weioel Pockat #7 mmc means Ee BAmMe! Period: MUSIC IN THE BAROQUE PERIOD (1600-1750) The Renaissance period ushered in the rebirth and rediscovery of the arts such as music, painting, sculpture, and poetry and also saw the beginning of some scientific discoveries. The Baroque period saw a refinement of science and further advances in that field. These ad- vances helped to pave the way for new inventions and, gradually, the improve- ment of medicine, mining, navigation, and industry. Music history in the Baroque period has many fine composers. Four of the best- known composers of the Baroque period are George Frideric Handel, Johann Sebestian Bach, Antonio Vivaldi, and Claudio Monteverdi. The music written by these composers was written largely on commission, meaning that the composers were asked to write a certain piece for a specific occasion. The courts of the aristocracy, churches, opera houses, and ‘municipalities commissioned music. They employed musicians and required new music for each occasion. Composers of this period tended to use a more homophonictexture in their music (one main melody accompanied by either other voices or instruments) in contrast to the polyphonic style of the Renaissance age. They stressed the contrasts of sound, such as solo singers against a chorus or voices against instruments. Music in the Baroque period also had several distinct characteristics. Unity of mood meant that a Baroque piece usually expressed one basic emotion. Rhythmic patterns that were heard at the beginning of the piece and repeated throughout were referred to as unity of rhythm. An opening melody that was heard again and again in the course of a piece was called continuity of melody. Terraced dynamics meant that the volume tended to stay constant for a petiod of time, and that when the dynamics did shift, it was sudden, as it stepping from one dynamic level to another. Gradual changes in dynamics were not typical of Baroque music. The words and meanings of the words were depicted vividly in the music. This was called word painting. For example, the word heaven might be set to a high tone or to notes moving upward and the word heilto a lower tone or a descending scale. Also in the Baroque period, there were two. very important developments in the use of musical groups. One was the beginning of the orchestra. The orchestra evolved into a Performing group that was based on instruments from the violin family. Certain woodwind and brass instruments were added as the Baroque period progressed. The other new form was opera. Up to the beginning of the Baroque period, opera hadn't existed. At the very beginning of the Baroque period, opera developed as an important art form. Perhaps the mostimportantcomposerto help develop opera was the great composer Claudio Monteverdi An early eighteenth-century orchestra Activity: 1. Find @ short poem. How would you compose a piece of music to fit this poem that would use the principles of word painting? © Mark Twain Media, Ine. Publishers 23Music: a.0, 450-1995 Music in the Baroque Period Date. QUESTION COUNTDOWN 1. List two of the fine composers of the Baroque period. 2. When a composer wrote a piece of music for a certain occasion, what was that called? 3. Who typically commissioned music? 4, Define homophonic texture, 5. What contrasts of sound did composers stress? 6. When a piece of music expresses one basic emotion, what is it called? 7. What is unity of rhythm? 8. What is continuity of melody? 8. What are terraced dynamics? 20, What are the two important developments in the use of musical groups during the Baroque period? (© Mark Twain Media, ne., Publishers 24Music: 4.0. 450-1995 Music in the Baroque Period Date. CROSSWORD PUZZLE Use the clues below to complete the puzzle. Answers to the questions can be found in the narrative. z ACROSS Down 3. was a well-known composer of the 1. George Frideric Handel was a composer of the Baroque period. period, 8. one main melody accompanied by either instru- 2. Most composers wrote music on _ ments or other voices 4, sudden shifts in volume after tong periods of 10. In the Baroque period there was a refinement of staying constant 5. New music was required for each 11. expresses one basic emotion 7, Baroque composers stressed the of sound. 18, new musical form of the Baroque period 8. depicting words and meanings vividly in music 14. The orchestra was basedon instrumentsfromthe 8. ___of melody meant an opening melody was family. heard again and again throughout the piece. 18. great composer who helped to develop opera 12. new musical group developed in the Baroque period © Mark Twain Media, Inc, Publishers 2553 Stamm Baroque Era (1600-1750) ‘The term “baroque,” meaning an extravagant style, was ‘originally applied to the architecture of the period 1600- 1750. But like the tenm Renaissance, the term Baroque is Used to define a period of music. In the Renaissance era (1450-1600), vocal music was the dominanttypeof music. Whilesscred vocal music continued todevelop inthe Baroque era, both secular (non-sacxed) and instrumental music became much more important Infact, the Baruque era was the frst period in which insirumental ‘iG was as important as voeal music, I the polyphonic music of the Renaissance era, all of the ose paris were equally important, In the Barogue era, fone voice, usually the highest voice pait (the soprano voir’, vat given the melody while the other lower valees tanneated the melody. So the soprano voice part became the mosi imponant part because