw kw_-‘n®pw
h¿§-km-[m-c-W-ambpw F¥p-am{Xw _lp-am-\yX kmap-Zm-bn-I-ambn
kw`-hn-°m-sa∂v hmb-\-°m¿Xs∂ Xo¿®-s∏-Sp-Øn-s°m-≈-s´.
kvImμ-]p-cm-Wm-¥¿§X klym-{Zn-JW
- vtUm-Øc
- m¿≤w H∂mw
A≤ym-b-Øns‚ kmcw:
NnXv]m-h-\-{_m-“-tWm-ev]Øn (kvI-μ-a-lm-tZhkwhm-Zw.)
{_m“-W¿ {][m-\-ambn c≠p-hn-[-ap-≠v. (1) ]©-{Zm-hn-U¿, 2) ]©-
Ku-U¿.
]©-{Zm-hn-U¿: 1) {Zmhn-U-∑m¿, 2) ssXew-K-∑m¿, 3) I¿∂m-
S-¿, 4) a[y-tZ-i-K-∑m¿, 5) Kp¿P-c-∑m¿.
]©-Ku-U-∑m¿: 1) KuU¿, 2) kmc-kz-X¿, 3) Im\y-Ip-_vP¿,
4) D¬I-e¿, 5) ssaYn-e¿; AYhm 1) {Xntlm-{X-∑m¿, 2) A·n-ssh-
iy-∑m¿, 3) Im\y-Ip-_vP¿, 4) It\m-P-b¿, 5) ssa{Xm-b-W¿.

{_m“-W-cpsS s]mXp Ah-Im-i-߃:

1) {_“-Km-b-{Xn, 2) thZ-I¿Ωw, 3) A≤y-b-\m-≤ym-]-\m-Zn-
jvSvI¿Ωw, 4) `pwPy-Xzw, 5) t`mP-\o-b-Xzw, 6) hnhmlw (im-Jbv°pw
kq{X-Øn\pw (tKm-{X-Øn-\pw)) HØv.

digitized by [Link]
136 {]mNo-\-a-e-bmfw

{_m“-W-cpsS BNm-c-߃ (tZ-i-tZm-j-߃)

1) Kp¿P-c-tZ-i-Øv, tXmen¬ B°nb sh≈w (N¿Ωmw-_p)
kzoI-cn-°pI (D-]-tbm-Kn-°p-I), 2) Z£n-W-tZ-i-Øv, Zmko-K-a-\w,
3) I¿∂m-S-tZ-i-Øv, ]√p-tX-ev]nn-√m-bva, 4) Iivao-c-tZ-i-Øv, Ae-
°p-tPmen sNøp-I, 5) ssXew-K-tZ-i-Øv, tKmhm-l-\w, 6) {Zmhn-U-
tZ-i-Øv, ]g-t©m-dp-`-£Ww; Kp¿P-c-kv{Xo-Iƒ ta¬°-®-bn-√m-Ø-
hcpw (I-—-lo-\m) hn[-h-Iƒ du°-bp-≈-hcpw BIp-∂p; {Xntlm-
{X-∑mcpw It\m-P-b-∑mcpw a’y-amwkw Xn∂p-∂-h-cpw, Im\y-
Iq_vP¿ {`mXr-Km-an-Ifpw BIp-∂p.
A\-¥cw NnXv]m-h-\-{_m-“-tWm-ev]-Øn-bm-Ip∂p: CXn-s\-
∏-‰n-bp≈ {][m-\-hn-h-c-߃ Ah-Xm-cn-I-bnepw a‰pw hnh-cn-®n-´p-≈-
Xp-sIm≠v ChnsS tN¿°p-∂n-√.

13. klym-{Zn-JWvUw DØ-cm¿≤w c≠mw A≤ym-b-

Øns‚ kmcw:
Icmjv{S{_m“-tWm-ev]Øn:
Imcm-jv{S-tZ-iw, thZ-h-Xn°p hS-°pw, tImb-\m-kw-K-a-Øn\p
sX°p-ambn Zi-tbm-P-\-hn-kvXm-c-Øn¬ InS-°p-∂p.
{_m“-W-cpsS ÿnXn:
“Jc-kym-hy-ÿn--tbm-tK\ tcX £n]vXw hn`m-hIw
tX\ tXjmw kap-ev]-Øn¿ PmXm ssh ]m]-I¿Ωn-Wmw.”
Icm-jv{S-{_m-“W
- c - psS amXr-Im-tZ-hn°p h¿jw-tXmdpw e£-
W-samØ {_m“-W-]p-cp-js\ _en-sIm-Sp-°m-dp-≠v. (C-{]-Im-cw)
{_“-l-Øn-sIm≠v Ch¿ \in-°p-∂p. Chsc sXm´m¬ Ipfn-°-
Ww. Ch-cp-t≈-Sw-sXm´v aq∂p tbmP-\Z- qcw hmbp Zpjn-®p-t]m-Ip∂p.
Ch¿ k¿Δ-I¿Ω-[¿Ω_-ln-jvIr-X-∑m-cm-Ip-∂p. CXn¬
Nne¿ Ccp-]-Z-\m-a-[m-c-I-∑m-cm-Ip-∂p.
sIm¶-W-tZiw: klys‚ apI-fn¬ \mepw \qdpw tbmP-\-hn-
kvXm-c-Øn¬ Cu tZiw InS-°p-∂p. sIm¶-W-Øn-ep-≈-h¿ ]mZ-am-
{X-Km-b-{Xn-bp-≈-h-cm-Wv. sIm¶-W-{_m-“-W¿ (]-Zytbmx {_m“Wm

digitized by [Link]
NmXp¿h¿Wym-`m-khpw {_m“-W-a-Xhpw 137

Jep) ]mZ-]m-c-K-\m-a-[m-c-I-∑m¿ BIp∂p. Chsc kIe I¿Ω-ß-

fnepw h¿÷n-°-Ww.

