Key Concepts Bochars Adam, Tine ‘Alan Aldridge, Consumption ‘Mon Aldedge The Marker, Jaks Acro, Risk Wil Akison, Class Colin Barer sad Geol Mesces, Disabity Darin Horny, Tho Network Socery Mildred Banter, Health nd eto Farce acy, Gonder 2nd edition Harry Beige, utc ‘Mila Brito Viera snd David Runciman, Representation Sve Bre, Feuamentlio 2a edtoe Joan Basel, Mental ness Marguet Canovan, The People Andre Jason Caen, Toeaion Algaadeo Cols, Eire Mary Day, Welfare Anhony Hots, Coneapt ofthe Self 3 elton Steve Fenton, Eitiy 2 edition Kata Flachah, Becdom ‘Michael Brera, Forage Right 2a edition Rosell Hardin, Tat Geley Tahar, Caplin Fre Ing ature Robert H.Jsctaon, Sverienty nifer Jackson Poet, Minot Rights GilJones, You Paul Kel Ebene Ruth Lite Poverty Jos Mandle, Globa ustice Glan Met, Recon ‘Anthony Payne and Nicola Pili, Development Judith Philips, Care Gris Pilipson, Aang Miche! Saward, Demoeracy Joh Score, Power Timothy J Siela Global Governance Anthony D. Sith, National 2nd edton Deborah Stevenson, The City ose Paul The, Sctaiabiy Steven Pee Valls, Work Stet White Eaueiy Michiel Wypess, Childbood Patricia Hill Collins Sirma Bilge polityCopyright © Paci il Clin and Sma Kg 2016 ‘The rit of Pai Cli and Sane Bg ob ens ‘ein fhe Wort hfe red nace with the Ue prin Deven aed Puen Ar 1 ie pulid in 2016 by Poy oes Rept 2016 te, 2017 (oe BENTH 9780 7686:4683.508) ‘etalage cfr hs ck vale om te Ri Lita, Names: Calling Parisi thor Bil, urn ISBN 97807458499 (p a: pp ovseatinn Lek HMtab03455 2916 | DDC BOL) 1 raed “ype 105 on 12 Sab tp Togpan tse Pred iid Pinel a bed in he UR by C21 Gro (UK) Lt Copan, ‘tera welt tered tn this book ae coeet ae at {Be webties dco ke bo unset te wil sein eo Every fine en made trae al eapyright ber, but ay ane best invert overoked the pulse il be sed once Contents Peace 1. What is trsctonaiy? 2. Inersectionality as Critical Inquiry and Praxis 3. Geting the History of Interectionaiy Straight? 4 Inversconaltys Global Dispersion 5 Inersetonatcy and Kdentty 6 Ieterseetionality, Social Protest and Neolieralsm 7 Imersectionaity and Critical Education § Intersctionaity Revisited Notes References Tadex a 86 14 136 159 11 20s an 22sx Proface arranging an invitation to the Black Women's Festival that eepened. hee interest in Brazil. Special hanks go out co Roberto Pato Kovzeniewicr, whose strong leadeship of the Department of Sociology provided a welcome home lor this project. Finally, Patrica could not have finished this project without the support of her family: Roger Collins Valerie Collin, Lawren Pie, and the inspiration provided by her aunaziog grandson Harrison who was born in 2013 Poericia dedicates dhs book to Hatrisom andl his generation 1 What is Intersectionality? Inthe early twenty-first century, the term “intersetionality” thas been widely Taken up by scholars, policy advocate, practitioners, and activists in many places and loeasons College studeots and fculty in ineediscplinary lds such ae ‘women’ studies, ethnic studies, coltoral studies, American sues, and media studies, as well as those within sociology, political science, and history and other traditional disciplines, ‘counter intersectionality i courses, books, and scholarly frisle Homan rights activists and government officials have also made iterscctionalty part of ongoing global public | policy discussions, Grassroots organizes Took to. varying dimensions of imerectonalty to inform their work on productive rights anti-violence initiative, workers right, fd similar social issues, Bloggers ue digital and social media fp debate hot topics. Teaches, social workers, highschool _ stlenes, parents, university suppor staf, and school pesson- fel have taken up the ideas of intersectionaity with an pe toward transforming schools of all sets, Across these iferent venues, people increasingly claim and use the term iterceionaliey" for their diveseinelleetwal ad political, TAF sie were to ask them, “What is iporsectionality?” we Would gee varied and sometimes contradictory answers. = wold probably accept the following generalsion "Interaction in a way of understanding and analysing the Erich ne wore peopl and in aman expences = he events and condone of sal and poliicl ean the fall can