Power Systems

Engineering Center

Prevention of Unintentional Islands

in Power Systems with Distributed Resources
Ben Kroposki
National Renewable Energy Laboratory
Webinar - August 24, 2016
NREL/PR-5D00-67185
A seminar with audio is posted at NREL’s YouTube channel: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-xjprcbFK3Q
Presentation Outline

• Types of islands in power systems with DR

• Issues with unintentional islands
• Methods of protecting against unintentional islands
• Standard testing for unintentional islanding
• Advanced testing of inverters for anti-islanding
functionality
• Probability of unintentional islanding
• The future of anti-islanding protection
• References

2
Terms

• Area EPS – Area Electric Power System

• Local EPS – Local Electric Power System
• PCC – Point of Common Coupling
• DR – Distributed Resource (e.g. distributed generation
(DG), distributed energy resource (DER))
• DER – Distributed Energy Resource (The IEEE 1547 Working
Group voted and decided to change DR to DER in the next version. DER
will NOT include Demand Response as it does in some countries)
• Anti-islanding (non-islanding protection) – The use of
relays or controls to prevent the continued existence of
an unintentional island

3
Island Definition

Island: A condition in which 115kV

a portion of an Area EPS is
energized solely by one or 13.2kV
more Local EPSs through the
associated PCCs while that
portion of the Area EPS is
electrically separated from
Adjacent
the rest of the Area EPS.[1] Feeder
• Intentional (Planned)
Island forms
• Unintentional when breaker
opens
(unplanned)
DR

4
Intentional Islands (Microgrids)
Distributed
Open for a Generation
Utility DG Load
Microgrid
Distribution Feeder
from Substation

Microgrid Microgrid Open for a

Switch Switch Facility Microgrid

Possible
Control Systems
DG DS Load Load

Distributed Distributed
Generation Storage

Source: Making microgrids work [2]

IEEE 1547.4 is a guide for Design, Operation, and Integration of Intentional Islands
(e.g. Microgrids) [3]
(1) have DR and load
(2) have the ability to disconnect from and parallel with the area EPS
(3) include the local EPS and may include portions of the area EPS, and
(4) are intentionally planned.
IEEE 2030.7 and 2030.8 – In development and cover microgrid control design and testing
5
Issues with Unintentional Islanding

• Personnel Safety – Unintentional islands can cause hazards

for utility workers if they assume downed lines are not
energized during restoration
• Overvoltages – Transient overvoltages due to rapid loss of
load are possible. If an adequate ground source is not present
in the island, a ground fault can result in voltages that exceed
173% on the unfaulted phases.
• Reconnection out of phase - This can result in large transient
torques applied to motors connected to the islanded area EPS
and their mechanical systems (e.g., shafts, blowers, and
pumps), which could result in damage or failure.
• Power Quality – Unplanned island area EPS may not have
suitable power quality for loads
• Protection – Unintentional islands may not provide sufficient
fault current to operate fuses or overcurrent relay protection
devices inside island
References [4]-[7]
6
Understanding DR Sources

• Synchronous generators are voltage source devices that can support

islanded grid operations. Synchronous generators are typical in diesel or
natural gas powered engine-generators.
• Induction generators usually will not be able to support an island but will
instead cease to produce current because of the loss of reactive power,
which is necessary to support a rotating magnetic field within the generator.
If sufficient capacitive reactance is available to supply the reactive power
requirements of the induction generator field, either through the installation
of power factor correction capacitors or the presence of considerable cable-
type power conductors, it may be necessary to provide for direct detection
of faults in a manner similar to that of synchronous generators.[4] Induction
generators are found in some engine-gen sets and wind turbines.
• Inverter-Based DR are typically current-source devices that require a
voltage-source (typically the utility grid) to synchronize to. Voltage-source
(e.g. grid forming) inverters do have the ability to support islanded
operation. Inverters are found in PV systems, wind turbines, microturbines,
fuel cells, and battery energy storage.

