Kastamonu Uni.

, Orman Fakültesi Dergisi, 2018, 18 (1): 83-91 Research Article

Kastamonu Univ., Journal of Forestry Faculty
Doi:10.17475/kastorman.311971

Investigation of natural durability of some native and exotic wood

species against Hylotrupes bajulus (Cerambycidae) and Anobium
punctatum (Anobiidae)
Mesut YALÇIN1, Cihat TAŞÇIOĞLU1, Rudy PLARRE2, Çağlar AKÇAY1*, Sabine BUSWEILER2

1
Duzce University, Faculty of Forestry, Department of Forest Products Engineering, 81620,
Duzce, TURKEY
2
Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM), 12205, Berlin, GERMANY
*Corresponding author: [email protected]

Received Date: 12.05.2017 Accepted Date: 10.03.2018

Abstract
Aim of study: In this study, natural durability of some domestic and foreign wood species against Hylotrupes
bajulus and Anobium punctatum larvae were tested on laboratory scale
Area of study: This study was conducted at Department of Forest Products Engineering in Duzce University,
Turkey and Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM), Germany.
Material and Methods: Scotch pine (Pinus sylvestris), fir (Abies nordmanniana), spruce (Picea orientalis), cedar
(Cedrus libani), poplar (Populus tremula) and beech (Fagus orientalis) woods were used to test H. bajulus larvae (EN
46-1). Alder (Alnus glutinosa), oak (Quercus cerris), poplar (Populus tremula), beech (Fagus orientalis), maple (Acer
carpinifolium), ash (Fraxinus angustifolia), teak (Tectona grandis), ayous (Triplochiton scleroxylon), movingui
(Distemonanthus benthamianus), dahoma (Piptadeniastrum africanum), iroko (Chlorophora excelsa), bubinga
(Guibourtia tessmannii) and sapele (Entandrophragma cylindiricum) woods were used for A. punctatum larvae (EN
49-1). At the end of the experiment, the mortality rates of the larvae were determined and the size and weights of the
surviving larvae were measured.
Main results: F. orientalis and C. libani were found to be the most resistant wood species against H. bajulus larvae
while A. nordmanniana was the least resistant. All tropical wood species and oak and maple from domestic wood
species showed 100% mortality rate therefore found to be the most resistant against A. punctatum larvae. The most
vulnerable wood species was found to be alder with a 35% mortality.
Research highlights: while F. orientalis, C. libani, and P. tremula were found the most resistance wood species
against H. bajulus, P. sylvestris and A. nordmanniana were determined as most vulnerable. All tropical wood species
and two domestic species (Q. cerris and A. carpinifolium) showed the highest mortality rate as 100%. The least durable
domestic wood was determined as alder.
Keywords: Hylotrupes bajulus, Anobium punctatum, natural durability, tropical wood, native wood.
Bazı yerli ve egzotik ağaç türü odunlarının Hylotrupes bajulus (Cerambycidae) ve
Anobium punctatum (Anobiidae) böceklerine karşı doğal dayanıklılıklarının araştırılması
Özet
Çalışmanın amacı: Bu çalışmada bazı yerli ve yabancı ağaç türü odunlarının Hylotrupes bajulus ve Anobium
punctatum larvalarına karşı doğal dayanıklılıkları laboratuvar ölçeğinde test edilmiştir
Çalışma alanı: Bu çalışma Düzce Üniversitesi Orman Endüstri Mühendisliği Bölüm Laboratuvarı ve Almanya
Federal Materyal Araştırma ve Test Enstitüsü’nde (BAM) yürütülmüştür.
Materyal ve Yöntem: Çalışmada Hylotrupes bajulus larvalarına karşı sarıçam (Pinus sylvestris), göknar (Abies
nordmanniana), ladin (Picea orientalis), sedir (Cedrus libani), kavak (Populus tremula) ve kayın (Fagus orientalis)
odunları kullanılmıştır (EN 46-1). Anobium punctatum larvalarına karşı ise kızılağaç (Alnus glutinosa), meşe (Quercus
cerris), kavak (Populus tremula), kayın (Fagus orientalis), akçaağaç (Acer carpinifolium), dişbudak (Fraxinus
angustifolia), tik (Tectona grandis), ayos (Triplochiton scleroxylon), novengi (Distemonanthus benthamianus),
dahoma (Piptadeniastrum africanum), iroko (Chlorophora excelsa), bubinga (Guibourtia tessmannii), sapelli
(Entandrophragma cylindiricum) ağaç türü odunları kullanılmıştır (EN 49-1).
Sonuçlar: H. bajulus larvalarına karşı en dayanıklı ağaç türü odunlarının F. orientalis ve C. libani olduğu, en
dayanıksız odun türünün ise A. nordmanniana olduğu belirlenmiştir. A. punctatum larvalarına karşı ise tropik ağaç türü
odunlarının hepsi, yerli ağaç türü odunlarının ise %100 ölüm oranı ile meşe ve akçaağaç en dayanıklı olarak
belirlenmiştir. En dayanıksız odun türünün ise %35 ölüm oranı ile kızılağaç olduğu görülmüştür.
Araştırma vurguları: F. orientalis, C. libani ve P. tremula H. Bajulus’a karşı en dayanıklı tür iken, P. sylvestris
ve A. nordmanniana en dayanıksız tür olmuştur. A puntatum tüm egzotik türler, Q. cerris ve A. carpinifolium’da %100
ölüm oranı göstermiştir. En dayanıksız yerli tür ise kızılağaç olduğu görülmüştür.
Anahtar kelimeler: Hylotrupes bajulus, Anobium punctatum, doğal dayanıklılık, tropik odun, yerli odun

