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A brief review on ayurvedic concept of immunity and immunization

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Review Article

A BRIEF REVIEW ON AYURVEDIC CONCEPT OF IMMUNITY AND

IMMUNIZATION

Pravin Masram1*, Suhas Chaudhary2, Patel KS3, Kori VK4, Rajagopala S5

1. Ph.D Scholar, Dept. of Kaumarbhritya, I.P.G.T. & R.A., Gujarat Ayurved University, Jamnagar, Gujarat, India.
2. MD Scholar, Dept. of Kaumarbhritya, I.P.G.T. & R.A., Gujarat Ayurved University, Jamnagar, Gujarat, India.
3. Professor & Head, Dept. of Kaumarbhritya, I.P.G.T. & R.A., Gujarat Ayurved University, Jamnagar, India.
4. Asst. Professor, Dept. of Kaumarbhritya, I.P.G.T. & R.A., Gujarat Ayurved University, Jamnagar, Gujarat, India.
5. Asst. Professor, Dept. of Kaumarbhritya, I.P.G.T. & R.A., Gujarat Ayurved University, Jamnagar, Gujarat, India.

Received: 25-04-2014; Revised: 18-06-2014; Accepted: 25-07-2014

………………………………………………………………………….………….……….……………………..

Abstract

The word immunity means the state of protection from infectious disease. The immune system
evolved as defense system to protect animals from invading microorganisms and malignant
disorders. Immunology is a branch of biomedical science that covers the study of all aspects of the
immune response in all organisms. The study of the molecular and cellular components that comprise
the immune system, including their function and interaction, is the central science of immunology.
Ayurvedic system of medicine not only deals with treating the diseases but also aims to prevention
the disease. Vyadhikshamatva (Immunity) is described in Ayurveda and this concept is considered
equivalent to immunity. Hence an attempt has been made to present Ayurvedic concepts of immunity
and immunization.

Key words: Vyadhikshamatva; Bala; Agni; Rasayana; Lehana.

………………………………………………………………………………….….……………………………...

*Address for correspondence:

Dr. Pravin Masram,
Ph.D. Scholar, Dept. of Kaumarbhritya,
IPGT & RA, Gujarat Ayurved University,
Jamnagar, Gujarat, India – 361008.
E-mail: [email protected]

Cite This Article

Pravin Masram, Suhas Chaudhary, Patel KS,Kori VK,Rajagopala S. A brief review on

Ayurvedic concept of immunity and immunization. Ayurpharm Int J Ayur Alli Sci.
2014;3(8):230-240.

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INTRODUCTION products of body). These factors, in their

