Course II
Lesson １2
Application of Integrals （１）
１2A
• Areas of plane regions
1
【Review】 Area of a Plane Region
y
y = f (x)
f (x)
ΔS
o a x b x
Δx
Area of the strp ΔS = f ( x)dx where f ( x) > 0
Total area over [a, b]
b
S ≈ ∑ f ( x)Δx → S = ∫ f ( x)dx 2
a
Area Between Two Graphs
When f ( x) ≥ g ( x) in [a, b], area S is
b
S= ∫ {f (x) − g (x)}dx
a
[ Proof ]
Consider y = f (x) + k and y = g (x) + k
b b b
S = S1 − S 2 = ∫ {f (x)+ k}dx − ∫ {g(x)+ k}dx = ∫ {f (x)− g( x)}dx
a a a
3
Case of a Negative Function
When f ( x) < 0 in the domain [a, b]
b b
S= ∫ {0 − f (x )}dx = − ∫ f ( x)dx
a a
Ahh! That’s so easy!
4
Example
2
Example 12-1 Find the area between the graph of y = x − x − 2 and
the x -axis, from x = −2 to x = 3.
Ans.
y = x 2 − x − 2 = ( x − 2)(x + 1) = 0
Let the areas be S1, S2 and S3
−1
−1
2 ⎡ x3 x 2 ⎤
S1 = ∫( x − x − 2)dx = ⎢ − − 2 x ⎥ = 1.833
−2 ⎢⎣ 3 2 ⎥⎦ − 2
2
S2 = − ∫ ( x 2 − x − 2)dx = 4.5
−1
3
S3 = − ( x 2 − x − 2)dx = 1.833
∫ 2
Therefore, S = S1 + S2 + S3 ≈ 1.833 + 4.5 + 1.833 = 8.166 5
Example
Example 12-2 Determine the area of the region enclosed by the functions
and y .= x y = x2
Ans.
The area is given by the blue region in the figure.
Cross points :
x = x2
x = x4 , ∴ x( x − 1)(x2 + x + 1) = 0
(0,0), (1, 1)
1
⎡2 3
1
2 1 3⎤ 1
S = ( x − x )dx = ⎢
∫ x2 − x ⎥ =
0 ⎢⎣ 3 3 ⎥
⎦0
3 6
Area Between the graph and the y-Axis
The area between the graph x = g ( y) and the y -axis
d
S = g ( y )dy
∫ c
7
Exercise
Ex.12-1 Find the area of the region enclosed by y = sin 2 x and
y = cos x in the domain 0 ≤ x ≤ π .
2
Ans.
Pause the video and solve by yourself.
8
Answer to the Exercise
Ex.12-1 Find the area of the region enclosed by y = sin 2 x and
π
y = cos x in the domain 0 ≤ x ≤ .
2
Ans. sin 2 x = cos x
We put
∴ cos x(2 sin x − 1) = 0,
1
∴ cos x = 0 or sin x =
2
π π
∴ x= ,
2 6
π π
S= 6 (cos x − sin 2 x)dx + 2 (sin 2 x − cos x )dx
∫
0 ∫π
6
π π
⎡ 1 ⎤6 ⎡ 1 ⎤2 1
= ⎢sin x − cos 2 x ⎥ + ⎢− cos 2 x − sin x ⎥ =
⎣ 2 ⎦0 ⎣ 2 ⎦π 2 9
6
Course II
Lesson １2
Application of Integrals (1)
１2B
• Volumes of Solids
10
Volumes of Solids
Volume of the slab ΔV ≈ S ( x)Δx
Total volume of the solid between x=a and x=b
V≈ ∑ S ( x ) Δx →
11
Example
[Example 12-2]
Find the volume of a cone with bottom radius r and height h.
Ans.
Set the x-axis as shown in the figure.
2
Area of the bottom S (h) = πr
From , we have
Therefore
12
Exercise
Ex.12-2 Find the volume of the pyramid having
a horizontal square cross section. The bottom
side length is a and the height is h.
Ans.
Pause the video and solve by yourself.
13
Exercise
Ex.12-2 Find the volume of the pyramid having a horizontal square cross
section. The bottom side length is a and the height is .
Ans. We consider the z-axis vertically.
The horizontal cross section at z :
S ( z ) : a 2 = (h − z ) 2 : h 2
a 2 (h − z ) 2
∴ S ( z) =
h2
h a 2 (h − z ) 2 a2 h
V= ∫ 2
dz = 2 ∫ (h 2 − 2hz + z 2 )dz
0 h h 0
h
a2 ⎡ 2 2 1 3⎤ 1 2
= 2
h ⎢h z − hz + 3 z ⎥ = 3 a h
⎣ ⎦0 14
Volumes of Solids of Revolution
When the solid is generated by revolving a region
about the x-axis
b b b
V= ∫ S ( x)dx = ∫ πr dx = πf ( x) 2dx
2
∫
a a a
15
Example
[Examples 12-3]
Find the volume of a sphere with radius r.
Ans.
The upper half of the circle .
y = r 2 − x2
By rotating this blue area, we have a circle.
Volume of a circle
r r
2
V= ∫ πy dx = ∫ π (r 2 − x 2 )dx
−r −r
r
⎡ 2 x3 ⎤ 4 3
= π ⎢r x − ⎥ = πr
⎢⎣ 3 ⎥⎦ 3 16
−r
That makes sense!
Exercise
Ex.12-3 Find the volume of the solid made by rotating the region
surrounded by f ( x) = x and y=x.
Ans.
Pause the video and solve by yourself.
17
Exercise
Ex.12-3 Find the volume of the solid made
by rotating the region surrounded by y = x
and y=x.
Ans.
This volume can be obtained by subtracting B from A, where .
1
1 ⎡1 ⎤ 1
A VA = π ∫( )
0
x 2dx = π ⎢ x 2 ⎥ = π
⎣ 2 ⎦0 2
1
B
1
2 ⎡1 3 ⎤ 1
VB = π (x ) dx = π ⎢ x ⎥ = π
∫
0 ⎣3 ⎦0 3
1 1 1
V = VB − V A = π − π = π 18
3 2 6