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Kastamonu Univ., Journal of Forestry Faculty

Introduction A. punctatum is the other important insect

Wood material is one of the most used that destroys the wood materials. It is also
materials in our daily life. However, it is known as furniture beetle.
destroyed by insects when used unprotected. Cylindrical adults are 2.5-5.0 mm in
For this reason, such materials are length, reddish brown colored. They are
impregnated with chemicals such as CCA covered with thin yellowish hairs. Mature
(Chromated Copper Arsenate). However, in females put their eggs in the old flying holes
recent years, many of the toxic chemicals have and cracks in the galleries. In general, A.
been banned due to increased environmental punctatum adults do not lay eggs on smooth
pressures and environmental restrictions. and polished surfaces. Generally, a female
Thus, it has been tried to use durable wood puts 1-2 eggs every time.
species for longer service life. In this case, It is also observed that it can lay up to 80
however, proper harvesting practices should eggs. The eggs are grown up to 34 weeks. The
be considered (Schultz & Nicholas, 2008). main food of larvae is cellulose. It need a
1,200,000 insect species live throughout small amount of protein. The time larvae to be
the world. Some of these insect species cause become an adult depend on the quality of food
destruction in forests and forest products. The and the climatic conditions. A. punctatum
damage caused by insects varies according to larvae live at least 2 years in the sapwood of
the tree species. There are insects that are deciduous trees and 4-8 years or longer in
destructive for only coniferous or only broad coniferous trees. The optimum temperature
leaved species, as well as in both wood for growth of larvae is 22-23 ° C (lower than
species. Some of the insects that destroy tree the house beetle). Wood moisture demands
and wood materials are larval form, while the are around 30%. With the decreasing in
others are adults. relative humidity, the destruction period of A.
Old house borer H. bajulus is one most punctatum larvae are accelerated and larval
important insect from Cerambycidae family development is accelerating. When the
that destroys the wood and timber structures relative humidity is around 55-60%, wood
(Chiappini, 2010). H. bajulus generally humidity is 10-12%, the development of the
attacks to the coniferous woods such as pine, larvae is over. During long periods of heat,
fir and spruce. On the other hand, it was stated there is no evidence of damage to this insect
that H. bajulus can cause damage on redwood, in areas with central heating systems (Kaygın,
oak, ash, poplar and locust from broadleaved 2007).
wood species. At first stages, H. bajulus feeds It is distributed in the Marmara, Central
on sapwoods and later it penetrates to the Anatolia, Black Sea and Eastern Anatolia
heartwood. Old house borer larvae require regions in Turkey. It causes damage on pine,
sapwood with high protein content (% 0, 2) spruce, poplar, beech, alder, walnut and ash.
for the development. Larval development They prefer soft lumber woods. The larva
occurs in sapwood faster than heartwood develops in the heartwood of deciduous trees
(Goodell, 2008). H. bajulus distributed widely and the sapwood of coniferous trees. It has
over the world including Turkey. significant damage in wooden parts of
The body of H. bajulus is decorated with buildings, such as beams, paneling, parquet,
yellowish gray thin hairs on a dark brown lathes, stair doors and various furniture
chestnut color, long and fairly flat. The materials and musical instruments (Kaygın,
antennas have 11 segments, thin and 2007).
approximately half the length of the body. The There are limited publications on wood
eggs are yellowish white in color and damage of these insects in Turkey. Erdem &
approximately 2 mm long. It is known that H. Çanakçıoğlu (1977) investigated the biology
bajulus sometimes lays 30-200 eggs, in some of wood destroying insects, their
cases up to 300 within 3 days after mating. It identification, characteristics; and methods of
takes 8-12 days to emerge from egg to larvae protection from these insects. Usually these
stage. The larva has light yellowish color and works are limited to forest habitat and
the length of mature larvae varies between 18- harvested or processed wood material. The
30 mm (Çanakçıoğlu & Mol, 1998). subject has not been thoroughly researched.

