Communication Systems
By Ihsan Ul Haq
Semester 6
Lecture 2a – Introduction to Signals
Summary of Previous Lecture
f The objective of communication is to transfer of information from a
source to recipient via channel.
f Information may be represented in analog as well as digital.
f Channel may be wired or optical or wireless.
f We often transform signals from time-domain to frequency domain
to find out
k Frequency contents of the signal
k Bandwidth of the signal
f Bandwidth of the channel is sometimes limited due to channel
capacity and in case of wireless communications, it is usually
because of the regulations of the local telecommunication authority.
Now it is also due to international standards e.g. GSM.
Cosine and Sine in a Complex Plane
f cos and sin waveforms have a mutual phase difference of 90°. Due
to this phase difference we can draw cos and sin functions as
vectors in a complex plane.
Im
f Then how will we write the cos + j sin
combination of the cos and sin
functions? If we write cos + sin or
cos - sin, how their orthogonal
nature will be reflected? Re
f Another concept of orthogonal
nature: Dot product of two
orthogonal vectors is zero.
Moving to Frequency Domain
Time domain Frequency domain
1
-1
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 0 10 20 30 40 50
Time (seconds) Frequency (Hz)
-2
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 0 10 20 30 40 50
Time (seconds) Frequency (Hz)
Moving to Frequency Domain
1
0.5
0
-0.5
7 Hz
-1
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
1
0.5
0 13 Hz
-0.5
-1
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
1
0.5
0
-0.5
-1
17 Hz
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
3
2
1
0 Combined
-1
-2
-3 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
Moving to Frequency Domain
f The original signal can be matched with a number of frequencies to
know what are the constituent frequencies in the signal.
7 Hz + 13 Hz + 17 Hz
3
2
1
0 Original signal is
-1
-2 matched here
-3 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
with 3 different
frequencies.
5 Hz 7 Hz 9 Hz
1 1 1
0.5 0.5 0.5
0 0 0
0.5 -0.5 -0.5
-1 0 -1 0 0.5 1 -1 0
0.5 1 0.5 1
© © ©
0 a large number 0
* represents multiply-add operation i.e. addition of point-by-point products of two signals.
Moving to Frequency Domain
3
2
1
0
-1
-2
-3
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
1
11 Hz
1
13 Hz * 1
15 Hz
1
17 Hz
0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5
0 0 0 0
-0.5 -0.5 -0.5 -0.5
-1 0 0.5 1 -1 0 0.5 1 -1 0 0.5 1 -1 0 0.5 1
© © © ©
0 a large number 0 a large number
Moving to Frequency Domain
f In this example, the constituent signals are of the form of cos(2 f t),
where f = 7 Hz, 13 Hz, 17 Hz
and the waveforms used for correlation are of the form of cos(2 f t),
where f = 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17 Hz
f The original signal is highly matched with f = 7 Hz, 13Hz and 17 Hz.
Hence we can plot the original signal in frequency domain as follows.
0 5 10 15 20
Frequency (Hz)
Signal and Vector
• Signal are just like vectors. Signal are
vectors
• A vector can be represented as a sum of
its components in a variety of ways.
• A signal can also be represented as a sum
of its components
Component of a Vector
• Rectangular components.
• If we approxiamate g by cx
Scalar Product
Component of a Signal
comparison
Orthogonal
Example
Signal Comparison: Correlation
Example