seldom be endersond a shaped by ooe factor They ‘re reser shaped by many factors dvs and tally Talitencing way, When icores to socal ncgualiy poole liver andthe oranination of power in a given ese soe teter understood as beng sbeped ao y's sage see of focal divin, be trae or ger oc css, but by any asee ‘hat work together ad sunce each eer, ntesetionaty san analyte tool gives people beter acess to the compleg fey of he world and of heme, "ein this book by recognising the tremendous hetero- sea tht cet curator how poole anderen fin use imtersctionaly. Despite debates thou te mean af this erm, ov even whether the right term to ae at ional the tem at hae ck wc term that is incteasigly used by stakeolden whe. puc thai nderstandings of interstionaly toa warty of use Despite these adiflerencen, this genera! desertion posts toward a geyeral comers abou how people undetand Using intersectionality as an analytic tool People generally ws ftrsectionsliy as an analytic too to sole problems that they or os around et fe Sos Us colleges and univer, for example faethe challenge ‘of building more inlsive and se campus communities, The tocial divisions of elas race gender, emit ezeahin sexuality, and ably sre esposlly cyidene within higher education. Colleges and universes now include more cose students who formerly had no way to py fr college (cla, ‘rstudents who historically faced dacininatary hers to enrollment (ace, gender ethnicity or ezenhip statu, rel on) sea who epee dine bare snd scimination(sexiaty and ability) on volege campus Colleges and universes find themselves confronted ih students who Wane fairness, ye who beng very diferent What is mersecionaliy? 3 experiences and needs to campos Initially colleges recruited ond served groups ane at atime, offering, for example, special programs for African Americans Latinos, Women, gays and FEsbians, veteran, returning students, and persons with ds: alilties_As the let grew, it became clearer tha this one-at Sete approach not only was slow, but thae most students fir into more than ane category. First generation college stu- dents could include Latinos, women, poor whites, returning ‘ecerans, grsndparents, and transgender individuals. In cis Context inersecrionality can be a useful analytic tool for thinking about and developing strategies «0 achieve campus euity ‘Ordinary people can draw apon incersectionalty a8 an analytic tool when they regi thatthe ned beter ame srorks 0 geapple with the complex disrnations tha they Thor ln the 1960 and 39708, Alcan American women vss confronted the puzaleof how tee needs simpy fll through the cracks of anti-racist soca movements, Fm, tnd unions organising for worker’ rights. Each of thst focal movement crated on category of analysis and action tthove oer, or example, race within the evi ight move Inovernen,Hecause African American women were sit feousy black and female and workers these single focus Temes on social ineguatiy lle Vise space to address the enmplen sol problems that they face Hck women’ pe- Clic issues remained subordinated wibia cach movement frcause no social movement by iself would, nor ould, dress the entrery of dicriminations they faced. Back swomen's use of ingercctonalty seam analyte tool emery In response to these challenges Intereetonaly as an analy tools nether confined to nations of North America ad Earope mori a new phe nomenon, People in the Gobel South hae sed nesection aly as tn analytic took often without naming i ax such Consider a unexpected example from nineteenth-centry ‘loi locia inthe work of Svitiba Phe (1831-1897), {Etist In an online ale ted eS Reason Every Ineian Feminist Muse Rerber Savibat Phe” published sa January 2015, Deepika Sats suppSuede adren hiatal ated under the same big umbe ® heuristic device means that intersectona 4 What is Intersectionaty? er hy yo shold know moe shou schon. av lo ie Pct won of ea Soa ‘the subjugation of women, and th jd Mins She opin bray ‘the heads of Hit vid int saad asile rpa Programmer she mnie eee fresiog cows nek foe it thw 2 od totaling scone Seance he tn ple, ded 150 ier (Sao 20) Phule confronted le contonted several axes of socal di szude, religion, snd economic Polocl scam feed {octal division ~ she