14. Snbn¬ A©mw A≤ymbw:

KuU-∑m¿: Ch-cn¬ tKmhn-μ]- p-ch- m-kn-If- mb {_m“-W¿ aZy-
amwkw Ain-°p-∂-h-cm-Ip-∂p. Ing°pw ]Sn-™m-dp-ap≈ kap-{Z-Xo-
c-hm-kn-I-fmb kmc-kz-X-∑m¿ a’yw `£n-°p-∂-h-cm-Wv. Ch¿
]Øp-hn[w: 1) ip≤¿ 2) Aip-≤¿ 3) kn≤¿ 4) Im]u¨{U¿ 5)
`oX-Nmcn 6) t{iWn 7) Iuin-I¿ 8) \¿Δ¿ 9) _Un-I¿ 10) e÷-
I¿. hmcm-l-Øn¬ {_m“-W¿ KP-`-£-I-cm-bn-cp∂p F∂p ]d-bp-
∂p. PK-∂m-Y-Øp≈h¿ aZy-amw-k-߃ D]-tbm-Kn-°pw. DØ-c-`m-
KØpw amwk-`-£-W-ap-≠v. \¿Ω-Zbv°p sX°p-≈-h¿ acp-a-Isf
hnhm-lw-sN-øpw. (kvIm-μØ
- n¬ \mK-cJ - W- vUh - pw, enwK-]p-cm-Whpw
t\m°p-I)
Cu hnh-cWw hnkvX-c-`-b-Øm¬ X¬°mew \ndp-Øn-h-
bv°p∂p. tIc-f-Øn¬ taev]-d™ Xc-Øn-ep≈ {_m“-W-cpsS
{]th-i-\hpw a‰pw ASpØ ]pkvX-I-Øn¬ ImWn-®p-sIm-≈mw.
tIc-fm-Nm-c-ßsf Ipdn-°p-∂-Xmbpw tIc-f-hm-kn-Iƒ°p
k¿tΔm-]-cn-bmb Hcp {]am-W-ambpw \n¿Ωn-°-s∏-´n-´p≈ Hcp {KŸ-
amWv tIc-f-am-lm-flyw. CXn¬ tIc-fo-b¿°mbn D≠m-°n-h-®n-´p≈
aXhpw BNm-c-ßfpw AXy¥w ]m]-K¿`hpw e÷m-h-l-hp-am-
sW∂p hyk-\-k-taXw ]d-tb-≠n-bn-cn-°p-∂p. CXns\ Adn-hm-\n-
—n-°p∂ hmb-\-°m¿ 3˛mw A\p-_‘w t\m°n Imcyw {Kln-®p-
sIm-≈-s´. (A-hn-sSbpw AXns\ hymJym-\n-°m≥ {ian-®n-´n-√.)
Cu tIc-f-Øn¬ hfsc ]pcm-X-\-Im-ew-ap-X¬s° \S-∏p-≠m-
bn-cp∂ kZm-Nm-c-ß-sf-°p-dn®pw kXy-X-ev]-c-X-sb-°p-dn®pw a‰pw
Cu {KŸ-Øn¬ khn-kvXcw {]Xn-]m-Zn-®n-´p-≠v. im¶-c-kvar-Xn,
klym-{Zn-JWvUw apX-emb kwkvIr-X-{]-am-W-߃ Chsb th≠-
hn[w km[q-Ic- n-°bpw sNøp-∂p. Aß-s\-bp≈ P\-ka - p-Zm-bØ
- n\v
C{X ITn-\-amb Hcp ]XnXzw Fßs\ kw`-hn®p CXns\ Ah¿
kzbw hcp-Øn-s°m-≠tXm? AtXm hntZ-io-b-∑m¿ Ah¿°mbn
Na-®p-h®
- tXm? F∂n-ßs\ \ncq-]n-°pw-]£- Ø
- n¬ Cu {KŸ-Øn¬
CXn-\p-ap≥]n¬ At\Iw XhW {]kvXm-hn-®-hn[w kztZ-i-_-ln-
jvIr-X-∑mcpw ]mj-WvU-a-X-Km-an-Ifpw Bb Hcp-Iq´w Bcy-{_m-

digitized by [Link]
138 {]mNo-\-a-e-bmfw

“-W-cpsS BK-a\w \nan-Ø-amWv tIc-fo-b-cmb km[p-°ƒ°v Cu

\c-Im-\p-`q-Xn-°n-S-h-∂-sX∂p hnNm-cn-t°-≠n-h-cp-∂p. ]mc-º-cy-amb
[¿Ω- X - e v ] - c - X - b p≈ Hcp kap- Z m- b - Ø ntem ÿm]- \ - Ø ntem
kwk¿§-tZm-jw-sIm≠pw Ime-t`-Z-Ømepw Hmtcm Zpcm-Nm-c-߃
h∂p-Iq-Sp-∂-Xn\p temI-N-cn-{X-Øn¬ th≠p-thmfw DZm-l-c-W-ß-
fp-≠v. taepw ]pcm-W-Im-e-Øn\p apºp-Xs∂ Bcy-∑m-cmb {_m“-
W-cpsS Iq´-Øn¬ Zpcn-X-cq-]n-I-fmb hwi-°m¿ [mcm-f-ap-≠m-bn-cp-
∂-Xmbn ta¬°m-Wn® ]pcm-W-`m-K-ß-fn¬ ImWp-∂p. Cu tIc-f-
Øn¬ h∂p-Iq-Snb {_m“-W¿ C{]-Im-c-ap≈ ]m]n-Itfm AtXm
Ah¿ a≤y-{]-tZ-i-ß-fnepw a‰p-ap≈ Nne k¬ {_m“-Wtcm F∂v
C\n Xocp-am-\n-t°-≠-Xm-bn-cn-°p-∂p. CXn-te-°mbn A\y-h¿§-°m-
cmb ae-bm-fn-I-fpsS kZm-Nm-c-[¿Ω-X-ev]-c-Xbv°p km£yw-h-ln-
°p-∂Xpw Bcy-∑m-cm¬ kwkvIr-X-`m-j-bn¬ Fgp-X-s∏-´Xpw Bb
klym-{Zn-JWvUw apX-em-b-hbpw \mc-Z-hym-k-h-N-\-ßfpw DZm-l-
c-W-ß-fm-Ip-∂p. (klym-{Zn-J-WvU-`m-K-Øn\v 4˛mw A\p-_‘w
t\m°pI B¿`-So-b-kw-lnX 11-˛mw A≤ym-b-Ønepw taev]-d™
hN-\-ß-fnepw CXn-s\-°p-dn-®p≈ hnh-c-߃ Xmsg tN¿Øp-sIm-
≈p-∂p.
iu\I:
“irWp hn{]! ZznP-t{ijvTm {`jvSmkvtX ]cy-S≥ `phn
B£n]vXm (A-e-_v[m) lmc-\n-ebm P‹pkvtX Z£nWmw Zniw
b{XmkvtX `K-hm≥ km£m¬ Ipw`-tbm-\n¿Ωp-\o-izcx
b{X Z£n-W-I-\ymJyw Ipam-co-t£-{X(-Xo¿∞)-ap-Ø-aw.
b{Xm-Jn-e-Kp-WmVym `qkv{Xn-thWo h hncm-PtX
]›n-am-_v[n-X-Sm-’-ly-]-cy¥w ZznP-]pw-Kh!
Cuizm-cm-cm-[t\ c‡m `‡m b{X kpkm-[hx
P\m b{X Zm\-iqcmx kw{Km-am-¶-W-ss`-chmx
tbmKnt\m b¬ Kplm-¥kvXp t]SnIm cXv\-Zo-]nImx
\mb-ImJym b{X iq{Z(m) cmPm\x k¥n k¿hZm
X{Xm-KXym Oem-Zzmkw N{Ipx IzN\ tIN\
tkhm-cXmx tINn-Z-t\y-{]-`p-e-_vt[m-]-Po-hnImx (\x)
IrXzm-`n-Nm-c-a]tc PKr-lp-¿≤\ kºZx
anYx Ie-l-ap¬£n]y X{X-]qPymx ]tc-`h≥

