PATHOLOGY PREVIOUS YEARS’ QUESTION

PAPERS(1990-2009)
PAPER-I

ESSAYS
GENERAL PATHOLOGY:

1) Necrosis- definition, classification and types

2) Gangrene-definition, types and etiopathogenesis.

3) Apoptosis- cause, biochemical features, mechanisms and examples.

4) Define inflammation. Sequence of events.

5) Define inflammation. Enumerate signs of inflammation. Chemical mediators

6) Define repair. Healing of a fractured bone and factors influencing.

7) Process of repair.

8) Define thrombosis. Note on thrombogenesis and fate of thrombus. (2 times)

9) Shock- definition,classification, etiology, pathogenesis and complications

10) Oedema.

11) Define and classify neoplasia. Difference between benign and malignant
lesions

12) Name neoplasms caused by viruses. Mechanism of action of oncoviruses

13) Etiology of cancer. Note on chemocal carcinogenesis.

14) Define metastasis. Different pathways of spread.

15) AIDS-transmission, pathogenesis, major and minor signs, pathological

changes and lab diagnosis

16) Atherosclerosis- pathology, pathogenesis, risk factors and epidemiology.

17) Primary immunodeficiency syndromes.

18) Define autograft, allograft, isograft, xenograft. Types and mechanism of

allograft rejection

HAEMATOLOGY:

1) 40 years male H/o chronic fatigue, weight loss since 6 months. O/E pallor,
marked splenomegaly+, laboratory report shows Hb 10 GM%, TC
215000/CMM. Platelets 4 laks/cmm. Answer the following:
a) What is your diagnosis?
b) What is common genetic abnormality?
c) Blood and Bone Marrow findings to confirm your diagnosis?
 d) Prognosis of the condition?

2) Define leukemia. Note on CML

3) Classify anaemia. Lab diagnosis of megaloblastic anaemia.

4) AML

5) ALL

6) Coagulation disorders. Haemophilia

7) Classify haemolytic anaemias. Note on sickle cell anaemia.

8) Classify and discuss chronic myeloproliferative disorders.

9) Define anaemia. Etiopathogenesis, blood and bone marrow picture of iron

deficiency anaemia

10) Bleeding disorders and lab diagnosis

11) Classify thrombocytopenia. Lab diagnosis of ITP.

PARAGRAPH ANSWERS
CELL INJURY, CELL DEATH AND ADAPTION:

1) Dysplasia 11) Fat staining

2) Metaplasia 12) Fatty change

3) Dry gangrene 13) Pathology of fatty liver

4) Differences between dry and 14) Apoptosis

wet gangrene.
15) Necrosis
5) Gas gangrene
16) Pathologic calcification
6) Pathology of gangrene
17) Cellular swelling
7) Primary amyloidosis
18) Radiation injury
8) Pathology of spleen in
amloidosis 19) Haemosiderin
deposition in disease
9) Sago spleen
20) Pneumoconiosis.
10) Amyloid staining

INFLAMMATION:

1) Chemotaxis 3) Free radicals

2) Phagocytosis 4) Cytokines
 5) Vascular phenomenon in acute 10) Granulomatous
inflammation. inflammation

6) Chemical mediators of 11) Primary complex.

inflammation.
12) Military tuberculosis
7) Progressive pulmonary
tuberculosis 13) Primary atypical
pneumonia
8) Morphology and evolution of
tuberculoma 14) Tuberculoid leprosy

9) Granuloma. 15) Lepromatous leprosy

TISSUE REPAIR: REGENERATION, HEALING AND FIBROSIS:

1) Growth factors 6) Factors affecting wound

healing
2) Anti-oxidants
7) Healing of simple bone
3) Collagen fractures
4) Adhesion molecules 8) Healing by secondary
5) Wound healing intention

HAEMODYNAMIC DISORDERS:

1) Embolism- fat, air, amniotic 8) Fate of thrombus

fluid.
9) Differentiate thrombus and
2) Liquid embolism blood clot.

3) CVC liver 10) Infarction

4) Exudates 11) Pathology of renal

oedema
5) Exudates vs transudate
12) Pathogenesis of oedema
6) Cardiogenic shock
13) Cardiac oedema
7) Septic shock
14) Virchow’s triad.

