Republic of Zambia

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION, SCIENCE, VOCATIONAL TRAINING AND EARLY EDCATION

SCIENCE SYLLABUS
GRADES 10 – 12

Prepared and Published by Curriculum Development Centre

P.O. Box 50092
LUSAKA
2013
© Curriculum Development Centre
All rights are reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any
means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying recording or otherwise, without the prior consent of the copyright owners.

Science 5124: Grade 10-12 ii

VISION

Quality, life-long education for all which is accessible, inclusive and relevant to individual, national and global needs and value systems.

Science 5124: Grade 10-12 iii

Table of Contents
PREFACE................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. ix
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ...................................................................................................................................................................................................... x
INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................................................................................................................... xi
MATHEMATICAL REQUIREMENTS ................................................................................................................................................................................ xiv
ASSESSMENT........................................................................................................................................................................................................................ xv
TIME AND PERIOD ALLOCATION................................................................................................................................................................................... xvi
GRADE 10 ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 1
10.1GENERAL PHYSICS .................................................................................................................................................................................................... 2
10.1.1 International System of Units (SI). ......................................................................................................................................................................... 2
10.1.2 Length and time ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 3
10.1.3 Mass and weight ..................................................................................................................................................................................................... 3
10.2MECHANICS................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 4
10.2.1 Linear motion ....................................................................................................................................................................................................... 4
10.2.2 Forces ..................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 6
10.2.3 Moment of Forces. .................................................................................................................................................................................................. 7
10.2.4 Work, Energy and Power........................................................................................................................................................................................ 8
10.2.6 Simple Machines .......................................................................................................................................................................................... 10
GRADE 11 .............................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 12
11.3THERMAL PHYSICS ................................................................................................................................................................................................. 13

Science 5124: Grade 10-12 iv

 11.3.2Measurement of Temperature ................................................................................................................................................................................ 14
11.3.3 Expansion of Solids, Liquids and Gases............................................................................................................................................................... 15
11.3.5 Heat transfer by Conduction, Convection and Radiation. .................................................................................................................................... 18
11.4 WAVE MOTION ........................................................................................................................................................................................................ 20
11.4.3Electromagnetic Spectrum ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 21
11.5 SOUND ................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 22
11.5.1 Properties of Sound .............................................................................................................................................................................................. 22
11.6 LIGHT ..................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 24
11.6.1 Rectilinear Propagation of Light .......................................................................................................................................................................... 24
11.6.2 Refraction of Light .............................................................................................................................................................................................. 25
11.7 MAGNETISM ............................................................................................................................................................................................................. 28
11.7.1 Simple phenomenon of magnetism. .................................................................................................................................................................. 28
GRADE 12 .............................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 30
12.8 STATIC ELECTRICITY ............................................................................................................................................................................................ 31
12.8.1 Static .................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 31
Electricity ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 31
12.9 CURRENT ELECTRICITY ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 32
12.9.1 Electric charge, current, and potential difference. ................................................................................................................................................ 32
12.9.2 Electric cells ....................................................................................................................................................................................................... 33
12.9.3 Electrical resistance. ........................................................................................................................................................................................... 34

Science 5124: Grade 10-12 v

 12.9.4 Heating effect of an electric current. .................................................................................................................................................................. 35
12.9.5 Magnetic effects of electric currents.................................................................................................................................................................. 37
12.10ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION ...................................................................................................................................................................... 38
12.10.1 The phenomenon of electromagnetic induction. ................................................................................................................................................ 38
12.10.2 The simple A.C. and D.C. generators. ................................................................................................................................................................ 39
12.10.3 Transformers....................................................................................................................................................................................................... 40
12.11 BASIC ELECTRONICS ........................................................................................................................................................................................... 42
12.11.1Thermionic emission and electrons ..................................................................................................................................................................... 42
12.12. ATOMIC PHYSICS ................................................................................................................................................................................................. 43
12.12.1 Nuclear atom..................................................................................................................................................................................................... 43
12.12.2 Radioactivity....................................................................................................................................................................................................... 44
SECTION B: CHEMISTRY ....................................................................................................................................................................................................... 47
GRADE 10 .............................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 48
10.1INTRODUCTION TO CHEMISTRY...................................................................................................................................................................... 49
10.1.1 Introduction to Chemistry ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 49
10.2THE PARTICULATE NATURE OF MATTER ......................................................................................................................................................... 50
10.2.1 Matter and the Kinetic theory ............................................................................................................................................................................ 50
10.2.2 Diffusion ............................................................................................................................................................................................................... 51
10.3EXPERIMENTAL TECHNIQUES ............................................................................................................................................................................. 51
10.3.1Measuring of quantities ......................................................................................................................................................................................... 51

Science 5124: Grade 10-12 vi

 10.3.2 Criteria of purity ................................................................................................................................................................................................... 52
10.3.3Separating mixtures ............................................................................................................................................................................................... 53
10.4ATOMS, ELEMENTS, COMPOUNDS AND MOLECULES .................................................................................................................................... 54
10.4.1Atomic structure and Periodic Table ..................................................................................................................................................................... 54
10.4.2 Bonding ................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 56
10.4.5 Chemical formulae and equations ...................................................................................................................................................................... 59
GRADE 11 .............................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 60
11.5ACIDS, BASES AND SALTS ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 61
11.5.1Characteristic properties of acids and bases .......................................................................................................................................................... 61
11.5.2Preparation of salts ............................................................................................................................................................................................... 63
11.6.3 Types of oxides..................................................................................................................................................................................................... 65
11.6.4 Identification of ions and gases .......................................................................................................................................................................... 65
(Qualitative analysis) ....................................................................................................................................................................................................... 65
11.6THE MOLE CONCEPT ............................................................................................................................................................................................... 66
11.6.1 Relative masses..................................................................................................................................................................................................... 66
11.6.2 The mole ............................................................................................................................................................................................................... 66
11.7 CHEMICAL REACTIONS ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 69
11.7.1 Rates of chemical reactions .................................................................................................................................................................................. 69
11.8THE PERIODIC TABLE .............................................................................................................................................................................. 70
11.8.1Groups and Periods................................................................................................................................................................................................ 70

Science 5124: Grade 10-12 vii

 11.8.2 Groups and Periodic trends................................................................................................................................................................................... 70
11.8.3 Transition metals .................................................................................................................................................................................................. 71
GRADE 12 ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 72
12.10 METALS ............................................................................................................................................................................................................... 73
12.10.1 General properties of a metals ............................................................................................................................................................................ 73
12.10.2 Reactivity and Electro Chemical Series ............................................................................................................................................................... 73
12.10.3 Alloys ................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 75
12.10.4 Corrosion ............................................................................................................................................................................................................ 76
12.11 NON -METALS .................................................................................................................................................................................................... 77
12.11.1 General properties of non-metals........................................................................................................................................................................ 77
12.11.2. Hydrogen ........................................................................................................................................................................................................... 77
12.11.3. Oxygen .............................................................................................................................................................................................................. 78
12.11.3. Oxygen .............................................................................................................................................................................................................. 79
12.11.4 Nitrogen .............................................................................................................................................................................................................. 81
12.11.7 Carbon and carbonates........................................................................................................................................................................................ 83
12.12 ORGANIC CHEMISTRY ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 85
12.12.1 Saturated and unsaturated Hydrocarbons ......................................................................................................................................................... 85
12.12.2 Alcohols (Alkanols) .......................................................................................................................................................................................... 88
12.12.3Carboxylic acids (alkanoic acids) ........................................................................................................................................................................ 89
12.12.4 Esters (Alkanoates) ............................................................................................................................................................................................. 90

Science 5124: Grade 10-12 viii

 12.12.5 Homologous series ............................................................................................................................................................................................. 90
12.12.6Macromolecules (Polymers) ................................................................................................................................................................................ 91
SCIENCE PRACTICAL DATA (PHYSICS) ......................................................................................................................................................................... 94
SCIENCE PRACTICAL DATA (CHEMISTRY)................................................................................................................................................................. 100
APPARATUS ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 101
REAGENTS .......................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 102
QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS TESTS ................................................................................................................................................................................... 103
SCIENCE SCOPE AND SEQUENCE CHART (PHYSICS) ............................................................................................................................................... 105
SCIENCE SCOPE AND SEQUENCE CHART (CHEMISTRY) ........................................................................................................................................ 107

PREFACE
The syllabus was produced as a result of the Curriculum review process carried out by the Ministry of Education, Science, Vocational
Training and Early Education under the auspices of the Curriculum Development Centre (CDC). The curriculum reform process started way
back in 1999 when the Ministry of Education commissioned five (5) curriculum studies which were conducted by the University of Zambia.
These studies were followed by a review of the lower and middle basic and primary teacher education curriculum. In 2005 the upper basic

Science 5124: Grade 10-12 ix

education National survey was conducted and information from learners, parents, teachers, school managers, educational administrators,
tertiary institutions traditional leader’s civic leaders and various stakeholders in education was collected to help design a relevant curriculum.

The recommendations provided by various stakeholders during the Upper Basic Education National survey of 2005 and National symposium
on curriculum held in June 2009 guided the review process.
The review was necessitated by the need to provide an education system that would not only incorporate latest social, economic,
technological and political developments but also equip learners with vital knowledge, skills and values that are necessary to contribute to
the attainment of Vision 2030.

The syllabus has been reviewed in line with the Outcome Based Education principles which seek to link education to real life experiences
that give learners skills to access, criticize, analyse and practically apply knowledge that help them gain life skills. Its competences and
general outcomes are the expected outcomes to be attained by the learners through the acquisition of knowledge, skills, techniques and
values which are very important for the total development of the individual and the nation as a whole.
Effective implementation of Outcome Based Education requires that the following principles be observed: clarity of focus, Reflective
designing, setting high expectations for all learners and appropriate opportunities.

It is my sincere hope that this Outcome Based syllabus will greatly improve the quality of education provided at Grade 8 and 9 as defined
and recommended in various policy documents including Educating Our Future`1996 and the `Zambia Education Curriculum Framework
`2013.

Chishimba Nkosha
Permanent Secretary
MINISTRY OF EDUCATION, SCIENCE, VOCATIONAL, TRAINING AND EARLY EDUCATIO

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The syllabus presented here is a result of broad-based consultation involving several stakeholders within and outside the education system.

Science 5124: Grade 10-12 x

Many individuals, institutions and organizations were consulted to gather their views on the existing syllabus and to accord them an
opportunity to make suggestions for the new syllabus. The Ministry of Education wishes to express heartfelt gratitude to all those who
participated for their valuable contributions, which resulted in the development of this syllabus.

The Curriculum Development Centre worked closely with other sister departments and institutions to create this document. We sincerely
thank the Directorate of Teacher Education and Specialized Services, the Directorate of Planning and Information, the Directorate of Human
Resource and Administration, the Directorate of Open and Distance Education ,the Examinations Council of Zambia, the University of
Zambia, schools and other institutions too numerous to mention, for their steadfast support.

We pay special tribute to co-operating partners especially JICA in collaboration with Hiroshima University and UNICEF for rendering
financial and technical support in the production of this syllabus.

C.N.M Sakala (Mrs.)

Director-Standard and Curriculum
MINISTRY OF EDUCATION, SCIENCE, VOCATIONAL TRAINING AND EARLY EDUCATION

INTRODUCTION

This syllabus is designed for Grades 10-12. It is intended for pupils not taking Chemistry and Physics as separate subjects.

General Aims

Science 5124: Grade 10-12 xi

The syllabus aims at providing, through well designed studies of experimental and practical science, a worthwhile educational experience for
all the pupils taking the course, whether or not they go on to study science beyond secondary School level, thereby, contributing to pupils’
general education by using the impact of known applications of science concepts and principles on society. This is intended to enable pupils
acquire adequate understanding and knowledge so that they can:

 become confident citizens in a technological world, able to make appropriate decisions in scientific matters;
 recognise the usefulness and limitations of the scientific method and, furthermore, appreciate its applicability in everyday life;
 Suitably prepare for studies beyond secondary School level in Science.

The course also aims at developing the following in the pupils:

 abilities and skills that

- are relevant to the course and practice of science;
- are useful in everyday life;
- encourage efficient and safe practice;
- encourage effective communication;

 attitudes relevant to science; for example

 accuracy and precision;
 objectivity;
 integrity;
 enquiry;
 initiative; and
 inventiveness or creative thinking
 Critical thinking.

Furthermore, the course aims at stimulating interest in and cares for the environment and promotes awareness that the:

Science 5124: Grade 10-12 xii

 study and practice of science are co-operative and cumulative activities that are subject to social, economical, technological, ethical and
cultural influences and limitations;
 Applications of science can be both beneficial and detrimental to the individual, to the community, society and the environment.

In addition to the content objectives, objectives under the following should be achieved by pupils:
 Knowledge with understanding

They should demonstrate knowledge and understanding in relation to the following:

- Scientific phenomena, facts, laws, definitions, concepts, theories;

- Scientific vocabulary, terminology, conventions; symbols, quantities and units;
- Scientific instruments and apparatus, including techniques of operations and aspects of safety;
- Scientific quantities and their determination;
- Scientific and technological applications with their social, economic and environmental implications.

 Handling information and solving problems

In words or using symbolic, graphical and numerical forms they should be able to:

- locate, select, organise and present information from a variety of sources;

- translate information from one form to another;
- manipulate numerical and other data;
- use information to identify patterns, reports trends and draw inferences;
- present reasonable explanations for phenomena, patterns and relationships;
- make predictions and propose hypotheses; and
- Solve problems.

Science 5124: Grade 10-12 xiii

 Experimental skills and investigations
As the pupils study Science they should be able to:

- follow a sequence of instructions;

- use techniques, apparatus and materials;
- make and record observations, measurements and estimates;
- interpret and evaluate observations and experimental results;
- plan an investigation, select techniques, apparatus and materials; and
- Evaluate methods and suggest possible improvements.

General Structure of the syllabus

This syllabus is divided into 13 units. The sequence of the Units is not intended to suggest a teaching order. It is hoped that teachers will be
flexible when planning their lessons.
Each of the units is described under the headings of “Content”, “knowledge”, skills and “Values”. The column headed “Content” is intended
as an extension and illustration of the specific outcomes and is not to be regarded as exhaustive. The teacher can extend it by relating the
factual contents and specific outcomes of the syllabus to social, economic and industrial life at both national and local levels as appropriate
as possible.
It is envisage that an experimental approach will be adopted and that pupils spend adequate time on individual experimental work.

MATHEMATICAL REQUIREMENTS
The study of Science through this syllabus strengthens the applications of mathematical skills. It is assumed that the pupils are competent in
the following mathematical techniques:

 taking accurate accounts of numerical work and handling calculations so that significant figures are neither lost unnecessarily nor
carried beyond what is justified;

Science 5124: Grade 10-12 xiv

 making approximate evaluation of numerical expressions;
 formulating simple algebraic equations as mathematical models and be able to solve them;
 changing the subject of a formula;
 expressing small changes or errors as percentages;
 calculating areas of various shapes;
 dealing with vectors in all simple forms;
 plotting results graphically after selecting appropriate variables and scales;
 interpreting, analysing and translating graphical information;
 making calculations involving additions, subtraction, multiplication and division of quantities;
 expressing small fractions as percentages and vice versa;
 calculating an arithmetic mean;
 transforming decimal notation to power of ten notation (standard form);
 use tables or calculators to evaluate logarithms (for calculations), squares, square roots and reciprocals;
 Changing the subject of an equation. (these may involve simpler operations that may include positive and negative indices and square
roots);
 Substituting physical quantities into an equation using consistent units so as to calculate one quantity (e.g. the units of a rate constant K);
 solving simple algebraic equations;
 comprehending and using the symbols/notations;
 testing tabulation pairs of values for direct proportionality by graphical method or by constancy of ratio;

ASSESSMENT
Continuous assessment will be emphasised by using various methods of testing according to topics at various levels. The examinations
council of Zambia will prepare detailed procedures on how continuous assessment will be conducted by the teachers. The examination
council will also develop examination syllabus to provide teachers with guidelines on the objectives to be tested. The scheme of assessment
will consists of school based assessment and final examination which will include a practical that will be conducted by the examinations of
council of Zambia.