digitized by [Link]
NmXp¿h¿Wym-`m-khpw {_m“-W-a-Xhpw 139

cmt⁄m-]-h-ctI ÿnXzm-]yt\y [\-ap-]m-ZZpx

izmhr-Xym-]yp-]-Po-h¥n `mkpcm A]n `qkpcmx
Inw \ Ip¿h¥n hn{`jvSm cma-im-]-l-Xm› tX.”
(B¿`-So-b-kw-ln-X. A. 11)

A¿∞w: {`jvS-∑m-cmb {_m“-W≥ `£-Whpw Ccn-∏n-S-hp-an-

√m-Ø-h-cm-bn´v Ae-™p-Xn-cn™v HSp-hn¬ bmsXm-cn-SØp ]Sn-
™msd kap-{Zw-ap-X¬ kly≥hsc KpWm-Vy-bm-bn-cn-°p∂ `qan
{Xnth-Wn-sb-∂-t]mse tim`n-°p-t∂m, bmsXm-cp-Zn-°n¬ AK-kvXy-
`-K-hm≥ hkn-°p-t∂m, FhnsS Z£n-W-I-\ym-Ip-am-co-t£-{X-an-cn-°p-
t∂m, Fhn-S-Øp-Im¿ `‡n-bp≈ km[p-°-tfm, bmsXm-cn-S-Øp-≈-
h¿ Zm\-iq-c-∑m-cmbpw hnin-jvS-tbm-≤m-°-fmbpw Ccn-°p-t∂m, Fhn-
sS-bp≈ Kpl-I-fn¬ s]´n-I-fn¬ cXv\-Zo-]-ß-sf-∂-t]mse tbmKn-
Iƒ tim`n-°p-t∂m, k¿Δ-kzhpw Zm\w-sN-øp∂ \mb-I-sc∂ iq{Z-
cm-Pm-°-sf-hn-sStbm (A-ßs\ Ccn-°p-∂) B Z£n-W-Zn-°ns\
t\m°n-Øn-cn-®p. Ah-cn¬ Nne¿ Nne-SØp kq{X-Øn¬ (tI-dn)
]m¿Øp {]`p-hn-¶¬\n∂p In´n-b-Xp-sIm≠p]Po-h\w Ign-®p. Nne¿
tkhn-®p-\n-∂p. £p{Zw-sNbvXp Nne¿ [\-k-º-Øp-I-fp-≠m-°n.
Nne¿ XΩn¬Ø-√n®p [\w -ssI°-em°n. ASp-°-f-th-e-sNbvXp
Nne¿ [\w t\Sn. lo\-hr-Øn-sb-SpØpw Nne {_m“-W¿ Imew-I-
gn-°p-∂p. cma-im-]-ta‰p sI´-h-sc¥p sNbvI-bn-√-X-s∂.
(i-Xm-\oI≥ tNmZn-®-Xn\v DØ-c-am-bn´p taev]-d-™h kvIμ≥ ]d-
™-Xm-Ip-∂p.)
\mc-Z-h-N\w:-˛
“{ipXn-kvar-Xn-]-Y-{`-jvSm-»n-jvSm-Nm-c-]-cm-MvapJmx
tXao-]m-j-WvUn-\- m-£m¬in-ivt\m-Z-c-]-cm-bWmx”
hymk-h-N\w:˛
“k‘ym-{X-b-hn-lo-\m› Kmb-{Xo-`-‡n-h¿÷nXmx
ssZh-`-‡n-hn-lo-\m› ]mj-WvU-a-X-Km-an\x
A·n-tlm-{XmZn k¬I¿Ω-kz-[m-kzm-lm-hn-h¿÷n-Xmx˛
aqe-{]-Ir-Xn-c-hy‡mw ss\h Pm\¥n I¿ln-Nn¬
X]vX-ap-{Zm-PnXmx tINn¬ Imam-NmccXmx ]tc

