BACTERIOSTATICS BACTERICIDAL

Protein Synthesis Inhibitors ALL THE REST are bactericidal

(Buy AT 30 CEL at 50)
• 30S Inhibitors
o Aminoglycosides
o Tetracyclines
• 50S Inhibitors
o Cephalosporin
o Erythromycin
o Linezolid (plus 23S
inhibitor)
Antimetabolites

SOURCES OF ANTIMICROBIALS
Source Antibiotic
B. polymyxa Polymyxin
B. subtilis Bacitracin
Penicillum griseofulvum Griseofulvin
Streptomyces aureofaciens Chlortetracycline
Streptomyces erythreus Erythromycin
Streptomyces fradiae Neomycin
Streptomyces griseus Streptomycin
Streptomyces lincolnensis Lincomycin
Streptomyces nodosus Amphotericin
Streptomyces noursei Nystatin
Streptomyces orientalis Vancomycin
Streptomyces venezuelae Chloramphenicol

DRUGS FOR MYCOBACTERIA

DRUG MOA ACTION USE OTHER ROLES Adverse Event
Inhibit mycolic acid Peripheral
Isoniazid Cidal Fast multiplying TB
synthesis neuropathy
Reddening of
Rifampicin Inhibit RNA synthesis Cidal Slow multiplying TB Resistant mycobacterium
body fluids
Good penetration: meninges (Best
Weak
Pyrazinamide Unknown used 2 months after infection – Hepatotoxicity
Cidal
when inflammation is observed

Inhibit RNA synthesis;

Red-green color
Ethambutol Inhibit mycolic acid Static Fast multiplying Poor penetration: Meninges
blindness
incorporation

SECOND LINE THERAPY FOR MYCOBACTERIA

Mnemonic: CARL FEP

• Cycloserine
• Aminoglycoside
• Rifabutin
• Linezolid
• Paraamino salicylic acid
• Fluoroquinolone
• Ethionamide

BACTERIAL SHAPES:
1. Lancet-shaped – Streptococcus pneumoniae
2. Chinese character – Corynebacterium diphtheriae
3. Kidney shaped – Neiserria gonorrheae
4. Comma shaped – Vibrio cholera
5. Gull wing shaped – Campylobacter jejuni
6. Spiral shaped - Helicobacter pylori
7. Club shaped - Cornybacterium diptheriae

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COLOR AND CULTURE:
MICROORGANISM MEDIA COLONY COLOR/OTHER NOTES
Blood agar
Staphylococcus aureus Yellow
Mannitol
Staphylococcus epidermidis Blood agar White
Haemophilus influenza
Chocolate agar Grayish-brown
Haemophilus parainfluenzae
Bordatella pertussis Modified bordet gengou agar
Escherichia coli
Klebsiella
Eosin methylene blue Pink colonies
Enterobacteria
Serratia
Shigella
Salmonella Eosin methylene blue No color
Yersinia
Vibrio cholera Yellow
TCBS – Thiosulfate-citrate-bile salts-sucrose
Vibrio parahemolyticus Green
agar
Vibrio vulnificuas Blue-green
Campylobacter jejuni
Skirrow’s
Helicobacter pylori
Loeffler’s agar (+) for Babes Ernst Granules
Cornyebacterium diphtheria Blood agar Gray colonies
Tellurite Brown-black colonies with halo
Listeria monocytogenes Mueller agar Small round colonies
M. tuberculosis Lowenstein Jensen Medium
Buffered Charcoal Yeast – Extract agar with
Legionella
alpha ketoglutarate
Mycoplasma Beef heart, Horse serum
Yeasts Brain heart infusion agar
Molds Saboraud’s