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The aim of this study was to determine natural In this Equation; Nt, number of total larvae
durability of some native and tropic wood inserted the surfaces of wood (10 replicates);
species against H. bajulus and A. punctatum Nf, number of dead larvae after 12 weeks.
larvae.
A. punctatum larval tests
Material and Method A. punctatum larval tests were carried out
Preparation of wood samples in the division of Biodeterioration and
The wood samples were prepared Reference Organisms in Federal Institute for
according to the European Standards (EN 46- Materials Research and Testing (BAM),
1, 2008; EN-47, 2004). The samples were cut Berlin, Germany. The test specimens were
50x25x15 mm3 (longitudinal x radial x kept in conditioning chamber for a minimum
tangential) dimensions for H. bajulus and A. of two weeks. The egg-laying zones were
punctatum larval tests. All wood blocks were prepared by attaching a piece of the fine cloth
conditioned at 28±2 °C and 70±5% relative measuring approximately 45x20 mm to face
humidity for 4 weeks. of test specimens. Recently emerged adults
collected from laboratory cultured were used
H. bajulus larval tests in the test. Each test specimen was placed in
One part of the tests was carried out in the one of the test containers and five female and
division of Biodeterioration and Reference five male insects were added the containers
Organisms in Federal Institute for Materials covered with a disc of filter paper and placed
Research and Testing (BAM), Berlin, in the testing chamber for approximately one
Germany, the other part of the tests was done week. After then the eggs were counted under
in Forest Biology and Wood Protection microscope. If there were fewer than 50,
Technology Laboratory in Duzce University. added another group of insects to container
Wood specimens were prepared for larval test. (Table 1). At the end of the 52 nd weeks, the
One glass plate as one side was placed on only test specimens were cut and counted the
one face of wood specimens to create a small number of live and dead larvae according to
gap to put larvae. The other surfaces were EN 49-1 standard. In addition, the standard
covered with paraffin wax. Newly hatched (EN 49-1), larvae sizes were measured using
larvae obtained from end of cultivation were a stereo microscope.
used for the durability test according to the EN Nst
46-1 standard. A total of ten larvae were Mortality rate (%) = 𝑥100 (II)
Ndl
inserted between glass and wood surface (Nt).
After four weeks, the glasses were removed In this Equation: Nst is number of start the
on the wood block surfaces and the living and tunnel larva, Ndl is number of dead larva after
dead larvae were recorded (not tunneled, 52 weeks.
started to tunnel, alive and tunneled) under a
microscope. Then, the test continued until end
of the eight weeks. At the end of the test, all
wood blocks were cut and the live and dead
larvae were determined. Larva mortality rates
were calculated used these data. In addition,
the standard (EN 46-1), larvae sizes and
weights were measured using Stereo
microscope and scales, respectively.