it sang the melody. Polyphonic music continued to develop, in both vocal and instromental music. lm the Renaissance era, a plece of music sounded pretty ‘much the same from siast ¢@ finish, But in the Baroque era, composers began to write contrasting sections within «piece. A stow section (or movement) would follow a fast section. Ora soft section would follow a loud one. The best ‘example ofthis is the sonata, a new musical form developed jn the Baroque era. A sonata is an instrumental work for a solo instroment performing alone or with accompaniment, in three contrasting ‘movements, such as fastalow-fast ot Joud-soft-loud Other new musical forms included cantatas and ‘oratorios, multimovement vocal works with instrumental accompaniment. Oratorios were more likely 10 be sacted, and were fiequently based on the Bible. Cancatas could be sacred or secular. Neither cantatas nor oratorios used staging, scenery, or costumes. ‘The opera, which did use staging, scenery, costumes, and action, also developed dusing the Baroque era. An opera isa play, usually seculat, set to musicand staged, with orchestral ‘accompaniment. ‘When instruments accompanied singers in the Renaissance ta, they usually doubled the voices. ut in the Baroque ere, ‘the instruments which accompanied singers in oratorios, cantaas, and operas had their own paris—they tly ‘accompanied the singers ‘The orchestras which accompanied singers in the Baroque era were different from today's orchestras. Today the instruments of the orchestra are established by centuries of tadition. A composer writing for orchestra knows what Instruments will be available In the Baroque era, however, ‘an “orchestra” was likely to be whatever musicians were ‘vallable a the ime. Eventually, composers began tospecity ‘which instruments should play which parts. This began the development of the modern orchestra. ‘The instruments were developing, too. The viols of the Renaissance era became violins, violas, cellos, and bass violins. Hutes and cboes became more like today's instruments, and around 1700, the frm cletinets were ‘used. Trombones were similar to today's instruments, but ‘aumpets hed no valves and were difficult to play. Some had slides, like miniature trombones! Music notation in the Baroque era looked presty much as it does today. 4m previous eras, music was written for specific purposes, ‘most often as part of a church service. Duting the Baroque «ra, music became more expressive. For the frst time, people ‘went to vocal and orchestral concens forthe sole purpose of hearing the music Some Gomposers of the Baroque Bra ‘Claudio Monteverdi (1567-1643) Jean-Baptist Luly (1632-1687) ‘Arcangelo Corelli (1653-1713) Henry Purcell (1659-1695) Antonio Vivaldi (1678-1741) George Frideric Handel (1685-1759) Tohann Sebastian Bach (1685-1750) Domenico Scarlatti (2685-1757) Giovanni Pergolesi (1710-1736)The Baroque Period ‘The Baroque Period in music Dates from 1600-1750. The Music from this era is highly ornamented, extravagant, and full of rich harmonies, as a result of a greater exploitation of emotions in the arts. A time in which composers were experimenting with new styles; The Opera was invented, and modern tonality became established. On the other hand, musical forms became less experimental and more structured. The Baroque period was the time of the well known masters, Vivaldi, Bach and Handel. Musical Characteristics * The musie from this era is highly omamented, extravagant and full of rich harmonies, * Composers left a great deal up to the performer who was expected to decorate the piece with their own improvisations. * Baroque music is usually in strict tempo, contrapuntal/polyphonic in texture * Melodies were based on motives. Motive: short musical idea * Terraced dynamics (no gradual crescendo/decrescendo) * Composers often use the continuo which is an accompaniment consisting of chord progression reinforced by a bass line, * Baroque musicians developed the system of tonality (24 major/minor keys) This system allow music to change key or modulate enabling composers to write longer without having the music get boring. In addition, Chords seem to move in a coherent and satisfying way, giving a sense of direction to the piece as a whole. * Genres include the concerto solo, Concerto Grosso, keyboard/instrumental suites (these are usually sets of dances as preludes and fugues) oratorios, operas, cantatas/chorales and Sonatas * The orchestra was standardized; they would have more instrumental and secular music, © Opera was invented + The Baroque Orchestra: More standardized; composers could count with flutes, Oboes and bassoons, trumpets and drums, and a string section made up of first and second violins, violas and cellos, all held together by a keyboard instrument,Musical Genres of the Baroque Period Opera: Combination of music and drama The Opera is an art form in which singers and musicians perform a dramatic work combining text (libretto) and musical score, usually in a theatrical setting. In traditional opera, singers do two types of singing: recitative, a speech- inflected style and arias, a more melodic style, in which notes are sung in a sustained fashion. Opera incorporates. many of the elements of spoken theatre, such as acting, scenery, and costumes and sometimes includes dance. The performance is typically given in an opera house, accompanied by an orchestra or smaller musical ensemble, which since the early 19th century has been led by a conductor. Aria:_Used for the characters to