FEVERS
OTHER NAME ORGANISM
Undulating fever Brucella
Gastric remittent fever
Rabbit fever Tularensis
Deerfly fever
Sandfly Fever Phlebovirus
Rift Valley Fever
Tick Fever Borrelia
Relapsing Fever
Famine Fever
Scarlet Fever S. pyogenes
Typhoid Fever Salmonella typhimurium
Lassa Fever Arena virus
Brazilian Purpuric Fever H. aegyptius
Pontiac Fever Legionella
Rheumatic Fever S. pyogenes
Chikungunya Fever Togavirus
Break bone fever Dengue
Rocky mountain R. ricketsii
Q. Fever Coxiella burnetti
Dessert Fever/ San Joaquin Coccidiodomycosis
Katayama Schistosomiasis

Some similarities and differences

• CAMP Test:
o Group A – Beta-hemolytic streptococcus
§ Results: Arrow hemolysis
o Listeria monocytogenes
§ Results: Block hemolysis
• Condyloma Lata: Secondary syphilis
• Condyloma Acuminata: Human papilloma virus

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Modes of Gene Transfer
1. Conjugation – uses sex pili
2. Transformation – direct gene transfer
3. Transduction – bacteriophage

Virulence Factors
1. Pseudopods – present in Shigella
2. Protoplasmic projections - Yersinia
3. Internalin – Listeria
4. Coiling phagocytosis – Legionella

Some antigens and proteins present in microorganisms or bacterial components

1. H-antigen – present in flagella
2. K-antigen – present in capsule
3. Somatic O-antigen – gram (-) bacteria
4. Protein M – Group A – Beta-hemolytic streptococcus
5. A-antigen –Brucella abortus
6. M-antigen – Brucella melitensis
7. Toxin fragment A – Cornybacterium
8. Exotoxin A – Pseudomonas

Short summary of diseases:

DISEASE ORGANISM
Scalded skin syndrome S. aureus
Bacterial endocarditis (artificial heart valves) Staph. epidermidis
Bacterial endocarditis (natural heart valves) Strep. Viridans
UTI in young women (common cause) Staph. saprophyticus
Necrotizing fasciitis;
Impetigo;
Scarlet fever; Strep. pyogenes
Toxic shock syndrome;
Rheumatic fever;
Community acquired pneumonia – most common cause S.pneumoniae
S.pneumoniae (most common cause)
Otitis media
H. influenza (second common cause)
Brazilian purpuric fever H. aegyptius
Taiwan acute respiratory syndrome Chlamydia pneumonia
Non discreet respiratory syndrome Chlamydia psitacci
Guillain-barre’s syndrome Campylobacter
Donovanosis Calymatobacterium granulomatis
Flappy baby Clostridium botulinium
Lyme disease B. burgdorferi
Weil’s syndrome Leptospira interrogans
Pontiac fever Legionelle pneumophila
Q-fever Coxiella burnetti
Rickettsial pox Ricketsia akari

Other names
Koch-week’s bacillus H.aegyptius
Pertussis Bordatella
Gastric remittent fever; undulating fever Brucellosis
Rabbit fever; deerfly fever Tularensis
Friedlander’s bacillus Klebsiella pneumonia
Hansen’s disease Leprosy
Brill-zinsser disease Epidemic typhus (Ricketsia prowazeki)

Vaccines with Live-attenuated microorganisms (Mnemonic: MMR-VAPSY)

• MMR
• Varicella
• Adenovirus
• Polio virus (SABIN)
• Small Pox
• Yellow Fever

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Vaccines with Killed microorganisms (RIPPHa)
• Rabies
• Influenza
• Polio (SALK)
• Pertussis
• Hepa A

Metronidazole is used for (Amy, Gia, and Trisha)

1. Amoeba
2. Giargia
3. Trichomonas

PROTOZOA:
ORGANISM DOC MANIFESTATION TRANSMISSION OTHER NOTES
Intestinal: Dysentery
Entamoeba histolytica Metronidazole Extraintestinal: liver Fecal oral Flask-shaped ulceration
abscess
Foul smelling greasy
Giargia lamblia Metronidazole Fecal oral Old man’s eyeglass
diarrhea
Fecal oral; Contaminated
Cyclospora cayetanensis Watery diarrhea
fruits and vegetables
Itching; burning
Trichomonas vaginalis Metronidazole sensation; yellow green Sexual
frothy discharge
Leishmaniasis Sandfly
Babesia microti Tick Maltese cross shaped
Trypanosoma cruzi Chagoma. Romania sign Winterbottom sign Scrofula