digitized by [Link]
140 {]mNo-\-a-e-bmfw

Im]m-enImx Iufn-Im› _u≤m-ssP-\m-kvX-Ym-]tc

]WvUnXm A]n tX k¿th Zpcm-Nm-c-{]-h¿ØImx
ew]Sm ]c-Zm-tcjp Zpcm-Nm-c-]-cm-bWmx
Ipw`o-]mIw ]p\- ¿th bmky¥n \nP-I¿Ω`nx”
Cß-s\-bp≈ {]am-W-߃ \ntj-[n-°-s∏-Sp-I-bm-sW-¶n¬
D≠m-Ip∂ ÿnXn-sb-∏‰n apºp {]kvXm-hn-®n-´p-≠v. Ch-bn¬ hnh-
cn-°p-∂-hn-[-ap≈ a\p-jy¿ tIc-f-am-lm-flym-Zn-I-fnse \nμy-amb
aXw \n¿Ωn®Xn¬ AXn-i-bn-∏m-\n-√. AXp-\n-an-Ø-ap≈ IjvS-\-
jvS-߃ A\p-`-hn-®p-t]m-b-h¿°v Xß-fpsS _p≤n-tam-i-Øns\
Hm¿Øp ]›m-Ø-]n-°tb C\n \nhr-Øn-bp-≈p. taem¬ Xß-fpsS
I¿Ø-hy-ßsf icn-bm-b-\p-jvTn-°p∂ ]£w Cu Zpcy-i v HSp-
ßp-Ibpw ]q¿h-a-lna {]Im-in-°bpw sNøp-sa∂v kam-iz-kn-°mw.
ip`w

ASn-°p-dn-∏p-Iƒ
1. {]^-k¿ cwK-kzman Aø-¶m-cpsS C≥Uym-N-cn{Xw t\m°p-I. ˛ {]. km.
2. ]Zyp = ]mZ-bp-‡w, iq{Z-h-Zyp-b¬ = GX¬; ivaim\w. lhm k©-cn-jvWp-
cq]w ivaim-\w.

digitized by [Link]
 141

A\p-_‘w 1

“IrjvWm-Xotc Xp KXzmY NNmc `rKp-\-μ\x

X{XmkvtX {_m“Wx I›n¬ thZ-hnZv`n-c-ew-IrXx
jSv°¿Ω-\n-ctXm \nXyw BNm-cy-kvX¬ ]ptc kp[nx
AXn-Zm-cn-{Zy-kw-bpt‡m AXn-Zm-£n-Wy-hm≥ ZznPx
{_m“-Wm\mw Ipe-t{ijvtTm tbmKm-`ymk hnim-cZx
Xky Zmcm ]Xn-{hXm `¿Ør-ip-{iq-jtW cXm
Xtbm-c-jvS-kp-]p-{Xm› NXptcm {_“-Nm-cnWx
thZm-≤y-b-\-k-º∂mx \nXyw thZ-]-cm-bWmx
tXjmw tPyjvT-kp-X-t{ijvTx kXy-kt‘m PntX-{μnbx
{_“-N-cym-{iaw [rXzm {_“-tXtPm _em-[nIx
NXp¿th-Z-hnZmw \nXyw Iev]-bm-amk I¿ΩTm
Imiy-]ky Krtl ctay tbmKyky ip`-a-μntc
KXzmip kpa-lm-flm\w {_m“Ww {_“-h¿®kw
kmjvSmwKw kw{]-W-aymY A`n-hm-Zy-ÿnXx {]`px
BKXw \c-im¿Zqew ZrjvSzm ZznP-h-tcm-Øax
D∞mb io{L-am-Zmb A¿KvLy-]m-Zym-ZnIw XXx
bYm-h¬ ]qP-bm-amk cmPm\w hmIy-a-{_-ho¬
alm-cmP alm-{]m⁄ A{Xm-K-a-\-Im-cWw
Zcn-t{Zmlw alm-`mK a¬Kr-lm-K-a\w hrYm
alm-Zm-cn-{Zy-kw-bpt‡ ]oUn-X- -Ip-Spw-_ssIx
Akvan≥Krtl Ina¿∞w Xzam-K-tXmkn hZ {]t`m
K— io{Lw bYm-]q¿Δw Zcn{Zx Inw Itcm-aylw
a¬Kr-lm-∑-\-km-hmNm \ kvacXzw Pt\-izc
CXypt‡m `m¿§thm hn{]-ap-hmN ZznP-k-Øaw
aZzmIyw irWzXmw {_“≥ a[p-kq-Z-\-]q-PI
aa-cmtPykam-K-Xy-ÿo-bXmw tZh-Xm-Zn`nx
\mi-bn-jyman Zmcn{Zyw ZZm-ssay-iz-cy-tI-cIw
{_“-]o-tT-`n-tj-£yman {_m“-Wm\mw hn[m-bI

digitized by [Link]
142 {]mNo-\-a-e-bmfw

{_“-N-cym-{iaw KXzm Xh ]p{XkvXp tIctf

AJn-em\mw ZznPm-Xo\mw t£{XmWmw Kpcp-tc-hkx
aam]n aZzn-t[-bm\mw tbmKm-Nmtcym \ kwibx
tbmK-]-´© Zmkyman tbmK-]otT \nth-iyXmw
tbmK-ap{Zmw ZZm-ayky kXy-tah hZm-aylw
`m¿§-th-ssW-h-ap-‡kvXp ZznPm-Xo\mw Kpcp-kvXZm
AjvS-]pss{X Zm-ssc› {]bm-W-a-I-tcm-±znPx
BKXm tIctf kwt⁄ ]rjm-{Zo-]p-c-kw-⁄ntI
tXjmw tPyjvT-kp-X-kvX-kvan≥ {ioaq-e-ÿm-\-a-WvUt]
tbmK-]otT \nth-iymY tbmK-]-´© ZØ-hm≥
k¿thjmw {_m“-Wm\m© Kpcp-`q-tXmkvXp XXzXx
{_“-N-cym-{iaw \nXyw k¿thjmw hn[n-tch ln
a{¥m-Wm© Xp X{¥mWmw tbmKm-Nmtcym \ kwibx”
(tI. am. A. 11)
“a≤ym¿÷pt\ alm-hnt{]m {_m“-Wm\mw Kpcp-kvXZm
EtKz-Zm-\m-ap-]m-≤ym-tbm.......................
Xw {_m“Ww kam-\ob {]Xn-jvTm-a-I-tcm¬ {]`px
bPq¿tΔZmb hn{]w Xw {]Xn-jvTm]y Krtl ipt`
kma-th-Zmb hn{]w Xw \nthiy N ipt` Krtl
.................................................. ]p\¿§-—≥ bYm ]pcm
iXm-[n-IymwivO hn{]mw› B\-bm-amk `m¿§hx
.......................................................................................................
Imiy-]ky Xp tKm{Xmw› `c-Zzm-Pky tKm{XIm
ZzntPm-Ø-am≥........................................................................
............................. `m¿§hx ]p\¿§Xzm bYm ]pcm
imeo-hm-l-]ptc tINn¬ {_m“-Wm- -Ip-Spw-_n\x
...................................... \nXyw thZ-]-cm-bWmx
\ntXym-]-hm-kn\x tINn¬ B\-bm-amk Xm≥ ZznPm≥
(tI. am. A. 12)
............................................................. ]p\› a[p-cm-]pcow
{]thiy Imiy-]m≥ tKm{Xm≥ XZzn-Pm-\ob `m¿§hx
............................................................................................................
.......................................................... {_m“-Wm-\m-a-[o-izcmx
tKmZm-hcow ]p\¿§Xzm hmbp-am¿t§W `m¿§hx