dla’ jst “These examples suggest that eoplone pls taggst hat people use gn mata in many ifr apo issues and social problems. They had ines insight to he useful namely har oa that major a fons in a given sxieey at given class, gender, sexuality, divabiliy, discrete and mutually ‘other and wok 0 Sionalty as a heuristic, much in the way that studen es oc Savitribai Phule advanced those who use interseeional frameworks lly sg ‘any diferent forms controversies that characterise ‘ve want to show thre tool. As Cho analysis iatersctional is not iy use of thee Ith book, we examine the perspectives, uses of intersectionai cal. point out (2013: 795), lis? nor ts being situated in fa la lows, fh for wow iliac genealogy, nor hs, She got itr hand Jyoti was tology and wine's gh ty included Bghing ages ‘stood for Advans ike apa shaving remarriage ad lows. Oberle ie yo nclade i rr peopl, and prong lected by famine ing page fren sion, namely caste, age of lass, Het encompassed intersecting. categories of Iitersectionalty as sds ago sectionalty's core Ix of social vie mey for example, race, , and age operate aoe as clsive enites, hut build om each ether. Many people epically use tesa ‘or analytic too, ss on ol campuses del ‘ian Aeron wees soci mveinet pl ‘women's rights. Event though seem tobe si sectionaliey as ty can assume definitions, and imersctionalty but, for now, ity as am analytic ‘what makes an What i Inersctonality? 5 Going on lists of standard citations.” Instead, ey argue Puiu nersectonalty does ater than What inesectional RUS les atthe atthe heat of inersntomaliy (iid our $i) tne remainder oft section, we demonstrate tree i igh of incersectionalty as an analyte tool tht wee inspired portant global events that took place in 2014 byt “Power plays the FIFA World Cup “fyauils international reputation a8 a football (socez) power House raised high hopes Fr its winning the 2014 FIFA World up. Ar one of the mos succesful national teams in the “ fistory of the World Cup Brazil was the only countey whose “teams ad qoalifid for and attended every World Cup tour tapent, Braul had alo produced some ofthe greats players in the history of work football. The legendary Pelé remains Braully highest goalscorer of alltime. Ia, Germany, and © Argentina are all foohall powerhouses, yt, in teams of star power and satus, they were no match for Bei Because the 2014 tournament was held in Bazi the stakes _yete especially high, The potential payof fora winning Bra bli team in Briilcould be hnge. Hosting the FIFA World Cup woul enable Real to shed vestiges of its trouble history of being rule by a milicary dictatorship (19641985 ae well as signal is artival 3s a major economic player. Bea fs victory, both on the Feld and via its hosting, would attract global attention, The World Cup was the most widely Watched and followed sporting event in she world, exceeding tren the Olympic Garses. From the perspective of Brazil's Policy makers and financiers, the possibilities of zexching a Imassive global market were endles. For example the cur Tacve audience forall matches during the 2006 World Cup tras estimated t0 be 2629 billion people, with an estimated 715.1 lion people watching the final match in Besa, aa astonishing one nich ofthe eae population of the planet. ‘So how did the 2014 FIFA. World Cup games go? The challenges associated with hosting the games. began well elove the athletes arrived om the playing fields. Brazil Srimated a figure of USS11-3 billion in public works Spending forthe event. The inital plan presented tothe public5 What i ntersectionality? What is intersectionabiy? 