normal status are responsible in maintaining
Charaka defined Ayus (life) as combination of the physical and psychological health. The
the body, sense organs, mind and soul.[1] In other word, Kshamatva‟ is derived from,
other word, Ayurveda has given much priority „Kshamus sahane‟ which means to be patient
to live healthy and joyful long life. Concepts or composed to suppress anger, to keep quite
related to health and diseases are discussed or to resist. Therefore Vyadhikshamatwa
with detail in nearly all classical texts of means the factor which limits the pathogenesis
Ayurveda. These concepts include knowledge and opposes the strength of disease.[3]
of etiology, symptomology, therapeutics, Chakrapani Datta, while commenting on
various measures to maintain healthy status Charaka Samhita, gave his view on the term
and reasons behind falling sick.[2] Vyadhikshamatva and explained the term in
two divisions, viz:[4]
Many people prone to disease due to breaking
their dietary habit (Aharaja), change in (I) Vyadhi-balavirodhitvam: It is the capacity
climate, on the other hand, some people to restrain or withstand the strength (severity)
remain healthy in spite of breaking dietary of the diseases i.e. strength to resist the
rules or change in climate and do not get progress of disease.
affected by any disease. Many micro-
organisms enter the human body through air (II) Vyadhi-utpadakapratibandhakatva: The
and water, but fail to create disease due to resisting power of the body competent enough
immune response present in the living body. to prevent the occurrence and re-occurrence of
The most important thing in relation to health the disease.
and disease is immunity of the body. Concept
of Vyadhikshamatva (Immunity) described in These sub-types of Vyadhikshamatva
the classical texts of Ayurveda is similar to commutatively form the resistance which now
immunity. It is not exaggeration to mention a day known as Immunity.
that, Ayurveda described Vyadhikshamatva in
more detail and magnificent way which can be There are nine factors mentioned in Ayurveda
considered equivalent to modern concepts of which promotes body towards incapability to
immunity. Till date some works have been resist the disease manifestation i.e. factors
found published on Ayurvedic concepts of responsible for decreasing immunity.[5]
Vyadhikshamatva, but there are some more
detail has remained to be highlighted. Present 1) Ati- Sthoola (Excessively obese persons)
work is aimed to fulfill this gap and will serve 2) Ati-Krisha (Excessively emaciated person)
as a torch bearer in understanding immunity 3) Anivista-Mamsa (Individual having
with Ayurvedic view. improper musculature)
4) Anivista-Asthi (persons having defective
Concept of Vyadhikshamatva bone tissues)
5) Anivista-Shonita (persons with defective
In Sanskrita, the word Vyadhikshamatva‟ is blood)
made up of two words; Vyadhi (disease) and 6) Durbala (Constantly weak person)
Kshamatva (suppress or overcome). 7) Asatmya-Aaharopachita (Those nourished
According to Ayurveda, Vyadhi is conditions with unwholesome food)
which come into existence as consequence of 8) Alpa-Aaharopachita (Those taking diet in
non-equilibrium between Doshas small quantity)
(physiological factors i.e vata, pitta & kapha), 9) Alpa-Sattva (Individuals with feeble mind)
Dhatus (tissues systems) and Malas (excretory

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Relation of Vyadhikshamatva with various increase Vyadhikshmatva. On the other hand,

factors Ahita substance if taken continuously then
leads to improper nourishment of Dhatus
1. Sleshma which result in decreasing Ojus and
Vyadhikshmatva.
Kapha is one of the Tridosha (three humors-
Vata, Pitta and Kapha-which are said to be 3. Relation of Bala and Vyadhikshamatva
responsible for maintenance of homeostasis or
equilibrium in the body), which possesses Health of an individual depends upon good
properties such as Snigdha (unctousness), Sita strength of the body tissues. It is difficult to
(cold, producing coldness), Guru (heavy) treat the disease occurred in one whose body
Manda (slow in action), Slaksna (smooth), strength is low[10] and hence Acharya Charaka
Mrtsna (slimy) and Sthira (stable/static).[6] prefers the Bala (strength) examination of an
individual before starting the treatment.
Sleshma in normal state considered as Bala
and Oja while in abnormal state it is Mala Acharya Sushrutha mentioned that the final
(waste) and Papma (diseases)[7] Function of and excellent essence of Dhatus begins with
normal Kapha is like that of Ojas. Kapha in Rasa to Shukra is Ojus and this Ojus is said to
normal state provides compactness, stability, be Bala. Dalhana has commented on this as
heaviness, virility, immunity, resistance, Ojus is the cause for predominance of Bala of
courage and gracelessness.[8] whole body.[11] Acharya Vagbhata also
supported view of Acharya Sushruta and
2. Hita and Ahita food mentioned similar concept which clearly
indicates the close relation between Oja and
Some food substances are wholesome and Vyadhikshamatva.[12]
suitable for the body as the body can
inheritably transfer those substances into its Types of Bala
own by virtue of Jatisatmya. These are called
as Satmya or Hita substances. Water, ghee It is of three types Sahaja (constitutional),
milk and rice are few examples of general Kalaja (temporal) and Yuktikrutajabala
wholesome food as these are completely (acquired).[13]
suitable for every human. On the other
contrary some substance do not suit to the Sahaja Bala
body and cause some adverse reaction. These
are known as Ahita or Asatmya substances. Constitutional strength is the one which exists
Fire-burns, alkalis-cauterize, toxin-kills these in the mind and body from the very birth.
are the examples of Ahita substance. There are
three reasons seen for the ill-effects being Kalaja Bala
present in Ahita substance i.e. natural inherent
feature, physical or chemical combination and Temporal strength is the one which is based
refinement.[9] on division of seasons and age of the person.
In Adana kala (late winter, spring and
Hita, Ahita Substance and summers) Bala of individual will be less and
Vyadhikshamatva in Visarga kala (rainy seasons, autumn and
winter) it will be more. Bala will be Alpa
Hita ahara is responsible to developed healthy (minimum) in child and old age, Uttama
Dhatus and final product of Dhatus i.e. Ojus. (maximum) in young age.
So increases in Ojus or Bala ultimately