Nf
Mortality rate (%) = 𝑥100 (I)
Nt

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Table 1: Number of A. punctatum eggs on the test specimens

1st Introduction of A. 2nd Introduction of A. 3th Introduction of A. 4th Introduction of A.

punctatum pairs punctatum pairs punctatum pairs punctatum pairs
Wood species
Amount Amount Amount Amount Amount Amount Amount Amount
of eggs of eggs of eggs of eggs of eggs of eggs of eggs of eggs
surface 1 surface 2 surface 1 surface 2 surface 1 surface 2 surface 1 surface 2
25 49
A. glutinosa 21 17 71 67
92 18
7 0 9 1 35 12 73 41
Q. cerris 2 6 28 6 61 7
16 13 19 16 22 16 26 19
8 24 19 49
P. sylvestris 46 0 74 18
14 13 21 24 67 31
24 52
P. tremula 7 8 40 25
14 6 27 31
8 20 8 22 16 23 26 28
F. orientalis 19 4 51 10
6 5 27 19 47 23
107 39
A. carpinifolium 32 1 71 2
48 63
32 33
F. angustifolia 0 4 13 6 24 23 37 27
28 10 67 29
5 0 7 0 18 0 32 1
T. grandis 0 0 0 1 9 7 23 17
1 0 6 0 32 0 57 6
16 15 16 19 34 63
T. scleroxylon 8 15 28 28
8 11 27 29
12 16 16 22 21 42
D. benthamianus 5 8 62 18
11 8 52 46
3 5 6 11 25 17 33 28
P. africanum 4 0 14 9 134 31
21 5 33 32
9 3 22 15 40 45
T. excelsa 1 5 15 31 23 73
0 3 44 6
32 15 44 41
G. tessmannii 3 2 21 23 31 42
9 12 22 28
28 16 25 21 114 78
E. Cylindiricum 17 0 40 13
20 7 68 17

Results and Discussion F. orientalis and C. libani wood, it has seen

H. bajulus larval tests that maximum half of the total number of
According to the findings obtained, it was larvae placed in the specimens was tunneled
observed that at the end of 4 weeks of and alive. Especially at the end of the first four
incubation period, all H. bajulus larvae weeks in the C. libani wood, the larvae seem
tunneled on A. nordmanniana, P. sylvestris to have died before they opened the tunnel. At
and P. orientalis wood and were alive based the end of the four weeks experimental period,
on microscope investigations. In P. tremula, larvae of A. nordmanniana, P. sylvestris and

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P. orientalis wood were found to be 90% or sylvestris wood and the mean mortality rate of
more alive, while the mortality rate of P. A. nordmanniana larvae. In C. libani, P.
tremula, F. orientalis and C. libani species tremula and F. orientalis wood specimens,
was 50% or more (Table 2). over 95% mortality rate was observed. These
At the end of the experiment for 4 weeks differences in the mean mortality rates of
with live larvae was continued until the 12th wood species were statistically significant (P
week as stated in the standard. At the end of <0.05). The high mortality rate in cedar wood
this period, the lowest mortality rate was can be explained by the amount of 13%
determined as 16.6% in A. nordmanniana extractive matter soluble in ethanol that is
wood. In addition, mortality rates were naturally effective against insects (Bozkurt &
recorded 23.3% and 56.7 % for P. sylvestris Erdin, 1989).
and P. orientalis, respectively. However,
there was no statistically significant
difference between the mean death rate of P.