7 ‘rmphasized that the majority of che spending om infastruc- ture for the World Cup would highlight general tansport tion, security, and commnnications, Les than 25 percent of total spending would go toward the ewelve new or ref bished stadiums. Yet, a the games grew nearey, cost overeuns increased stadiam costs by atleast 75 percent, with public resources reallocated from general infrastructure projects The FIFA cost overruns aggravated ongoing public demon strations in several Brazilian cites agains the increase in public transportation fares and political corruption, For example, on June 20, 2013, one and a balf millon people demonstrated in S30 Paulo, Breil’ langest metropolitan area with a population of 18 milion people. In this context, the exorbitant cost of stadiums, the dplacement of urban dwell crs for constraction, and the embezzlement of public hands bbocame anew theme atthe forefront of public protests (Cas tells 2015: 232). As the countdown to the kickoff began, Braalians tok 1o the strets with banners against the World Cup. "FIFA go home!” and "We want hospitals up to FIEAS standards!” were common slogans in protests throughout more than a hundred cits. “The World Cup steals money from healthcare, education and the pot, The homeless ae being forced from che streets. This is ot for Brazil e's for the tourists," reported a Guardian article (Watts 2014), The games began as this social unrest intensified, OF the thiry-two teams that qualified for the World Cup, Brazil was one of four that reached the semifinals, facing an undeeated Germany. The match wasn't even close. Germany led 50 at halftime, scoring an unlestd of four goals ins span of sit minutes and went on to win the Wold Cup. Forts stunned fans in the stadium, a8 well a¢ for the massive global aud cence, Brazil's oss vas shocking. The media depicted. the match asa national disgrace, with Brwlian newspapers ca ying headlines such as "The Biggest Shame in History” * A. Historial Familation,* and “Braz Sain." Global mesh joined in with headines that described the defeat a the "ult mate embarrassment” and the “most burllating World Cap hse nation defeat of alltime.” ‘On the surfce,imersetionality scems far removed from | Brazils 2014 IEA World Cup experience, Because many people enjoy sporting events or play sport hemselves, sports seem distant from intersecionaity’ conceen with social ine ual. Ye using intersectionalty ae an analytic tool to ‘amine the FIFA World Cup sheds light on the onganization ff power. Inteseeionality az an analytic tool examines how power ‘lations are ncertwined and mutually constracting Race, class, gender, sexuality, disability, echniciy, nation, {eligion, and age are categories of analysis, rrms that refer fence important social divisions, But they are also categories hat gain meaning from power relations of racism, seem, ‘heterosexom and class exploitation, ‘One way of describing the ortanization of power idenifies Tour distinctive yer interconnected domains of power: inter personal, disciplinary, cultural, and stroctoral These four | Himensions ofthe organization of power provide opportuni for si inersectionality as an analytic tool to beter iferscand the 2014 FIEA World Cup. The interpersonal domain of power Fes, power rela Bons are about people’ lives, how poople relate to. one other, and who is advantaged or disadvantaged within dal interactions, Without the athletes, there would be n0 ld Cup. Te athletes at individuals and, whether famous sro, ther actions shape powrerelatons just as much 8 aliey makers who bid on the games, the media. chat Foose! the Braiian national eam dle ot the aetiss Pho took co the set to protest cost overnns. As 9 people's sport, football can be played almose a Phere by almost anyone. Fach eam is composed ofa conse! fos of individuals who, om some love, love football nd chosen ro play. One docs sot ned expensive lessons, oF Pesreflly manicured playing field, or even shoes, Ie equites “special equipment of taining, only a ball and enough lasers 0 fle wo teams, Compaced with ce skating, enn, OF American football, socer has fa fewer bariess en athletic talent and the means to develop that talent. 16 the globe, there is no way of knowing exactly how people play football. Yet FIFA surveys provide & good fan estimated 27D milion people are involved in fo profesional soccer players, recreational player, tee fr players both over and under age 18, futsal and beach bal players, referes, and officials Thi isa vast pool of8 What i ntrsectionaiy? What is itersectonaliy?. 