digitized by [Link]
A\p-_‘w 143

[\p¿th-Z-hn-Zm≥ hn{]m≥ KZm-`ymkw ZZ¿i l

]©-hn-{]m≥ kam-\ob IpSpw-ss_› ka-\zn-Xm≥
]p\¿ ZzntPm-Ø-am≥ t{ijvT-m\m-\-bm-amk `m¿§hx
..........................................................................................................
NXpx-j-jvSn-X-am≥ {Kmam≥ {]Xn-jvTm]y ZzntPm-Ø-am≥
(tI. am. A.14)

A\p-_‘w 2

kq{Xw 34
`mjyw bYm-a-\p-jym-[n-Imc \nb-a-a-t]mZy tZhm Zo\m-a]n
hnZym-kz-[n-Imc D‡-kvX-ssYh ZznPm-Xy-[n-Im-c-\n-b-am-]-hm-tZ\
iq{Z-kym-]y-[n-Im-c- ym-ZntXy Xmw Bi¶mw \nh¿Ø-bn-Xp-an-Za-[n-
I-c-W-am-c-`y-tX.
X{X iq{Z-kym-]y-[n-Im-ck
- ym-ZnXn Xmh¬ {]m]vXw A¿∞nXz
kma¿∞y-tbm- w-`h - m¬ ‘Xkvam-Oqt{Zm bt⁄ \mh-¢n]vX’ CXn-
h¬; iqt{Zm hnZym-bm-a-\h ¢n]vX CXn N \ntj-[m-{i-h-Wm¬
b®, I¿Ω-kz-\[nImc-Im-cWw iq{Z-kym-\-·n-Xzw, \ XZzn-Zym-kz-
[n-Im-c-kym-]-hm-ZIw enwKw. -\-lym-h-l-\o-bm-Zn-c-lntX \ hnZym
thZnXpw \ iIy-tX-˛-`-hXn N enwKw iq{Zm[n Imc-tkym-t]m-Zv_-
e-Iw, kwh¿§-hn-Zymbmw ln Pm\-{ipXnw ]u{Xm-bWw iq{iqjpw
iq{Z-i-_vtZ\ ]cm-ar-i-Xn.
“l l l! tc Xzm” iq{Z Xsshh kl-tKm-`n-ckvXp CXn
hnZp-c-{]-`r-X-b› iq{Z-tbm-\n-{]-`hm A]n hnin-jvS-hn-⁄m-\-kw-
]∂mx kvacyt¥ Xkvam-Z-[n-{In-bt¥ iq{Zm hnZym-kzn-tXyhw
{]m]vtX {_qax.
\ iq{Z-kym-[n-Imtcm thZm-≤y-b\
- m-`m-hm¬-˛A
- [
- o-Xt- htZm ln
hnZn-X-th-Zm¿t∞m thZm¿t∞-jz-[n-{In-b-tX, \ N iq{Zky thZm-
≤y-b-\-akvXn D]-\-b\ ]q¿Δ-I-Xzm¬ thZm-≤y-b-\ky D]-\-b-
\kyN h¿Æ-{X-b-hn-j-b-Xzm¬ bØz¿∞nXzw \ XZ-k-Xn-km-
a¿t∞y-[n-Im-c-Im-cWw `h-Xn. kma¿∞y-a]n \ euInIw tIhew
A[n-Im-c-Im-cWw `h-Xn. imkv{Xo-tb¿t∞ imkv{Xo-b-ky-km-
a¿∞y-ky A-t]-£n-X Xzm¬, imkv{Xo-bky N kma¿∞y-kym-

