Past Paper (Year 2017)

Statistical Inferences
Q No.1 (a) Differentiate between descriptive statistics and statistical inferences.
Ans:

Descriptive Statistics Inferential Statistics

1. Descriptive statistics is that branch of statistics 1. Inferential statistics is a type of statistics, that
which is concerned with describing the population focuses on drawing conclusions about the
under study population, on the basis of sample analysis and
observation
2. It organize, analyze and present data in a 2. It Compares, test and predicts data
meaningful way.
3. Final results are represented by charts, graphs and 3. Final results are represented in probability
tables
4. It is used to describe a situation 4. It is used to explain the chances of occurrence of
an event

(b) Discuss various types of measurement scales.

Ans: Types of Measurement Scales

1. Nominal Scale: Data consisting of names, labels, or categories only. The data are qualitative and can
not be ranked or ordered.

E.g., Gender, Colours, Occupation etc.

2. Ordinal Scale: Qualitative and quantitative data that can be arranged in some order. It generally does
not make sense to do computations with ordinal data.

E.g., Movie ratings, Academic positions, etc

3. Interval Scale: Quantitative data that have meaningful intervals between measurements, but there is
not true starting point (zero).

E.g., Temperature, SAT scores, etc.

4. Ratio Scale: Quantitative data in which both intervals and ratios are meaningful. Data at this level ha
starting point (zero).

E.g., Salary, age, weight, height, etc.

Statistical Inferences 1
Q No. 2 (a) Define Sampling and various types of sampling.
Ans: Sampling

The process of selecting a small number of elements from a larger defined target group of elements is
called sampling.

Types of Sampling

Types of sampling have been classified into two categories;

A. Probability Sampling

1. Simple random sampling – Every member of the population has a known and equal chance of
selection.
2. Stratified random sampling – The population is divided into mutually exclusive groups (such as
age groups), and random samples are drawn from each group.
3. Cluster (area) sampling – The population is divided into mutually exclusive groups (such as
blocks), and the researchers draws a sample of the groups to interview.

B. Non-Probability Sampling

1. Convenience sampling – The researcher selects the easiest population members from which to
obtain information.
2. Judgment sampling – The researcher uses his or her judgement to select population members
who are good prospects for accurate information.
3. Quota sampling – The researcher finds and interviews a prescribed number of people in each of
several categories.

(b) A researcher randomly selects one student’s name from the list of BBA part II class, what is
the probability of student that he is a boy? (Total students are 99 and Girls are 40).
Ans: Solution:

Total Students = 99
Girls = 40
Therefore, Boys = 99-40 = 59
𝒏(𝑨) 59
P(A) = = = 0.595
𝒏(𝑺) 99

Hence the probability, that the randomly selected student will be boy, is 0.595 0r 59.5%.

Statistical Inferences 2
Q No. 3 (a) Write a short note on Skewness.
Ans: Skewness

Measure of the degree of asymmetry of a frequency distribution is called “skewness”. A frequency

distribution can be skewed to left (Mean<Median<Mode), symmetric or unskewed
(Mean=Median=Mode) or skewed to right (Mean>Median>Mode).

(b) There are 500 employees in an organization, 222 of them are male, if one employee is
selected randomly. Find the probability that he is female.
Ans: Solution:

Total Employees = 500

Male = 222
Therefore, Female = 500-222= 278
𝒏(𝑨) 278
P(A) = = = 0.556
𝒏(𝑺) 500

Hence the probability, that the randomly selected employee will be female, is 0.556 0r 55.6%.

Q No.4 (a) Discuss importance of statistics in research.

Ans: Importance of Statistics in Research

Statistics plays a vital role in research;

1. It helps to collect and arrange data in order to study a particular phenomenon.

2. It helps to condense large amount of data and enables researchers to get meaningful information
out of it.
3. It presents facts in a precise and definite forms.
4. It facilitates comparison between different data sets (through measure of central tendency and
measure of dispersion).
5. It helps to reach out a conclusion to make decisions based on the available data.

(b) List the elements of Research Article.

Ans: Elements of Research Article

A typical research article contains following elements;

1. Title
2. Abstract
3. Introduction
4. Literature Review
5. Research Methods
6. Results
7. Discussion
8. Summary and Conclusion
9. References

Statistical Inferences 3
Q No.5: Define the following;
i). Dependent & Independent Variable
Dependent Variable

A dependent variable is an outcome of interest that is observed and measured by the researcher.
The dependent variable is dependent upon independent variable. It is represented by (y).