Table 2: Natural durability of softwood according to EN 46-1 against H. bajulus

Dead larvae on Live larvae on
Number of live/dead larvae
surface after 4 surface after 4
after 12 weeks
weeks weeks
Wood species
not started mortality Mean mortality
alive and Mortality
tunnel to (surface) live dead rate (%)
tunneled rate (%)
ed tunnel %
0 0 10 0 8 2 20
A. nordmanniana 0 0 10 0 10 0 0 16.6 a*
0 1 9 10 7 3 30
0 0 10 0 7 3 30
P. sylvestris 0 1 9 10 8 2 20 23.3 a
0 1 9 10 8 2 20
0 0 10 0 3 7 70
P. orientalis 0 1 9 10 8 2 20 56.7 b
0 0 10 0 2 8 80
8 2 2 80 0 0 100
C. libani 10 0 0 100 0 0 100 100 c
9 1 0 100 0 0 100
8 2 1 90 0 0 100
P. tremula 5 5 4 60 2 1 90 96.7 c
4 6 5 50 0 0 100
4 6 3 70 0 0 100
F. orientalis 5 5 3 70 0 0 100 100 c
5 5 4 60 0 0 100
*The same letters written in italic are not different each other statically.

As it is known, P. sylvestris is the most wood was 1, 9 mg. According to current

preferred wood species for H. bajulus (Chen findings, while the survival rate of larvae was
et al. 2005). However, as it can be seen from found to be higher in A. nordmanniana wood,
the table, at the end of 12 weeks test period, the mean larvae weight was lower (1, 9 mg)
the larvae found alive was slightly higher than the mean larvae weight in P. sylvestris.
(6%) in A. nordmanniana wood. On the other This difference was also statistically
hand, larvae weights and sizes measured at the significant (P <0.05).
end of the experiment showed different Sivrikaya et al. (2015) conducted with P.
results. Based on the results showing in table sylvestris, P. orientalis, F. angustifolia, C.
3, the mean larvae weight found in P. excelsa and Erythrophleum suaveolens woods
sylvestris was 2, 6 mg, whereas the mean and they recorded that 16, 7% mortality rate
larvae weight obtained from A. nordmanniana in P. sylvestris and 33, 3% in P. orientalis at

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the end of the 24 weeks test result while 100 these woods are highly durable to H. bajulus.
% mortality rate observed in F. angustifolia, For this reason, our results are similar with
C. excelsa and E. suaveolens woods. They previous literature results.
stated that mortality rates were high due to

Table 3: Larval sizes and weights of H. bajulus larvae

Larval sizes and weight
Mean Mean Mean
Wood species Width Length Weight
width length weight
(mm)* (mm)* (gr)*
(mm) (mm) (gr)
0.5 2.14 1.9
A. nordmanniana 0.51 2.09 1.9 0.50 a 2.13 ab 1.9 a
0.49 2.17 2
0.57 2.64 2.4
P. sylvestris 0.57 2.62 2.5 0.57 a 2.64 b 2.6 b
0.58 2.66 2.8
0.51 2.23 1.8
P. orientalis 2.45 0.532 2.2 1.81 a 1.42 a 2 a
2.48 1.5 2
* Average of five larvae for each test specimens
A. punctatum larval tests examined, it was observed that the larvae were
Findings of A. punctatum larvae tests on 13 trying to open the tunnel at the beginning and
different local and foreign wood species are these tunnels were about 0.5-1 mm in all wood
shown in Table 4. After 52 weeks, the mean species. However, at the end of the 52-weeks
mortality rates of live and dead larvae were experimental period, no live larvae were
calculated. The highest larval survival rate found in the specimens under microscope
among the wood species was determined as investigation. Thus, larval mortality rates
65% in A. glutinosa wood. In addition, were calculated as 100%.
survival rate of 35% in P. tremula, 32% in F.
orientalis and 10% in F. angustifolia were
detected. Larvae have begun to open tunnels
in certain numbers in domestic wood species,
and in Q. cerris and A. carpinifolium wood at
the end of 1 year experiment period. When
these tunnels were examined, the mean depth
of the tunnels on Q. cerris is approximately
2.5-3 mm while and the depth of the tunnels
on the A. carpinifolium is about 2 -2.5 mm.
However, mortality rates of larvae were 100%
in Q. cerris and A. carpinifolium wood species
(Table 4).
When the results of the A. punctatum larva
test on 7 different tropical wood species were

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Table 4. Mean mortality rate of A. punctatum

