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HEAT GAINS and LOSSES - ROOFS and WALLS

This document discusses heat gains and losses through roofs and walls. It provides steps to calculate the heat gain through roofs and walls using the cooling load temperature difference (CLTD) method. Key information includes: 1. Heat loss in winter depends on temperature difference and U-value, while in summer solar radiation must be considered. 2. Solar radiation increases the outside surface temperature above outside air temperature, known as the sol-air temperature. 3. CLTD values are obtained from ASHRAE tables based on wall/roof properties, location, and time of day. 4. Heat gain is calculated as the product of the U-value, area, and CLTD.

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532 views10 pages

HEAT GAINS and LOSSES - ROOFS and WALLS

This document discusses heat gains and losses through roofs and walls. It provides steps to calculate the heat gain through roofs and walls using the cooling load temperature difference (CLTD) method. Key information includes: 1. Heat loss in winter depends on temperature difference and U-value, while in summer solar radiation must be considered. 2. Solar radiation increases the outside surface temperature above outside air temperature, known as the sol-air temperature. 3. CLTD values are obtained from ASHRAE tables based on wall/roof properties, location, and time of day. 4. Heat gain is calculated as the product of the U-value, area, and CLTD.

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towiwa
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Become an Instructor Blog About

HEAT GAINS and LOSSES :


ROOFS and WALLS
Back
to
Course

Course
Lessons
Standards,
Guidelines,
Codes
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Energy
Roof and wall are analyzed in the same way. In winter the heat loss is simple
Usage
transmission based on the inside and outside temperature, and U-value of composite
Analysis of
structure;
Buildings

Q(winter) = U*A*(Ti-To) Azimuth


Angles of
Ti = Inside air temperature
Building
Surfaces
To = Outside air temperature
The Earth
and Sun.

In summer the solar radiation affects the outside surface of wall and roof. The Gases &
absorbed radiation increases the temperature of the outside surface to a value that is Liquids
greater than outside air temperature. This outside surface temperature is called Sol- (Fluids) and
air temperature. It depends on the properties of wall and roof structure, outside Solids:
surface material and color, and solar radiation intensity component perpendicular to
the outside surface. The solar radiation amount depends on the orientation of the Psychrometrics
surface, solar altitude angle, and solar azimuth angle.
WEATHER
An approximate equation for the sol-air temperature (Ts) of the outside surface of a DATA
given wall or roof is:
User's
Ts = To + A * (Id + Is) / Hso Manual for
TMY2s
A = absorption coefficient of outside surface
Comfort
Id = direct solar radiation on surface
Heat
Is = scatter or diffuse solar radiation Transfer

Hso = outside wall or roof surface film resistance Summer


Cooling
The heat gain through a wall or roof in summer is: Loads

Q(summer) = U*A*(Ts - Ti) HEAT


GAINS and
Q must be adjusted for thermal lag and time delay. OR LOSSES :
ROOFS and
Q(summer) = U*A*(CLTD) using the CLTD method WALLS

HEAT
GAINS and
Wall CLTD selection LOSSES :
WINDOWS
1. Use ASHRAE table 8.5, page 8.26 (page 26 note) to determine (a) principal mass and
of the composite wall, and (b) ASHRAE code number of the wall construction. SKYLIGHTS
(Glass)
2. Determine placement of the principal mass with respect to insulation and the
outdoors. This can be (a) inside, and (b) outside. INTERNAL
HEAT
3. Calculate the overall resistance (R-value) of the composite wall.
GAINS (IHG)
4. Determine secondary material category of the composite wall. Category examples
VENTILATION,
are (a.) stucco (b) steel or lightweight siding, and (c) face brick
INFILTRATION
5. Use ASHRAE table 8.6A, 8.6B or 8.6C (page 27,28,29) to determine the wall type &
no. EXFILTRATION

6. Determine the latitude of the building location. Glass


Information
7. Select the appropriate ASHRAE table from 8.3A (24oN), 8.3B (36oN) or 8.3C
(48oN) based on latitude (page 16-24 note). Building
Science
8. Go to table for given wall type number.
Insight
9. Determine CLTD for (a) wall number and (b) hour of the day PSYCHROMETRIC
10. Correct CLTD for (a.) indoor temperature = 78oF (b) outdoor mean temperature = CHART
85oF. (The CLTD tables are based on this condition. A correction is required for CARRIER
other conditions)
PSYCHROMETRIC
11. CLTD (corrected) = CLTD (table) + (78-Tr) + (Tm-85). CHART
TRANE

INSULATION

Roof CLTD selection Map of


DOE’s
1. From ASHRAE table 8.5, page 8.26 (page 26 note) determine (a) principal mass of Proposed
the composite roof, and (b) ASHRAE code number of this mass. Climate
Zones
2. Determine placement of the principal mass with respect to insulation and the
outdoors. This can be (a) inside (b) outside (c) evenly placed or no insulation. Understanding
Vapor
3. Calculate the overall resistance (R-value) of the composite roof.
Barriers
4. Determine presence or absence of a suspended ceiling.
Advanced
5. From ASHRAE table 8.2 page 8.25 (page 25 note) determine the roof type no. HVAC
Course

12. Determine the latitude of the building location.

13. Select the appropriate ASHRAE table from 8.2A (24oN), 8.2B (36oN) or 8.2C
(48oN) based on latitude (page 8.15,15 note).