express their feelings, usually accompanied by orchestra they were melodic, long, and very elaborate. They became a showease for the virtuoso vocal talent, Recitative: Speakii be emphasized, ng musically (speech like singing) used when the words needed to Concertos Concerto Grosso: is an instrumental form of baroque music in which the musical material |s passed between a small group of soloists (the concertino) and full orchestra (the ripiene or concerto grosso). This is in contrast to the concerto a solo, which features a single solo instrument with the melody line, accompanied by the orchestra, Ripieno or tutti meaning full or in contrast to and together with a smaller group solo group called concertino Concerto a Solo: Solo instrument accompanied by the orchestra, They were very popular as showpieces to exhibit the performer talents. Sonatas Sonatas: Chamber music designed. It had several short movements in forms. Trio sonatas were extremely popular. They are written for three parts and the continuo, Chamber music: classical instrumental music written for a small group such as a quartet, duo or trio Keyboard Forms Preludes, Toceatas, and Fantasias: Based on harmony; these pieces incorporated a ; great deal of improvisation, and were intended as showcase for the talents of the performer. Fugues and Inventions: Used the counterpoint technique; Inventions are short and fugues are complex polyphonic compositions. Baroque Keyboard Instruments Organ, Clavichord and members of the harpsichord fami Ate: in the Harpsichord family, the sirings ar plucked (no dynamics) inthe Piano, a padded hammer sirotes the Sirings ta produce the sound and dynamic is possible ~ the plana was not invented yet during this tine,Read Baroque Era and the Baroque period Underline the terms that you don't understand. Write the terms below for later discuss them with the Teacher 2 Write a summary of the “Baroque Period” after reading Music in the Baroque period, Baroque Era and The Baroque period. Make sure your summary contains the following information: Dates of the Baroque period, Defines the time, most important musical characteristics and musical forms and/or genres, significant composersRead musical characteristic of the Baroque period 3. Make a list of musical characteristics of the Baroque period. 1 2 Read musical Genres of the Baroque period 4. list and define four musical genres of the Baroque period. S-List keyboard instruments of the Baroque Period 6-Describe the Baroque OrchestraMusic: 4.0. 460-1995 CLAUDIO MONTEVERDI: OPERA IS COOL! Claudio Monteverdi (1567~1643) is cred- ited as being the first major composer of opera. Indeed, his opera Orfeo (1607) is viewed as the first modern opera. Simply defined, an opera is a Grama that is sung. It combines several different elements of music such as soloists, ensembles, chorus, orchestra, and sometimes ballet, with po- etry and drama, acting, scenery, and costumes. in the sixteenth century there were many musical experiments combining drama with mu- sic. The idea was not new. A story that was told through music had been used in a much simpler fashion in ancient Greek culture. The new name that was given to this style was called monody—a Single vocal ine accompanied by a few inconspicuous chords. However, with the tremen- dous musical developments that had been taking place throughout the Renaissance ened the performer, or the listener. Itwasr’t until the compositions of Jacopo Peri and, afew years later, Claudio Monteverdi that musicians realized there were many exciting ways in which this newly rediscovered style of monody could be used effectively to portray the drama of opera, in Monteverdi's opera Orfeo there are numerous arias (solo pieces for a singer), chorus pieces, and orchestral preludes and interludes. Monteverdis treatment of each of these types or aspecis of the opera is what helped launch opera as a new and exciting art form. Activities: 1. With @ group or as a class, find a play that sounds interesting. Choose a part, and sing your lines. Opera is similar to this, rl Sete to a recording of one or two of the arias from Monteverdi's opera Orfeo. What do you think of this piece? Can you think of any ways that its similar to other musie that you have heard? Do you think Monteverdi's music might have had any influence on the mee that you listen to today? 3. If possible, as a class, go to a live performance of an opera. As an altemative, waich a video recording of an oepra, perferably an early Baroque opera such as Orfeo. Comeleke oelivihie At ON wD LPogte shuk oF Pater (© Mark Twain Media, Ine., Publishers 26Claudio Monteverdi: Opera is Cool! ‘Music: a.0. 450-1995 WORD SEARCH Find the terms listed below. Th diagonally, or backward. All of ome way. puzzle horizontally, vertically, ith the narrative in s ley may be printed in the the words are associated wi TTRDWXXJBAEJUDD NZUO1 KUeUSP az TDOEN CDOHNREVSALSREEL NGGJBADPAGPWKxs5 LYEAACMWSUDFSpPsg KRBRM UTCAP Peer ay TRUCHHDACNBEFEO ° MCRL EX! QBMI BEMONODYCSL XAVEJANJPZRJOP BI YMKLKREKOOUXFMZR COOLVLCTOSSGELDE DAES GMNT ONRAHCSNRPOSAMWP RACE NC SX SV 2k 7s EQOHEGMPDUWSLsx ZVEOFCI STXBAI Teer O Roe UVPPLN YK DUAL CTT xX AX ERB OZ HW MEHJYGAVSHOI! ERVECSVKTLMA 'JNQRUQAIC QUOXVYEASBWOHYt TX Ec SDFBLGCSRLY KI PPUE OU Re NAXGPRT CHQYJEUQORABUOCZ FEUNCTOQGREEKCUL H ACLYGINMATI experiments monody, Peri aria Jacopo 16. Greek culture 4 12. 13. 14. 15. 17. story 18. Baroque 19. costumes 20. ballet 27 2. Monteverdi 1. Claudio (© Mark Twaln Media, nc., Publishers