References [4]
7
IEEE 1547: Unintentional Islanding Requirement

IEEE 1547-2003: 4.4.1 Unintentional Islanding Requirement

For an unintentional island in which the DR

energizes a portion of the Area EPS through the
PCC, the DR interconnection system shall detect
the island and cease to energize the Area EPS
within two seconds of the formation of an
island. [1]

8
Unintentional Islanding Requirement Background
IEEE 929 [8]– Early PV Interconnection Standard that has been replaced by IEEE 1547
• Defined nonislanding inverter as an inverter that will cease to energize the utility line in ten
cycles or less when subjected to a typical islanded load in which either of the following is
true:
a) There is at least a 50% mismatch in real power load to inverter output (that is, real
power load is < 50% or > 150% of inverter power output).
b) The islanded-load power factor is < 0.95 (lead or lag).
• If the real-power-generation-to-load match is within 50% and the islanded-load power factor
is > 0.95, then a nonislanding inverter will cease to energize the utility line within 2s
whenever the connected line has a quality factor of 2.5 or less.

IEEE 1547-2003 (Early Drafts)

• Draft 5 – 2 second to detect and cease to energize
• DRAFT 6/7 - For an unintentional island in which the DR and a portion of the Area
EPS remain energized through the PCC, the DR shall cease to energize the Area EPS
within ten seconds of the formation of an island. Ten seconds was recommended
by synchronous generator manufactures as a reasonable value.
• Draft 8 and beyond – changed unintentional islanding requirement to 2 seconds
to get closer to instantaneous recloser settings. Inverters were already seen as
capable from IEEE 929 requirement.
9
IEEE 1547-2003: Unintentional Islanding Requirement

Footnote to IEEE 1547 Requirement[1]

Some examples by which this requirement may be met are:
• The DR aggregate capacity is less than one-third of the minimum
load of the Local EPS.
• The DR installation contains reverse or minimum power flow
protection, sensed between the Point of DR Connection and the
PCC, which will disconnect or isolate the DR if power flow from the
Area EPS to the Local EPS reverses or falls below a set threshold.
• The DR is certified to pass an applicable non-islanding test.
• The DR contains other non-islanding means, such as a) forced
frequency or voltage shifting, b) transfer trip, or c) governor and
excitation controls that maintain constant power and constant
power factor.

10
DR Aggregate Capacity

The DR aggregate capacity is less than one-third of the

minimum load of the Local EPS.

• If the aggregate DR capacity is less than one-third of the local

EPS load, it is generally agreed that, should an unintentional
island form, the DR will be unable to continue to energize the
load connected within the local EPS and maintain acceptable
voltage and frequency. [4]
• The origin of this 3-to-1 load-to-generation factor is an IEEE
paper [9] based on simulations and field tests of induction and
synchronous generation islanded with various amounts of
power factor-correcting capacitive kilovoltamperes reactive.
• It was shown that as the pre-island loading approached three
times the generation, no excitation condition could exist to
support the continued power generation.

11
Methods of protecting against unintentional islands

• Reverse/Minimum Import/Export Relays

• Passive Anti-islanding
• Active Anti-islanding
o e.g. instability induced voltage or frequency drift
and/or system impedance measurement coupled
with relay functions
• Communication-Based Anti-Islanding
o Direct transfer trip (DTT)
o Power line carrier (PLC)
o Impedance Insertion
• Methods Under Development
o Phasor-based anti-islanding
References [10]-[37]
12
Reverse/Minimum Import/Export Relays

• Protective Relay 115kV

Function (Reverse 13.2kV
Power = 32)
• Used in cases
where the DR is
not exporting to
Adjacent
the grid Feeder
• Local loads are 8 5 2 3
typically larger 1
O/U
9 7 2

than DR
DR

13
Passive Anti-islanding

• Over/under voltage and New Voltage and Frequency Trips

frequency trip settings Settings from Amendment 1 of IEEE
1547-2003 [38]
• Voltage and frequency
relay functions (81o, 81u,
27, 59)
• Set a V/F window – if
conditions are outside
window, then DR trips
• Non-detect zone (NDZ)
exists between trip points
• Amendment 1 (IEEE
1547a) allows for
adjustable clearing times