IMMUNOLOGY:

1) Coombs test. 5) Natural killer cells

2) Transplant rejections 6) Antinuclear antibodies

3) B lymphocyte 7) Histocompatability antigens

4) T lymphocyte 8) Hypersensitivity reactions

NEOPLASIA:
 1) Lab diagnosis of pre cancerous 11) Metastasis
lesions
12) Human papilloma virus
2) Carcinoma in situ
13) Teratoma
3) Pre neoplastic disorders
14) Tumour suppressor
4) Para neoplastic syndrome gene

5) Tumour markers 15) Wilms tumour

6) Tumour antigens 16) Oncogenic viruses

7) Pleomorphic adenoma 17) Grading and staging of

tumours
8) Viral carcinogenesis
18) Lab diagnosis of cancer
9) Transcoelomic spread of
neoplasm 19) Child hood tumour

10) Benign versus 20) Hamartoma

malignant tumours

GENETICS:

1) Turners syndrome. 5) Translocation

2) Klinefelter’s syndrome 6) Down’s syndrome.

3) Sex chromatin 7) Marfan’s syndrome

4) X-link disorder

NUTRITIONAL DISEASE:

1) Rickets 5) Niemann pick

2) Scurvy 6) Vitamin A deficiency

3) Vitamin B12 deficiency 7) Kwashiorkor

4) Gauchers disease 8) Glanzman’s disease

INFECTIONS:

1) Actinomycosis 5) Deep mycosis

2) Mycetoma 6) Fungal granulomas

3) Rhinosporidium 7) Hydatid disease

4) Opportunistic fungal infections 8) Vegetations in the heart

MISCELLANEOUS:

1) Urinary casts 3) PCR

2) FNAC 4) RFLP
 5) Automatic tissue processor 6) chloroma

HAEMATOLOGY:

1) Leukaemoid reaction. 24) Mylodysplastic

syndrome
2) PCV and its significance
25) Megaloblasts
3) Osmotic fragility test.
26) Thrombocytes
4) Idiopathic thrombocytopenia
27) splenomegaly
5) Sickle cell anaemia
28) Acute leukemias
6) Haemochromatosis
29) Haemolytic disorders of
7) Megaloplastic anaemia new born
8) ESR 30) Von willebrand’s
9) Reticulocyte disease

10) Blood transfusion 31) Factor VII deficiency.

reactions 32) Thrombocytopenia.
11) Aplastic anaemia 33) G6PD deficiency
12) Purpura anaemia.

13) Multiple myeloma 34) Bleeding time.

14) DIC 35) Anticoagulants in lab

use
15) AML
36) Immunological subtypes
16) CML of ALL

17) Hodgkin’s lymphoma. 37) Rh incompatability

18) Nodular sclerosis 38) Haemophilia A

hodgkin’s disease.
39) Burkitts lymphoma
19) Non_hodgkin’s
lymphoma. 40) LE cells

20) Hematocrit 41) Bone marrow in B12

deficiency.
21) Pancytopenia in
peripheral blood smear 42) Bone marrow changes
in macrocytic anaemia.
22) Hereditary
spherocytosis 43) Agranulocytosis

23) Bence jones protein. 44) Indications of bone

marrow aspiration
 SHORT ANSWERS
AUGUST 2008:

FEBRUARY 2009:

1. Difference between exudates and transudate.

2. Microscopic picture of acute appendicitis.
3. Mast cells.
4. Mention 4 neuclear changes in Necrosis.
5. Significance of casts in urine.
6. Anti-Coagulants.
7. Mention 4 indications of bone marrow aspiration.
8. Reticulocyte count.
9. Henoch – Schonlein purpura.
10. Gross appearance of Mycetoma foot.

PAPER-II

ESSAYS
1) Classify Emphysema. Pathogenesis and complications

2) Bronchial asthma.

3) Bronchogenic carcinoma- aetiology and clinical presentation.

4) Describe the aetiopathogenesis of CA lung. Morphology and clinical features of

squamose cell carcinoma

5) Lobar pneumonia- aetiopathogenesis, pathology and complications

6) Carcinoma cervix

7) Ovarian tumours

8) Classify ovarian tumours. Pathology of germ cell tumours.

9) Mucinous cystadenoma carcinoma of ovary

10) Ulcerative colitis and its complications

11) Classify IBD. Pathology of crohn’s disease.

12) Typhoid ulcer- pathogenesis, aetiology complications.

13) Describe the ulcerative lesions of the small and large intestine.

