CIVE2400: Pipeflow - Lecture 4 09/04/2009
School of Civil Engineering Local Head Losses
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING
• Local head losses are the “loss” of energy at point where
the pipe changes dimension (and/or direction).
Pipe Expansion
Pipe Contraction
Fluid Flow in Pipes: Lecture 4 Entry to a pipe from a reservoir
Exit from a pipe to a reservoir
Valve (may change with time)
Orifice plate
Dr Andrew Sleigh
Tight bends
Dr Ian Goodwill
• They are “velocity head losses” and are represented by
CIVE2400: Fluid Mechanics
u2
hL k L
www.efm.leeds.ac.uk/CIVE/FluidsLevel2 2g
Fluid Mechanics: Pipe Flow – Lecture 4 2
Value of kL Losses at an Expansion
• For junctions and bends we need • As the velocity reduces (continuity)
experimental measurements • Then the pressure must increase
(Bernoulli)
• kL may be calculated analytically for • So turbulence is induced and head losses
Expansion occur
Contraction Turbulence and losses
• By considering continuity and momentum
exchange and Bernoulli
Fluid Mechanics: Pipe Flow – Lecture 4 3 Fluid Mechanics: Pipe Flow – Lecture 4 4
Value of kL for Expansion Value of kL for Expansion
u12 u22 p2 p1
• Apply the momentum equation from 1 to 2 • Combine p2
g
p1 u2
g
u1 u2 and hL 2g g
p1 A1 p2 A2 Q u2 u1 2
u1 u2
hL
• Using the continuity equation we can 2g
eliminate Q p p u u u 2 1 2
1 2 • Using the continuity equation again
g g
u1A1 = u2A2 u2=u1A1/A2
2 2
A1 u12 kL 1
A1
hL 1
A2 2g A2
1 2
• From Bernoulli hL
u12 u22 p2 p1 • A1 >> A2, kL = 1 exit loss
Fluid Mechanics: Pipe Flow – Lecture 4 2g g 5 Fluid Mechanics: Pipe Flow – Lecture 4 6
1
CIVE2400: Pipeflow - Lecture 4 09/04/2009
Losses at an Contraction Losses at an Contraction
• Flow converges as the pipe contracts • Apply the general local head loss equation
• Convergence is narrower than the pipe between 1’ and 2
2
Due to vena contractor A1' u12'
hL 1
A2 2g
• Experiments show for common pipes
A1’ = 0.6A2 Using A1’ = 0.6A2
And Continuity
• Can ignore losses A2u2 A2u2 u2
u1'
bewteen 1 and 1’ A1' 0.6 A2 0.6
1’ 2 1 1’ 2
1 u22
hL 0.44
As Convergent flow is very stable 2g
Fluid Mechanics: Pipe Flow – Lecture 4 7 Fluid Mechanics: Pipe Flow – Lecture 4 8
Other Losses Losses: Junctions
• Whenever there is expansion
• Pressure increases down stream
• Danger of boundary layer separation as the fluid
near the walls had little momentum Reduced velocity
Reduced velocity
Increased pressure
Increased pressure
Fluid Mechanics: Pipe Flow – Lecture 4 9 Fluid Mechanics: Pipe Flow – Lecture 4
Losses: Sharp bends kL values
Bell mouth Entry T-branch
kL
valu kL = 1.5
e
Bellmouth entry 0.10
Sharp entry 0.5
kL = 0.1
Sharp exit 0.5
Reduced velocity 90 bend 0.4
Sharp Entry/Exit
90 tees
In-line 0.4 kL = 0.5
flow
Branch 1.5
to line
Gate value (open) 0.25
T-inline
Increased pressure kL = 0.4
Fluid Mechanics: Pipe Flow – Lecture 4 Fluid Mechanics: Pipe Flow – Lecture 4
2
CIVE2400: Pipeflow - Lecture 4 09/04/2009
Pipeline Analysis Bernoulli Graphically
pA u A2
• Bernoulli Equation • Reservoir g 2g
zA H
equal to a constant: Total Head, H
• Pipe of Constant diameter
pA u A2 • No Flow Pressure head
Total Head Line
zA H
g 2g
• Applied from one point to another (A to B) p/ g
p/ g
p/ g
With head losses z A= H
H
pA u A2 pB u B2 z
zA H z B hL h f
g 2g g 2g
z
z
Datum line Elevation
Fluid Mechanics: Pipe Flow – Lecture 4 Fluid Mechanics: Pipe Flow – Lecture 4
Bernoulli Graphically Bernoulli Graphically
pA u A2 Change of Pipe pA u A2
• Constant Flow g 2g
zA H
• Constant Flow Diameter g 2g
zA H
• Constant Velocity Total Head Line • Constant Velocity Total Head Line
• No Friction Velocity head Hydraulic Grade
Line
• No Friction Velocity head Hydraulic Grade
Line
u22/ g
u2/ g u2/ g
p/ g p/ g
z A= H z A= H Wider Pipe
H H
Pressure head Pressure head
z Elevation z Elevation
Datum line Datum line
Fluid Mechanics: Pipe Flow – Lecture 4 Fluid Mechanics: Pipe Flow – Lecture 4
Bernoulli Graphically Reservoir Feeding Pipe Example
pA u A2 pB u B2 • d = 0.1m
• Constant Flow g 2g
zA H
g 2g
zB hL h f
• Length A-C = L = 15m
Find
a) Velocity in pipe
• Constant Velocity Hydraulic Grade • Length A-B = L = 1.5m
b) Pressure at B
Line
• f = 0.08
• With Friction Total Head Line
• kL entry = 0.5 Sharp
u2/ g • kL exit = 0 Opens to atmosphere
u2/ g u2/ g B
p/ g A zB-zA = 1.5m
z A= H
H-hf
zA-zC = 4m
zA zB C
z
pc = Atmospheric
zC
Datum line
Fluid Mechanics: Pipe Flow – Lecture 4 Fluid Mechanics: Pipe Flow – Lecture 4
3
CIVE2400: Pipeflow - Lecture 4 09/04/2009
Reservoir Feeding Pipe Example Reservoir Feeding Pipe Example
• Apply Bernoulli with head losses • Find pressure at B: Apply Bernoulli A-B
pA u A2 pC uC2 pA= pc = Atmospheric pA u A2 pB u B2 pA= Atmospheric = treat as 0
zA zC hL h f zA z B hL h f
g 2g g 2g uA= negligible g 2g g 2g uA= negligible
uC2 u2 4 fLu 2 u2 4 fL pB u B2 u 2 4 fLABu 2
z A zC 0.5 1.0 0.5 0.5 zB zA u uB 1.26m / s
2g 2g 2 gd 2g d g 2g 2g 2 gd
2
u2 pB 1.26 4 0.08 5.0
4 1.5
4 0.08 15
u 1.26m / s 1.5 1.5 pB 28.58 103 N / m2
2 9.81 0.1 1000 9.81 2 9.81 0.1
B B Negative
A A i.e. less than Atmospheric pressure
zA zB C zA zB C
pc = Atmospheric zC pc = Atmospheric zC
Fluid Mechanics: Pipe Flow – Lecture 4 Fluid Mechanics: Pipe Flow – Lecture 4
Today’s lecture:
• Local head losses hL kL
u2
Expansion loss 2g
2
Contraction loss A1 u12
hL 1
Junction A2 2g
+ other minor losses
• Graphical representation of Bernoulli
Total Head Line
Hydraulic Grade Line
• Analysis of pipeline, including losses
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