14
Other Passive Anti-islanding

• Rate-of-change-of-
frequency (ROCOF)
• Voltage or Current
Harmonic Monitoring –
monitor voltage harmonic
distortion
• Voltage Phase jump -
detect a sudden “jump” in
phase displacement
between inverter voltage Voltage Phase Jump [15]
and output current

15
Active Anti-islanding

• Impedance Measurement
Active methods
• Detection of Impedance at
generally attempt to
a Specific Frequency detect a loss in grid by
• Slip-mode Frequency Shift actively trying to
• Frequency Bias changing the voltage
and/or frequency of the
• Sandia Frequency Shift
grid, and then detecting
• Sandia Voltage Shift whether or not the grid
• Frequency Jump changed.
• ENS or MSD (a device using
multiple methods)

16
Communications-based Methods

• Power Line Carrier – Provide a permissive run signal,

when signal goes away, the DR ceases to energize
circuit
• Impedance Insertion – Remotely add capacitors that
cause a large enough voltage change to trip O/U
voltage protection
• DTT – next slide

17
Direct Transfer Trip (DTT)
• Direct Transfer Trip (DTT) provides a
communications signal from the Area electric
power system component such as a feeder
breaker or automatic line sectionalizing
devices to the DR or the addition of sync-
check relaying or undervoltage-permissive
relaying at the feeder breaker or automatic
line sectionalizing devices. [4]
• DTT scheme is used to avoid accidental
paralleling of larger DR to the grid.
• DTT may require communications not only
from the substation breaker but also from
any automatic line sectionalizing devices All Fiber DTT Protection Circuit [39]
upstream from the DR.
• Examples of DTT (from PG&E interconnection requirements [39]:
o Direct Fiber to Substation with proper interface provisioning
o Licensed Microwave with proper interface provisioning
o Class A DS0 4-Wire Lease Line provisions by Local Exchange Carrier (LEC)
o additional Direct Transfer Trip (DTT) Telecommunication Options via the new Class B, T1
Lease Options
• Drawback: DTT often uses a dedicated fiber or other communications
infrastructure which is costly to install and operate.

18
Methods under development

• Phasor-based anti-islanding [31]

Phasors when Grid-connected

Phasors when Islanded

19
Standard Unintentional
Islanding Testing

20
IEEE 1547.1 – Unintentional Islanding Test
• IEEE 1547.1 details testing
requirements for unintentional
islanding [40]
• Uses a matched RLC load and
measures trip times when island
condition occurs
• The RLC load is set to a Quality
factor (Qf) = 1.0
• Qf of 1.0 is equivalent to a load
displacement power factor of 0.707. Figure 2—Unintentional islanding test
• Distribution circuits typically operate configuration from IEEE 1547.1
at a value greater than 0.75 p.f.
• Conducted at 100%, 66%, and 33%
rated power
• The test is to be repeated with the reactive load (either
capacitive or inductive) adjusted in 1% increments or
alternatively with the reactive power output of the EUT • A Qf of 2.5 was used in IEEE 929-2000 and is equivalent
adjusted in 1% increments from 95% to 105% of the initial to a load displacement power factor of 0.37. [8]
balanced load component value. If unit shutdown times • Qf was reduced to 1.0 during evaluation of IEEE 1547.1
are still increasing at the 95% or 105% points, additional to reduce testing burden since run on times were not
1% increments shall be taken until trip times begin significantly longer at 2.5
decreasing.

21
Unintentional Islanding Test for Synchronous Generators

• Load is matched in real

and reactive power [40]
• Tested at:
o Minimum Load at unity
1.0 p.f.
o Maximum real load at Figure 3—Unintentional islanding test for
unity 1.0 p.f. synchronous generators configuration from
IEEE 1547.1

o Maximum real load at

rated p.f. lagging
o Maximum real load at
rated p.f. leading

22
Reverse Power Flow (for unintentional islanding)

• To meet the unintentional islanding requirement in

1547, the DR installation may contain reverse or
minimum import power-flow protection [40]
• Sensed between the point of DR connection and the
PCC, it disconnects or isolates the DR if power flow
from the area EPS to the local EPS reverses or falls
below a set threshold.
• IEEE 1547.1 tests evaluate the magnitude and time
of the reverse/minimum power flow protective
device.