14. Go to table for given roof type number.

15. Determine CLTD for (a) roof number and (b) hour of the day

16. Correct CLTD for (a.) indoor temperature = 78oF (b) outdoor mean temperature =
85oF. (The CLTD tables are based on this condition. A correction is required for
other conditions)

17. CLTD (corrected) = CLTD (table) + (78-Tr) + (Tm-85).

ROOF AND WALL HEAT GAIN (CLTD METHOD)


In CLTD/SCL/CLF method the heat gain through wall and roof is

Q = U*A*(CLTD)

Q = Sensible Heat Gain through Wall or Roof


A = Surface Area of Wall or Roof

U = Overall U-Value for composite Wall or Roof

CLTD=Cooling load temperature difference from ASHRAE table for a given

1. Latitude
2. Wall or roof type
3. Wall or roof exposure orientation
4. Hour of day

ASHRAE tables are for latitude 24oN, 36oN or 48oN, which cover U.S.A and Canada,
for 16 predefined wall types and 14 predefined roof types.

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5.png)

NOTES: Wall CLTD values in the table are based on


Dark wall surface outside

Indoor room temperature = 78oF (Troom).

Outdoor maximum temperature = 95oF (Tmax)


BACK TO
TOP Average outdoor temperature = 85oF (Tavg)

Daily range = 21oF

Outside surface film resistance = 0.333 hr.ft2.oF / Btu

Inside surface film resistance = 0.685 hr.ft2.oF / Btu

Tavg = Tmax - ( Daily range / 2)

Tmax and daily range are available from ASHRAE weather data for cooling loads
design calculation.

ADJUSTMENT TO TABLE DATA (CLTD Corrected)


CLTD Corrected = CLTD table + (78-Troom) + (Tavg-85)

Example: Wall Type = 9; Tavg = 90oF; Troom = 70oF; Medium Construction; 9 PM;
West Wall

CLTD Corrected = CLTD table + (78-70) + (90-85) = 47 + 8 + 5 = 60

EXAMPLE: ROOF

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NOTES: Roof CLTD values in the table are based on


Dark roof surface outside

Indoor room temperature = 78oF (Troom).

Outdoor maximum temperature = 95oF (Tmax)

Average outdoor temperature = 85oF (Tavg)

Daily range = 21oF

Outside surface film resistance = 0.333 hr.ft2.oF / Btu

Inside surface film resistance = 0.685 hr.ft2.oF / Btu

Tavg = Tmax - ( Daily range / 2)

Tmax and daily range are available from ASHRAE weather data for cooling loads
design calculation.

ADJUSTMENT TO TABLE DATA (CLTD Corrected)


CLTD Corrected = CLTD table + (78-Troom) + (Tavg-85)

Example: Roof Type = 5; Tavg = 90oF; Troom = 70oF;


At 5:00 PM

CLTD Corrected = CLTD table + (78-70) + (90-85) = 71 + 8 + 5 = 84oF

EXAMPLE: WALL AND ROOF

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Course 1 Lesson (/advanced-training/course-1/course-1-lesson)

About the Author

(/content/varkie-thomas)
Varkie C. Thomas, Ph.D., P.E. Research Professor
College of Architecture Illinois Institute of Technology
Chicago, Illinois, USA

Varkie Thomas taught graduate courses in Energy Efficient Building Design, Building
Energy Performance Analysis and advised doctoral candidates (1996-2008) as an
Adjunct Professor at Illinois Institute of Technology (IIT) from SOM. He is currently a
Research Professor with the Ph.D. program at IIT. He was a member of the UN
Technical Program to China in 1991 and a Visiting Professor from Purdue in Malaysia
in 1996/97 funded by the World Bank.

Academic: B.Sc. (Honors) in Mathematics from St. Xavier’s College Bombay


University; Post-Graduate Diploma in Environmental Engineering from London South
Bank University; Post-Graduate Diploma (with Distinction) and Ph.D. in Industrial
Management from Strathclyde University Glasgow. Registered Professional Engineer
(P.E.) and Certified Energy Manager (CEM - Association. of Energy Engineers).

Instructors (/category/about-us/instructors)

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