14) Classify glomerulonephritis. Note on Post-Streptococcal glomerulonephritis.

15) Chronic pyelonephritis-aetiopathogenesis, gross and microscopic appearance.

16) Mechanism of glomerular injury in primary glomerular disease.

17) Nephrotic syndrome

18) Atherosclerosis and endothelial injury

19) Rheumatic fever.

RHD

20) Aetiopathogenesis and effects of ischemic heart diseases.

21) Infective endocarditis.

22) Define peptic ulcer. Pathogenesis, etiology and complications of chronic gastric
ulcer

23) Define and classify cirrhosis. Aetiopathogenesis, morphology and complication of

the most common type

24) Define and classify cirrhosis. Note on alcoholic cirrhosis

25) Grading staging, prognostic markers and predictive factors for invasive breast
cancer. Note on paget’s disease.

26) Diabetes and its complications

27) Classify salivary gland tumours. Describe salivary adenoma.

28) Classify lymphoma. Note on hodgkin’s.

29) Tumours of the bone. Note on osteogenic tumours.

30) Otosclerosis-pathology and pathogenesis.

31) Classify brain tumours. Note on gliomas.

32) A 10 year old child is admitted with puffiness of face, oliguria and smoky urine.
Diagnosis? Dscribe aetiopathogenesis and morphology in target organ. Note on lab
diagnosis and clinical picture.

33) A 15 year old boy presents with huge swelling around knee (lower end of thigh)
with stretched out shiny skin. X-rays show bony mass in lower third of femur with soft
tissue involvement and sun ray appearance. Dicuss etiology, radiology, clinical features
and morphology of lesion.
34) A 52 year old male was admitted with persistent abdominal pain, gastric
distension and vomiting. He had history of loss of appetite, loss of weight ad
hematemesis. What is the most probable diagnosis? Dicuss etiology and pathological
changes.

35) A 74 year old malepresented with altered bowel habits, tarry stools, loss of
weight fatigue and weakness of 6 months duration. After an endoscopic biopsy of
colon, left sided hemicolectomy was done. What is the probable diagnosis/ dicuss the
aetiopathogenesis and morphology of target organ.

36) A 40 year old female presents with post coital bleeding and foul smelling
discharge per vaina. She lost 15% weightin 2 months with loss of appetite. What is the
diagnosis? Discuss the etiopathology and morphology of this condition.

PARAGRAPH ANSWERS
CVS & HEART:

1) Coarctatio of aorta 12) LDL

2) Cardiac lesions in RHD 13) hypercholestrolemia

3) Aschoff body 14) Atheromatous plaque

4) Extracardiac lesions of 15) Kaposi’s sarcoma.

Rheumatic fever
16) cardiomyopathy
5) Thromboangitis obliterans
17) Dissecting aneurysm
6) Aneurysms
18) Enzymes in MI
7) Hypertensive heart disease
19) Lab diagonosis of MI
8) Teratology of fallot
20) Lab diagnosis of plasma
9) Burkitts lymphoma cell myeloma

10) Classification of 21) Transfusion reactions

lymphoma
22) Idiopathic
11) Reed sternberg’s giant thrombocytopenic purpura
cell

RESPIRATORY SYSTEM:

1) Bronchiectasis. 6) Lung abcess

2) Bronchoalveolar carcinoma 7) Lobar pneumonia

3) Small cell carcinoma of lung 8) Mesothelioma

4) Silicosis 9) ARDS

5) Asbestosis 10) Oat cell carcinoma lung

 11) Carcinoid tumour lung 13) Grey hepatization

12) Pneumoconiosis

URINARY SYSTEM:

1) Diabetic nephropathy. 10) Urinary casts

2) Nephroblastoma(wilms 11) Nephroma

tumour)
12) Hyper nephroma
3) Adult polycystic kidney
disease 13) Benign nephrosclerosis

4) Renal caliculi 14) Transitional cell

carcinoma-bladder.
5) Carcinoma of kidney
15) Crescentric
6) Acute post streptococcal glomerulonephritis
glomerulo-nepritis
16) Phreochromocytoma
7) Acute tubular necrosis
17) Renal cell carcinoma
8) Granular contracted kidney
18) Haemolytic uremic
9) Immune complex nephritis syndrome

G.I.T:

1) Ulcerative colitis 10) Neoplastic polyps of

large intestine
2) Chron’s disease.
11) Barret’s oesophagus
3) Acute appendicitis
12) Pleomorphic adenoma
4) Congenital megacolon of salivary gland
5) Gastric carcinoma 13) Warthins tumour of
6) Celiac sprue salivary gland

7) Hydatid cyst 14) Early gastric cancer

8) Peptic ulcer 15) Amoebic dysentery-

colon
9) Aetiopathogenesis of duodenal
ulcer

HEPATOBILIARY SYSTEM:

1) Liver cirrhosis- aetiological 4) Cholelithiasis

classification
5) Gall stones
2) Chronic active/persistent
hepatitis 6) Post necrotic cirrhosis

3) Alcoholic liver diseases 7) Hepatocellular carcinoma

 8) Viral hepatitis

PANCREAS:

1) Insulin dependant DiabetesM 3) Chronic calcific pancreatitis

2) Pancreatic change in DM 4) Acute pancreatitis.

THE MALE GENITAL SYSTEM:

1) Seminoma 3) Benign prostatic hyperplasia

2) Dysgerminoma 4) Prostatic intraepithelial

neoplasia

THE FEMALE GENITAL SYSTEM:

1) Endometriosis 9) Chorio carcinoma

2) Endometrial hyperplasia 10) Gestational

trophoblastic tumours
3) CIN-cervical intraepithelial
neoplasia 11) Yolk sac tumour

4) CA cervix 12) Fibroadenoma breast

5) Leiomyoma-uterus 13) Paget’s disease

6) Vesicular mole 14) Phyllodes tumour

7) Hydatiform mole 15) CA breast

8) Granulosa cell tumour of ovary 16) Fibrocystic disease of

breast

THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM:

1) Hashimoto’s thyroiditis 6) Thyrotoxicosis

2) Medullary cancer of thyroid. 7) Hyperparathyroidism

3) multinodular goitre 8) Gyenacomastia

4) Immune thyroiditis 9) Cretinism

5) Papillary carcinoma of thyroid 10) Lab diagnosis of DM.

THE MUSCULOSKELETAL SYTEM:

1) Ewing’s sarcoma 5) Giant cell tumour of bone

2) Osteogenic tumours 6) Osteomyelitis

3) osteosarcoma 7) Chondroblastoma

4) Ocsteoclastoma 8) Multiple myeloma

 9) Pagets disease of bone 12) Tuberculous
osteomyelitis
10) Rhabdomyoma
13) Pannus
11) Osteochondroma

THE SKIN:

1) Malignant melanoma 4) Premalignant lesions of the

skin
2) Basal cell carcinoma
5) Intradermal naevus
3) Squamous cell carcinoma.

THE NERVOUS SYSTEM:

1) Examination of CSF 6) Meningioma

2) CSF in tuberculosis and 7) Neuroblastoma

pyogenic meningitis
8) Neurofibroma
3) Meningitis
9) Retinoblastoma
4) Glioblastoma
10) Classification of brain
5) Astrocytoma tumours

MISCELLANEOUS:

1) Frozen section cytology 8) FNAC

2) Exfoliative cytology 9) Amelo blastoma

3) Carcinoid tumours( gi, heart, 10) Significance of ESR

ovary, bronchi, etc)

4) Amine precursor uptake and

decarboxylation (APUD) cells

5) Rye’s classification and its

value
SHORT ANSWERS:
6) Good Pasteur syndrome

7) MEN syndromes

AUGUST2008:

1) What are the different stages of preumonia?

2) Enumerate 4 different types of emphysema

3) 2 differences between chron’s and ulcerative colitis

4) Gross difference between benign and malignant ulcers of stomach

5) Enumerate 4 different types of renal stones

 6) Microscopic features of leiomyoma

7) Mention 2 important microscopic features of Hashimoto’s thyroiditis.

8) 2 radiological features of osteosarcoma

9) Features of diabetic retinopathy

10) Different types of giant cells.

FEBRUARY 2009:

1) Exfoliative cytology.
2) Mention four pre-malignanl- lesions.
3) Gohn’s lesion.
4) Cerebro spinal fluid findings in pyogenic meningitis.
5) Mention four opportunistic infections in AIDS.
6) Cryptorchidism.
7) Analgesic nephropathy.
8) Mention four germ cell tumors.
9) Condyloma acuminata (warts).
10) 4 pathological effects of gall stones.