Independent Variable

An independent variable is the variable that is changed or controlled in a scientific experiment to

test its effect on dependent variable. It is represented by (x).

ii). Median & Mode

Median

The median is the middle element of a set of data. The median splits data into two equal halves.

Mode

Mode is the most common factor or value, with the highest frequency in a set of data.

iii). SPSS
SPSS stands for Statistical Package for Social sciences. It is a utility software package owned by IBM
corporation and it is used for the analysis of statistical data.

iv). Sample & Population

Sample

A subset (or portion) of the population is called “sample”.

Population

A collection of all elements (units or variables) of interest is called “Population”.

Statistical Inferences 4
Q No. 6 (a) Write a short note on Kurtosis.
Ans: Kurtosis

Kurtosis is a measure of flatness or peakedness of a frequency distribution. A frequency distribution can

have three types of kurtosis;

1. Platykurtic (relatively flat)

2. Mesokurtic (normal)

3. Leptokurtic (relatively peaked)

(b) Two dice are tossed. What is probability that sum of dots on the top face of both dice is 9?
Ans: Solution:

First we will write all the possible outcomes. Then, we will chose those outcomes whose sum is 9. Finally,
we will divide number of specific outcomes (having sum of 9) with total number of all outcomes.

Two dice would have following 36 outcomes as follows;

(1,1), (1,2), (1,3), (1,4), (1,5), (1,6)

(2,1), (2,2), (2,3), (2,4), (2,5), (2,6)

(3,1), (3,2), (3,3), (3,4), (3,5), (3,6)

(4,1), (4,2), (4,3), (4,4), (4,5), (4,6)

(5,1), (5,2), (5,3), (5,4), (5,5), (5,6)

(6,1), (6,2), (6,3), (6,4), (6,5), (6,6)

Therefore,

Total number of outcomes = 36

Outcomes having sum of nine = 4

𝒏(𝑨) 4
P(A) = = = 0.111
𝒏(𝑺) 36
Hence, the probability that the sum of dots on the top of two dice will be nine is 0.111

Statistical Inferences 5
Q No. 7: To determine the relationship between workers age and absenteeism, the data of 10
randomly selected workers are provided below:
Age of Workers (x) 40 25 38 25 22 39 47 19 33 30
Days absent last year (y) 5 10 22 11 18 17 8 19 18 8
a). Determine the equation of regression to estimate absenteeism.
Solution:

First, we will create a table that will be useful in order to compute regression and correlation both.

Number Age of Days Absent x² x.y y²

Workers last year
(x) (y)
1 40 5 1600 200 25
2 25 10 625 250 100
3 38 22 1444 836 484
4 25 11 625 275 121
5 22 18 484 396 324
6 39 17 1521 663 289
7 47 8 2209 376 64
8 19 19 361 361 361
9 33 18 1089 594 324
10 30 8 900 240 64
Total ∑x = 318 ∑y = 136 ∑x² = 10858 ∑x.y = 4191 ∑y² = 2156

Regression equation is; y = a + bx, so first we will find “a” & “b”.

𝒏∑𝒙𝒚 − (∑𝒙) (∑𝒚)

b=
𝒏∑𝐱 𝟐 − (∑𝒙)²
10 (4191) – (318) (136) 41910−43248 −1338
b= = = = -0.1794
10 (10858)−(318)² 108580−101124 7456

a = ȳ - bẍ
∑𝒚 ∑𝒙
a= –b
𝒏 𝒏
136 318
a= – (-0.1794)
10 10
57.04
a = 13.6 +
10
a = 13.6 + 5.704 = 19.304
Hence, the regression equation will be as follows;
Y = 19.30 – 0.179 x

Statistical Inferences 6
b). Estimate number of absents for a worker of age 40 years.
Solution:

Our regression equation is;

Y = 19.30 – 0.179 x

So, by putting value of x (age), we will get absents of that age.

Y = 19.30 – 0.179 (40)

Y = 19.30 – 7.16

Y = 12.14

Hence, according to given data, an employee having age of 40 years will remain absent for about 12 days.

c). Calculate the coefficients of correlation.

Solution:

𝑛∑𝑥𝑦 − (∑𝑥) (∑𝑦)

r=
√𝑛∑𝐱 𝟐 − (∑𝒙)2 . √𝑛∑𝐲 𝟐 − (∑𝒚)2

10 (4191) − (318) (136)

r=
√10 (10858) − (318)2 . √10 (2156) − (136)2
41910 − 43248
r=
√108580 − 101124 . √21560 − 18496
−1338
r=
√7456 . √3064
−1338
r = (86.34).(55.35)
−1338
r=
4778.919
r = -0.2799

Statistical Inferences 7