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Yuktikrutaja Bala for life, color (luster of the skin), strength,

health, enthusiasm, plumpness, complexion,
Acquired strength is the one which is achieved Ojas (energy), Tejas ( gleam of the body),
by the combination of diet and physical other varieties of Agni and Prana (vitality).
activities. Extinction of this Jatharagni leads to death. Its
proper maintenance helps a person to live a
Factors responsible for promotion of long life and its impairment gives rise to
strength diseases. Therefore Jatharagni is considered to
be the root or the most important sustaining
There are 12 factors responsible for increasing factor of living beings.[15]
Bala (strength) of the body.[14]
1. Birth in a country where people are In this way immunity is influenced by the
naturally strong. power of Agni, digestive fire and our ability to
2. Birth at a time when people naturally digest, assimilate and absorb nutrients in
gain strength i.e. Hemanta (November human bodies. In a healthy, strong and
to January) and Shisira (January to immune body, invaders get neutralized or
March) destroyed and expelled out of body. If Agni is
3. Favorable deposition of time (pleasant impaired by an imbalance within, the Tridosha
and moderate climate) then metabolism will get affected, immune
4. Excellence in the qualities of seed i.e. response and natural resistance will also be
sperm and ovum, and Asaya i.e. proper lowered.
anatomical and physiological status of
uterus of mother 5. Relation between Oja and
5. Excellence of the ingested food Vyadhikshamatva
6. Excellence of the physique
7. Excellence of the Satmya According to Acharya Charaka, oja appeared
(wholesomeness of various factors foremost in the human body during
responsible for maintenance of the embryogenesis.[16] The essence of Saptadhatus
body) (seven bodily tissues as from Rasa to Shukra
8. Excellence of the mind Dhatu), i.e. Rasa (plasma and lymph), Rakta
9. Favorable deposition of the nature (blood cells), Mansa (connective and muscular
10. Young age of both the parents i.e. they tissue), Meda (body fats e.g. adipose tissue),
should not be over aged Asthi (bones), Majja (bone marrow) and
11. Habitual performance of exercise Shukra (reproductive systems) is called Oja
12. Cheerful disposition and immense love and it is the seat for strength, hence called
for each other. Bala.[17] Ojas is Sara (essence) of Dhatus
ending with Sukra; through located in the
The individuals possessing most of these heart, it pervades all over body and control the
factors are naturally immune i.e. working of the body. It is viscous, unctuous,
Vyadhikshamatva for diseases. greasy, Somatmaka (preponderant in watery
principal), clear (transparent) and slight
4. Relation between Agni (food reddish yellow in color. By its loss
assimilation power of body) and (destruction, absence) death will occur and by
Vyadhikshama its presence the body (and life) sure to survive.
Oja is the reason for different condition and
Acharya Charaka in the context of functions of activities related with the body.[18]
Agni narrated that, Dehagni or Jatharagni
(digestive power of stomach) is responsible

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Ojakshaya (decrease or loss of Ojas) 2) Naimittika Rasayana (promoter of

