VIBRATION MEASUREMENT AND
ANALYSIS
Part II
CONDITION MONITORING
Machine Vibration Monitoring
How Machine Vibration is Generated:
• Typical problems arise through
- Misalignment of drive train components
- Worn or damaged bearings
- Load asymmetry on rotary parts like fans/propeller etc.
-looseness in bolts/Incorrect assembly
2
The amount of vibration depends on
- The stiffness and geometry of the machine's structure
- The machine foundation
- The speed of rotation of the shaft
CONDITION BASED MAINTENANCE
[Link]
MAINTENANCE
[Link] DOWN [Link]
Failures Detection Methods
vibration
vibration
45% oil analysis
oil analysis temperature
23%
rotational speed
temperature
10% torque
fluorescence
rotational speed
others 6%
4%
torque acoustic emission
acoustic emission 6%
3% fluorescence others
3%
VIBRATION MONITORING INSTRUMENTATION
• VIBRATION MEASURING AND ANALYSIS SYSTEM
VIBROMETER CHANNEL FREQUENCY
MACHINE RECORDER
SELECTOR ANALYSER
fig,(1.a) SIGNAL FLOW DIAGRAM
Automated Monitoring Concepts
• Detect Detailed Machinery
Problems
Looseness
– Unbalance, Misalignment, Problem!
Looseness, Shaft Cracks, Oil Whirl,
Whirl,
Gear and Bearing Problems
Signal Processing Flow
Transducer
Waveform
Amplitude
Time
FFT
Spectrum
Amplitude
Data Collector/Analyzer Frequency
Time Waveform
Amplitude
Heavy Spot
+
0 Time
360 degrees
-
Rotation
1 revolution
3600 rpm = 3600 cycles per minute
60 Hz = 60 cycles per second
1 order = one times turning speed
Time Waveform
Amplitude
+
0 Time
-
1000 rpm 1 revolution
4 blades = vibration occurs 4 times per revolution
4 x 1000 rpm = vibration occurs at 4000 cycles per minute
= 4000 cpm
Time Waveform
Amplitude
+
12 tooth
gear 0 Time
-
1 revolution
1000 rpm
12 teeth are meshing every revolution of the gear
12 x 1000 rpm = vibration occurs at 12,000 cycles per minute
= 12,000 cpm = 200 Hz
+
0 Time
0 Time
+
0 Time
-
Complex Time Waveform
Time Waveform contains all the different
frequencies mixed together
+
0 Time
-
Complex Time Waveform
Time Waveform contains all the different
frequencies mixed together
We are now entering the Frequency Domain
• FFT - Fast Fourier Transform
• Separates individual frequencies
• Detects how much vibration at each
frequency
TIME WAVEFORM
n AMPLITUDE VS TIME
Amplitude
Time
Amplitude
Time
Amplitude
Amplitude
Frequency
0 Time
- 1x
Frequency
0 Time
- 4x Frequency
+ Time
0
- 12x Frequency
Predefined Spectrum Analysis Bands
1xRPM - BALANCE
1.8
2xRPM - ALIGNMENT
1.5
1.2 3-5xRPM - LOOSENESS
0.9
ANTI-FRICTION BEARINGS & GEARMESH
0.6
5-25xRPM 25-65xRPM
0.3
20000
5000 10000 15000
Frequency Hz
ANALYSIS OF RESULTS
1. VIBRATION CAUSE IDENTIFICATION
Sl DIRECTION OF
FAULT FREQUENCY
No VIBRATION
ROTATING
1 SAME AS RUNNING SPEED RADIAL
UNBALANCE
MISALIGNMENT RADIAL AND
2 2*SPEED
OF BEARINGS AXIAL
RADIAL AND
3 LOOSENESS 3-5xSPEED AXIAL
OIL FILM WHIRL
4. IN HIGHSPEED 0.5*SPEED RADIAL
TURBO MACHINES
DAMAGED OR
5 No: OF TEETH* RPM RADIAL
WORN GEARS
Vibration Measurements :
Locations for Reciprocating Machinery
L – Left hand when facing the
coupling flange
R –Right hand when facing the
coupling flange
1 – Machine end of mounting
2 – Crankshaft level
3 – Top end of frame
A – Coupling end
B -- Mid machine
C – Free end of machine
Machine Vibration Monitoring
• The following illustrations show some
examples for suitable measuring points:
vertical vertical
axial axial horizontal
horizontal
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Machine Vibration Monitoring
vertical
vertical
horizontal
axial horizontal
axial
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Machine Vibration Monitoring
vertical 1
vertical 2
• Recommendations for measuring points at different types of
machines can also be found in ISO 13373-1.
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Machine Vibration Monitoring
Vibration Measurement on Reciprocating
Engines to ISO 10816-6:
A New machines
B Continuous running without restriction possible
C Not suitable for continuous running, reduced operability until the next scheduled maintenance
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D Too high vibration, damage to the machine cannot be excluded