digitized by [Link]
144 {]mNo-\-a-e-bmfw

≤ym-b-\-\n-cm-I-ctW \ \ncm-Ir-X-Xzm¬, bt—Zw iqt{Zm bt⁄\

h¢n]vX CXn X∂ymb]q¿Δ-I-Xzm-Zzn-Zym-bm-a-]y-\-h-¢n]vXXzw
tZymX- b Xn; \ymbky km[m- c - W - X zm¬; b¬ ]p\ wh¿§
hnZymbmw iq{Z-i-_vZ-{i-hWw enwKw a\ytk? \ X√nwKw \ymbm-
`m-hm¬, \ymtbm-t‡¿ ln enwK-Z¿i\w tZymXIw `h-Xn, \ Nm{X-
\ym-tbmkvXn, Ima-©mbw iq{Z-i-_vZ- w-h¿§-hn-Zym-bm-ta-ssh-
Ikymw iq{Z-a-[n-Ip-cym¬, XZzn-j-b-Xzm¬. \ k¿hmkp hnZym-kp,
A¿∞-hm-Z-ÿ-Xzm¬; \ Xp IzNn-Z-]ybw iq{Z-a-[n-I¿Øp-ap-’-l-
tX, iIytX Nmbw iq{Z-i-_vtZm-[n-Ir-X-hn-jtb tbmP-bnXpw IY-
an-Xyp-NytX Iw hc G\-taX’¥w kbp-‹m-\-anh sscIz-am¿tØ-
Xy-kvam≤w khm-Iym-Zm-fl-t\m-f\m-Zcw {ipX-htXm Pm\-{iptXx
]u{Xm-bW - ky ipKp-Xvt]-tZ, Xmar-jo-ssc-Izx i - q{Z i_vtZz-\m-t\\
kqN-bmw-_-`q-hm-fl\x ]tcm-£-⁄m-\ky hy]-\m-tbXn KaytX
PmXn-iq-{Z-kym-\-[n-Im-cm¬ IYw ]p\x iq{Z-i-_vtZ\ ipKp-Xv]∂m
kqNyX CXyp-NytX? XZm {Zh-Wm-Nvip-N-a-`n-Zp-{Zmh; ipNm-hm-`n-Zp-
{Zp-th, ipNm-hm-ssc-Iz-a-`n-Zp-{Zm-thXn iq{Zm-h-b-hm¿∞-kw-`-hm¬,
cqVm¿∞ky Akw-`-hm¬ ZriytX Nmb-a¿t∞m-fkym-amJym-bn-
Im-bmw.
kq{Xw 35
`mjyw: CX› \ PmXn-iqt{Zm Pm\{ipXn b¬ ImcWw {]I-
c-W-\n-cq-]-tW-\, £{Xn-b-Xz-a-tkym-Ø-c{X ssN{X-c-tY-\m-`n-{]-Xm-
cnWm £{Xn-tbW ka`n hymlm-cm¬ enwKm¬ KaytX DØ-c{X
ln kwh¿§ln kwh¿§hnZym-hm-Iy-ti-tj, ssN{X-c-Yn-c-`n-{]-Xm-
co-£-{Xn-b w Io¿ØytX; “AY l iu\-I-©-Im-t]-b-a-`n-{]-Xm-
cn-W© Im£-tk\nw kqtX\ ]cn-hn-jy-amWu {_“-Nm-co-_n-
`nt£ CXn, ssN{X-c-Yn-Xz-©m-`n-{]-Xm-cnWx Imt]-tbm-Km-Z-h-K-
¥hyw Imt] btbmtKm ln ssN{X-c-Y-kym-h-KXx GtX-\ssh
ssN{X-cYw Imt]bm Abm-P-b≥, CXn “kam-\m-\z-bm-\m-©-{]m-
tbW kam-\m-\zbmbmPIm `h¥n Xkvamss®{X-c-Yn¿Ωm-ssa-I-
£-{X-]-Xn-c-Pm-bX” CXn N £{X-]-Xn-Xzm-h-K-am¬ £{Xn-b-Xz-a-
kym-h-K-¥hyw tX\ £{Xn-tb-Wm-`n-{]-Xm-cnWm kl kam-\mbmw
hnZymbmw k¶o¿Ø\w Pm\-{ip-tX-c]n £{Xn-bXzw kpN-b-Xn.
kam-\m-\m-tah ln {]mtbW ka-`n-hym-lmcm `h¥n £Xr-t{]-j-
Wm-ssZ-iz-cy-tbm-Km® Pm\-{ip-tXx. £{Xn-b-Xm-h-KXnw AtXm \
PmXn iq{Z-kym-[n-Imcx

digitized by [Link]
A\p-_‘w 145

kq{Xw 36
`mjyw: “CX› \ iq{Z-kym-[n-Imtcm, bZzn-Zym-{]-tZ-ti-jp-]-
- m-Zbx kwkvImcmx ]cmar-iyt¥”, “Xw tlm]-\nt\y A[oln
\-b\
`Kh CXn tlm]kkmZ” {_“-]-cm-{_-“-\njvTm ]cw {_“m-t\z-
j-amWm Gj l sshX-’¿Δw h£yXo Xn”, “tXl kan-Xv]m-
Wtbm `K-h¥w ]n∏-em-Z-ap-]-k∂mx” CXn N, “Xm≥ lm\p-]-
\ossb-th-Xy]n {]Z¿in-ssX-thm-]-\-b-\-{]m-]vXn¿`-hXn iq{Zky
N kwkvIm-cm-`m-thm-`n-e-]ytX iq{Z-›-Xp¿t∞m h¿Æ GI-PmXn
“cntXyI PmXn- X z- k v a - c - W m¬. \ iqt{Z ]mXI In©n∂ N
kwkvIm-c-a¿l-Xo-Xym-Zn-`n-›.”

kq{Xw 37
`mjyw: CX› \ iq{Z-kym-[n-Imtcm b’XyhN-t\\ iq{Z-
Xzm-`mth \n¿≤m-cntX Pm_mew KuXa D]-t\-Xp-a-\p-im-knXpw
N {]b-hr-tX, ss\X-Z{- _m-“tWm hnh-‡p-a¿lXn kan[w tkmaym-
l-tcm-]-Xzm-t\tjy \k-Xym-ZKmx CXn {ipXn-enw-Km¬.
kq{Xw 38
`mjyw: CX› \ iq{Z-kym-[n-Imtcm “bZky kvartXx {ih-
Wm-≤y-b-\m¿∞ {]Xn-tjt[m `h-Xn, thZ-{i-hW {]Xn-tjt[m
thZm-[y-b\ {]Xn-tj[x XZ¿∞-⁄m-\m-\p-jvTm\ tbm›. {]Xn-
tj[x iq{Zky kvacy-tX, {ihW {]Xn-tj-[-kvXm-h¬, AYmky
thZ-ap-]i
- r-Wz-Xk
- v{Xq]p-PX- p`ymw t{im{X-{]-Xn-]q-cWw” CXn “]Zyq-
lhm GX¬ ivaim\w bOq-{ZkvXkvamOq-{Z-kaot]\mt≤yXhy”
anXnN AX Ghm≤yb-\{- ]-Xn-tjt[m bky ln kao-t]f]n \mt≤y-
Xhyw `hXn k IYw A{ipX-a-[o-bo-X, `h-Xn, N th-tZm-®m-c-tW-
Pn-lzm-t—-tZm-[m-ctW ico-c-t`-Z- C-Xn, AX Gh N XZ¿∞-⁄m-
\m-\p-jvTm-\tbmx {]Xn-tjt[m `hXn “\ iq{Zmb aXnw ZZym” ZnXn.
“ZznPm-Xo-\m-a-≤y-b-\-an-Pym-Zm\” anXnN, tbjmw ]p\x ]q¿Δ-Ir-X-
kw-kvIm-c-h-im-Zzn-Zp-c-[¿Ω-hym-[-{]-`r-Xo\mw ⁄mt\m-Xv]Øn
kvtXjmw \ iIytX ^e-{]m]vXnx {]Xn-_≤pw ⁄m\-ssky-Im-
¥n-I^- e-Xzm¬ “{imh-tb-®X - p-tcm-h¿Æm-\n-Xn-tN-Xn-lm-k]- p-cm-Wm-
[n-Kta NmXp¿h¿Æym-[n-Imc kvac-Wm¬ thZ-]q¿Δ-Ik - vXp-\m-kvXy-
[n-Imcx iq{Zm-Wm-an-Xn-ÿn-Xw.”