specific vitality in specific disease)
Ojas undergoes decrease (in quantity) by 3) Kamya Rasayana (promoter of health
anger, hunger, worry, grief and exertion. With in specific way in normal individual)
such decrease, the person becomes fretful,
debilitated, worries much again (without Concept of improving Vyadhikshamatva
apparent reason), feels discomfort in the sense (Immunization)
organ, develop bad complexion, bad mention
and dryness of skin.[19] The following are looking to be the
immunization measures in Ayurveda.
6. Rasayana (Rejuvenation therapy) and
Vyadhikshamatva 1. Rasayana
2. Lehana (Lickables or Electuaries)
Rasayana means the way for attaining
excellence in all body tissue through some Taking Rasayana is helpful to increase the
special measures and medicines. [20]Rasayana immunity of the person to keep him away
therapy is one of eight major specialties of from opportunistic diseases. The possible
Ayurveda. The concepts of immunity and mechanisms by which action of Rasayana can
immunomodulation are extensively explored be interpreted with modern aspects are;
and used in Ayurveda, particularly in the form nutritive function, immunomodulatory action,
of Rasayana therapy.[21] According to antioxidant action, anti-aging effect, neuro-
Ayurveda, Rasayana helps in strengthening protective action, haemopoietic effect etc. In
Oja, Bala and thus increases recent years numerous researches have been
Vyadhikshamatva. done to explore Ayurvedic treasure for benefit
of common people to improve health by using
Benefits of Rasayana therapy different Ayurvedic drugs. Some examples
are:
Long life (good), memory, great intelligence,
perfect health, youthfulness, bright 1. Immunostimulatory effect of
complexion and color bold voice and Curculigo orchioides Gaertn.[24]
magnanimity, increase strength, of the body 2. Macrophage activation property of
and sense organ, perfection in speech, sexual Tinospora cordifolia Willd.[25]
power and brilliance are all obtained from 3. Effect of some Indian herbs
proper Rasayana therapy.[22] (Asparagus racemosus Willd,
Tinospora cordifolia Willd., Withania
Classification of Rasayana[23] somnifera Daul and Picrorhiza
kurrooa Royle ex Benth.) on
According to method of use macrophage functions in mice.[26]
4. Immunoprotection by Withania
1) Kutipraveshika Rasayana (indoor somnifera Dunal, Tinospora cordifolia
Regimen) Willd. and Asparagus racemosus
2) Vatatapika Rasayana (outdoor Willd. during cancer chemotherapy.[27]
Regimen) 5. Immunopotentiating property of
Tinospora cordifolia Willd.[28]
According to purpose 6. Augmentation of non-specific
1) Aajasrika Rasayana (promoter of immunity by gold preparations.[29]
health by some drug regimen and can 7. Anti-cataleptic, anti-anxiety and anti-
be consumed in all conditions) depressant activity of gold.[30]

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8. Antioxidant activity of Momardica drugs are life-promoting, disease-alleviating,

charantia Linn, Glycyrrhiza glabra L, promoters of strength, and power of intellect.
Acacia catechu Willd. And Terminalia
chebula Retz.[31] Level of action of Rasayana drugs
9. Antioxidative effect of triphala
(combination of Terminalia chebula Rasayana act at three levels such as at the
Retz,Terminalia belerica Roxb. and level of Poshaka Rasa (increases nutrition), at
Emblica officinalis Gaertn)[32] the level of Agni (increases digestion and
10. Antibacterial activities of Emblica assimilation of food) and at the level of Srotas
officinalis Gaertn. and Coriandrum (increases absorption of food from serum to
sativum L.[33] various parts of body)[41]
11. Antifungal activity of Curcuma longa
L.[34] Lehana
12. Haridradi Ghrita (Polyherbal
medicated ghruta) shows the In Ayurvedic texts, various Acharays have
Immunomodulatory activity described countless useful formulations and
(preferential stimulation of the mode of conduct for children. Acharya
components of cell-mediated Kashyapa describes a special formulation by
immunity) in rats during a trail.[35] the name of “Lehana”.[42]
13. Immunomodulatory activity of
Triphala (combination of fruit pulp of The facts stated about Lehana are as under –
Terminalia chebula Retz, Terminalia
belerica Roxb. and Emblica officinalis Purposes of Lehana
Gaertn).[36]
14. Antioxidant activity of tannoid 1. To enhances growth & development by
principles of Emblica officinalis providing sufficient nutrition.
Gaertn. (Amalaki).[37] 2. Promote health, complexion and strength
15. Anti-oxidant effect of Withania (immunity).
somnifera Dunal. glycowithanolides in 3. Protect from various infections along with
rat.[38] improving intellect and speech (delayed
milestone).
There are number of such studies through
which Ayurvedic single or multiple Indication of Lehana
formulations tested by experimental studies on
albino mice/rats etc. or reported the beneficial The children of a mother who are having no
effect of human trails, So these studies reveals breast milk, deficient milk, or vitiated milk of
that there are wide range of possibilities parturient women (mother) or of a wet –nurse
improving immunity and treatment in various of similar condition who have predominance
disease. of Vata and Pitta but not Kapha, who do not
get satisfied with the breast milk and cry
The selection of Rasayana inspite of repeated sucking, children who do
not sleep at night, eat too much, pass scanty
According to need, Rasayana drugs can be urine and feces; children who have increased
administered by considering various factors digestive power, though free from disease yet
such as Age, Dhatu Deha Prakruti, Kala, scraggy, have delicate body part and
Disease,[39] to enhance memory.[40] And emaciated, do not pass urine and feces even
Srotas,[41] (Table 1 to 7) Medhya Rasayana for three days; such type of children should be
prescribed lehana ( electuaries).[43]