HELMINTHS
ORGANISM Other name Transmission Other important notes
Ascaris lumbricoides Giant roundworm Embryonate in soil Diagnosis: Kato-katz
Enterobius vermicularis Human pinworm Embryonate in soil Capable of Auto-infection
It is the most prevalent nematode
in temperate climate
Diagnosis: Scotch tape test
Trichuris trichiuria Whipworm Embryonate in soil Causes rectal prolapse
Most prevalent in developing
countries
Hookworms Old world hook worm: Percutaneous, Causes iron deficiency anemia
Ancylostoma duodenale Fecal due to blood loss
New world hookworm:
Necator americanus
Stronglyloides stercuralis Percutaneous, fecal Capable of auto-infection

FLUKES:
• Giant intestinal fluke – Fasciolopsis buski
• Giant liver fluke – Fasciola hepatica
• Blood fluke – Schistosoma japonicum
• Lung fluke- Paragonimus westermani

NEMATODES TREMATODES CESTODES

Ascaris lumbricoides Fasciolopsis buski Taenia solium; T. saginata,
Enterobius vermicularis Fasciola hepatica Hymenolepsis nana
Trichuris trichiuria Clonorchis sinensis Diphyllobotrium latum
Hookworms Opistorchis
Stronglyloides stercularis Paragonimus westermani
Schistosoma

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Key words (FUNGI)
Keyword ORGANISM
Rose gardener’s disease Sporotrichosis
Copper pennies Chromomycosis
Polyploid masses Rhinosporidiosis
Gil christ’s disease
Blastomycosis
North American blastomycosis
Mariner’s Wheel
Paracoccidiodomycosis
South American blastomycosis
San Joaquin valley fever Coccidiodes imitis
African histoplasmosis Histoplasma capsulatum var. duboisii
Germ tube test Candidiasis
Cryptococcus; pigeon droppings;
European blastomycosis
Diagnosis: India ink

VIRUSES:

Positive Sense RNA Virus (PiCoTCaFlaRe)

1. Picornaviridae
2. Coronaviridae
3. Togaviridae
4. Caliciviridae
5. Flaviviridae
6. Retroviridae Reoviridae

Negative Sense RNA Virus (Par FABOR)

1. Paramyxoviridae
2. Filoviridae
3. Arenaviridae
4. Bunyaviridae
5. Orthomyxoviridae
6. Rhabdoviridae

DNA viruses
NOTE: Remember all are DIN (Double stranded, Icosahedral in shape, Nucleus)
Except Parvovirus (Single stranded) Pox (complex shape) , Pox (cytoplasm)
Naked DNA Viruses = Naked PAPA (Parvo, papova, adeno)

RNA viruses
NOTA: Remember all are HECS (Helical, Enveloped, Cytoplasm, Single stranded) except for the following:
• Picorna, Reo, Calici which are NAKED (Mnemonic: Naked PRC)
• Retro, Ortho, Influenza which multiply in the nucleus (Mnemonic: Nucleic RIO)
• Reovirus which is Double stranded

Hepatitis Virus
TYPE Transmission Type of virus Fulminant Cases Chronic Cases Other notes
A Fecal-oral Picornavirus
B Sexual, parenteral, Hepadnavirus Rare With HEPA D
Perinatal coinfection
C Flavivirus Rare Common
D Frequent
E Fecal oral Common Rare Beverages

Herpes Viruses
Herpes Virus 1 Herpes Simplex Virus 1
Herpes Virus 2 Herpes Simplex Virus 2
Herpes Virus 3 Varicella Zoster Virus
Herpes Virus 4 Eptein Barr Virus
Herpes Virus 5 Cytomegalovirus
Herpes Virus 6 Roseolovirus
Herpes Virus 7 Roseolovirus
Herpes Virus 8 Kaposi’s Sarcoma

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