Science 5124: Grade 10-12 xv

School based assessment will be in the form of tests. Tests will be in the form of diagnostic, aptitude, achievement, oral, practice attitude and
performance, learners.

TIME AND PERIOD ALLOCATION

Time allocation for this syllabus is will require at least six-40 minutes periods per week

Science 5124: Grade 10-12 xvi

 SECTION A: PHYSICS

Science 5124: Grade 10-12 i

 GRADE 10
General Outcomes: Key competences
 Develop an understanding of General Physics  Demonstrate ability to measure length, time, mass, weight and
 Develop investigative skills volume
 Demonstrate an understanding of mechanics  Show skills and knowledge to calculate density, speed, velocity,
acceleration and force
 Demonstrate ability to use different sources of energy
 Demonstrate ability to use simple machines to do work

Science 5124: Grade 10-12 1

 CONTENT
TOPIC SUB TOPIC SPECIFIC OUTCOMES
KNOWLEDGE SKILLS VALUES
10.1.1.1 Distinguish between basic and  The difference between  Comparing  Asking
10.1GENERAL 10.1.1 International derived quantities basic and derived basic questions
PHYSICS System of Units quantities: Basic quantities and about
(SI). quantities; mass, derived physical
length, time etc quantities. quantities
Derived quantities:  Identifying
force, acceleration, basic and  Participating
velocity etc derived units in group
10.1.1.2 Identify basic units and derived  Basic and Derived of quantities actively
units units: Basic units:
10.1.1.3 Distinguish between basic and metre(m),
derived quantities kilogram(Kg),
seconds(S) , Kelvin(K)
 Derived unit:
Newton(N),metre per
square second(m/s2)
10.1.1.4Identify basic units and derived  Fundamental and  Comparing  Asking
units. derived units: Prefixes, basic questions
multiples and quantities and about
10.1.1.5Recognise prefixes, multiples submultiples of basic derived physical
and submultiples of fundamental and derived unit quantities. quantities
and derived units.  Scientific notation:  Identifying  Participating
10.1.1.6Use scientific notation and numbers written using basic and in group
powers of ten and derived units actively
significant figures in numerical
significant figures: of quantities  Applying
problems. important figures  Expressing numbers in
numbers in standard form
standard form

Science 5124: Grade 10-12 2

 CONTENT
TOPIC SUB TOPIC SPECIFIC OUTCOMES
KNOWLEDGE SKILLS VALUES
10.1.2.1 Demonstrate the use of  Use of measuring  Measuring
10.1.2 Length and various measuring instruments: such as lengths of  Participating
time instruments to rules, vernier calipers and different in group
determine length micrometer screw gauge objects actively
to measure the physical  Measuring an  Asking
quantity length interval of time questions for
10.1.2.2 Demonstrate the use of  Use of devices for using clocks more
clocks and devices for measuring time: Using  Communicating understanding
measuring an interval of clocks to measure time factors affecting Applying the use
time intervals and period of the period of of clocks and
pendulum pendulum devices to
10.1.2.3 Identify factors that  A simple pendulum: determine the
affect the period of a Factors affecting the
simple pendulum period of
period of pendulum such
as length and amplitude pendulum

10.1.3.1 Distinguish between  Differences between mass  Comparing  Asking

10.1.3 Mass and mass and weight and weight in terms of mass with questions for
weight units, measuring weight more
instrument and quantities  Measuring understanding
10.1.3.2 Demonstrate how to  Instruments for measuring mass and  Appreciating
measure mass and mass and weight: Using weight of the use of beam
weight Triple beam balances and objects and spring
spring balances to balances
measure mass and weight

Science 5124: Grade 10-12 3

 CONTENT
TOPIC SUB TOPIC SPECIFIC OUTCOMES
KNOWLEDGE SKILLS VALUES
10.1.3.3Demonstrate how to locate  Locating the center of  Investigating
the centre of mass of an mass of an object: Use of the centre of  Participating
object lamina to locate centre of mass of object in group
mass of an object  Communicating actively in
10.1.3.4 Describe qualitatively the  Stability of objects in terms conditions for locating the
effect of the position of of the position of the centre stability of centre of mass
the centre of mass on the of mass e.g. objects, e.g.
stability of an object. equilibrium(stable ,unstable base, position of
and neutral) centre of mass
10.2.1.1 Describe the terms used in  Terms used : such as  Comparing  Participating
10.2MECHANICS 10.2.1 Linear distance, displacement, distance with in a group
mechanics.
motion speed, velocity, displacement; actively
acceleration speed with  Appreciating
 Use of the following velocity the use of
10.2.1.2 Demonstrate the use of
equations of motion;  Classifying equations of
equations of uniformly appropriate motion to solve
v = u + at,
accelerated motion to solve equation(s) of problems
s = (v + u)t/2,
problems motion to solve  Appreciating
s = ut + ½ at2 particular graphs
v2 = u2 + 2as numerical
10.2.1.3 Interpret graphical problems
 Graphical representation of  Plotting and
representation of distance- motion in terms of ; rest, interpreting
time, Displacement -time, constant speed and constant graphs
speed-time, velocity-time acceleration
and acceleration-time.

Science 5124: Grade 10-12 4

 CONTENT
TOPIC SUB TOPIC SPECIFIC OUTCOMES
KNOWLEDGE SKILLS VALUES
10.2.1.4 Investigate the  Consequences of over speeding  Predicting  Appreciating
consequences of over e.g. brake failure resulting into which object in speed limits ,
speeding car crush, loss of control motion would road humps,
be damaged the speed traps etc
10.2.1.5Describe the acceleration of  Acceleration of free fall for a
most e.g. a  Appreciating
free fall for a body near the body near the earth it is slow moving the use of
earth. constant(approximately 10m/s2) vehicle or a fast parachutes
moving vehicle from height
10.2.1.6 Describe qualitatively the  The falling motion of bodies in , if they hit an
motion of bodies falling in a uniform gravitational field: obstacle
a uniform gravitational falling terminal velocity  Calculating
field with and without air
acceleration
resistance
of a body due
gravity
 Communicating
the cause and
effect
relationship of
terminal
velocity

Science 5124: Grade 10-12 5

 CONTENT
TOPIC SUB TOPIC SPECIFIC OUTCOMES
KNOWLEDGE SKILLS VALUES
10.2.2.1 Explain what force  The definition of force: Force  Communicating  Participating
10.2.2 Forces is. as “Pull” or “push” the effects of a in a group
10.2.2.2 Explain the effect of  Effects of forces :change in force using a actively
forces on bodies. spring, trolley,
shape, change in size, change
Ticker Tape
direction, change of motion Timer etc.  Appreciating
10.2.2.3 Describe the inertia
law  Resistance to change in state  Investigating the use of
of motion (Newton’s 1st law) the relationship safety belts on
between mass vehicles
and acceleration,
e.g. higher
inertia is due to
larger mass
10.2.2.4 Demonstrate the  The relationship between  Describing the  Appreciating
relationship between force and acceleration: A relationship Newton’s first
force and acceleration constant force produces a between mass law of motion
and acceleration
constant acceleration  Giving a
10.2.2.5 Demonstrate the
 The relationship between  Organising the presentation of
relationship between mass and acceleration: data of group work.
mass and acceleration. Increase in mass results in investigation in  Knowing the
reduction in acceleration a table safety rules of
(mass is inversely
proportional to acceleration an
for a constant force) investigation

Science 5124: Grade 10-12 6

 CONTENT
TOPIC SUB TOPIC SPECIFIC OUTCOMES
KNOWLEDGE SKILLS VALUES
10.2.2.6 Perform calculations on  How to calculate force:  Calculating  Appreciating
force. Using formula; force, mass and the use of the
10.2.2.7 Investigate the effect of Force = acceleration formula to find
force on a spring. mass ×acceleration  Communicatin force
 Hooke’s law (F α e) g the effects of  Applying the
10.2.2.8 Demonstrate the effects of
including graphs. friction restoration
friction on the motion of a  Effects of friction e.g.  Describing force in
body. heat, tear and wear circular motion devices
 Centripetal force: Participating in
10.2.2.9 Describe the motion in a
(F=m(v2/r)) and centrifugal class discussion
circular path due to a
force
perpendicular force.

10.2.3.1 Perform calculations based  Mass, weight and distance  Experimenting  Participating
10.2.3 Moment of on the principle of of a uniform object e.g. the principle of in a group
Forces. moments. metre rule, metal bar, moments actively
plank etc based on the  Justifying why
10.2.3.2 Investigate the everyday principle handles of
application of moments.  Application of moments  Calculating certain objects
e.g. opening a door or mass ,weight are long. e.g. a
window, opening a bottle and spanner ,
with an opener, a see-saw, perpendicular wheelbarrow
on, tightening a nut with a distances etc
spanner etc

Science 5124: Grade 10-12 7

 CONTENT
TOPIC SUB TOPIC SPECIFIC OUTCOMES
KNOWLEDGE SKILLS VALUES
10.2.4.1 Explain the meaning of the  The definition of Work,  Communicating  Justifying
10.2.4 Work, terms work, energy and Energy and Power: work, energy importance of
Energy power. Work(force x distance in and power conserving
and direction of force)  Communicating sources of
Power. Energy(ability to do work) the SI units for energy
Power(rate of doing work) work, energy  Cooperating
10.2.4.2 Identify the units of  The units of work, energy and power in group
measurement for work, and power : Work(joule), activities
energy and power Energy(joule)and Power
(watt)

10.2.4.3 Calculate work using the  The formulae of work:  Calculating  Appreciating
appropriate formula Work = (Force) x (distance work, energy the use of clean
moved in the line of action and power using energy
appropriate (pollution free
of the force)
formulae energy)
10.2.4.4 Identify the different  Different forms of energy:  Comparing
forms of energy e.g. mechanical (Kinetic different forms
and gravitational potential of energy  Cooperating
energy), Chemical, in group
electrical energy etc activities

Science 5124: Grade 10-12 8

 CONTENT
TOPIC SUB TOPIC SPECIFIC OUTCOMES
KNOWLEDGE SKILLS VALUES
10.2.4.5Explain qualitatively and  Potential and Kinetic Energy:  Communicating
quantitatively the terms Gravitational potential the knowledge  Participating
gravitational potential energy(energy due to position), on potential(EP) actively in
and kinetic energy. Kinetic energy(energy due to and kinetic(EK) groups
motion) energy
NB: Gravitational potential
energy(EP = mgh) and
kinetic energy
(EK = 1/2mv2 )

10.2.4.6Describe sources of  Renewable and non-renewable

renewable and non- energy: Renewable sources of  Communicating  Participating
renewable energy. energy: (solar, wind, hydroelectric renewable and actively in
, geothermal, bio-gas) non-renewable groups
Non-renewable energy resources
( chemical/fuel, nuclear energy )
 Being aware
10.2.4.7 Explain the effects of  Effects of use of energy sources on that some
the use of energy sources the environment: e.g. air pollution, energy sources
on the environment. water pollution, deforestation, land are non-
degradation etc renewable

Science 5124: Grade 10-12 9

 CONTENT
TOPIC SUB TOPIC SPECIFIC OUTCOMES
KNOWLEDGE SKILLS VALUES
10.2.4.8 Demonstrate energy  Transformation of energy: e.g.  Observing the  Asking
transformation from chemical energy(Battery) to effects of energy questions for
one form to another electric energy (wire)to light sources on the more
energy( bulb) environment understanding
10.2.4.9. Describe the  Law of conservation of energy  Demonstrating  Applying the
conservation of energy energy law of
transformations conservation of
10.2.4.10. Demonstrate the  Calculation of efficiency of  Describing the energy
calculation of efficiency energy: Using the formula law of  Justifying why
of energy conversion (Efficiency = energy output/ conservation of the difference
using the appropriate energy input x 100%) energy between energy
formula  Calculating input and
efficiency energy output
10.2.4.11.Demonstrate  Calculation of power: Using the  Calculating
calculation of power formula power from the
using the appropriate ( Power = work done/ time) formula
formula

10.2.6.1Describe what a simple  The definition of a simple  Communicating  Cooperating in

10.2.6 Simple machine is machine: Enables a large load to the knowledge group activities
Machines 10.2.6.2Identify the different be overcome by a small effort on simple  Listening to
types of simple  Types of simple machines: e.g. machines and other learners
Levers, pulleys, gears, inclined types with respect
machines.
planes, wheel and axle

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10.2.6.3Describe the distances  The relationship between the  Relating the  Appreciating
moved by the effort and distance and effort &load in a distance moved the use of
the load in a simple simple machine: Distance moved by the effort to simple
machine by effort and distance moved by the distance machines in
the load in the same time moved by the doing work e.g.
10.2.6.4 Explain the terms of
 The definition of Mechanical load bottle opener
Mechanical advantage advantage (MA), Velocity Ratio
(MA), Velocity Ratio (VR) and Efficiency
(VR) and Efficiency.

10.2.6.5 Perform calculations  Mechanical advantage (MA =  Calculating  Applying the

involving simple machines Load/Effort) MA, VR and formula to
Velocity Ratio efficiency of a compare MA
(VR = distance moved by effort / simple machine
of different
distance moved by load)
Efficiency (; Efficiency = simple
(MA/VR) x 100%) machines

Science 5124: Grade 10-12 11

 GRADE 11
General Outcomes: Key competences
 Demonstrate an understanding of thermal physics  Demonstrate ability to show how pressure varies with volume and
 Develop investigative skills temperature
 Demonstrate an understanding of wave motion  Show skills and knowledge on the construction of thermometers
 Demonstrate an understanding of sound  Demonstrate ability to show heat transfer in solids ,liquids ,and
 Demonstrate an understanding of Light gases
 Demonstrate an understanding of magnetism

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11.3.1Simple 11.3.1.1 Explain What the kinetic theory  The definition of  Predicting the  Cooperating
11.3THERMAL Kinetic is kinetic theory: Matter cause of in group
PHYSICS Theory of is made up of discrete continuous activities
Matter. individual particles random motion Being aware of
that are continuous in of the discrete the cohesive
random motion individual and adhesive
11.3.1.2 Describe qualitatively the  Structure of particles forces in
molecular model of matter. matter(solid ,liquid matter
,gases) and
intermolecular forces:
e.g. cohesive and
adhesive
11.3.1.3. Explain changes of state in terms  Change of state of  Interpreting  Cooperating
of the kinetic theory of matter matter in relation to the in group
11.3.1.4 Apply kinetic theory to explain kinetic theory intermolecular activities
rates of diffusion, Brownian  Use of kinetic theory forces i.e.  Being aware
as in Rate of diffusion, cohesive and of the
motion, evaporation and cooling
Brownian motion, adhesive in a cohesive and
effect of evaporation evaporation and much simpler adhesive
cooling effect of way forces in
evaporation in terms  Experimenting matter
of kinetic theory on Brownian
motion

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11.3.1.5 Apply the kinetic theory to  Kinetic theory in  Collecting the  Asking
explain gas pressure gas data in an questions for
pressure(compressi experiment more
ng a gas in a  Formulating understanding
cylinder) conclusion of
experiment
11.3.2.1Explain what temperature is  Temperature: as  Communicating  Asking
11.3.2Measurement of average kinetic information on questions for
Temperature energy of the temperature more
particles of a  Experimenting understanding
substance the thermal  Cooperating
11.3.2.2 Describe physical properties of  Physical properties: expansion of in groups
substances which change with such as density, matter(liquid, activities
temperature. electrical resistance solid, gases)
etc.  Appreciating
11.3.2.3 Measure the temperature with  Measurement of the use of
thermometers temperature and thermometers
Calibration of in
thermometers determining
11.3.2.4Describe suitability of alcohol  Suitability in terms temperature
and mercury for use in liquid- of colour,  Justifying the
in-glass thermometers. expansion, use of a
conductivity. specific
thermometer