9 Potential lite athletes and a massive audience reaching across = the disciplinary domain of power When it comes to the Eatepories of social cass, age, gender, ethnicity, and nation. fee jiganization of powey diferent people find themselves ‘When one adds the children and youth who play fotball but ~ Greountering different erestment cegarding which rules apply who ate ot involved in any kind of organized activity detect | fa them and how those rules will be implemented. Within ble by FIFA, the number swells peat. _ footballs disciplinary domain, some people ae told they lack The fanfare granted eo che World Cup ea smal ip ofthe feet and ae discouraged from playing, heres others may iewherg ofthe everyday social interactions that shape peoples {ecsive xtra coaching to cultivate the taene they have. Many felationships with one another in regard to football. From © fre simply told that they aze out of luk because they ate the lite athletes 0 poor kids football players want to play on a | sorong gender oF age to play tall In essence, poser operates fair playing Geld. Ie doesn't matter how you got to the fel disciplining people in ways that pe people’ lives on paths all that matters once you are on the id is what you do on fat make some options seem viable and others out of tea the fi. The sports metaphor ofa fvel playin field speaks Stor example South Arias 2010 hosting of the Word to the deste for fairness, Whether winners or lose, hi tearm E cap helped highlight the disciplinary practices that African spore rewards individual alent yet also highligh the ealee Spore faced who wanted co play football in Europe. European tive team natate of achievement. When played well and unis. bal cb offer salaries ona par with those offered win pede by suspeet officiating, football rewards individual profesional fotbal, basketball, snd hascall to pay for {alent n'a world that i characteczed by so much unaimes, gs inthe United Kingdom, Prance, lly, and Spa. The competitive sports such s football become important venue grin the number of Arcane playing at Earopean abe for seeing how things should be. The backgrounds ofthe ss the dteams of young Alea foohal players to make pliyecs should not mater when they bit the playing Rel Upbig, Yer these practices also makes them walnerable t0 Whatmacersis how well hey play. The cries of anguish fom | Baplotation by anserupslousreritrs, Filmmaker Matiana the losing 2014 Braz team may have sade the news, but gh Zellers 2010 documentary Footballs Lost Boys deails few people questioned the outcome ofthe game. Fairplay | thousands of young players are lured away from their sled 7 fondlands, with cher arailes giving. up thet savings t9 Footballs a peopl’ sport, but not al people gt to play Deatory agents, aad how they are often lefe abandoned, ne important rule of football, and of most sports fr that Ge and alone. Some refer to the treatment oF Young matey is that men and women do not compete dicey Bean players as human trafficking. stains one another The rules of fie play may apply within increasing raiallethnic diversity on ete European gender categories, yee how fait ate those categorie? Sports mis who recruit Alrcan player, other players of color fenerally, and professional spors in particulay, routinely [poorer nations, and racalzed immigrant minor Provide opportaits for men that are dened to women, BY Be help teams to. win. But this racialethnicfational thistle of gender segregation, the 2014 World Cup showed fy of lite footall teams has alo highligheed the that the kindof football shae Counts for FIFA and fans alike gs of rain in Buropean football. The visible diversity ie played by men | Big cam players upends long-standing assumptions abost ‘Uring iersectionality as an analytic lens highlights the Ethic, and national dents. When the national team ‘nlp nature of individual identities and how varying come Finnce won the 1998 World Cup, dtesting Brasil 3-0, Binations of elas, gender, race, sexuality, and ciozensip Hine saw the team as nonrepreentative of France categories diferentaly postion each individual. Regardless ‘yom of the players weren't white. Moreover, shite Of the love of socees thee axes of social division. work fans may love thee teams, yet many fee fee £0 together and itlvenee one another to shape each individual ih tacst bchaviog, such as calling Atican players biography. chanting racial this, and. carving signs wth10 What i Interectonalty? racially derogatory language. In one