4 Amplitude Modulations and Demodulations
Baseband Vs Carrier Communications
Double-Sideband Amplitude Modulation
Amplitude Modulation (AM)
Bandwidth-Efficient Amplitude Modulation
Amplitude Modulation: Vestigial sideband (VSB)
Local Carrier Synchronization
Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM)
Phase-Locked Loop and Some Applications
NTSC Television Broadcasting System
MATLAB Exercises
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Baseband Vs Carrier Communications
Baseband: Original message band.
◦ Voice signal band: 0 to 3.5 KHz
◦ NTSC television 0 to 4.3 MHz
Baseband Communication
◦ Original message directly transmitted without modification
◦ Mostly limited to one signal because of limited channels (twisted
pair, coax cables) bandwidth
◦ FDM could help but still the overlapping problem
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Carrier Modulation:
Type of Modulation which shift the frequency spectrum of a signal
An analog signal 𝐴 𝑡 can be modulated by a sinusoid signal (called carrier
𝑓𝑐 ) could be modified (as a general case) as:
𝑠 𝑡 = 𝐴 𝑡 cos 2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡 + Φ(𝑡)
Based on what happened to the signal in the frequency domain:
Amplitude (Amplitude Modulation, AM) Linear Modulation
Frequency (Frequency Modulation, FM) Angle Modulation, Non-linear
Phase (Phase Modulation, PM) Angle Modulation, Non-linear
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Note: These are not analog modulation:
Pulse Amplitude Modulation (PAM)
Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) Digital pulse
Pulse Position Modulation (PPM) coding
Delta Modulation (DM)
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The general case:
𝑠 𝑡 = 𝐴 𝑡 cos 2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡 + Φ(𝑡)
For the amplitude modulation:
𝐴 𝑡 =𝑚 𝑡
Φ 𝑡 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑟 0
∴ 𝒔 𝒕 = 𝒎 𝒕 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐𝝅𝒇𝒄 𝒕
⇔
𝟏 𝟏
𝑺 𝒇 = 𝑴 𝒇 − 𝒇𝒄 + 𝑴(𝒇 + 𝒇𝒄 )
𝟐 𝟐
𝑚(𝑡) is the source message
𝑓𝑐 is the carrier frequency
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Double-Sideband Amplitude Modulation
Double-sideband suppressed-carrier (DSB-SC) Modulation
𝑚 𝑡 ⇔ 𝑀(𝑓)
1 1
𝑚 𝑡 cos 2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡 ⇔ 𝑀 𝑓 − 𝑓𝑐 + 𝑀(𝑓 + 𝑓𝑐 )
2 2
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If the bandwidth of 𝑚 𝑡 is B, both: the upper side band (USB) and
the lower side band (LSB) forms the new band=2B
𝑓𝑐 ≥ 𝐵 to avoid overlap (to be able to recover the signal)
Practically, what
found in the original
signal is a band B
and the modulated
signal: 2B
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In practice:
◦ Because of the antenna behavior, 𝑓𝑐 /𝐵 ≫ 1
◦ Example: transmitting a signal with B=5 KHz require a band of
550 to 1600 KHz as a carrier frequency (𝑓𝑐 /𝐵= 100 to 300)
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DSB-SC Demodulation:
Shifts the frequency spectrum to the right and left to recover the
original message
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1
𝑒 𝑡 =𝑚 𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2
𝜔𝑐 𝑡 = 𝑚 𝑡 + 𝑚 𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝜔𝑐 𝑡
2
1 1
𝐸 𝑓 = 𝑀 𝑓 + 𝑀 𝑓 + 2𝑓𝑐 + 𝑀(𝑓 − 2𝑓𝑐
2 4
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Example: Modulating and demodulating a cosine (tone)
signal
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Modulators types
Modulators:
1- Multiplier Modulator
◦ Multiplies a signal 𝑚(𝑡) with another signal 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜔𝑐 𝑡
◦ It is difficult to maintain linearity of such amplifier (and thus it
rather ) expensive and better to avoid it
Why called amplifier?
2- Non-linear Modulator such as :
𝑦 𝑡 = 𝑎𝑥 𝑡 + 𝑏𝑥 2 (𝑡)
Where 𝑦 𝑡 is the modulator output
𝑥 𝑡 is the modulator input
Application example: Next slide
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For the previous non-linear modulator :
𝑦 𝑡 = 𝑎𝑥 𝑡 + 𝑏𝑥 2 (𝑡)
The output 𝑧 𝑡 :
𝑧 𝑡 = 𝑦1 𝑡 − 𝑦2 𝑡 = 𝑎𝑥1 𝑡 + 𝑏𝑥1 2 𝑡 − 𝑎𝑥2 𝑡 + 𝑏𝑥2 2 (𝑡)
Where: 𝑥1 𝑡 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜔𝑐 𝑡 + 𝑚 𝑡 As shown in the design scheme
𝑥2 𝑡 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜔𝑐 𝑡 − 𝑚 𝑡
∴ 𝑧 𝑡 = 2𝑎 𝑚 𝑡 + 4𝑏 𝑚 𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜔𝑐 𝑡 Because of the filter
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Named as switching because mostly it
3- Switching Modulator uses pulse train signal
Based on the Fourier series for any periodic signal ∅(𝑡), if the fundamental
frequency of the first harmonic was 𝜔𝑐 and hence can expressed as:
∞
∅ 𝑡 = 𝐶𝑛 cos( 𝑛𝜔𝑐 𝑡 + 𝜃𝑛 )
𝑛=0
Hence:
∞
𝑚(𝑡)∅ 𝑡 = 𝐶𝑛 𝑚 𝑡 cos( 𝑛𝜔𝑐 𝑡 + 𝜃𝑛 )
𝑛=0
Which have a spectrum at ±𝑓𝑐 , ±2𝑓𝑐 , … ± 𝑛𝑓𝑐
If this signal based a bandpass filter of 2B Hz bandwidth and center frequency
at 𝑓𝑐 we get the desire modulated signal:
𝑐1 𝑚 𝑡 cos(𝜔𝑐 𝑡 + 𝜃1 )
Not important
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Example:
Calculations: next slide
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In the example: instead of using a cosine function, a periodic square pulse train is
used and which have the Fourier series representation:
1 1 1 1
𝑤 𝑡 = + cos 𝜔𝑐 𝑡 − cos 3𝜔𝑐 𝑡 + cos 5𝜔𝑐 𝑡 − …
2 𝜋 3 5
The signal 𝑚 𝑡 𝑤 𝑡 = The 2 comes from adding the +
and – harmonics from the even cos
1 2 1 1
𝑚(𝑡) + 𝑚(𝑡) cos 𝜔𝑐 𝑡 − 𝑚(𝑡) cos 3𝜔𝑐 𝑡 + 𝑚(𝑡) cos 5𝜔𝑐 𝑡 − …
2 𝜋 3 5
This is the interested part. Require a bandpass
filter centered at 𝜔𝑐 with 2B bandwidth
Note: as switching can be made through diodes, the diode bridge modulator is
usually used
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