digitized by [Link]
146 {]mNo-\-a-e-bmfw

A\p-_‘w 3
“AY cmtam alm-tXtPmx {ioaq-e-ÿm-\-am-KXx
NXpx-j-jvTn-X-am≥ {Kmam≥ {_m“-Wm-∂zm-Iy-a-{_-ho¬
C{μ-temtI N KXzm-l-am-K-—man ZzntPm-Øamx
A\p-⁄m]y ZznPm≥ k¿Δm-\n-{μ-temIw PKma l
`m¿§-hm-K-a\w ZrjvSzm tZth-{μ-kvXz-cn-tXm-∞nXx
A¿Ly-]mZyw kam-Zmb ]qP-bn-XzmY `m¿§hw
A\¿Ly-am-k\w ZXzm aμw-a-μ-aphm N l
`rKp-\-μ\ XX-Xz⁄ Inam-K-a-\-Im-cWw
h‡p-a¿lkn cmP¿tj Ina-t]-£mkvXn `m¿§h
tZth-t{μ-ssW-h-ap-‡kvXp `m¿§thm hmIy-a-{_-ho¬
irWp tZh-]tX XXzw a¬Im-cy© hZm-aylw
a¬`qau \nXy-hm-ko\mw {_m“m-Wm\mw X]-kzn\mw
cXy¿∞w tZh-\m-cym› ZmXhym tZh-h-√`
`m¿§-th-ssW-h-ap-‡› tZth{μx {]ZZu XZm
{_m“-Wm\mw N cXy¿∞w `m¿§-hmb kpI-\yImx
iim-¶-h-Z\m \mcy-kv{Xbx I\ym- p-tim-`\mx
\h-bu-h-\-k-º∂m cXn-im-kv{X-hn-N-£Wmx
Pb-¥ky kpXmw Im©n¬ kp`-Km-\ma kpμcow
jSvI-\ym-k-ln-Xm-∂mcow `m¿§-hmb ZZu XZm
]p\x Im©n® \mcow Xp K‘¿Δky kpXmw ip`mw
jSvI-\ym-k-lnXmw \mcow tZtht{μm `m¿§-hmb N
]p\› cm£kow X\zow jSv°-\ym-k-lnXmw XZm
`m¿§-h-{]-Xn-Kr-lymY {]lr-jvtSm-`q-Zzn-im-ºtXx
AjvSm-Z-im`nx I\ym`nx kl-\m-co-kv{Xb-»p`mx
{]Xn-Krly XZm cmax {]bm-W-a-I-tcm-ØZm
{]ÿm-\-a-I-tcm-Ø{X `m¿§thm lrjvS-am-\kx
Xm› k¿hm- -am-\ob kzÿm\w KX-hm≥ \r]x
hrjm-{Zo-]p-c-am-KXy {ioaq-e-ÿm-\-a-WvUt]
kwÿn-Xm≥ {_m“-Wm≥ k¿Δm-\-`n-hm-ZymY `m¿§hx
DhmN hmIyw hmIy-RvPx tbmKm-Nmcyw Kpcp© ssh
k¿thjmw {_m“-Wm-\m© abm \oXm Znhn-kvXnXmx
buh-\m-Vym› kpμtcym cXy¿∞w \nXy-ta-hN
Krl-ÿm\mw tZh-Xm`nx kpμ-co-`n-Zzn-tPm-Øamx

digitized by [Link]
A\p-_‘w 147

cXy¿∞© ibn-jy¥p k¥-Xy¿∞© \nXyix

jSv°-\ym-k-lnXmw cmtam tZh-\m-co-∂n-thiy N
hrjm-{Zo-]p-c-at≤y N {IoUm¿∞w jSvKr-lm≥ XYm
Iev]-bn-XzmY cma-›-{_m-“-Wm\mw kpJmb N
tPyjvT-]p{Xw hn\m k¿th {_m“Wm ZznP-k-Øamx
kp`-Km-`n› I\ym-`n-cXnw Ip¿h¥p \nXyix
aa-tZti N iq{Zm› amkvXp ZrjvSm› k¥Xw
{IoU-b¥p kpcm- ¿th Znhn tZhm bYm XYm
Xbm kmIw ZznPm \nXyw NXzmtcm hm{X b› hm
{_m“-Wm\m© k¿tΔjmw kwK-tZmtjm \ hnZytX
tZh-\mcyx Ine Xzkvam¬ {IoUm-l› Znt\ Znt\
]c-kv{Xo-kw-K-tZm-jm-\n-a-a-tZti \ In©\
ZznP-kv{Xo-tbm-P-\m- ¿th {IoUm-bma ZzntPm-Øamx
D]-cn-{IoU kpc-Xm-\m-N-c-¥p-kv{Xn-b- Zm
\mco-Wm© Xp k¿Δmkmw kvX\-h-kv{Xm-Wn-am-kvXznl
btYjvssS› ZznssP- mIw {IoU-b≤zw Znt\ Znt\
XnjvT¥p tZh-\m-cy› a¬ `qau tIctf kZm
AwKo-IrXy ZznPm- ¿th Xm`n- mIw kpJw ÿnXmx
.............................................................................................................
jSv°-\ym-k-lnXmw \mcow K‘¿Δ-ky-Ip-tem-¤hmw
e£vao-]pcymw \nth-iymY X{X X{X N `m¿§hx
{IoUm¿∞w {_m“-Wm- ¿tΔ AwKo-Ip¿h¥p \nXyix
Xm`n- p-μ-c-\m-co`nx {IoU-b¥p ZzntPm-Øamx
kma-¥m\mw ZznPm-Xo-\m-a-\y-tZti \nhm-kn\mw
{_m“-Wm\mw Xp hm \mcy-kvXn-jvT¥p N kpJmb ssh
XmkvXp K‘¿Δ-temtI Xp BN-c¥p bYm XYm
GI-kym-ss›h GtImkvXp a≤y-tZti \nhm-kn\mw
K‘¿Δ-Ip-e-\m-co`n¿Ωm-\-bp-‡m-`n-c-\zlw
{_m“-Wm-ss›h kma¥mx {IoU-b¥p Znt\ Znt\
I›n-t±-h-Xbm kmI-ap-]-cn-{Io-U-aw-Kfw
cXnw IrXzm ZznPm- ¿th XnjvT¥p N bYm-kpJw
]p\› cm£-kow-X\zow jSv°-\ym-k-lnXmw XZm
Aw_n-Imbmw ]ptc cmtam \nth-tiym-∑-Ø-bu-h\mw
{_m“-Wm-\m© cXy¿∞w XnjvT¥p N Znt\ Znt\
bYm c£-k-temtI N I¿Øhyw I\y-Im-kvXYm