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Table 1: Rasayana drugs according to age

Decade of life (In years) Loss of impact Desirable Rasayanas

1-10 Balya Vacha, Svarna
11-20 Vruddhi Kashmari, Bala
21-30 Chhavi Aamalaki, Lauha
31-40 Medha Shankhapushpi
41-50 Twak Jyotishmati
51-60 Drushti Jyotishmati
61-70 Shukra Aatmagupta, Ashwagandha
71-80 Vikrama Aamalaki, Bala
81-90 Buddhi Brahmi
91-100 Karmendriya Bala Rasayana

Table 2: Rasayana according to Dhatu

Rasa Draksha, Kharjura, Kashmari

Rakta Aamalaki, Palandu, Lauha
Mamsa Haritaki, Guggulu, Guduchi
Meda Laksha, Shukti, Shankha
Asthi Aswagandha,Bala
Majja Lauha, Majja, Vasa
Shukra Aatmagupta, Pippali, Nagabala

Table 3: Rasayana according to Deha Prakruti

Dosha Rasayana dravyas

Vatika Bala, Ghrita
Paittika Aamalaki, Shatavari
Shleshmika Bhallataka, Guggulu, Pippali

Table 4: Rasayana according to Kala

Kala Rasyana dravyas

Aadana Kala Shita Virya – Laghu Guna- Aamalaki
Visarga Kala Ushna Virya – Guru Guna – Bhallataka

Table 5: Rasayana according to Disease

Diseases Rasayana dravyas

Prameha Shilajatu, Haridra, Aamalaki
Aamavata Bhallataka
Medoroga Guggulu, Haritaki
Shvasa Bhallataka
Kushtha Tuvaraka
Pandu Lauha
Manasaroga Medhya Rasayana

Table 6: Medhya Rasayana (Nootropics drugs)

Drug Part use

Mandukaparni Swarasa (juice)
Yashtimadhu Churna (powder)
Guduchi Swarasa (juice)
Shankhapushpi Kalka (paste)

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Table 7: Rasayana according to Srotas

Srotas Rasatana dravyas

Pranavaha Srotas Pippali, Bhallataka, Aamalaki, Maricha, Kasturi
Udakavaha Srotas Panchakola, Kapardika, Shankha bhasma, Hingu, Nagakeshar
Rasavaha Srotas Kharjura Manth, Laja Manda, Guduchi
Raktavaha Srotas Loha bhasma, Go-Ghrita, Gorochana, Kushthaghna dravya
Mamsavaha Srotas Karaskar, Svarna bhasma
Medovaha Srotas Guggulu, Shilajatu, Kumbha
Asthivaha Srotas Aabha
Majjavaha Srotas Vacha, Markava, Raupya bhasma
Sukravaha srotas Cow milk, vang bhasma
Mutravaha Srotas Shilajatu,Gokshura,Punarnava
Purishvaha srotas Kutaj,Bilwa,Haritaki
Swedavah srotas Vang bhasma