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11.3.2.5Describe the relationship  Relationship between  Appreciating
between the Celsius and Kelvin Celsius and Kelvin  Measuring the use of
scales. scale temperature and thermocouples
(K =t+ 273) demonstrating
11.3.2.6Describe the structure and use  Structure of thermal the calibration of
of a thermocouple thermometer couple: consisting thermometers
different metals, two  Communicating
junctions, sensitive the suitability of
galvanometer the use of a
11.3.2.7Demonstrate the measurement  Appropriate use of thermometer
of temperature using an thermometers: Liquid
appropriate thermometer in glass thermometers  Comparing
and thermocouple Celsius and
Kelvin scale
 Observing the
structure of a
thermocouple
11.3.3.1Describe qualitatively the  The thermal  Experimenting  Appreciating
11.3.3 Expansion of the thermal the
thermal expansion of solids, expansion of matter:
Solids, liquids and gases. expansion of knowledge
in terms of linear, area
Liquids and solids, liquids about
and volume expansion
Gases. and gases expansion of
solids, liquids
and gases.
 Cooperating
in group
activities

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11.3.3.2 Explain the effects of  Effects of Anomalous  Communicating  Appreciating
expansion of water on expansion of water the effects of the knowledge
aquatic life. expansion on of about
11.3.3.3Demonstrate that solids,  Different rates of water on aquatic expansion of
expansions of matter life during solids, liquids
liquids and gases expand
extreme cold and gases.
at different rates. seasons.
 Comparing the
rates of
expansion of
matter
11.3.3.4Demonstrate how to  Boiling and melting  Experimenting  Cooperating
determine the boiling and points of substances the boiling and in group
melting point of different graphical representation melting points of activities
substances. and interpretation
matters  Asking
 Collecting the questions for
11.3.3.5Explain effects of pressure  Effects of pressure on data on more
on the melting and boiling melting and boiling point temperature and understanding
points. of substances: such as time interval
. increase in pressure
lowers the melting point)
Boiling point(increased
pressure increases the
boiling point)

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11.3.5.6Investigate effects of impurities  Effects of impurities  Investigating  Asking
on the melting and boiling Points on the melting and the effect of questions for
of substances boiling points of impurities on more
substances: such as melting and understanding
Impurities lower the boiling points  Being aware
melting point and  Organising of the effects
increase the boiling and analysing of pressure on
point of a substance the data on boiling and
11.3.3.7 Demonstrate the effect of  Boyles law: use of graphs melting
varying pressure on volume of a equation points
gas PV=a constant at
constant pressure

11.3.3.8 Describe the relationship  Charles law: as  Organising  Participating

between temperature and volume temperature against data in the in groups
of a gas volume of a gas tables to verify discussion
V1/T1 = V2/T2 the gas laws  Asking more
 Kelvin Scale; volume- questions for
11.3.3.9 Explain the Kelvin scale from
temperature change more
the relationship between (constant pressure ) understanding
temperature and volume. Graphical  Applying the
extrapolation use of graphs
to relate
variables

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11.3.3.10Demonstrate the use of the  The ideal gas  Calculating  Appreciating
ideal gas equation to solve equation the the use the
simple numerical problems. (P1V1/T1=P2V2/T2) numerical equation
and numerical problems
PV/T=constant
problems based on gas
laws

11.3.5.1 Explain methods of heat  Heat transfer methods  Verifying the  Participating in
11.3.5 Heat transfer transfer. :Conduction, group activities
methods of
by convection and during
Conduction, heat transfer
radiation experiments.
Convection by
 Relationship between
and 11.3.5.2 Use kinetic theory to explain experimentati
kinetic theory and heat Being aware of
Radiation. heat transfer. transfer on the different
11.3.5.3 Demonstrate heat conduction  Heat conduction in methods of heat
in different substances. different substances  Identifying transfer
11.3.5.4 Demonstrate the uses of bad  Uses of conductors the
and good conductors of heat. Good conductors; relationship
pans, kettle, pots etc. between
Bad conductors; kinetic theory
plastic handles, to heat
wooden handles etc. transfer
11.3.5.5Demonstrate convection in  Heat transfer in fluids
liquids and gases. through Convection
current

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11.3.5.6 Demonstrate the differences  Differences between  Communicati  Cooperating in
between bad and good good and bad ng uses of bad group activities
absorbers of radiant energy absorbers of heat: e.g. and good  Asking
conductors in questions for
shiny(white or silver)
everyday life more
and dull(black
 Observing understanding
surfaces heat transfer in  Appreciating
fluids the knowledge
 Differences between
11.3.5.7 Demonstrate the differences  Experimentin about good and
between good and bad heat good and bad emitters bad emitters
g good and
emitters. of heat such as bad absorbers
shinning (white or of radiant heat
silver) and dull (black
surfaces  Inferring
good and bad
emitters of
heat.
11.3.5.8 Explain every day’s  Application of Investigating
applications of knowledge on knowledge on the the daily  Appreciating
conduction, convection and processes of heat applications of the knowledge
transfer: e.g. thermos the methods about heat
radiation.
flask, electric kettle of heat transfer and its
,land and sea breeze, transfer application
greenhouse effect

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11.4.1 Simple ideas 11.4.1.1 Demonstrate wave motion.  Wave motion: e.g.  Designing  Asking
11.4 WAVE of the Wave vibrations in ropes, experiments to questions for
MOTION Motion 11.4.1.2 Distinguish between Springs demonstrate more
Theory. longitudinal and transverse  Different types of wave motion by understanding
waves: using ropes,  Cooperating in
waves.
Transverse(water and strings group activities
light waves) and  Communicating  Being aware of
Longitudinal(sound terms associated the terms
waves)in terms of with waves associated with
direction of oscillation wave motion
11.4.1.3Describe the terms associated  Scientific terms:
with waves Amplitude (A),
period(T),frequency
(f), wavelength () and
wave front
11.4.1.4 Apply the wave equation in  The wave equation:  Calculating  Appreciating
solving wave motion Displacement-time numerical the use of the
problems and displacement – problems using formula to
distance graphs of a the formula calculate the
wave. (Use the “v = f” speed of a wave
equation v = f.)  Communicating
 Use of waves in our knowledge on  Participating in
11.4.1.5 Explain the use of waves in daily life: radio, the daily group activities
everyday life. television, ultrasonic application of
etc. waves

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11.4.3.1Describe main components of  Main components of  Communicating  Being aware of
11.4.3Electromagnetic electromagnetic spectrum. electromagnetic all components the components
Spectrum spectrum: such as of of
Gamma, X-rays, ultra electromagnetic electromagnetic
violet, visible light, spectrum waves and their
infrared, microwaves properties.
and radio waves  Communicating
11.4.3.2Describe the properties of  Properties of properties of
electromagnetic waves electromagnetic electromagnetic
waves: e.g. transverse spectrum
in nature, same speed
in vacuum
(approximately, c =
3.0 x 108m/s) etc.
11.4.3.3Identify the sources of each  Sources of  Analysing the  Appreciating
of the rays in the Components of sources of each the knowledge
electromagnetic spectrum. electromagnetic of the about the
spectrum: e.g. sun electromagnetic existence of
radioactive materials, rays waves electromagnetic
oscillating electrical radiation.
circuit etc.  Communicating  Cooperating in
11.4.3.4 Describe the method of  The method for knowledge on group activities
detection of each of the detecting how to detect  Participating in
main components of the electromagnetic the rays groups actively
electromagnetic spectrum. radiation

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11.4.3.5 Explain the use of each of  Uses of  Communicating  Appreciating
the waves in the electromagnetic waves the uses of the knowledge
electromagnetic radiation electromagnetic about the
spectrum. waves existence of
 Harmful effects of  Investigating the electromagnetic
11.4.3.6 Explain the harmful effects
electromagnetic waves harmful effects radiation.
of ultra violet radiation, e.g. skin cancer etc. radiation  Cooperating in
gamma rays and x-rays to group activities
life.  Participating
in groups
actively
11.5.1.1Explain how sound is  Production of sound  Experimenting  Cooperating in
11.5 SOUND 11.5.1 Properties of using vibrating objects on sound group activities
produced.
Sound 11.5.1.2 Describe what rarefactions  Sound wave production
and compressions are. essentials: rarefactions  Participating
(“stretches”) and  Communicating in groups
compressions knowledge actively
(“Squashes”) about wave
11.5.1.3 Describe the approximate  Range of audible motion
range of audible frequencies. sound frequencies  Designing  Asking
11.5.1.4Investigate that sounds (20Hz to 20000Hz) experiment that questions for
requires a medium for  Effects of sound sound requires a more
waves traveling medium for its understanding
transmission.
through air and a propagation
vacuum through
experimentation

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11.5.1.5 Determine the speed of  Speed of sound in  Communicating  Being aware of
sound in air. air(approximately knowledge the fact that
11.5.1.6 Describe the relative speed 330m/s) about the speeds sound travels at
of sound in solid, liquid and  Respective speeds of of sound in different speeds
sound in solids, liquids different in different
gas.
and gases medium. media
11.5.1.7 Demonstrate the  Giving
 The characteristics of
characteristics of sound sound waves: presentation
waves. Loudness of sound and  Listening to
its amplitude others with
Pitch of sound and its respect
frequency
11.5.1.8 Describe the factors which  Factors which  Appreciating
influence the quality of influence the quality  Identifying uses of
sound of sound: such as factors that ultrasonic
overtones or wave influence the  Listening to
form of a note quality of sound others with
11.5.1.9 Describe what ultrasonic is
 Ultrasonic: as respect
fundamental frequency  Communicating
of Sounds above the uses of
human hearing range ultrasonic
11.5.1.10 Describe the uses of  Uses of ultrasonic:
ultrasonic. cleaning, quality
control, pre-natal
scanning etc.

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11.5.1.11State how to minimise  Measures to  Investigating  Being aware
sound pollution minimize sound measures to of the fact that
pollution: such as minimize sound can
sound proof sound pollution pollute the
structures environment

11.6.1.1Describe the rectilinear  The nature of light:  Experimenting  Appreciating

11.6 LIGHT 11.6.1 Rectilinear Straight line the nature of the existence
propagation of light.
Propagation propagation of light light (light of light
of Light
11.6.1.2Investigate the formation of  Formation of travels in a
shadows(umbra, straight line)  Cooperating
shadows and eclipse.
penumbra) and  Predicting the in group
eclipses(earth in formation of activities
umbra and shadows and  Asking
penumbra) eclipse questions for
11.6.1.3Describe reflection of light.  Reflection of light on more
smooth and rough  Experimenting understanding
surfaces: as being the laws of  Giving
regular and diffuse reflection presentation
 Laws of reflection: as  Listening to
11.6.1.4 Investigate the laws of
angle of incidence = others with
reflection of light angle of reflection respect
and incident ray,
reflected ray and the
normal all lie in the
same plane.

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11.6.1.5 Demonstrate the formation of  Image in a plane mirror  Investigati  Appreciating
images by plane mirrors. (virtual, laterally inverted ng the image formed
,position, position and size) characteris by plane mirror
tics of an
image
11.6.1.6 Identify the position of an image  The position of an image: formed by
using plane mirrors. through Construction of ray plane
diagrams mirrors
using ray
diagrams

11.6.2.1 Describe what refraction of light is  Refraction of light: as  Experimen  Asking

11.6.2 Refraction Bending of light rays after ting the questions for
of Light passing through different refraction more
media of light understanding
11.6.2.2 Explain the terms of refraction of  Incident ray, refracted ray  Cooperating in
light ,normal ray and emergent  Collecting group activities
ray) data on the  Participating
11.6.2.3 Verify the laws of refraction of  Laws of refraction: as The laws of in group
light. ratio sin I/sin r is a constant refraction activities
value(snells law)  Calculatin actively
The incident ray ,the g the  Applying the
normal, and the refracted refractive knowledge of
ray all lie in the same plane index refraction in
11.6.2.4 Describe what refractive index is.  Refractive index: as daily life
Measure of bending of light

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11.6.2.5Investigate the refractive  Refractive index of  Comparing the  Asking
index of a glass block. glass refractive index questions for
11.6.2.6Calculate refractive index of  Using the formula; to critical angle more
a substance (n) using real refractive index of understanding
substance = real
and apparent depth.
depth/apparent depth”  Cooperating in
 Critical angle: as group activities
11.6.2.7 Explain the term ‘critical angle of incidence at
angle’. which the angle of  Participating
. refraction is 90o in group
activities
actively
 Applying the
knowledge of
refraction in
daily life
11.6.2.8 Describe the relationship  The relationship  Communicating  Cooperating in
between critical angle and between critical angle the relationship group activities
and refractive index: between Critical
refractive index
n = sin 90o/ sin c, angle and  Participating
Angle of incidence refractive index
in group
greater than critical activities
angle actively
11.6.2.9 Explain how total internal  Internal reflection: all
reflection occurs. the light reflected
inside the more denser
medium

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11.6.2.10 Explain how total  Use of internal reflection:  Observing the
internal reflection is used. optic fibre for total internal  Appreciating
communication reflection use of fibre
glass
11.6. 3 Lenses. 11.6.3.1 Describe different types  Types of lenses;  Communicating  Asking
of lenses. Convex(thin converging) different types questions for
11.6.3.2 Explain the action of and concave (diverging) of lenses more
 Experimenting understanding
lenses on beams of light.  Types of rays: Converge
to find out what  Cooperating in
11.6.3.3Demonstrate how to and diverge rays of light happens to light group activities
determine the focal  Focal length: when passed
length, NB: use of formula: through lenses.  Participating
11.6.3.4 Demonstrate how to  “1/f = 1/u +1/v  Inferring the in group
obtain images formed Characteristics of image: focal length activities
by converging lenses in terms of the position,  Predicting the actively
images formed  Giving
size and nature of images
by converging presentation of
formed by converging lenses group activity
lenses.  Investigating  Listening to
the uses of others with
magnification=v/u” lenses respect
11.6.3.5 Describe the uses of  Accept
 Use of lens: in correcting
lenses in everyday life. responsibility
defects in vision: short
of group work
sight-concave lens, long
sight-convex lens, LCD,
Camera etc.

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11.7.1.1Describe properties of  Fundamental properties  Communicating  Cooperating in
11.7 MAGNETISM 11.7.1 Simple magnets of magnet: such as knowledge on group activities
phenomenon repulsion, attraction magnetism  Asking
of magnetism. direction N-S, pole, etc. theory questions
11.7.1.2Explain the domain  Domain theory of  Investigating for more
theory of magnetism magnetism induced understanding
magnetism  Participating
 Induced magnetism: in group
11.7.1.3 Demonstrate induced
Transfer of magnetic activities
magnetism. properties without actively
contact
11.7.1.4 Demonstrate the  Magnetisation: using  Demonstrating  Cooperating in
making of a magnet stroking and electrical on the making group activities
11.7.1.5 Demonstrate the method on magnets  Asking
demagnetisation of a  Demagnetisation: using  Experimenting questions
methods such as on the plotting for more
magnet
Electrical method, of magnetic understanding
11.7.1.6 Demonstrate the hammering, heating etc. field Participating in
plotting of magnetic  Magnetic field lines: Use  Differentiating group activities
field lines. of Magnetic compass to between actively
11.7.1.7 Distinguish the plot field lines. magnetic and
magnetic properties of  Magnetic properties of non-magnetic
iron and steel. Iron (susceptible) and materials
steel (retentive).

