AST251 - Lecture 3
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1. Annie Jump 6. How would the
Cannon came up habitable zone
with a new change when
classification of Spectral type of starts were defined comparing M to O
stars. what were ** class starts
the categories OBAFGKM
2. Are low
O -> hotter starts will have wider and
temperature or
further habitable zone
high temperature
**
stars more
O starts however may not give life
abundant in the
enough time to evolve before dying
universe
7. What are "flare Many M stars are "flare stars" unlike the
stars"? Sun and their brightness can spike to
double for periods of minutes or hours
**
low temperature We need to assess the properties of
** each start individually to detremine
higher chance or life being formed habitability
3. How can we take 8. What are main
into account the sequence stars?
planets albedo in
the Power in
equation
4. How is the
equilibrium
temperature
calculated?
at equillibrium Pin = Pout
Stars that are still fusing hydrogen in
**
their cores -> "living stars"
Can be calculated if we know the
**
- Luminosity: L
- In main sequence stars, the blue ones
- Bond albedo: A
are large and bright, whereas the red
- orbital semi-major axis: a
ones are small and dim (only applies to
5. How long does it main sequence stars)
take a G star like - Total lifespan decreases as you move
the sun to run out from M to O (more massive stars burn
of core H their fuel at a very high rate)
10 Gy
9. what does the 14. What happens to
blackbody curve low mass stars (M
describe to A) after
running out of
core fuel?
the light that a dense object emits (solid
liquid or gas)
** They expand to become red giants and
as you heat up a dense object, it emits then shedding their outer layers to
more light over all and a higher fraction become "planetary nebulae" followed
of that light at shorter wavelengths by shrinking and becoming white dwarfs
**
10. what does the
Low mass stars do not die in explosions
colour a star emits
but slowly
depend on
15. What is a Planet whose surface water can remain
habitable planet? liquid for long periods of time
16. What is bond
albedo?
Surface temperature
**
Hotter stars emit more light at higher
wavelengths, and their blackbody
curves are shifted to the left and up
11. What does the
equilibrium
temperature
depend on. What The fraction of light that is reflected
would the graph from the planet's surface
look like? A = 0 -> perfectly black (absorbs all
light)
A = 1 -> perfectly white (reflects all light)
Distance from the star
** 17. What is stellar Stars are not stable, and go through
AU = distance of earth to the sun activity and stellar periods of "activity" and "quiescence"
variability? (not doing anything)
12. What happens to It evolves of the main sequence and
a star after if runs becomes a post-main sequence star
The twisting and tangling of the Sun's
out of core fuel?
electromagnetic fields cause it to
13. What happens to They also expand to become red giants release high energy radiation
high mass stars (B but then explode as supernovae
to O) after
running out of
core fuel?
18. What is the 23. What is the
equation for habitable zone?
calculating the
amount of light
that passes
through each
square meter of
the sphere with
radium a. Range of distances from the star within
which habitable
19. What is the planets can exist
equation for Sometimes referred to as "the
Power out (heat Goldilocks zone"
re-radiated by
the planet ) 24. What is the
inverse square
sigma is stefan-Blotzmann constant
law used for?
20. What is the
equation for
power received
by planet?
21. What is the "Faint
Young Sun" To measure how much light is received
Paradox? by a planet from its star
**
further away from source, the less bright
because the light gets spread out more
25. What is the
luminosity of a
star?
Billions of years ago the sun was less It is the energy output (watts, energy per
than 70% of its current luminosity but unit of time) in power
was still able to harbor liquid water and
26. Why does Venus
eventually life
not fit into the
22. What is the equilibrium
Galactic habitable temperature vs
zone? distance graph
According to the model, the habitable
zone (0-100 degrees Celsius / 273-
373K) would include Venus, however
due to the atmosphere Venus is a lot
hotter in reality
**
model doesn't account for planetary
Too high density in the middle of galaxy, atmospheres
and far too little heavy elements far out
at the edges of the galaxy
27. Would complex life endure longer around M and K star or shorter lived O and B stars
M and K stars