digitized by [Link]
148 {]mNo-\-a-e-bmfw

{_m“-ssW› kZm bqbw cXn-{Io-U-\-aw-Kfw

k¿th........................................ ca-b¥p ZzntPm-Øamx.”
(tI. am. 40-˛w 50-˛w A≤ym-b-߃)

A\p-_‘w 4
Cuim-e-bm-]n\x tINn¬ tINn-≤¿Ω-]-em-bn\x
kma-`n-kvXqX]x tINn-tZ-h-an-Yym-`n-am-\n\x
tZmssj-I-\ncXx tINn-Zzn-i-Xm-Zm-fly-am-\n\x
kv{XoXzw ]pwkvXzw Zztbm¿ PmXn-cn-Xcmx {`m¥n-aq-eImx
thZmx {]amWw t\—-¥n-lym-Kaw ss\h Nm]tc
kXy-£ta IrtX tNXn temIm-b-X-a-Xm-\pKo
i‡n-tch khn-{XoXn aXw P·n-lntc ]tc
ss`c-ho-X-{¥-am-ew_y PmXn-k-¶-c-Im-cnWx
P\-\o-P-\-Im≥ P\ym≥ [¿Ω-]-Xv\o-Zzn-j¥n N
tZhm≥ ZznPm≥ Kpcq≥ {]m⁄m≥ [¿Ω-am¿§m-\p-h¿Øn\x
Ah-am\y alXzw Xp hnhn[m [njWmx ]tc
Cutimlw _e-`-t{Zmlw knt≤mlw _e-hm-\lw
BtVymkvan _e-hm-\kvan tIm tZyma CXn hmZn\x
`qXm-`n-Nm-ctXm `£m; k¿h-`£m hn`-£Imx
ltc-c-\¿∏n-Xm-lmcmx A\y-tZ-hm¿∏n-Xm-i\mx
]p{Xm-Zo≥ ss\h ]pjvW¥n inivt\m-Z-c-cXmx ]tc
]c-kv{Xo-\n-c-Xm- ¿th k√n-Im-Z-ev]-[¿ΩnWx
kzkvan≥ KpWn-Xz-a-¥mtcm tZh-Zzn-Pm\p \nμn\x
amwkm-lmcm aZy-]m› kzZm-cm-—n-{Z-hm-Zn\x
jWvUm-ta-ssI-I-enw-ssK› ]mj-WvU-i-Ip-ss\-kvXYm
GX-Zp-‡-a-\p-jvTmb P\m- ¿thf]n k¥n ln
GI-P\ym P\mx tINn-ss∂-IP\ym P\mx ]tc
k¶o¿Æ-_p-≤bx tINn-tZym-\n-k-¶-c-Im-cnWx
tZmjm ss\h hnNn-\z¥n ImcWw ly{X Imc-Ww.
KcZm {_“Wmx tINn-Zzn-hm-lky N I≠Imx
hrØn-t—-Z-Icmx tINn¬ ]c-tZm-jm-h-a¿in\x
Ghw P\mx _lp-hn[mx tZmj-hm¿ssØ-I-tem-ep]mx
GI-Ir-—vdm-Zzn-Ir-—vdm› {XnN-Xpx-Ir-—vdImx ]tc
GI-Iq¿®m -ZznIq¿®m› _lp-Iq¿®mXn Iq¿®Imx

digitized by [Link]
A\p-_‘w 149

a{¥-hm-Z-cXmx tINn-t√m-tIm-]-Ir-Xn-tl-Xth
\ma-`n¿ Pn\-k-º∂m {ipXn-im-kv{X-hn-h¿PnXmx
temIm≥ Zznj¥n [¿Ω-⁄m≥ KcZm temI-K¿lnXmx
IqS-km-£n-{]-h-‡mcx kkvt\-lm-kvXm-Zr-tijp N
]m]-£n-]-Ieu temIm≥ ktZm-jm-tZm-j-hm-Zn\x
\ssX- l htk-≤o-am≥ \mh-a-t\yX I¿ln-Nn¬
A\-¥m-K-Wtim tZmjm DZm-l¿Øpw \ N £ax
Ir—v tdim-\m© thZm\mw Im X{X-]-cn-th-Z\m
{Kmta {Kmta Zpcm-Nmcm temIm- ¥n lyt\-Iix
Ghw alm-¥-am-temIw {Kma-am-{i-tbtX P\mx
Ghw Iptejp k¿thjp tZmj-Pm-Xy-a-\-¥Iw
kZzw-iPm Atbm-Kym› \nμym Gh \ kwibx
[\p¿hwtim hnip-t≤m]n \n¿§pWx Inw Icn-jyXn
tbmtKym Zp¿hw-i-Pm-tXm]n ikytX k¿h-k-÷ss\x
kv°mtμ \mK-c-J-WvtU]n t{]m‡w ssewtK]n tNmZnXx
PmXo\mw \n¿Æbx kay-Kp-Zm-l-c-W-]q¿Δ-Iw.
(k-lym-{Zn-J-WvUw)

digitized by [Link]