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11.7.1.8 Explain the use of  The use of magnetic  Experimenting  Applying the
magnetic screening screening and magnetic on use of magnets
and magnetic keepers. keepers : Magnetic magnetisation in everyday life
screening (shielding and
equipment) and magnetic demagnetisation  Appreciating
keepers.(prevent loss of  Observing the uses of
magnetic strength) magnetic field magnets
11.7.1.9Describe the uses of  Use of magnets in our lines using a
magnets. life: circuit breakers, compass and/ or
speakers ,electromagnets iron filings
 Formulating the
pattern of
magnetic field
lines

Science 5124: Grade 10-12 29

 GRADE 12
General Outcomes: Key competences
 Demonstrate an understanding about Static electricity  Demonstrate ability to measure current and voltage
 Develop investigative skills  Show skills and knowledge to dispose cells and battery
 Demonstrate an understanding of Current Electricity  Demonstrate ability to save electricity
 Demonstrate an understanding about electromagnetic  Demonstrate ability to cost use of electricity
induction
 Demonstrate an understanding of basic electronics
 Demonstrate an understanding about atomic physics

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12.8.1 Static 12.8.1.1Demonstrate the  Existence of static charge:  Experimenting  Cooperating in
12.8 STATIC Electricity existence of static Positive and negative the existence of group activities
ELECTRICITY charges charges charges by
12.8.1.2Explain how to detect  Detection of charge: rubbing some  Asking
electric charges. charging by contact, materials questions for
testing the sign of charge  Detecting more
using gold - leaf charge understanding
electroscope etc. using an
12.8.1.3 Describe the properties  Properties and uses of electroscope  Participating
and uses of static charges static charges:  Communicating in groups
-Properties; like charges properties and actively
repel, unlike charges uses of static  Applying the
attract (Law of charge safety rules of
electrostatics) experiment
-Uses: dust precipitators,
ink jet printers,
photocopiers.
12.8.1.4 Describe the electric  Electric charging and  Experimenting  Asking
charging and discharging discharging of objects by charging and questions for
of objects. friction and induction discharging of more
12.8.1.5 Explain the relationship objects understanding
 Relationship between  Communicating  Participating
between current and
current and static knowledge on in groups
static electricity. electricity in terms of the relationship actively
effects as static electricity between current  Knowing the
producers same effect as and static safe rules of
current electricity. electricity experiment

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12.8.1.6 Investigate effects of  Effects of static charges on  Investigating  Being aware of
static charges on the an environment: e.g. the effects of the effects of
environment. lightning etc static charges on charges
the environment
e.g. lightning
12.9.1.1Describe the terms  Scientific Terms: such as  Measuring an  Participating
12.9 CURRENT 12.9.1 Electric associated with electric current in groups
Electric charge, potential
ELECTRICITY charge, electricity using an actively
difference and electric current
current, 12.9.1.2 Identify the units of ammeter.  Cooperating in
 Units of electric charge and
and electric charge and  Communicating group work
current: as Coulomb and
potential current. the SI units for  Appreciating
12.9.1.3 Demonstrate how to ampere(I =Q/t voltage the use of
differenc
measure an electric  Measure an electric current in  Communicating electrical
e. current. the circuit: Ammeter the concept of appliance
12.9.1.4 Describe what  Potential difference: as the energy  Appreciating
potential difference energy required to move a dissipated the safety rules
is. unit charge between two Measuring during an
points in a circuit potential experiments
12.9.1.5 Describe what the  Volt: as joules per coulomb difference using
volt is. a voltmeter
12.9.1.6 Differentiate  Difference between PD and
between potential EMF in terms of work done
difference (PD) and per unit of charge in driving
electromotive force charge in a circuit and
(EMF) through a component

Science 5124: Grade 10-12 32

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KNOWLEDGE SKILLS VALUES
12.9.1.7 Describe the basic  The maximum PD of a  Communicating  Appreciating
concept of EMF. cell basic concept of the safety rules
12.9.1.8 Demonstrate the  Measurement of PD and EMF during an
measuring of potential EMF: Connecting  Experimenting experiments
terminals across source on measurement
difference (PD) and
of electric current of PD
electromotive force /conductor
(EMF).

12.9.2 Electric 12.9.2.1Describe the structure  Structure of primary and  Communicating  Asking
cells. of primary and secondary cells: the structure of questions for
secondary cells. Primary cells(dry cell), cells more
Secondary (lead acid  Investigating understanding
accumulator) charging and  Cooperating in
12.9.2.2 Demonstrate charging
 How to charge and discharging an group activities
and discharging of the discharge the acid  Participating
accumulator. accumulator: Charging accumulator in group
when current is passed a  Communicating activities
in opposite direction to appropriate actively
current supplies, methods of  Applying the
discharging when in use disposing off knowledge of
(acid accumulator) used cells disposal of
12.9.2.3 Identify methods of
 Appropriate methods of cells in dairy
disposal of used cells disposing used cells. life

Science 5124: Grade 10-12 33

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KNOWLEDGE SKILLS VALUES
12.9.3.1Explain the meaning of  Resistance: opposition to  Measuring the  Asking
12.9.3 Electrical resistance the flow of charge current and questions for
resistance. 12.9.3.2 Demonstrate how to potential more
determine resistance in  Value of resistance in series difference, using understanding
and parallel a voltmeter and
a simple circuit.
(use formula 1/R = 1/R1 + an ammeter  Cooperating in
12.9.3.3 Describe the 1/R 2 )  Collecting data group activities
relationship between  Relationship between for an
current and potential current and potential experiment  Participating
difference in Ohmic difference: (Graph of p.d.  Organizing data in group
and non Ohmic against current for Ohmic in tables and activities
conductors. and non-Ohmic their graphs on actively
conductors) ohmic and non  Knowing the
ohmic conductor safe rules of an
 Formulating the experiment
patterns in data
12.9.3.4 Describe what the  Internal resistance of a cell  Communicating  Cooperating in
internal resistance of a due to chemicals internal group activities
cell is. resistance of a
12.9.3.5 Calculate the resistance  Ohm’s law in series and  Participating
cell
parallel circuits. in group
in series and parallel
( R = V/I) activities
circuits with Ohm’s actively
law.

Science 5124: Grade 10-12 34

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KNOWLEDGE SKILLS VALUES
12.9.4.1 Demonstrate energy  Conversion of energy from  Analysing  Cooperating in
12.9.4 Heating transformations in an energy changes group activities
electricity to heat.
effect of an electric circuit. from one form
electric 12.9.4.2 Investigate the heating  Heating effect of an to the other  Participating
current. electric current in heating  Investigating in group
effect of an electric
appliances. the heating activities
current.
 Calculations of electrical effect of an actively
12.9.4.3 Demonstrate how to energy: Use of formula (E= electric current
calculate electrical VIt, etc.)
energy.

12.9.4.4 Describe the  The relationship of  Calculating  Appreciating

relationship of voltage, current and electrical the use of
voltage, current and power: Power=voltage x energy using electricity at
power. current(P=VI) E=VIt home
 Applying the
12.9.4.5 Demonstrate how to
 Cost of using electrical  Communicating safety
calculate the cost of energy: use of kWh as a relationship precautions in
using electrical unit of electrical energy among power, the use of
Energy  Electrical components: e.g. voltage and electricity
12.9.4.6 Describe the use of switches (on /off power), current Appreciating
switches, fuses, fuses(Prevent appliances the use of
earthing and the three from damage), and the energy saving
three pin-plugs (connecting bulbs
pin-plugs.
appliance).

Science 5124: Grade 10-12 35

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KNOWLEDGE SKILLS VALUES
12.9.4.7 Explain the need for  Safety precautions  Investigating  Asking
earthing metal cases (prevent electric the safety questions for
and for double shocks, accidents) precautions more
Insulation.  Communicating understanding
the colouring of
12.9.4.8Describe the meaning
 Three types of Wires: insulator
of three wires found in Live (brown), earthling  Cooperating in
the cable (green and yellow) and group activities
neutral(blue)

12.9.4.9 Describe the domestic  Investigating  Appreciating

electrical wiring  Household circuits: such as the basic wiring the use of
system cooker circuit, ring circuit, system in a electricity at
12.9.4.10 Describe ways of lighting circuit house home
 Ways of conserving  Communicating  Applying the
conserving electrical
electrical energy: using ways of safety
energy in homes and energy saving bulbs, switch conserving precautions in
industry. and save etc. energy the use of
electricity

Science 5124: Grade 10-12 36

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KNOWLEDGE SKILLS VALUES
12.9.5.1 Explain magnetic field  Lines of force (Magnetic  Experimenting  Asking
12.9.5 Magnetic effects of patterns of electric the magnetic questions for
flux) : patterns of electric
electric currents. currents. field patterns of more
currents
electric currents understanding
12.9.5.2 Describe the applications  Applications of
 Communicating
of the magnetic effect of electromagnets: electric use of  Cooperating in
an electric current. bells relay switches etc. electromagnets group activities

12.9.5.3 Explain the behaviour of  The behaviour of an  Investigating  Asking

an electric current in a electric current in a the displacement questions for
magnetic field. magnetic field: of a current more
carrying wire in understanding
Displacement of current
a field
carrying wire current or
 Cooperating in
electron beam  Inferring the group activities
12.9.5.4 Describe the application  Applications of current in a attraction and
of a current placed in a magnetic field: e.g. D.C. repulsion of  Participating
magnetic field. motors, galvanometers, forces between in group
12.9.5.5 Describe the nature of ammeter etc. parallel currents activities
 Investigating actively
forces between parallel  Nature of forces: attraction
currents.
the effects of  Applying the
and repulsion of forces magnetic fields effects of
12.9.5.6 Describe the effect of between parallel currents. magnetic field
magnetic fields on human  Effects of magnetic fields:
health and environment. hearing impairment, radar
interference in
communication etc

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12.10.1.1 Investigate  Electromagnetic  Experimenting  Asking
12.10ELECTROMAGNETIC 12.10.1 The phenomenon of the induction: (induced the induction of questions for
INDUCTION electromagnetic phenomenon EMF / current in a an EMF/current more
induction. of electro- wire moving cutting using a magnet, understanding
magnetic flux ) a coil and  Cooperating
magnetic
Faraday’s law ammeter in group
induction.  Factors affecting  Collecting data activities
12.10.1.2 Describe magnitude and  Organising the  Participating
the factors direction of induced data in a table in group
affecting EMF: speed of  Analysing the activities
magnitude either magnet or factors that actively
and coil, strength of affect the  Knowing the
magnet, number of magnitude of safe rules of
direction of
turns of a coil the induced experiment
induced
current/EMF
EMF.
12.10.1.3 State the  Direction of
direction of induced current:
current Lenz and Fleming
produced by right hand law.
an induced
EMF.

Science 5124: Grade 10-12 38

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KNOWLEDGE SKILLS VALUES
12.10.2.1 Describe simple A.C.  Generators: simple A.C.  Communicating  Cooperating in
12.10.2 The simple and D.C. generators. A.C. and D.C. group activities
generator (an alternator
A.C. and generators
with slip-rings) and
D.C.
simple D.C. dynamo  Participating in
generators.  Comparing the group activities
with a commutator
structure and actively
12.10.2.2 Compare the simple  Structure and its nature of nature of an  Appreciating
A.A. generator with a simple A.C and D.C A.C. and D.C. the use of the
simple D.C. generator generators generators generators and
in terms of structure batteries
and its nature.
12.10.2.3 Describe the action of  Action of diodes: change  Communicating  Cooperating in
a diode in A.C. to D.C. by allowing rectification of group activities
rectification. current to flow in one way alternating
12.10.2.4 Explain conversion of  Conversion of A.C. current using  Participating in
generator to D.C. diodes group activities
an A.C. generator to a
generator by use of  Comparing the actively
D.C. generator. commutator direction of  Appreciating
12.10.2.5 Contrast the current  The direction of Current current produced the use of the
produced by the D.C. from D.C by a D.C. generators and
generator with that generator(varies) and from generator to the batteries
produced from batteries(constant) one produced
batteries. from batteries

Science 5124: Grade 10-12 39

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KNOWLEDGE SKILLS VALUES
12.10.3.1 Demonstrate the  Principles of mutual  Participating in
12.10.3 Transformers. group activities
principles of mutual induction: changing
induction. current in one coil  Designing actively
investigations to
12.10.3.2 Describe the gives rise to current in verify mutual
structure and the other induction
operation of iron  The structure : primary
core transformers. (in- put) and  Communicating
secondary(output) coils step up and step
Operation: changing of down
transformers
AC voltages

12.10.3.3 Apply the  Equations of  Calculating

transformer and transformer and power: problems  Appreciating
power equations to using relations relating to the of the use
solve numerical transformers and transformer
Vp = Np
power using
problems involving Vs Ns formulae
ideal transformers and

Vp Ip= Vѕ Iѕ

(ideal transformer)

Science 5124: Grade 10-12 40

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KNOWLEDGE SKILLS VALUES
12.10.3.4 Calculate the efficiency of  Calculation of efficiency:  Calculating the  Asking
a transformer given data. [Efficiency = (Vѕ Iѕ)/( efficiency of a questions for
12.10.3.5 Explain advantages of high Vp Ip) x 100%] transformer more
understanding
alternating potential  Advantage of high
 Communicating  Cooperating
difference power alternating potential knowledge on in group
transmission. difference power the activities
transmission: as in environmental  Participating
reducing power losses in and cost in group
cables. implications of activities
12.10.3.6 Describe the implications  Environmental and cost underground actively
of underground power implications of
power  Appreciating
transmission the use of the
transmission compared to underground power formula
overhead lines. transmission  Being aware
of the
12.10.3.7 Describe the effects of  Effects of improper environmental
improper management of management of and cost
transformers Transformers such as implications
of
overheating, low/high
underground
voltage power
transmission

Science 5124: Grade 10-12 41

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KNOWLEDGE SKILLS VALUES
12.11.1Thermionic 12.11.1.1 Describe What  Thermionic emission:  Investigating  Asking
12.11 BASIC emission thermionic release of electrons from a properties of questions for
ELECTRONICS and emission is heated cathode cathode rays by more
using a CRO understanding
electrons. 12.11.1.2 Investigate  Properties of cathode rays:
properties of e.g. Deflected by electric  Cooperating in
cathode rays and magnetic fields travel group activities
in straight in lines etc.
 Participating
in group
activities
actively
12.11.1.3 Distinguish  Direction of flow of  Comparing the
between direction electrons and conventional direction of
of flow of current flow of
electrons and flow electrons to
conventional
of conventional
current
current.
12.11.1.4 Describe  Application of electron
applications of beams in CRO ,TV set, X-
electron beams. ray machines etc

Science 5124: Grade 10-12 42

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KNOWLEDGE SKILLS VALUES
12.11.1.5 Describe the basic  Basic structure and action  Communicating  Appreciating
structure and an of CRO: electron gun, the devices that the use of the
action of cathode- Control grid, anode Y- make use of cathode rays
ray oscilloscope. plates ,X-plates, electron beams in in specific
fluorescent screen their operation devices
12.11.1.6 Describe the uses of
 Uses of CRO: e.g.  Investigating the  Being aware
cathode-ray measuring( peak voltage, basic structure of a of the
oscilloscope. time, frequency),TV etc CRO. structure of a
 Measuring CRO
12.12.1.1Describe the  Atomic structure (nucleus quantities using a  Appreciating
12.12. ATOMIC 12.12.1 Nuclear structure of the and electrons) CRO the use of a
PHYSICS atom atom.  Communicating CRO in
12.12.1.2 Describe the an atomic measuring
 Composition of the structure some
composition of the
nucleus (protons and  Communicating quantities
nucleus in terms of neutrons)
knowledge on the  Asking
protons and neutrons.
existence of questions for
12.12.1.3Explain mass number more
and atomic number.  Mass number and Atomic protons and
understanding
number: mass (Nucleon) neutrons in the
number, A, and atomic nucleus of an atom  Cooperating in
(proton), number, Z. group
activities

Science 5124: Grade 10-12 43

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KNOWLEDGE SKILLS VALUES
12.12.2.1 Describe the nature of  Nature of radioactivity  Investigating the  Asking
12.12.2 Radioactivity. radioactivity. nature of questions for
(randomness and
12.12.2.2 Describe the spontaneity) radioactivity more
characteristics of the  Investigating understanding
 Characteristics of three kinds radiation using a  Cooperating in
three kinds of
of radioactive radiations: G.M counter group activities
radioactive radiations:
Alpha (α), Beta (𝝱) and
alpha, beta and Gamma (𝜸) radiations in
gamma. terms of penetration,
ionization, deflection,
charge, relative mass and
nature of particles)

12.12.2.3 Describe methods of  Detection of radioactive  Understanding  Appreciating

detecting radioactive emissions: by G.M tube, the causes and the use of a
emissions. photographic plate, effects of GM counter to
scintillation counter, bubble background detect radiation
chamber radiation  Being aware of
 Causes of background the existence of
12.12.2.4 Explain the origin and background
radiation (cosmic rays,
effects of background radiation and
radioactive elements under
radiations its effects
rocks.)