Contraindications of Lehana B. Acharya Charaka

Conditions such as children having poor 1. Panchagavya ghrita[44] (Ghrita means

digestive power, sleepy, passing excessive (in clarified butter made from cow‟s milk)
quantity and number) amounts of urine and 2. Brahmi ghrita[45]
stool, have indigestion, receive Guru (heavy) 3. Kalyanaka ghrit[46]
breast milk, the mother consuming all Rasas,
suffer from disease of head and neck, in C. Acharya Sushruta
Amaroga (disease of metabolism), fever,
diarrhea, Shotha (edema), jaundice, anemia, Sushruta has mentioned 4 recipes (containing
cardiac disease, dyspnea, cough, disease of gold) which provide general immunity, body
rectum, urinary bladder and abdomen, resistance, helpful in growth and development
flatulence, Ganda (enlarged thyroid), and enhancing the intelligence.[47] These are:
erysipelas, vomiting, anorexia, all Graha
disease and Alasaka should not be prescribed 1. Svarna bhasm with Kustha (Saussurea
lehana. Various compound and formulations lappa C.B,Clarke), Vacha (Acorus
for lehana mentioned by Acharyas to increase calamus Linn), Madhu (honey) &
digestive and metabolic power, strength is ghee.
summarized below in brief: [43] 2. Svarna bhasm with paste of Brahmi
A. Acharya Kashyapa (Bacopa monnieri Linn), Sankhapuspi
(Convolvulus pluricaulis Chois.), with
1. Svaran Prasana - Pure gold (in small honey & ghee.
quantity) is rubbed in water on a clean 3. Svarna bhasm, Arkpushpi
stone and given with honey and Ghrita, (Holostemma annularium Roxb.),
be given to child for licking. Licking Vacha (Acorus calamus Linn), honey
of gold increase intellect, digestive & ghee.
power and metabolic power, strength, 4. Svarna bhasm, Khaidarya (Murraya
gives long life, is auspicious, virtuous, koenigii Linn), Sweta Durva (Cynodon
aphrodisiac, increase complexion and dactylon Linn.) ghee.
elimination the (evil effect of)
Graha.[43] D. Acharya Vagbhata
2. Samvardhan ghrit
3. Brahmi ghrita 1. Ashtanga ghrita
2. Sarshvata ghrita
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3. Vachadi ghrita CONCLUSION

4. Combination of gold
a) Svarna (Gold), Vacha (Acorus Ayurvedic concept of Vyadhikshamatva is
Calamus Linn ), Kushta simillar as normal condition of the Kapha,
(Saussurea lappa C.B.Clarke) Bala and Oja. Oja is final and excellence of
b) Svarna (Gold), Arkapushpi the product Dhatu and Vyadhikshamatva
(Holostemma annularium Roxb.) depends on it. Production of excellence of
c) Svarna (Gold), Matsyakhyaka Dhatu depends on the Hita and Ahita Ahara
(Alternanthera sessilis Linn.), and Agni. Rasayana therapy help in produce
Shankhapushpi (Convolvulus excellence Dhatu and lastly it convert into
pluricaulis Chois.) Oja, ultimetaly increase in Oja and similarly
d) Svarna (Gold), Kaidarya (Murraya increase in immunity. Many researches proved
koenigii Linn), Vacha (Acorus immunomodulatary effect of drugs which are
Calamus Linn.) [48] used in Rasayana therapy. Medhya Rasayana
(Nootropics drugs) is life-promoting, disease-
DISCUSSION alleviating, promoters of strength, Agni,
complexion, voice and intellect-promoting.
Vyadhikshamatva - resistance to diseases or Lehana will be also helpful in the improve
immunity against diseases is of two kinds i.e. immunity. Hence, for attaining good
the one which attenuate the manifested disease Vyadhikshamatva, we should use various
and other variety prevents the manifestation of regimens and follow conducts as described in
diseases. Sleshma in normal state considered Ayurvedic texts for the same.
as Bala and Oja and function of normal Kapha
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Dhatus will be depends on wholesome and PV, editor. 1st ed. Varanasi: Chaukhamba
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