case; Polish fans threw bananas ara Nigerian football player, The fans area the only problem ~ racial slurs among. players are also an issue. For ‘example, atthe 2006 World Cup, Feanee's Zinedine Zidane, a threetime winner of FIFAS world player ofthe year vie inte a rule of fie play by headbutting ltaly’s Marco Mater. sain the chest. Zidane, the son of Algerian nmigrant, sid he was goaded by Materazais racist and sexist slurs against his mother and sister Materari was kept in play while Zidane was eeced from what was to be his las ever World Cup match ‘The cultural domain of power When it comes to the “organization of power ideas mate in providing explanations for social inequality and fair ply, Televised across the globe, ‘he World Cup sends out important ideas about competition and fae play. Sports contests gen aa influential message: not ‘everyone can win. On the surface, this makes sense. But why dlosome people win and ather people lose? More importantly, ‘why do some people consistently win and others consistently Joe? FIFA football bas reach-made answers, Winners have talent, discipline, and luck, and losers suffer from lack of talent, inferior self-discipline, andlor bad luck, This view su gs that fai competion prodaces use resus, Armed with this worldview concerning winners a losers, ivoa small ep 0 using this frame to explain socal inequality sl What conditions are needed fo this frame to remain paw sible? This is where the idea of level or Bat playing eld becomes crucial. Imagine a tilted football field thae was installed om the side ofa gently sloped hil with the red teams goal on top ofthe hill andthe be team’s goal inthe vale. The ra team has a clear advantage: when they try to sere, traviy propels the ball toward their opponent’ goal, No matter how gifted, thet team players need not work 28 hard to score. In contrast, the blae team has an uphill bate to sore a goal The blue team members may need to be espe cially gifted to continue playing the game. They may have {alent and self-discipline bu they have the bad nck of playing, fom a tilted playing Fel, Football fans would be outraged if ehe actual playing fle vere tilted inthis way. Yer this is what socal visions of What i ntersectionalty? 11 clas, gender, and race do ~ we al shink we ae playing on a evel playing field wen we are not. The cltral domain of power elps snanufacrure messages that playing fields ate EEveh that all competitions ve fais ad that any essing potters of winners and loners have been fii accomplished. ‘With the advent of new. communications technologies, rpass media has incteased in significance for the cultural aif per inne wee ans eB call ots of thingy ase mda stages entertainment that teiforces the myth of a level paying eld where one doen {etually ext For FFA, 195 or 30 nation states theoretically an compere in the World Cap a6 long as they play by the fl and er fea cough Th he myth of ations thamelves compete Yet because nich nations have EErimote resources than poor ones, few naton tates an eld The message of mass-cdia spectacles goes beyond any cone even, The competitive and repetitive nature of contests Shh athe World Cp an the Olympics reflects intersect ing power relations of capitals and national. Compet ing ase media specter reterate the hole that ueual Gutcomes of winners and lover are nottal outcomes of Ihurkerplace competion. In other words social nequaies tare aly prosiaced are social just, The epdtive nature of porting events beauty pageant reat tevsion, and the lke’ prove uefa imerprtve contest for viewing the tnaretplacecelations of captain a being sre ora ids These mas media petals and escinted evets also sent important ssp of gendes, rae, and nation that Work together nd influence one another. The bravery of male Sthlets on national teams makes them akin to war eroes on Briel, while the benay, grace, and visto of national Bchuty paseants are thought to sepesent the Bea aac, tnd vie of the nation. Mase media spectacles may appeat to be mere enteraieat, yet hey serve polial eo ‘The structural domain of power Fair play on a level playing Bld may be the ethos of footkall, yee how mach of this fate play eharacterics the organization of FIFA football itself’ The structural domain of power here refers c© how12 Wihat is intersectionatity? What is intersectonalty? 