Science 5124: Grade 10-12 44

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12.12.2.5 Describe what  Radioactive decay as  Comparing  Awareness of
radioactive disintegration of nucleus nuclear fission radioactive
decay is. by alpha, beta and gamma to nuclear fusion substances
emissions.
12.12.2.6 Describe what  Nuclear fusion and fission:
nuclear fusion Nuclear fusion as process
and fission is. of joining very light nuclei
together and fission as
splitting process of nucleus

12.12.2.7 Demonstrate  Half life of a radioactive  Calculating half  Communicatin

how to material: Time taken for life of a g knowledge on
determine half- activity to reduce by half of radioactive safety
life of a the original substance material by precautions
(Decay curves) using decay  Appreciating
radioactive
curves the use of decay
material.  Communicating curves to
12.12.2.8 Explain uses of  Uses of radioactive the uses of determine half
radioactive substances: e.g. medical, radioactive life
substances. industrial, agricultural uses substances

Science 5124: Grade 10-12 45

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12.12.2.9 Describe the  Use of protective materials:  Demonstrating  Applying safety
safety such as gloves, goggles, safety precautions
precautions overalls and lead shields precautions when dealing
necessary when handling with radioactive
dangerous substances
when handling
chemicals
or storing
radioactive
substances.

12.12.2.10. Explain the  Effect of radioactive Investigating  Participating in

effects of substances: such as management group activities
radioactive radiation pollution and practices which actively
health hazards safeguard the
substances on
environment
the from radioactive  Applying safety
environment contamination precautions
and health. when dealing
12.12.2.11. Investigate  Appropriate management with radioactive
management safe guard practices substances
practices which
safeguard the
environment from
radioactive
contamination.

Science 5124: Grade 10-12 46

 SECTION B: CHEMISTRY

Science 5124: Grade 10-12 47

 GRADE 10
General Outcomes: Key competences
 Develop an understanding of Chemistry and its branches
 Demonstrate the ability to measure time ,temperature, mass and
 Develop investigative skills about Chemistry
volume
 Demonstrate an understanding of the particulate nature of
matter • Show basic skills and knowledge in constructing balanced
 Develop investigative skills about states of matter chemical equations with state symbols
 Demonstrate an understanding of Experimental Techniques
and its application in everyday life • Demonstrate investigative skills in experimental techniques
 Develop investigative skills in experimental techniques
 Demonstrate an understanding of atoms, elements,
molecules and compounds.
 Develop investigative skills about the nature of substances.
 Demonstrate an understanding of the importance,
production, use, and effect on the environment of common
elements and simple compounds

Science 5124: Grade 10-12 48

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OUTCOMES KNOWLEDGE SKILLS VALUES
10.1.1.1 Describe  The study of matter and  Classifying of  Asking
10.1INTRODUCTION 10.1.1 Introduction to Chemistry. their chemical changes chemistry into its questions for
TO Chemistry 10.1.1.2 Classify the  Branches such as: branches more
CHEMISTRY branches of Analytical, Biochemistry,  Identifying understanding
Inorganic, Physical and different  Awareness of
chemistry
Organic branches of chemistry
chemistry branches

10.1.1.3Explain the  Improved life through  Differentiating  Appreciatin

importance of manufacture of soaps, chemistry from g chemistry
chemistry. detergents, plastic, sugar, the other natural
cement, paper, medicines, sciences
food production and other
life necessities
10.1.1.4 Describe the  Production of undesired
challenges of harmful by-products.
chemical
industrial
activities
10.1.1.5Demonstrate an  Safety rules in the lab
appreciation of
safety in the
laboratory.

Science 5124: Grade 10-12 49

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10.2.1.1 Describe matter  Anything that has mass  Classifying the  Appreciating
10.2THE PARTICULATE 10.2.1 Matter and occupies space basic units and the basic units
NATURE OF and the  Atoms ,molecules ,ions states of matter of matter and its
10.2.1.2 Classify the basic
Kinetic existence in
MATTER units of matter
theory  Kinetic theory: in terms of three states
10.2.1.3Classify the states
particle arrangement and
of matter. movement. Solid, liquid,
gas

10.2.1.4 Illustrate changes  Changes of states such as  Demonstrating  Applying

of states of melting, freezing, boiling, the changes of changes of
matter. condensation, sublimation states of matter states of matter
10.2.1.5 Describe the in terms of kinetic theory  Inferring data in everyday life
 Changing states of matter, on absorption
absorption of heat
exothermic-release of heat and release of
and release of during a reaction, heat during
heat during endothermic-absorption of changes of states
changes of states heat during a reaction, of matter
of matter include heating and cooling
curves

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OUTCOMES KNOWLEDGE SKILLS VALUES
10.2.2.1Describe diffusion  Movement of particles  Demonstrating  Appreciating
10.2.2 Diffusion 10.2.2.2 Demonstrate from region of higher the movement of diffusion
diffusion in fluids concentration to region of particles in  Asking more
10.2.2.3Describe the lower concentration fluids questions to
factors that affect  Liquids and gases  Comparing learn more
(Brownian motion) movement of Fostering
the rate of
 Factors of diffusion E.g. particles in teamwork
diffusion molecular mass, fluids and
temperature, concentration factors affecting
their speed of
movement
10.3.1.1Demonstratehow  Quantities such as time,  Demonstrating  Applying
10.3EXPERIMENTAL 10.3.1Measuring of different quantities temperature, mass and accurate safety rules
TECHNIQUES quantities are measured. volume measurement of in use of
10.3.1.2 Identify different  Measuring apparatus such values of various apparatus
as stopwatch or stop clock, quantities
measuring
thermometers, balances,  Identifying
apparatus used in burettes, pipettes, different
chemistry. volumetric flask, measuring
measuring cylinder, and apparatus
10.3.1.3 Identify various gas syringes
measuring  Other apparatus: spatula,
instrument and stands and clamp, test-
tubes, burners, , glass rods,
other apparatus
evaporating dish, funnel
used in chemistry beaker, conical flask etc.

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10.3.2.1Describe the  In terms of melting points  Differentiating  Appreciating
10.3.2 Criteria of differences between melting purity of
and boiling points
purity between a pure points and substances
substance and a boiling points
 Demonstrating
mixture  Sharp melting for pure determination of
10.3.2.2Demonstrate how substance and melting over purity of
to determine the a range of temperatures for substances
purity of a a mixture.  Comparing pure
substance and impure
substances

10.3.2.3 Explain the  Importance of purity in  Communicating  Appreciating

importance of substances such as the importance of the purity
purity of a foodstuffs, medicines, of purity in of substances
substance drinks substances

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10.3.3.1Distinguish  In terms of mass changes,  Analysing the  Applying
10.3.3Separating mixtures between physical components in separation
irreversibility/reversibilit
and chemical y, chemical substance the mixture techniques in
changes formed and energy  Identifying everyday life
appropriate
10.3.3.2Demonstrate involved.
methods for
different methods  Methods such as separating
of separating decantation, filtration, different mixtures
mixtures crystallisation, simple
and fractional distillation,
magnetism,
chromatography,
evaporation, sublimation,
floatation, use of
separating funnel and
centrifugation
10.3.3. Interpret simple  Uses such as Rf values
paper and distances covered by
chromatograms. components (restricted to
paper chromatography)

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10.4.1.1 Describe an atom  As the smallest particle  Communicating  Awareness of
10.4ATOMS, ELEMENTS, 10.4.1Atomic and its structure. atoms, elements the atomic
of an element which
COMPOUNDS AND structure molecules and structure
takes part in a chemical
MOLECULES and reaction.
compounds
Periodic  Calculating
Structure: use Bohr model
Table relative atomic
(nucleus at the centre mass
surrounded by electron
shells)
10.4.1.2Describe the  Charges as: +1,0,-1
relative charges Masses as: 1, 1, 1/1840
and approximate
relative masses of
protons, neutrons
and electrons
10.4.1.3Describe the  As number of protons:  Calculating  Asking more
proton Z, number of nucleons: relative atomic questions to
(atomic)number A (protons + mass learn more
and neutrons)and nuclide  Fostering
teamwork
nucleon(mass) 𝐴
notation X
number and 𝑍
nuclide notation

Science 5124: Grade 10-12 54

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10.4.1.4 Describe an  As substance made up of  Communicating  Appreciating
element same chemical atoms. elements and elements from
10.4.1.5 Identify elements  Symbols of the elements the periodic the environment
using their table
with atomic number 1 up
chemical symbols to 20 and other common
elements in the local
environment
10.4.1.6Describe the basis  Group determined by
of the Periodic valence electrons
Table Period determined by
number of shells
10.4.1.7Describe isotopes  As atoms with same  Calculating  Asking more
number of protons but relative atomic questions to
different numbers of mass of an learn more
neutrons, including
element  Fostering
teamwork
radioactive and non-
radioactive isotopes
10.4.1.8Calculate relative  As sum of the products of
atomic mass of an the percentages and their
element given the mass numbers
% abundances of
isotopes and from
mass spectrum.

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10.4.1.9Describe the use  Such as in medical  Communicating  Awareness of
of radioactive treatment of cancer, the uses of the uses of
isotopes industrial use as tracers isotopes isotopes

10.4.1.10 Demonstrate the  Electronic configuration

build-up of of atoms (spdf
electrons in shells configuration is NOT
required)
10.4.2.1 Describe a  As substance formed from  Classifying  Appreciating
10.4.2 Bonding compound ionic the use of ionic
two or more elements
10.4.2.2 Describe the chemically combined compounds and compounds and
formation of ions  Cations by electron loss, covalent covalent
compounds compounds
(radicals). anions by electron gain.
10.4.2.3Describe the  Electrovalent bonding as
formation of ionic loss and gain of electrons
(electrovalent) between metallic and non-
bonds. metallic atoms. Ionic bonds
as electrostatic force
between cations and
anions. Such as NaCl,
CaCl2 and MgO

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10.4.2.4 Describe the  Covalent bonding as  Communicating  Asking more
formation of sharing of electrons the formation of questions to
covalent bonds between non-metallic covalent bonds learn more
atoms. Covalent bonds as  Inferring the  Fostering
arrangements of teamwork
shared pairs of electrons.
simple multiple
Such as H2, Cl2,H2O, NH3, covalent
CH4, HCl, C2H6 molecules
10.4.2.5 Describe the  Such as double bonds in  Demonstrating
electronic O2,C2H4andCO2, Triple bond formation
bond in N2and C2H2 using models
arrangement in
simple multiple
covalent
molecules
10.4.2.6 Describe the uses  As refractory materials for  Communicating  Asking more
of ionic and ionic compounds (CaO) the uses of ionic questions to
covalent and polar and nonpolar and covalent learn more
compounds solvents for covalent
compounds  Fostering
teamwork
compounds.
 Appreciating
10.4.2.7 Describe a  As the smallest particle of ionic and
molecule an element or compound covalent
which exists independently. compounds

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10.4.2.8Describe valency  Valency as combining power of  Demonstrating  Asking more
and valence an atom or radical. the deducing of questions to
electrons. Valence electrons as the number valency learn more
of electrons in the outer most  Fostering
teamwork
shell.
10.4.2.9Demonstrate how to  From the formula of a
deduce valency of compound, ionic charge,
an element. valence electrons.
10.4.2.10Formulate  Using valency and chemical  Formulating  Asking more
chemical formulae symbols of elements, charges chemical questions to
of compounds. on ions, models, relative formulae learn more
numbers of atoms present,  Differentiating  Fostering
diagrammatic representation chemical teamwork
 Differences such as volatility, formulae  Appreciating
10.4.2.11Identify the
electrical conductivity, density,  Investigating ionic and
differences in properties of covalent
melting point, boiling point and
properties of ionic ionic and compounds
basic units.
and covalent covalent
compounds. compounds

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10.4.2.12Describe metallic  As lattice of positive ions in a ‘sea’  Communicating  Asking more
bonding of delocalised electrons metallic questions to
10.4.2.13Describe the electrical Due to free electron bonding and learn more
and thermal thermal
movement/delocalised electrons
conductivity
conductivity of metals
10.4.4.1 Demonstrate how to  Equation showing reactants and  Demonstrating  Appreciating
10.4.5 Chemical construct word construction of the
products separated by a full curled
formulae equations. word equations conservation of
arrow ().
and  Formulating matter.
10.4.4.2 Formulate and balance  Number of atoms of each element
equations balanced
chemical equations. being equal on both sides of the chemical and
equation. Balancing can be done by ionic equations.
inspection. Equations may include
state symbols (s-solid, l – liquid, g
10.4.4.3 Construct net ionic – gas, aq – aqueous).
equations from  Only ionic aqueous
balanced chemical reactants/products must be broken
equations. down into their respective ions then
cancel out spectator ions to come
up with net ionic equation.

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 GRADE 11
General Outcomes: Key Competences
• Demonstrate an understanding of acids, bases and salts. • Demonstrate the skills and knowledge in relating number
• Develop investigative skills about acids, bases and salt. of valence electrons to the Group number and the number
• Demonstrate an understanding of the importance, production, of shells to the Period.
use, and effect on the environment of acids, bases and salts. • Demonstrate skills in classifying salts according to their
• Demonstrate an understanding of the Mole Concept solubility.
 Develop investigative skills about quantitative analysis. • Demonstrate ability to classify oxides as acidic, basic,
 Demonstrate an understanding of chemical reactions and energy neutral and amphoteric.
changes • Demonstrate ability to use tests in identifying aqueous
 Develop investigative skills about various types of reactions. cations, anions and gases.
 Demonstrate an understanding of the Periodic Table • Demonstrate basic skills and knowledge in calculating
 Develop investigative skills about the Periodic Table stoichiometric reacting moles.
• Show ability to identify factors that affect rates of
chemical reactions.

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11.5.1.1 Describe acids,  Acid as compound that  Identifying acids  Applying the
11.5ACIDS, BASES 11.5.1Characteristic bases or alkalis in and bases. uses of acids
produces hydrogen ions as
the only positively charged  Investigating the
AND SALTS properties of terms of ions they and bases
acids and contain or acidity and
ions in aqueous solutions,
bases alkalinity of
produce in Base generally as an oxide
substances in
aqueous solution. or hydroxide of a metal everyday life
including ammonium
hydroxide
Alkalis as soluble bases
that produce hydroxide
ions in aqueous solution as
the only negatively charged
ions.
11.5.1.2 Describe the  Strength as degree of
meaning of ionisation,
weak, strong, Concentration as the
dilute and number of ions per volume
concentrated of solution.
acids and alkalis

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11.5.1.3 Describe the P scale  As scale ranging from 0 to 14
H
 Identifying  Applying the
showing the degree of acidity and acids and bases. uses of acids
alkalinity.  Investigating and bases
the acidity and
11.5.1.4 Describe neutrality,  The P values: 7 for neutrality,
H
alkalinity of
acidity and alkalinity in below 7 for acidity and above 7 for substances in
terms of PH value alkalinity everyday life
11.5.1.5 Determine the PH value  Using universal indicator: different
of a solution. colours at different PH values,
Using PH meter: precise values
11.5.1.6 Demonstrate the  Such as reactions with metals,
characteristic bases, carbonates/bicarbonates and
properties of acids effect on indicators.
11.5.1.7 Demonstrate the  Such as reactions with acids and
characteristic ammonium salts, effect on
properties of bases indicators.
11.5.1.8 Illustrate the  Such as in controlling the acidity in
importance of acid- the soil, treatment of indigestion,
base reactions brushing teeth with toothpaste.