Number of live Number of
Total number of Started to Mortality rate
Wood species larvae retrieved dead larvae
eggs (number) tunnel (%)
(number) (number)
A. glutinosa 107 60 39 21 35
Q. cerris 76 32 0 32 100
P. tremula 66 57 20 37 65
F. orientalis 62 28 9 19 68
A. carpinifolium 110 40 0 40 100
F. angustifolia 75 49 5 44 90
T. grandis 45 37 0 37 100
T. scleroxylon 70 49 0 49 100
D. benthamianus 80 56 0 56 100
P. africanum 97 38 0 38 100
C.excelsa 77 62 0 62 100
G. tessmannii 69 29 0 29 100
E. Cylindiricum 110 43 0 43 100

After the experiment, various microscopic wood species is believed to be main reason for
measurements were carried out on the larvae high mortality rate for A. punctatum.
in order to determine the development levels According to previous literature, the
of living ones (Table 5). When the mean development of Anobium larva is affected
lengths of larvae were examined, it was found from type of the wood species, the chemical
that the highest mean larval length was 2.35 composition of the wood (Terzi et al., 2012),
mm and emerged from A. glutinosa wood. the amount and type of co-substances (starch,
The lowest mean larvae length was observed protein etc.) in the wood, the amount and type
as 2.18 mm in P. tremula wood. When the of the active substance. For this reason, larval
mean of the measurements taken from the development and mortality rates among wood
head, thorax and abdomen (last part of the species are different. In addition, although the
abdomen segment) part of the larvae were effect of environmental factors (temperature,
compared, the highest mean width was humidity) on larval development is important
measured as 0.73 mm on the larvae extracted (Kaygın & Sade, 2004; Pinniger & Child
in the A. glutinosa wood. According to these 1996), the effect of these factors is minimized
findings, there is a linear relationship between for both A. punctatum and H. bajulus as the
the larval development and the rate of environmental conditions were kept constant
viability of A. punctatum in alder wood. during this study.
Although the rate of viability of A. punctatum According to the results obtained, Q. cerris
was 35% in P. tremula wood, larval wood showed significant natural resistance
development is seen to be much lower when against A. punctatum larvae. This is somewhat
comparing to the other wood species. The interesting since Q. cerris wood (especially,
lower mortality rate can be explained in two sessile oak and pedunculate oak) was stated as
ways; first lower extractive content of P. a reference wood in EN49-1 standard. Q.
tremula wood and secondly low density of cerris, on the other hand, showed very high
wood itself. Both of these features might help natural durability (100% mortality rate) which
reducing mortality in P. tremula wood. The might be explained with its relatively high
lack of larval development, on the other hand, silica content (Sarıbaş, 2017). Silica might
might be related to amount of nutrients which interrupt feeding behavior of A. punctatum.
plays important role in larval nourishment. Therefore, Q. cerris wood is highly
The higher amount of extractives in tropical recommended if A. punctatum infestation risk
is high.

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Table 5: Larval sizes of A. punctatum

Mean larvae length Width (mm)
Wood species
(mm) (Abdomen) (Thorax) (Head) Mean width
A. glutinosa 2.35 0.58 0.73 0.89 0.73
P. tremula 2.18 0.43 0.52 0.64 0.53
F. orientalis 2.29 0.46 0.57 0.73 0.59
F. angustifolia 2.28 0.44 0.56 0.70 0.56

Figure 1. H. bajulus larvae attempting to open a tunnel, larvae defecation traces and feces

Figure 2. A. punctatum larvae damaging, larvae entrance holes and feces

Conclusions
The natural durability of native and rate as 100%. The least durable domestic
tropical wood species, which are heavily used wood was determined as alder. When sizes of
in the furniture industry against H. bajulus and A. punctatum larvae examined a linear
A. punctatum were evaluated. relationship was recorded between sizes,
According to current results, while F. weight and viability rates.
orientalis, C. libani, and P. tremula were
found the most resistance wood species Acknowledgement
against H. bajulus, P. sylvestris and A. This study was supported by TÜBİTAK-
nordmanniana were determined as most COST project number of 114O850.
vulnerable. After 12 weeks test period, the
mortality of larvae was found lowest for A. References
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