13 sports marketing business bac in Argentinas ands Brazilian Foren who owns brosdcating business. Accsed of rising the bidding proces for awarding che games, the snicrmets {incl finubcal poyofs to hey FIFA figures in exchange for FINNS endorsentats, At the heart of the corrpson were harges of «pay to psy,” ater thas fie pay Social inequality: @ new global crisis? raving more than 6,000 participants from all over the swol the Eightcnth Inersvonal Sociological Asoxiation TSA) Word Congress of Soctlogy convened in Yokohama, mon July 13-19, 2014. In hi presidential addeess Mind Biowon« diinghed Mar oh age that inequality was the most presing ue of our time Burawoy sugested that growing qobal inoquaey had Spured new thisking not ony in sociology ut ls i 6co- mined nes Baa had ong en oponent of public sociology, che perspective that the cols [St socology should be browght to beat on socal issues of frat signftance othe publ (Brawoy 2003). fetes, awoy also stressed the sgncanee ofthe 2013 election of ope Francis, As the fss pope from the Global South, Pope rie ununtllycomsited to tckling the questions of Soutl inequality, poverty, and environmental janice: he did ot hesitate to describe econo inequality a "the root of Seiler ion rey day tat Marv lr ces That same yan more tha 220 business leaders and inves. tors from 27 counties assembled in London a the May 2014 Conference on lnclsive Capitals, Ax Nafeer Abed reported in May 28,2014 arscle in the Guardian, tne Tuendces gathered to discuss “the ned for more socially tesponsbl Jor of spittin that ene everyone, not us 2 wealiy minority Representing the mose powerful Ean Gia and business cles who contol approximately USS3O trllgn worth of liquid asset, or one-thid of the global tra, this group nas concerned about, a the CEO of Unilever pat it “dhe copa threat to caption. The sels gest lit for the conference included Peace Chasis, Bill Gist, 414 What i intersectonality? Bank of Ragland goyemos the execative chairman of Google, the co-founder and CEO of Blackstone, an the CEOs of UBS, GlaxoSmithKline, Dow Chemical, and. Honeywell ‘Most attendees were handpicked by wealthy philanthropist Tady de Rothschild, eposts the Telegraph's Brooks Pollock (july 24, 2014), to diseus one ofthe “fashionable issues of the day ~sisinginegualty in capitalise societies and how to make the system work for everyone.” Among. the guest, Christine Lagarde, dhe head of the International Monceary Fund (IME), savoked in her keynote speech the same rele. tence to Pope Franc's description ofinreasing inequality 25 the root of socal evi” as well as Maex’ insight that capi tals “earied the soeds of ts own destruction” Something needed co he done argued Lagarde. Here agun, iis not every day that che head ofthe ntermational Monetary Fund quotes both the Pope and Mazx before the global financial elt ‘The fact that 2 Marxist sociologist like Barawoy reer: ‘enced the Pope, and thatthe IMF head cited both the Pope tnd Marx suggests the rate of global inequality is serious enough to make people who ate typically on opposite sides ff many issues take notice, The International Money Fund ‘offers a mainstream view ofthe causes and solutions to social inequality, ane chat resembles the winners and loses ia FIA analysis of fair play. Many socioogirts have long offered @ ‘ritial assessment ofthis maintveam view, pointing instead to structural power relations. Yer growing global social ine- ‘quality isso signfcane that both mainstream and critical sroups are taking notice, What is happening? ‘Over the ast thirty years, ineguality in income and wealth thas grown exponentially, both within individual nation states and across an overwhelming majority of countries. Seventy percent of che werd’ poptlation lives in counties where ‘conomic inequality has ipereased in the last thtee decades, Nearly half of the world's wealth, some US$110 crillin, 1s ‘owned by only percent ofthe world’s popslation. If trends continue, by 2016, 1 percent is expected to own mote than the othet 99 percent together (Oxfam 2015}. Despite the 2008 global financial cis the richest 1 percent constantly increased its share of the world wealth beewsea 1980 and 2014 ~ from 44 percent in 2009 to 48 peccent in 2014." The ‘combined 5 people equals the What is ntersectionality? 