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 Such as control of PH in agriculture,  Identifying acids  Applying the
11.5.1.9 State the uses of acids making of soap, in car batteries and bases. uses of acids
and bases.  Investigating the and bases
acidity and
alkalinity of
substances in
everyday life
11.5.2.1 Describe a salt  As a compound formed when the  Awareness of
11.5.2Preparation salts
hydrogen ions of an acid are fully or
of salts  Applying safety
partially replaced by a metal or
 Classifying of rules in
ammonium ions. Or a compound salts preparation of
made of positive metallic/ammonium  Demonstrating salts
ions and any negative ion of an acid. the preparation of
11.5.2.2Classify salts  As acid, basic and normal salts. soluble and
according to their Solubility rules of salts insoluble salts
 Differentiating
nature and solubility
hydrated and
in water  Using precipitation method and
anhydrous salts
11.5.2.3 Demonstrate the separated by filtration. E.g. Barium  Experimenting on
preparation of an sulphate, Silver chloride preparation of
insoluble salt.  By reaction of acids with bases, salts
11.5.2.4Demonstrate the suitable metals and carbonates/
preparation soluble bicarbonates. Separated by
salts. crystallisation and filtration. E.g. Zinc
sulphate, copper (II) sulphate

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11.5.2.5 Demonstrate the  Using titration method (use of  Classifying of  Awareness of
preparation of indicator for ease detection of end salts salts
ammonium, potassium point)  Demonstrating Applying safety
and sodium salts. the preparation rules in
of soluble and preparation of
11.5.2.6 Demonstrate the  Hydrated salts as salts containing insoluble salts salts
existence of hydrated water of crystallisation. Anhydrous  Differentiating
salts and differentiate salts as salts not containing water of hydrated and
from anhydrous salts crystallisation. anhydrous salts
 Experimenting
on preparation
of salts
11.5.2.7 Describe the behaviour  As hygroscopic, efflorescent,  Classifying of  Awareness of
of salts with reference deliquescent. salts salts
to the atmosphere.  Demonstrating  Applying
the preparation safety rules in
of soluble and preparation of
insoluble salts salts
 Differentiating
hydrated and
anhydrous salts
Experimenting
on the
behaviour of
salts

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11.5.3.1 Describe the  Acidic oxides as oxides with acidic  Classifying  Awareness of
11.6.3 Types of oxides various types of properties such as SO2 and CO2. different types different types of
oxides. Basic oxides as oxides with basic of oxides oxides.
properties such as CaO and MgO.  Applying acid-
Neutral oxides as oxides with neither base reactions
acidic nor basic properties such as
CO, H2O.
Amphoteric oxides as oxides with
both acidic and basic properties
ZnO, Al2O3 and PbO.
11.6.4.1 Demonstrate the  Cations being aluminum,  Observing and  Awareness
11.6.4 Identification of ammonium, calcium, copper (II), interpreting about
identity of aqueous
ions and gases iron (II), iron (III), and zinc using results of composition of
cations and anion.
aqueous sodium hydroxide and reactions of ions salts
(Qualitative analysis)
aqueous ammonia. with different
Anions being carbonate, chloride, test reagents.
iodide, nitrate and sulphate using  Analysing
various reagents. Refer to chemical
Qualitative notes composition of
salts.

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11.6.4.2 Demonstrate the  Gases being ammonia, carbon  Identifying gases  Appreciating
identity of gases. dioxide, chlorine, hydrogen, different types of
oxygen and sulphur dioxide. gases.
Refer to Qualitative notes
11.6.1.1 Describe Relative  RAM as relative mass of an  Comparing the  Appreciating the
11.6THE MOLE 11.6.1 Relative Atomic Mass and element’s isotopes as compared to relative atomic relative atomic
CONCEPT masses relative molecular masses and relative masses and the
carbon-12
mass. molecular masses relative
RMM as relative mass of a
Calculating molecular masses
molecule as compared to carbon-12 relative molecular
11.6.1.2Calculate the  As the sum of the relative atomic mass of
relative formula masses of all the atoms in the compounds
mass of a compound.
compound
11.6.2.1 Describe a mole.  As number or quantities of particles  Analysing  Applying mole
11.6.2 The 11.6.2.2 Determine the chemical concept
e.g. atoms, ions, molecules,
mole physical masses electrons equivalent to 6.02 x substances  Asking questions
quantitatively to learn more
(m) of any 1023(Avogadro’s constant)
 Awareness of the
substance using the  Apply n = m/Mr and
mole concept
molar mass (Mr) n =v/Vm Fostering team
and the physical where n = number of moles work
volume (v) of any
gas at r.t.p and vice
versa.

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11.6.2.3Describe the  As Molar gas volume (Vm) of any  Demonstrating  Applying mole
relationship of gas at rtp is 24dm3 or 22.4 dm3 at acid-base concept
Avogadro’s law to stp. titrations  Asking
reacting moles and  Problem solving questions to
in mole concept learn more
volumes of gases at
 Awareness of
r.t.p and s.t.p.  Concentration as mol/dm3 / g/dm3. the mole
11.6.2.4Determine the The number of moles of solute concept
concentration of a before dilution is the same as after Fostering
solution and apply team work
dilution, M1V1 = M2V2.
dilution law.

11.6.2.5Illustrate calculations  Using molar mass and molar volume  Problem solving  Applying mole
involving of a gas using the mole concept. in mole concept concept
stoichiometric reacting (Questions on gas laws and  Asking
moles and volumes of conversions of gaseous volumes to questions to
learn more
gases and solutions. different temperatures and pressures
 Awareness of
will not be required). Proportional the mole
stoichiometric masses and the given concept
quantities Fostering
team work

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11.6.2.6 Describe and calculate  % yield as actual amount obtained  Problem solving  Applying mole
the percentage yield in a divided by theoretical amount x in mole concept concept
reaction and the 100%  Asking
percentage purity of a % purity as amount of substance questions to
learn more
substance divided by total amount of the
 Awareness of
mixture x 100% the mole
11.6.2.7 Determine limiting  Using proportional stoichiometric concept
reagent in a given masses and the given quantities Fostering team
reaction work

 Using titration law  Demonstrating  Applying mole

11.6.2.8 Demonstrate acid-base concept
calculations involving titrations  Asking
different types of acid– questions to
learn more
base titration reactions.
 Awareness of
the mole
concept
Fostering team
work

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11.7.1.1Describe rate of a  As speed of a chemical  Demonstrating  Applying safety
11.7.1 Rates of chemical reaction. factors that rules and the
reaction.
11.7 CHEMICAL chemical control the rate factors that
11.7.1.2 Demonstrate the  Factors such as temperature,
REACTIONS reactions of chemical affect the rate
factors that affect the concentration, surface area,
reactions. of chemical
rates of chemical catalyst, pressure, light.  Comparing reactions.
reactions experimental Awareness of
11.7.1.3 Interpret data on the  Such as graphical slow and
results at
rate of chemical representations for rate of spontaneous
different
chemical reactions. reactions.
reactions. conditions

11.7.1.4 Describe methods of  Made by either reducing or  Analysing and  Applying safety
controlling the rate reducing the frequency of interpreting rules and the
of chemical collisions between reacting experimental factors that
reactions. particles such as explosions in results. affect the rate
flour mills/coal mines when of chemical
ignited to surface area reactions.
Awareness of
11.7.1.5 Describe the effect of  Catalyst lowers the activation slow and
a catalyst on the energy thus increasing the rate spontaneous
of a chemical reaction. reactions.
activation energy

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11.8.1.1Describe the Period  As a tool for classifying  Identifying of  Appreciating
11.8THE PERIODIC 11.8.1Groups and elements. vertical columns the Periodic
Table
TABLE Periods  Vertical columns as Groups and horizontal Table
11.8.1.2 Identify vertical
columns and and horizontal rows as Periods rows of the  Applying the
periodic table. classification of
horizontal rows.
 Classifying elements
11.8.1.3 Demonstrate how to  As metallic and non-metallic elements as
use the Periodic Table metallic and
to classify elements non-metals

11.8.2.1 Describe trends in  As chemical relativity of group  Identifying  Awareness of

11.8.2 Groups various Groups given I, II, and VII, elements characteristics of elements and
and information about the  Properties such as solubility, representative their positions
Periodic elements effect of heat on compounds, elements from on the Periodic
trends melting points, boiling points Groups. Table
11.8.2.2 Describe the physical
and displacement reactions.  Classifying  Appreciating
and chemical For Group VII consider elements positioning of
properties of elements atomicity, colour changes, according to elements on the
in Group I, II, VII and changes in physical states, for their Groups and Periodic Table
VIII. Group I including description Periods  Appreciating
11.8.2.3 Describe the as a collection of soft metals. the uses of
importance of  Such as fluoride in toothpaste, elements on the
chlorine in water treatment, Periodic Table
halogens
antiseptic, bromide in
photographic film

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11.8.2.4Describe the harmful  Such as drugs, pesticides,  Communicating  Awareness of
effects of halides. CFCs in ozone layer depletion harmful effects harmfulness of
11.8.2.5Describe the use of the (CFCs) of halides and halides
noble gases in  The significance of their non- uses of noble  Appreciating
reactivity in providing an inert gases of uses of
providing an inert
atmosphere. Such as argon in noble gases
atmosphere electrical lamps, helium in
balloons
11.8.3.1 Describe transition  As a block elements between  Investigating  Appreciating
11.8.3 Transition metals. the physical and transition
Group II and Group III of the
metals chemical metals
Periodic Table
properties of
11.8.3.2 Describe general  As variable valencies, high
transition
properties of densities, high melting points, elements.
transition metals. form coloured compounds,  Identifying
catalysts. transition metals
Note: Electronic
configuration of
transition metals will not
be required
11.8.3.3 Describe the uses of  Uses such as catalysts, alloys,
transition metals engineering materials
NB: Heavy metals are no
longer used to make paint for
health reasons

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 GRADE 12
General Outcomes: Key competences:
 Demonstrate an understanding of metals  Demonstrate ability to determine the reactivity series of
 Develop investigative skills about some properties and uses of metals
metals.  Demonstrate ability to prepare and test gases
 Demonstrate an understanding of Non- metals.  Demonstrate ability to identify organic compounds
 Develop investigative skills about some industrial uses of non-
metals Demonstrate an understanding of Organic Chemistry
 Develop investigative skills about organic compounds

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12.10.1.1 Describe  Similar nuclei positive ions  Identifying  Appreciating
12.10 METALS 12.10.1 General properties of diagrammatic in a ‘sea’ of delocalised properties of metals
a metals representations of metals.
electrons.
pure metals  Similar In terms of density,
12.10.1.2 Describe the melting points, boiling
physical points, appearance
properties of
metal  All metals are electropositive
12.10.1.3 Describe the as illustrated in the reaction
with air, water / steam, dilute
chemical properties
non- oxidizing acids,
of metals aqueous solutions of other
metal ions.
12.10.2.1 Describe the  As arrangement of metals  Comparing  Awareness of
12.10.2 Reactivity and Electro methods of methods of
reactivity series of in the order of either their
Chemical Series extracting extracting
metals increasing or decreasing
metals. metals and
order of reactivity as being
dangers some
potassium, sodium, metals pose.
calcium, magnesium,
aluminium, zinc, iron, lead,
(hydrogen), copper and
silver

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12.10.2.2. Explain the apparent  Due to the presence of  Demonstrating  Appreciating
non reactivity of adhesive oxide/coat. reactivity of of aluminium
aluminium. Reactivity of aluminium due aluminium and
order of
to adhesive coat
reactivity
12.10.2.3 Demonstrate an order
of reactivity.  From a set of experimental
results Such as reduction of
oxides of metals by other
metals.

12.10.2.4 Describe the effects of  As related to the  Demonstrating
heat on hydroxides, reactivity/stability of the effects of heat on  Asking
carbonates, nitrates of metallic ion present in the salts questions to
metals and ammonium compound. Compounds of learn more
more reactive metals difficulty  Awareness of
compounds.
to decompose while the heat on
compounds of less reactive salts
metals easily decompose. Fostering team
work

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12.10.2.5 Describe the  Chemical reduction.  Comparing  Asking
extraction of Chemical reducing agents methods of questions to
copper, iron and being Carbon, carbon extracting learn more
zinc from their monoxide, and hydrogen.
metals.  Awareness of
the
ores.
 Such as electrical wires, importance of
12.10.2.6 Describe the uses metals
construction, aircraft parts.
of copper, iron,  Fostering
 Such as lead poisoning (brain
zinc and team work
damaging), sodium ions in
aluminium raising high blood pressure,
12.10.2.7 Explain the alzehermia by aluminium
harmful effects of
some metals.
12.10.3.1Describe alloys.  As mixture of two or  Identifying  Appreciating
12.10.3 Alloys metals/carbon such as steel, characteristics of alloys.
12.10.3.2Describe brass, bronze alloys
diagrammatic  Different nuclei positive  Comparing
representations of ions in a ‘sea’ of delocalised structures of
alloys. electrons alloys and pure
metals.

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12.10.3.3 Explain the  Such as alloys exhibiting  Identifying  Appreciating
advantages of better properties compared characteristics of alloys.
using alloys over to a pure metal (conductor, alloys
pure metals. strength, weight ratio,  Comparing
structures of
hardness).
alloys and pure
12.10.3.4 Identify common  Such as cutlery, food metals.
uses of alloys packaging, aircraft.
12.10.4.1 Describe  As chemical wearing of  Identifying  Appreciating
12.10.4 Corrosion corrosion corrosion. ways of
metals resulting from attack
by atmospheric oxygen in  Applying minimizing
methods of corrosion.
presence of moisture.
reducing
12.10.4.2 Relate corrosion  As more reactive metals corrosion.
to the reactivity of easily corrode while less  Relating
metals. reactive metals do not easily sacrificial
corrode. protection
12.10.4.3 Describe different  Such as sacrificial methods to
protection, painting, reactivity series.
methods of
preventing greasing/oiling, alloying and
corrosion. galvanising.

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12.11.1.1 Describe the  In terms of density, melting  Identifying the  Appreciating
12.11 NON -METALS 12.11.1 General points, boiling points, physical and non-metals.
physical and
properties of chemical properties oxidizing agent chemical
non-metals. of non-metals. (electronegative elements) properties of
non-metals
12.11.2.1. Demonstrate the  By action of moderate  Demonstrating  Appreciating
laboratory reactive metals on laboratory physical and
preparation, water/steam and dilute acids preparation of chemical
12.11.2. Hydrogen
collection and test and collect by upward hydrogen. properties of
delivery method, puts out a hydrogen and its
for hydrogen.
lighted splint with a ‘pop’ uses.
12.11.2.2 Describe the sound.
physical and  In terms of colour, odour,
chemical density/”weight”, solubility
properties of and chemical (effect on
hydrogen litmus, inflammability,
12.11.2.3 Describe combustion)(COWSLIPS)
 By cracking, electrolysis of
industrial
water (brine) and from
manufacture of natural gas
hydrogen.

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 Such as reducing agent, fuel  Communicating  Appreciating
12.11.2.6 Describe the uses for rockets, manufacturing the uses of physical and
of hydrogen. ammonia and margarine, hydrogen chemical
balloons filler, welding. properties of
hydrogen and
its uses.

12.11.3.1 Demonstrate the  By catalytic  Demonstrating  Appreciating

12.11.3. Oxygen laboratory decomposition of laboratory physical and
preparation, hydrogen peroxide and preparation of chemical
collection and test thermal catalytic oxygen. properties of
decomposition of  Observing the oxygen and its
for oxygen.
potassium chlorate, reaction. uses.
collected above water and  Communicating
re-lights the glowing the uses of
splint oxygen
12.11.3.2 Describe the  Such as colour, odour,
physical and solubility ,combustion
chemical
properties of
oxygen.
12.11.3.3 Describe the  By fractional distillation
industrial of liquid air
manufacture of
oxygen.

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 Such as reducing agent, fuel  Communicating  Appreciating
12.11.2.6 Describe the uses for rockets, manufacturing the uses of physical and
of hydrogen. ammonia and margarine, hydrogen chemical
balloons filler, welding. properties of
hydrogen and
its uses.

12.11.3.1 Demonstrate the  By catalytic  Demonstrating  Appreciating

12.11.3. Oxygen decomposition of laboratory physical and
laboratory
preparation, hydrogen peroxide and preparation of chemical
collection and test thermal catalytic oxygen. properties of
decomposition of  Observing the oxygen and its
for oxygen.
potassium chlorate, reaction. uses.
12.11.3.2 Describe the collected above water and  Communicating
physical and re-lights the glowing the uses of
chemical splint oxygen
properties of  Such as colour, odour,
oxygen. solubility ,combustion
12.11.3.3 Describe the  By fractional distillation
of liquid air
industrial
manufacture of
oxygen.