23
Advanced Testing

24
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http://www.nrel.gov/esif

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Shortening the time • MW-scale Power hardware-in-the-loop

between innovation (PHIL) simulation capability to test grid
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25
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EVs, Transformers, Distribution
Capacitor Banks, Management
Voltage Regulators Systems

26
Advanced Testing - PHIL

• Power Hardware in the

Loop (PHIL) – replicate
loads and some grid
component of the test
in simulation
• The variable RLC load
PHIL approach is
effective for achieving
conditions that are
difficult to replicate
with discrete hardware
[42][43]

• May not work on all

active AI methods
27
Multiple Inverter Testing

• Sandia Testing [44] – examined 4 inverters/single PCC

(demonstrated that multiple inverters still meet 2 sec
requirement).

• NREL Testing with SolarCity & HECO [45] - examined 1) the

impacts of both grid support functions and 2) multi-
inverter(3)/multi PCC islands on anti-islanding
effectiveness.
o Showed that with grid support functions (volt/var and
frequency/watt) enabled, the 2 sec requirement is still
met.
o Showed that multiple PCCs did not cause trip times beyond
2 seconds (regardless of system topology)
o Results only valid on inverters/designs that were tested

28
Probability of Unintentional Islands

29
Probability of Islanding

• To create an electrical island, the real and reactive power flows

between DR and loads must be exactly matched
• What is the probability of this happening?

• IEA PVPS Task 5 – Study [46]

o The “benchmark” risk that already exists for network operators and
customers is of the order of 10-6 per year for an individual person
o The risk of electric shock associated with islanding of PV systems
under worst-case PV penetration scenarios to both network operators
and customers is typically <10-9 per year
o Thus, the additional risk presented by islanding does not materially
increase the risk that already exists as long as the risk is managed
properly
o Balanced conditions occur very rarely for low, medium and high
penetration levels of PV-systems.
• The probability that balanced conditions are present in the power
network and that the power network is disconnected at that exact
time is virtually zero.[47][48]

30
Guidelines for Assessment of DG Unintentional Islanding Risk

Suggested Guidelines for Assessment of DG Unintentional

Islanding Risk – Sandia Report [49]
• Cases in Which Unintentional Islanding can be Ruled Out
o Aggregated AC rating of all DG within the potential island is
less than some fraction of the minimum real power load
within the potential island
o Not possible to balance reactive power supply and
demand within the potential island.
o DTT/PLCP is used
• Cases in Which Additional Study May Be Considered
o Potential island contains large capacitors, and is tuned
such that the power factor within a potential island is very
close to 1.0
o Very large numbers of inverters
o Inverters from several different manufacturers
o Include both inverters and rotating generators
31
The Future of Anti-islanding Protection
• Passive islanding often has a NDZ, but it is hard for power
systems to maintain a generation/load balance for
extended periods of time (beyond 10s)[50]
• Active anti-islanding techniques are fast and work best
on “stiff” grids. Most techniques work when a significant
change in system characteristics occur because of island
formation.
• New integration requirements are opening up voltage
and frequency trip points to enable grid stability at high
DR penetrations
• Multiples of active anti-islanding techniques may or may
not work against each other.
• Future power systems may not be as stiff with reduced
use of synchronous generators.
32
Items for Discussion

• 2s requirement – Is this the right number?

o Too slow for instantaneous/fast reclosing
o Too fast for some communications based AI methods
o Need active AI to achieve this with matched load

• Active Anti-islanding – Is it needed?

o What happens when you have thousands of different
techniques and deployed DR?
o Should there be 1 method that everyone must use? (tried
before, but patents got in the way)
o Will active AI work against maintaining grid stability at high
penetration levels?

33
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34
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37
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NREL/SR-560-34635, August 2003 http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy03osti/34635.pdf
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