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UTILIZATION OF E-WASTE IN CONCRETE BY PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF

COARSE AGGREGATE

Conference Paper · February 2018

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 UTILIZATION OF E-WASTE IN CONCRETE BY PARTIAL
REPLACEMENT OF COARSE AGGREGATE

ABSTRACT

E-waste is the problem with which every country is dealing right now. Because there is no
method for the disposal of e-waste and with the growth in the consumption of electronic goods
this problem is getting bigger and bigger. The most effective way of the disposal of e-waste is
through landfill and this method require large land mass which is very difficult to find in these
days. So this is a very good concept of using e-waste as an ingredient in concrete by partial
replacement of aggregate. We cannot replace it completely as aggregate provides some key
properties to concrete like strength, durability and workability. Using e-waste as building
material seems right when we look at the amount of aggregate required for making concrete and
if we are able to reduce that amount it will be very beneficiary as it reduces the load from the
natural resources. In our research work we have partially replaced the aggregate with e-waste.
We have casted concrete cubes with 5%, 7.5%, and 12.5% e-waste and compare the compressive
strength of M25 grade concrete with conventional concrete cubes of M25 grade. In our results
we have found out that compressive strength of cubes starts increasing when we add e-waste, but
after a point it starts decreasing. At the inclusion of 7.5% e-waste the compressive strength of
concrete is 33.12N/mm2 and thereafter it starts decreasing. At the replacement of 12.5%
aggregate with e-waste the compressive strength of concrete is 28.8N/mm2.

Key words: E-waste, workability and compressive strength etc.

INTRODUCTION
E-waste is the waste generated form the discarded electronic devices it is an emerging issue
causing serious environmental problems as it is very difficult to efficiently dispose the e-waste
without causing any harm to the environment. The conventional method for the disposal of e-
waste is dumping the waste into land fill but this method has so many serious problems as it
needs a lot of landmass which is in scarcity in our country and it also contains so many different
harmful materials like lead, cadmium, beryllium etc. these materials when mixes with soil they
contaminate the soil and when mixes with ground water they contaminated it also makes it very
harmful to consume by any anyone and if someone consume this water it with cause serious health
issues and in some cases it even cause cancer. In India we generate about 15 million metric tons of
e-waste and this number is going to 30 million metric tons by the year 2018 and still 3% of the e-
waste generated in is decomposed properly and the rest of it is decomposed by the small peddlers
who will not concern the harmful effects of the e-waste.

Prasanna et al (June 2014) conducted the research on replacing the coarse aggregate with e-waste
by 5%, 10%, 15% and 20% in one batch and they also made another batch with using same
percentage of e-waste and also adding 10% of fly ash. The concrete strength is found out to be
optimum when 15% of coarse aggregate is replaced with e-waste. Amiya Akram et al (July 2015)
use shredded e-plastic and fly ash and partially replace the coarse aggregate with it they make two
batches one with e-plastic alone and one with e-plastic and fly ash. In one batch they replace
coarse aggregate with e-plastic by 5%,10% and 15%. They check the compressive strength and the
flexure strength of the concrete. They found out that the compressive strength will increase at 10%
but decrease after that and same for flexure strength the concrete became more ductile when e-
plastic is added to it as in flexure strength test the specimen fails without any sound as it became
less brittle. Balasubramanian et al (july 2016) Carried out investigation to evaluate the
compressive strength, flexure strength and split tensile strength when coarse aggregate is partially
replaced with e-waste. Concrete mixtures were made by replacing the coarse aggregate with e-
waste by 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25% and 30% and then comparing the results with standard
concrete mixture in their research they have found out that the compressive strength, flexure
strength and split tensile strength have increased when coarse aggregate is replaced with e-waste
by 15% and after that the strength starts reducing. They have found out that the concrete became
more light weight and it can bear the seismic loads more effectively as compared to conventional
concrete.

This research work is conducted in the M25 grade concrete and the percentage of replacement of
aggregate varies from 0%, 5%, 7.5% and 12%. We have casted concrete cubes and check the
compressive strength of concrete. We also compared the results with the strength of conventional
concrete cubes. In our research we have found increment in the compressive strength and
workability, both the characteristics of concrete after adding e-waste till the 7.5%, thereafter it
starts decreasing. This research shows that if we replace the coarse aggregate with 7.5% of e-
waste, the compressive strength is increased by 35%. So by using e-waste as raw material it will
solve the problem of e-waste disposal, less amount of conventional aggregate is required and it
will also increase the strength of concrete.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Cement: In this research we use Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) of 43 grade of brand Ambuja
Cements form single batch through the investigation was used. The physical properties of OPC
as determined given in the table (1).

S.No Properties Experimental Value

1 Normal Consistency% 33%
2 Initial setting time 41min
3 Final setting time 225min
4 Soundness of Cement (Le chatelier expansion) 2.75mm
5 Fineness of Cement (%age retained on 90 3.77%
micron IS sieve)
6 Specific gravity of Cement 3.1
7 Compressive strength at
3 days 25.6 MPa
7 days 31.3 MPa
28 days 46.7 MPa

Aggregate:

Aggregate is prime constituent of concrete as it provides volume to the concrete. It a chemically

inert material, it provides strength and durability to the concrete. For fine aggregate we use
locally available sand which pass through 4.75mm sieve. And for coarse aggregate we use
aggregate of size 10mm and 20mm conforming to IS: 383-1970. The physical properties of
aggregate are given in table (2).

Table-2 Properties of Aggregate

S.No Properties Experimental Values

Coarse Aggregate Fine Aggregate
1 Water Absorption 0.30% 0.50%
2 Specific gravity 2.71 2.64
3 Crushing Value 18.22% -
4 Impact Value 12.90% -
5 Fineness Modulus 6.56 2.67
6 Bulking Of Sand - 30.21%

E-waste: We use Printed Circuits Boards (PCB) as e-waste. We collect the e-waste from local
electronic shops. The size of the aggregate is between 1.18mm to 2.36mm. All the metals
attached on the PCB were removed by hand.