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KNOWLEDGE SKILLS VALUES
12.11.3.4 Describe the uses of  Such as burning,  Communicating  Appreciating
oxygen in industry and in welding, in blast furnace the uses of uses of oxygen
natural processes. and respiration oxygen .
12.11.3.5Explain the importance of  It traps radiation, if
depleted by CFCs causes
ozone layer and dangers of
skin cancer, respiratory
its depletion. diseases

12.11.3.6 Demonstrate the chemical  Using white anhydrous  Demonstrating  Appreciating

test for water. copper (II) sulphate the chemical importance of
which turns blue. testing of water water
12.11.3.7 Describe the importance  For laundry, drinking, as  Communicating
of water solvent. the importance

Science 5124: Grade 10-12 80

 CONTENT
TOPIC SUB TOPIC SPECIFIC OUTCOMES
KNOWLEDGE SKILLS VALUES
12.11.4.1 Describe  By fractional distillation of  Demonstrating  Appreciating
12.11.4 Nitrogen industrial liquid air laboratory physical and
manufacture of preparation of chemical
nitrogen. ammonia. properties of
 Observing nitrogen and
12.11.4.2 Explain the
 As non- reactive insoluble colour changes. ammonia and
characteristics and gas hence used as refrigerant, their uses.
importance of food packaging. Manufacture
Nitrogen as a gas. of ammonia gas.

12.11.4.3 Demonstrate the  Action of a base on  Demonstrating  Appreciating

preparation ammonium salt and collected laboratory physical and
collection and test by upward delivery method, preparation of chemical
for ammonia in the turns damp red litmus paper ammonia. properties of
blue.  Observing nitrogen and
laboratory
 Haber Process colour changes. ammonia and
12.11.4.4 Describe the  (Temperature, catalyst, their uses.
manufacture of pressure (Haber process).
ammonia.

Science 5124: Grade 10-12 81

 CONTENT
TOPIC SUB TOPIC SPECIFIC OUTCOMES
KNOWLEDGE SKILLS VALUES
12.11.4.5 Describe the  In terms of colour, odour,  Demonstrating  Appreciating
physical and density/”weight”, solubility laboratory physical and
chemical properties and as reducing agent, a preparation of chemical
of ammonia. base/alkali, a complexing ammonia. properties of
reagent.  Observing nitrogen and
12.11.4.8 Describe the thermal
 Such as ammonium chloride, colour changes. ammonia and
dissociation of ammonium nitrate, their uses.
ammonium salts. ammonium carbonate.

12.11.4.9 Describe the uses  In manufacture of fertilizers,

ammonia explosives, nitric acid
12.11.4.10 Describe the  by Ostwald Process
manufacture of nitric  Nitrogen for growth.
acid Include Phosphorous for
12.11.4.10 Explain the root development and
importance of potassium for seed
nitrogenous fertilizers formation (NPK).
12.11.4.11 Describe the effects  Such as eutrophication and
of nitrogenous acidic soils
fertilizers on the
environment

Science 5124: Grade 10-12 82

 CONTENT
TOPIC SUB TOPIC SPECIFIC OUTCOMES
KNOWLEDGE SKILLS VALUES
12.11.7.1 Describe  As different forms of an  Demonstrating  Appreciating
12.11.7 Carbon and allotropes laboratory physical and
element existing in the same
carbonates 12.11.7.2 Describe the preparation of chemical
physical state.
carbon dioxide. properties of
physical  In terms crystalline and non-
 Observing carbon dioxide
properties of the crystalline allotropes of colour changes. and limestone
allotropes of carbon. and their uses.
carbon.
12.11.7.3 Describe the  By incomplete combustion of
formation and carbon and carbon
compounds, reduction of
properties of
carbon dioxide by carbon. In
carbon monoxide. terms of colour, odour,
density, solubility,
poisonous.
Reacts as reducing agent.

12.11.7.4 Demonstrate the  By reaction of dilute acids

laboratory with carbonates or
preparation, bicarbonates, collected by
collection and downward delivery method/
above water, forms white
the test for
precipitate with limewater.
carbon dioxide.

Science 5124: Grade 10-12 83

 CONTENT
TOPIC SUB TOPIC SPECIFIC OUTCOMES
KNOWLEDGE SKILLS VALUES
12.11.7.4 Describe the  In terms of colour, odour,  Demonstrating  Awareness of
physical and density, solubility. laboratory Global
chemical properties Reactions with preparation of warming
of carbon dioxide. limewater/alkalis, water and carbon dioxide.  Appreciating
carbon.  Observing physical and
12.11.7.5 Describe the uses
 Such as in fire extinguishers, colour changes. chemical
of carbon dioxide. carbonated drinks, dry ice, properties of
baking, photosynthesis carbon dioxide
and limestone
12.11.7.6 Describe the  By thermal dissociation of and their uses.
manufacture of lime limestone
from limestone.

12.11.7.7 Describe the uses of  Such as in neutralizing acidic

lime and slaked lime. soils, lime as a drying agent
for ammonia.
12.11.7.8 Describe the uses of  Such as in manufacturing of
limestone. lime, cement, glass, iron.

12.11.7.9 Describe the

 As global warming due to
greenhouse effect
increase of carbon dioxide in
the atmosphere

Science 5124: Grade 10-12 84

 SPECIFIC CONTENT
TOPIC SUB TOPIC
OUTCOMES KNOWLEDGE SKILLS VALUES
12.12.1.1 Describe an  As a compound of carbon  Identifying  Appreciating
12.12 ORGANIC 12.12.1 Saturated and alkanes and economic values
organic other than oxides and
CHEMISTRY unsaturated alkenes. of alkanes and
compound. carbonates
Hydrocarbons 12.12.1.2 Describe  As a binary compound of  Comparing alkenes.
properties of  Awareness of
hydrocarbon carbon and hydrogen. alkanes and organic
12.12.1.3 Illustrate and  Involve concept of catenation alkenes compounds.
name the (Chain), use the general  Observing
structures of the formula CnH2n+2, Named by colour changes.
aliphatic alkanes IUPAC system, all should
up to five carbon end with ane,
atoms.  Use idea of branched (side
12.12.1.4Demonstrate the chains) and unbranched
structures of butane and pentane and
isomers and their nomenclature follows
names. IUPAC system.
12.12.1.5 Describe  As different fractions of
fractional crude oil collected at
distillation of different boiling
petroleum (crude temperatures.
oil)

Science 5124: Grade 10-12 85

 CONTENT
TOPIC SUB TOPIC SPECIFIC OUTCOMES
KNOWLEDGE SKILLS VALUES
12.12.1.6Describe the uses of the  Such as domestic fuel, road  Identifying  Appreciating
fractions of crude oil construction. alkanes and economic values
NB: leaded fuel is no longer alkenes. of alkanes and
recommended due to harmful  Comparing
alkenes.
properties of  Awareness of
effects
alkanes and organic
12.12.1.7 Describe the chemical  Such as combustion, alkenes compounds.
properties of alkanes. cracking, substitution, steam  Observing
12.12.1.8 Account for the apparent reforming. colour changes.
non reactivity of alkanes as  Lack of a specific site of
compared to other organic chemical attack (functional
compounds. group) and they are saturated.
12.12.1.9 Illustrate unsaturation in  Using the concept of
alkenes. catenation and models.

12.12.1.10 Describe and name the  Use the concept of catenation  Identifying  Appreciating
structures of the alkenes and the general formula alkanes and economic values
up to 5 carbon atoms. CnH2n.Structures must alkenes. of alkanes and
contain one carbon to carbon  Comparing
alkenes.
properties of  Awareness of
double bond. Named using
alkanes and organic
the IUPAC system all should alkenes compounds.
end with- ene.  Observing
colour changes.

Science 5124: Grade 10-12 86

 CONTENT
TOPIC SUB TOPIC SPECIFIC OUTCOMES
KNOWLEDGE SKILLS VALUES
12.12.1.11Demonstrate the  Using the unbranched  Identifying
structures of isomers of structures of butene and alkanes and  Appreciating
alkenes. pentene (positional isomers). alkenes. economic values
 Such as combustion, addition  Comparing
12.12.1.12 Describe the chemical of alkanes and
properties of alkenes.
properties of alkenes. reactions (hydrogenation, alkanes and  Awareness of
hydration, alkenes organic
hydrohalogenation,  Observing compounds.
halogenation, addition colour changes.
polymerisation).

12.12.1.13 Illustrate the differences  Using structures and bromine  Identifying  Appreciating
and similarities between solution to distinguish alkanes and economic values
saturated and between saturated and alkenes. of alkanes and
unsaturated unsaturated hydrocarbons.  Comparing alkenes.
properties of  Awareness of
Hydrocarbons.
alkanes and organic
12.12.1.14Describe the chemical  As alkenes decolourise alkenes compounds.
tests for unsaturated bromine solution rapidly.  Observing
hydrocarbons (alkenes) colour changes.

12.12.1.15 Describe the uses of

alkenes.  As in formation of polymers
(Petrochemical industries)

Science 5124: Grade 10-12 87

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TOPIC SUB TOPIC SPECIFIC OUTCOMES
KNOWLEDGE SKILLS VALUES
12.12.2.1 Describe the chemical  As an organic compound with a  Identifying  Appreciating
12.12.2 Alcohols composition of an alcohol. composition economic
hydroxyl group with general
(Alkanols) 12.12.2.2 Describe and name of alcohols values of
formula CnH2n+1OH
Comparing alcohols.
structures of primary  Using concept of catenation
structures of  Awareness of
alcohols up to five carbon (Chain). Named following IUPAC alcohols organic
atoms. nomenclature and all should end compounds.
with- ol).

12.12.2.3 Demonstrate isomerism in  Using branched and unbranched and  Identifying  Appreciating
alcohols positional isomers of propanol, uses of economic
butanol and pentanol. alcohols values of
 Comparing alcohols.
12.12.2.4 Describe the formation of  By hydration of alkenes, hydrolysis
properties of  Awareness of
alcohols. of esters and fermentation for
alcohols. organic
12.12.2.5 Describe the chemical ethanol. compounds.
properties of alcohols  Such as combustion, esterification,
dehydration and oxidation
12.12.2.6Describe the uses of  Uses such as fuel, antiseptic,
alcohols organic solvent, alcoholic beverages

Science 5124: Grade 10-12 88

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TOPIC SUB TOPIC SPECIFIC OUTCOMES
KNOWLEDGE SKILLS VALUES
12.12.3.1 Describe and name  Using concept of catenation  Identifying  Appreciatin
12.12.3Carboxylic acids structures of structures of g the
(Chain), organic compounds
(alkanoic acids) carboxylic acids up to carboxylic properties
with a carboxylic group
five carbon atoms. acids. and
(COOH), general formula
economic
CnH2n+1COOH, all should end uses of
with- oic acid. carboxylic
12.12.3.2 Describe the  By the oxidation of alcohols acids.
formation of and hydrolysis of esters
carboxylic acids
12.12.3.3 Demonstrate the  Such as reaction with bases,  Demonstrating  Appreciatin
chemical properties carbonates, metals and alcohols the chemical g the
of carboxylic acids. (esterification). properties of properties
carboxylic and
12.12.3.4Describe the uses of acids economic
 Such as formation of esters. uses of
carboxylic acids
carboxylic
acids.

Science 5124: Grade 10-12 89

 CONTENT
TOPIC SUB TOPIC SPECIFIC OUTCOMES
KNOWLEDGE SKILLS VALUES
12.12.4.1 Describe and name  Using the concept of catenation (Chain),  Identifying
12.12.4 Esters the structures of structures and
Organic compounds with an ester link
(Alkanoates) esters up to five characteristic
carbon atoms. and all should end with –oate. properties of
 Such as combustion and hydrolysis. esters.
12.12.4.2 Describe the
chemical properties
of esters
12.12.4.3Describe the uses of  Such as in perfumes, food flavourants  Describing Appreciating
esters and relate because of having pleasant smell. the chemical the properties
the uses to properties of and economic
properties. esters uses of esters.

12.12.5.1 Describe  As a collection of organic compounds  Identifying  Awareness of

12.12.5 Homologous homologous series belonging to the same family with the different homologous
series same general formula (consider alkanes, homologous series.
alkenes, alcohols, acids, esters). series.
12.12.5.2Describe the  Such as members of each homologous
general series have the same general formula and
characteristics of similar chemical properties. Physical
properties (states, melting point, boiling
homologues
point, density, solubility) of members
(members). show gradual changes as molecular mass
changes. Adjacent members differ by
CH2 and have a general method of
preparing members.

Science 5124: Grade 10-12 90

 CONTENT
TOPIC SUB TOPIC SPECIFIC OUTCOMES
KNOWLEDGE SKILLS VALUES
12.12.6.1 Describe  As giant molecules formed by  Classifying  Awareness
12.12.6Macromolecules macromolecules macromolecules of polymers.
combination of many small
(Polymers) (polymers) molecules (monomers).  Identifying  Appreciatin
linkages in g economic
12.12.6.2 Describe synthetic  As human made giant molecules
different use of
macromolecules. (polymers). macromolecules polymers.
12.12.6.3 Describe the  By addition polymerisation E.g.
formation of polyethene, polyvinylchloride,
polyalkenes. polypropene, polystyrene.
12.12.6.4 Classify plastics  As thermoplastics and
Thermosets

12.12.6.5 Describe the  By condensation polymerisation,  Classifying  Awareness

formation of nylon Nylon: from a diamine and dioic macromolecules of polymers.
and Terylene. acid structures represented as:  Identifying  Appreciatin
Terylene linkages in g economic
different use of
macromolecules polymers.

Nylon

Science 5124: Grade 10-12 91

 CONTENT
TOPIC SUB TOPIC SPECIFIC OUTCOMES
KNOWLEDGE SKILLS VALUES
12.12.6.6 Differentiate  Terylene: from diol and dioic  Classifying  Awareness of
between the acid. Structures represented as: macromolecules polymers.
structure of Nylon Nylon as polyamide and Terylene  Identifying  Appreciating
and Terylene. as polyester. linkages in economic use
different of polymers.
12.12.6.7 Describe typical  Plastics used as in carrier bags, macromolecules
uses of plastics and buckets, pipes
synthetic fibres. Nylon and terylene as in clothing,
tents, strings, ropes.

12.12.6.8 Describe the  As non-biodegradable (cannot be  Classifying  Awareness of

biodegradability of broken down by microorganisms) macromolecules polymers.
synthetic fibres.  Identifying  Appreciating
linkages in economic use
12.12.6.9Describe natural  Such as Carbohydrates, proteins
different of polymers.
macromolecules and fats (lipids). macromolecules

Science 5124: Grade 10-12 92

 CONTENT
TOPIC SUB TOPIC SPECIFIC OUTCOMES
KNOWLEDGE SKILLS VALUES
12.12.6.10Describe composition  Carbohydrates contain carbon,  Classifying  Awareness of
of carbohydrates hydrogen and oxygen in the form macromolecules polymers.
CxH2yOy where x is a multiple of six.  Identifying  Appreciating
linkages in economic use
12.12.4.11 Identify linkages in  In starch – glycosidic,
different of polymers
starch, proteins and fats
Proteins – amide, macromolecules

12.12.4.12 Relate linkages in fats – ester linkages

synthetic and natural  Such as difference and similarities
polymers. between nylon and proteins.
Terylene and fats.

12.12.4.13 Describe hydrolysis of  As formation of soaps and glycerine  Classifying  Awareness of

fats (saponification). (glycerol). macromolecules polymers.
.  Identifying  Appreciating
12.12.4.14Identify the products of  linkages in economic use
Using chromatography to identify
different of polymers
the hydrolysis of starch the amino acids from proteins, macromolecules
and proteins. simple sugars from starch.

Science 5124: Grade 10-12 93

SCIENCE PRACTICAL DATA (PHYSICS)

The importance of practical work in Physics cannot be over emphasized. Practical work develops manipulative skills in the learner
and gives the learner the opportunity to experiment the scientific method. Needless to mention practical Physics is essential for this
syllabus because:

a) There is need to expose learners to practical applications of Physics.

b) Learners should understand, interpret and apply scientific methods in a variety of ways including the theoretical and
practical approaches.
c) The study of Physics should be linked with environmental education requirements by quoting local phenomena in
relation to Physics studies.
There are scientific processes and skills to which learners must be exposed. Examples of these are observing, experimenting,
classifying, measuring, estimating, calculating, predicting and problem solving. Learners should also be exposed to scientific
attitude like accuracy, curiosity and creativity.

KEY QUANTITIES, SYMBOLS AND UNITS IN PHYSICS.

The pages 96 – 98 comprise the symbols and units which may from time to time be used during the study of Physics.
The candidate is expected to have the knowledge of how to apply the symbols and units in physics.

The list is not exhaustive; therefore the teacher and the learner are expected to discover more as they go through this
course.

Science 5124: Grade 10-12 94

 LIST OF SUGGESTED APPARATUS AND EQUIPMENT FOR THE SYLLABUS

1.0 Measurements and Mechanics

Venier callipers, micrometer screw gauges, measuring cylinders, metre rules, displacement cans, beakers, conical flasks, different masses
such as 50g, 100g, 200g, 1kg, ticker tape timers, pipettes, burettes, spring balances, beam balances, capillary tubes and pulleys.

2.0 Thermal physics

Mercury barometers, clinical and laboratory thermometer, six’s maximum and minimum thermometers, manometers, calorimeter, thermos
flasks, thermocouple thermometers and hypsometer.

3.0 Light

Plane mirrors, converging and diverging lenses, rectangular and triangular prisms, optical pins, colour discs, colour filters, optical camera,
light ray boxes, coloured bulbs, projectors such as slide projectors and film projectors.

4.0 Sound

Sonometers, turning forks, stop watches, stop clocks, sources of sound such as guitars and drums.

5.0 Magnetism

Bar magnets, horseshoe magnets, iron and steel bars, iron filings and plotting compasses.

6.0 Wave motion

Ripple tanks, springs and spiral springs, ropes and strings.

7.0 Electric current/static electricity

Science 5124: Grade 10-12 95

Ammeters, voltmeters, rheostats, capacitors, connecting wires, lead-acid accumulators, dry cells, resistors, tapping keys, switches, fuses,
semi-conductors, semi-conductor diodes, electric bells, resistance wires, ebonite and polythene rods, three-pin-plugs, electric bulbs, switch
boards and gold leaf electroscopes.

8.0 Basic electronics

Cathode ray tubes, maltese cross tube, resistors, light dependant rays (LDRs), thermistors, diodes, capacitors, transistors, TV sets, radios,
electronics teaching kits and computers.

9.0 Nuclear physics

Geiger muller tube, time scales, rate metres, cloud chambers, bubble chamber alpha emitting radioactive sources and extra high tension
(EHT) power supply unit.

KEY QUANTITIES, SYMBOLS AND UNITS.

Quantity Symbols Unit

Mass m kg
Length l m
Time t s
Electric current I A
Thermodynamic temperature T K
Amount of substance n mol
Distance d m
Displacement s, x m
Area An m2
Volume V m3

Science 5124: Grade 10-12 96

Density ρ kgm-3
Speed u, v ms-1
Velocity u, v ms-1
Acceleration and ms-2
Acceleration of free-fall g ms-2
Force F N
Weight W N
Momentum P Ns
Work W J
Energy E, U, W J
potential energy Ep J
Kinetic energy Ek J
Heat energy Q J
Change of internal-energy ∆U J
Power P W
Pressure P Pa
Torque T Nm
Gravitational constant G Nkg-2ms2
Period T s
Frequency f Hz
Wave length  m
Speed of electromagnetic-waves c ms-1
Avogadro constant number NA mol-1
Celsius temperature  o
C
Half - life t½ s
Decay constant  s-1
Specific heat capacity c JK-1KG-1

Science 5124: Grade 10-12 97

Electromotive force E V
Resistance R 
Resistivity ρ m

DATA AND FORMULAE

Speed of light in free space C = 3.00 x 108 ms-1

Elementary charge e = 1.60 x 10-19_coulomb
The Planck constant h = 6.63 x 10-34 Js
Molar gas constant R = 8.31 JK-1 mol-1
The Avogadro constant NA = 6.02 x 1023 mol-1
Gravitational constant G = 6.67 x 10-11 Nm2kg2
Acceleration of free fall g = 9.81 ms-2
The Boltzmann constant k = 1.38 x 10-23 JK-1
Uniformly accelerated motion s = ut + ½ at2
Or
v2 = u2 + 2as
Work done on/by a gas W = P∆V
gravitational potential Ep = mgh
Energy in motion E=mc2
Refractive index n = sin i
sin r
Resistors in series R = R1 + R2 + R3 + ...

Resistors in parallel 1 = 1 + 1 + 1 + ...... +

R R1 R2 R3

Science 5124: Grade 10-12 98

Electric potential V = Q/4𝝅ɛ0r

Capacitors in series 1=1 +1 +1 +....

C C 1 C2 C3

Capacitors in parallel C = C1 + C2 + C3 +
pressure of an ideal gas P = 1 NMC3
3 V
alternating current/voltage X = xo sin wt
hydrostatic pressure P = ρgh
energy of charged capacitor w = ½QV
radio-active decay x = xo exp (-t)
Decay constant  = 0.693
t½

Science 5124: Grade 10-12 99

SCIENCE PRACTICAL DATA (CHEMISTRY)
The following points should be considered during practical in chemistry:
(i) The student should have the knowledge of volumetric analysis in relation to one set of titrations.
The student is expected to comprehend acid-alkali titrations using ordinary methyl orange, screened methyl orange, phenolphthalein
or any other suitable indicator. Other titrations using different reagents may be set as well e.g. redox titration.
(ii) Other experiments involving the determinations of quantity, temperature change and rates of reactions are necessary. Experiments
of this nature will rely on the use of ordinary apparatus in the laboratory.
(iii) Experiments involving identification of an unknown substance or mixture could be set. A learner is expected to observe and
investigate the expected outcome. This may comprise elementary chromatography and simple tests for oxidising and reducing
agents. Detailed analysis is not necessary but a learner is expected to have the knowledge of the reactions of the cations with
aqueous sodium hydroxide and aqueous ammonia which should include elementary cations like aluminium, ammonium, calcium,
copper(II), iron (II), iron (III) and zinc.
A learner should also carry out the tests for the anions such as carbonate, chloride, iodide, nitrate and sulphate. Chemical tests for
gases which should include ammonia, carbon dioxide, chlorine, hydrogen, oxygen and sulphur dioxide.
Organic substances and ions not mentioned above may be included in the practical sessions. A learner is expected to have sufficient
knowledge in this area. Examination involving different salts with cations similar to the ones specified above may be set but
candidates are expected to draw out their conclusions from the observations.
N.B. No note books, course books, information booklets and text books will be allowed in the practical examination.
A learner shall be expected to perform simple calculations as outlined by the chemistry syllabus. However non programmable
calculators are allowed.

Practical techniques
Schools and students are reminded of the importance of accuracy in quantitative and qualitative exercises during the practical
lessons.
(i) A learner is expected to read the burette accurately and to the nearest volume of 0.1cm3. At least 3 titrations should be done by a
student to ensure a correct result and marks. Only values that fall within ±0.2 with respect to the supervisor’s volume will score
full marks.

Science 5124: Grade 10-12 100

(ii) A student is expected to take note of the temperature readings to the nearest 0.5oC. Recommended thermometer range is -10oC to
110oC. The time should be recorded in seconds and the stop clock/stop watch will be the most convenient timing instrument.
(iii) Learner must show the ability to ignore certain values on the titration table and use only those that are consistent and compute the
average of the consistent values. Consistent values must fall within 0.2 to one another.

 In case of qualitative exercises a learner should use around 1cm depth of a solution i.e. (about 2cm3) in a test tube. Reagents should be
added drop by drop and thoroughly mixing them, to ensure effective results for each test. The student should make sure that no further
changes may occur if more reagents are added. A learner should take note of the stage at which the precipitate forms and also the colour
changes. Furthermore the learner must take note of chemicals used to detect gases, if any, during the experiments. Observations must
be recorded as stipulated in the qualitative notes. Equations are not required during practical.

APPARATUS
The following apparatus should be stocked for teaching and examination purposes. Each learner should be provided with the
necessary apparatus to conduct the experiments.

Bunsen burner
Test-tubes
Measuring cylinder calibrated 25cm3 or 50cm3.
Filter funnel.
Beaker (polystyrene, glass) volume of 250cm3.
Conical flasks with volume of 250cm3.
Burette with a volume of 50cm3.
Pipettes with volumes of 25cm3 or 20 cm3
Pipette fillers.
Thermometers calibrated -10oC to 110oC at intervals of 1oC.
Stop clocks/stop watches which record time in seconds.
Wash bottles.

Science 5124: Grade 10-12 101

 Pyrex test tubes are essential for heating purposes with capacities 125mmx 16mm.
Boiling tubes i.e. of dimension 150mm x 25mm.
Stirring rods for stirring or mixing purposes.
Electronic balances /triple beam balances.

REAGENTS
The following standard reagents should be stocked among others. These are of paramount importance during practical.
Hydrochloric acid 1.0 mol/dm3
Nitric acid 1.0 mol/dm3
Sulphuric acid 0.5 mol/dm3
Aqueous ammonia 1.0 mol/dm3
Aqueous sodium hydroxide 1.0mol/dm3
Lime water (a solution of calcium hydroxide)
Aqueous silver nitrate 0.05 mol/dm3
Aqueous potassium dichromate (VI) 0.1 mol/dm3
Aqueous potassium iodide 0.1 mol/dm3
Aqueous lead (II) nitrate 0.2 mol/dm3
Aqueous potassium permanganate (VII) approximate 0.02 mol/dm3
Barium nitrate 0.2 mol/dm3
In addition chemical substances such as aluminium foil, red litmus paper, blue litmus paper and universal indicators should be in
stock.

Science 5124: Grade 10-12 102

QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS TESTS
Notes for use in qualitative analysis

Test for anions

Anions Test Test result

Carbonate (CO32 – ) Add dilute acid Effervescence occurs, carbon dioxide

produced

Chloride (Cl – ) [in solution] Acidify with dilute nitric acid , then add White ppt.
aqueous silver nitrate

Iodide (I – )[ in solution] Acidify with dilute nitric acid , then add Yellow ppt.
aqueous lead (II) nitrate

Nitrate (NO3 – )[ in solution] Add aqueous sodium hydroxide, then Ammonia produced
aluminum foil, warm carefully.

Sulphate (SO42 – ) [in solution] Acidify with dilute nitric acid, then add White ppt.
aqueous barium nitrate

Science 5124: Grade 10-12 103

Test for aqueous cations

Cations Effect of aqueous sodium hydroxide Effect of aqueous ammonia

Aluminium ions (Al3+) White ppt.soluble in excess giving a White ppt., insoluble in excess
colourless solution
+ Ammonia produced on warming -
Ammonium ions (NH )
4
Calcium ions (Ca2+) White ppt., insoluble in excess No change
Copper ions (Cu2+) Light blue ppt., insoluble in excess Light blue ppt., soluble in excess, giving a
dark blue solution
Iron(II) ions (Fe2+) Green ppt., insoluble in excess Green ppt., insoluble in excess, turns
reddish-brown on standing
Iron (III) ions ( Fe3+) Red-brown ppt., insoluble in excess Red-brown ppt., insoluble in excess
Zinc ions (Zn2+) White ppt.,soluble in excess giving a White ppt. soluble in excess giving a
colourless solution colourless solution.

Test for gases

Gas Test Test result

Ammonia Introduce damp red litmus paper to the gas Turns damp red litmus paper blue
Carbon dioxide Bubble the gas through limewater White precipitate formed
Chlorine (Cl2) Introduce damp blue litmus paper to the Turns litmus paper red then bleaches it
gas
Hydrogen (H2) Introduce a lighted splint into the gas Puts out the lighted splint with a
‘pop’sound
Oxygen (O2) Introduce a glowing splint into the gas Glowing splint relighted
Sulphur dioxide (SO2) Bubble the gas through acidified potassium Turns orange potassium dichromate green.
dichromate (VI)
Science 5124: Grade 10-12 104
SCIENCE SCOPE AND SEQUENCE CHART (PHYSICS)
The following table shows the “Scope and Sequence” of Physics syllabus from G10 to G12.

Grade 10 Grade 11 Grade 12

SUBTOPIC SUBTOPIC SUBTOPIC
Measurements Thermal Static electricity
10.1.1 International Physics 11.3.1Simple kinetic 12.8.1 Static
System of theory of Matter. Electricity
Units (SI).
10.1.2 Length and 11.3.2 Measurement of 12.9.1Electric
time temperature Current charge,
electricity current, and
potential
difference.
10.1.3 Mass and, 11.3.3 Expansion of 12.9.2 Electric cells.
weight solids, liquids and
gases.
10.1.4 Density 11.3.4 Heat transfer by 12.9.3 Electrical
conduction, resistance
Mechanics 10.2.1 Scalars and convection and 12.9.4 Heating effect
vectors radiation. of an electric
current

10.2.2 Linear motion 11.3.5 Measurements of 12.9.5 Magnetic

heat effects of
electric
currents
10.2.3 Forces 11.4.1 Simple ideas of 12.10.1 The
Wave motion the wave motion Electromagnetic phenomenon
Science 5124: Grade 10-12 105
 Grade 10 Grade 11 Grade 12
theory. induction of
electromagn
etic
induction
10.2.4 Moment of 11.4.2 Propagation of 12.10.2 The simple
forces waves A.C. and
D.C.
generators
10.2.5 Work, 11.4.3 Electromagnetic 12.10.3Transformers
spectrum

Energy and Power. Basic 12.11.1 Thermionic

electronics emission and
10.2.6 Simple Sound 11.5.1 Properties of electrons
machines sound
Light 11.6.1 Rectilinear 12.11.2 Circuit
propagation of components.
light.
11.6.2 Refraction of light 12.11.3 Simple
electronic
systems
10.2.7 Pressure 11.6.3 Thin converging 12.11.4 Impact of
and diverging electronics on
lenses. society and industry.
Magnetism 11.7.1 Simple 12.12. Atomic 12.12.1 Nuclear
phenomenon of physics atom
magnetism 12.12.2
Radioactivity

Science 5124: Grade 10-12 106

SCIENCE SCOPE AND SEQUENCE CHART (CHEMISTRY)

Grade 11 Grade 12
Topic Grade 10
SUBTOPIC SUBTOPIC SUBTOPIC
Introduction to 10.1.1 Introduction to Chemistry Acids, Bases 11.5.1 Characteristic Chemistry 12.9.1.Conductors
Chemistry and properties of and
Salts acids and bases Electricity
10.2.1 Matter and the Kinetic 11.5.2 Preparation of salts 12.10.1 General properties
The Particulate theory Metals of a metals
nature of matter
10.2.2 Diffusion 11.6.3 Types of oxides 12.10.2 Reactivity and
The mole Electro Chemical
concept Series
10.3.1 Measuring of quantities 11.6.4 Identification of 12.10.4 Corrosion
Experimental ions and gases
Techniques (Qualitative analysis)
10.3.2 Criteria of purity 11.6.1 Relative masses 12.10.5 Thermal stability
of the
compounds

10.3.3Separatingmixtures 11.6.2 The mole 12.11.1 General properties

Non Metals of non-metals.
10.4.1Atomic structure and 11.6.3 Empirical and 12.11.2. Hydrogen
Atoms, Periodic Table Molecular
elements, formulae
molecules 10.4.2 Bonding Chemical 11.7.1 Rates of chemical 12.11.3. Oxygen

Science 5124: Grade 10-12 107

 Grade 11 Grade 12
Topic Grade 10
and reactions and reactions
compounds energy
10.4.4 Macromolecules changes 11.7.2.Chemical 12.11.4 Nitrogen
equilibrium
10.4.5 Chemical formulae and 11.7.3 Redox reactions 12.11.5. Chlorine
equations 11.7.4Energetics of 12.11.6 Sulphur
reactions
11.8.1 Group and the 12.11.7 Carbon and
The Periodic periodic trends carbonates
Table 11.8.2 Group properties 12.12.1 Saturated and
Organic unsaturated
Chemistry Hydrocarbons

Science 5124: Grade 10-12 108