Table-3 Properties of E-waste

S.N Properties Experimental Values of E-waste

o
1 Water Absorption 0.04%
2 Specific gravity 1.20
3 Crushing Value 2.35%
4 Impact Value 1.95%
5 Fineness Modulus 2.50

Water: Potable water mentioned in IS:456-2000 for mixing and curing of concrete specimens
was used throughout the research.

Concrete: Concrete of grade M25 was used in the research and W/C ratio of 0.45 was used. The
cement content used in the mix design is 380 kg/m3. The mix proportion of 1:1.8:3.08 (where 1is
for cement 1.8 for fine aggregate and 3.08 for coarse aggregate of size 10mm to 20mm).

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION:

Workability –Workability is the ease with which concrete flow and it is calculated by slump test
conducted on fresh concrete. It was seen that the workability increase with increase percentage
of E-waste the results are shown in table given in table (4) and fig.(1).

Table -4 Workability of concrete with varying dose of e-waste.

S.No Cube Designation Slump in mm %age of E-waste

1 A1 27 0
2 A2 31 3
3 A3 38 7.5
4 A4 47 12
5 A5 56 15

Fig. 1 Workability of concrete with varying dose of e-waste (line chart).

Compressive Strength: The compressive strength of standard concrete as well as concrete with
e-waste at 7days and 28days are given in table-5. It can be clearly seen that the strength of the
concrete will increase up to 17.8% when 7.5% aggregate is replaced by e-waste after 28 days.
But when we further increase the percentage of e-waste the strength of concrete starts decreasing.

Table-5 Result of Compressive Strength

S.No Cube Designation Compressive Strength (N/mm2) %age of E-waste

7 Days 28 Days
1 A1 17.77 28.8 0
2 A2 19.11 33.33 3
3 A3 20.44 35.11 7.5
4 A4 18.66 28.08 12
5 A5 16.35 24.24 15
Compressive Strength in N/mm2

40
35.11
33.33
35
28.8 28.88
30
24.12
25 20.44
17.77 19.11 18.66
20 16.35
15
10
5
0
0% 3% 7.50% 12% 15%
7 Days 17.77 19.11 20.44 18.66 16.35
28 Days 28.8 33.33 35.11 28.88 24.12
Dose of Electronic Waste

7 Days 28 Days

Fig. 2 Compressive strength of concrete with varying dose of e-waste (line chart).
 Compressive Strength
40
Compressive Strength in N/mm2

35.11
35 33.33

30 28.8 28.88
24.12
25
20.44
19.11 18.66
20 17.77
16.35
15

10

0
0% 3% 7.50% 12% 15%

Dose of Electronic Waste

7 Days 28 Days

Fig. 3 Compressive strength of concrete with varying dose of e-waste (bar chart).

CONCLUSION:

1. The strength of concrete is increased by 17.8% at the inclusion of 7.5% of e-waste.

2. The study concludes that the electronic waste can replace coarse aggregate up to 12%.

3. It provides an effective way to disposal the e-waste.

 4. Makes the concrete light weight and thus the weight of structure is reduced.

5. Makes the concrete more flexible hence can easily bear the seismic loads.

6. It reduces the stress on the natural resources.

7. It increase the workability of concrete.

8. Saves the land which is used to dispose the e-waste.

9. It reduces the risk due to the harmful materials of e-waste.

REFERENCES:

[1] E-waste in India paper presented by Research Unit (Larrdis) Rajya Sabha Secretariat
New Delhi June, 2011.

[2] http://rajyasabha.nic.in/rsnew/publication_electronic/E-Waste_in_india.pdf
[3] IS: 10262: 2009 Standard Code for mix design.
[4] IS: 10262: 1982 Standard Code for “Recommended guidelines for concrete mix design”.
[5] IS: 1489: 1991 Standard Code for Portland pozzolana cement.

[6] IS: 456. 2000. Indian Standard “Plain and Reinforced Concrete” - Code of practice.
Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi.
[7] IS: 516. 1959. Indian Standard “Methods of Tests for Strength of Concrete”- Code of
practice. Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi.
[8] IS: 10262. 1982. Indian Standard “Recommended Guidelines for Concrete Mix Design”-
Code of practice. Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi.
[9] IS: 383. 1963. Indian Standard “Specification for Coarse and Fine Aggregates from
Natural Sources for Concrete”- Code of practice. Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi.
[10] Iftekar gull, M. Balasubramanian, K.S.anandh, K.vetrivel “An experimental investigation
on use of post consumed e-plastic waste in concrete” Vol.2., Issue.2., 2014 C.
 [11] P.Krishna Prasanna and M.Kanta Rao “Strength Variations in Concrete by Using E-Waste
as Coarse Aggregate” International Journal of Education and applied research,
Vol. 4, Issue Spl-2, Jan -June 2014, 82-84
[12] Amiya Akram , C. Sasidhar , K. Mehraj Pasha ,”E-Waste Management by Utilization of
E-Plastics in Concrete Mixture as Coarse Aggregate Replacement”, International Journal
of Innovative Research in Science, Engineering and Technology, ISSN(Online) : 2319-
8753 , Vol. 4, Issue 7, July 2015 pp1-8.
[13] B. Balasubramanian, Gopal Krishna GVT, V. Saraswathy, “Investigation on Partial
Replacement of Coarse Aggregate using E-Waste in Concrete”, International Journal of
Earth Sciences Engineering, ISSN 0974-5904, Volume 09, No. 03June 2016, P.P.285-288.

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