15 total wealth ofthe poorest half ofthe works population, whi acount for 3 illo peo (Ox. 2014 Mini imersocuonaity as at analytic too can foster a ster understanding of growing Gaba inequality. Fis, exo tet eeqaly cs not al ually on everyone: Rabe {han scing people asa homogenous, udilleentited 255 thetnceonatey peovides 2 fomework for explaining, how RGM divisions of race, pede, age and czensip ss, Stuong others positions people ferent inthe world, espe Sally in relation to global socal inequaty ‘Sone people ae far more vlerale fo changes in the obul economy, wheres others benefit disproportionacely {fom den, For exarply income diferenes that accompany Intor market pects of ring job secur retirement ben {hts health benclty and pay scales do ot ‘all equally on Sferjone, Labor mkt Gcminacon that pushes some people ino parttime jos with low pa, iregule hours, and Pe benef or that readers them seactraly employed, doer no fl equally sros socal groups. Snares onal a foes ahinsinge the ance of the ean ap, Rather than seing the wea gap sh Unconnectd to Exkgories suchas race, gender, age, ad eitvenshi, dif Snes in wealth elect sructores intersecting power reasons ‘The avalized structure of the wealth gap has been well dlocunened inthe United States where spats between thi, bles and Latino avery sare igh Chang O10; Pew Research Center 2011)> Ye she wealth gap is rot bal acid vc ako mune ener The weth ap is pencaly analy through an either lens race ot fender but with noronthy exceptions (eee Olver and Sfapio 1995) less often through aa intersectional board leas Measoring economic inequality through data or hovse- Fokis rater than on ingiefusls lps docament the wealth top becwen racy iret hows aa sheds Fgh onthe situation of howscbols headed by ingle women actos races, Intesttionl analyses demonstrate how the Stroctue ofthe ingualty gap i sumultaneousysoalied {ind pended for women of elon" Seon sing ineracctonality 38a analytic tool compl cates clas only explanation for global economic inequality Interscctionaliy proposes a mote sophisteated map of sei18. Whats imersectionolty? Inequality that goer beyond casconiy accom. oth the Social hou more oes found in Earp tems round clas. Both of thew cas-ony explanations er ee] inayat ny es xa ad iy sa et inersectional frameworks eugest that oo inequality can neither be assessed nor electielyadroea) through cass alone As Zilah Enews, Stone through ls in argues ia Feminist Jintersectional. always intersects with the bodies that prock ‘i oe Thc excualone tea ee in he racialed and engendred structures (Benin 2014 cura Te ae ae Ping that ‘ aceite hat contemporary configurations of global capital ‘ha fol an ssn growing soc neq are alt fosters a rethinking of the categories used to underaoe Sono ea, neal famewor eet face, gender sexealy age ably tte in Complex’ snd nsctseetng, waye inequaly, Thi using inerectionalty as an the sian of ia ston, see a ee social problems, Many factors coneute conomic gap, but and citizenship relate cing, ways) {0 produce economic see Si eaten aknes social welfare to neoliheralism, “pms of preseataive and participa tory democracy, socal wel concer fare sates had long shemsalver with protecting the ines ofthe vob {Bounded ns bt tha democratic sions oad fe Tail and gender Geerininan, homie poor beak ti oar homeless icra sila sil poles within nation What is Intersctionafty? 17 *casttted threats tothe public od that were just as prom Be as external enemies beyond its national borders. To imeffont these domestic challenges, social welfare. states, confeto promote public well-being va various combinations Siretablishing regulatory agencies for electricity, wates, and Shear ences, investments in publi inrastucture and basic secs, and providing direct sate services. For example, in We Ottked ‘Stes, enviconmental safety and food security fave long been the purview ofthe federal government inthe aE ae, order to protect everyone, industrial polluters EE ater and ai as wells the meat packing industry cequire oir ye vane regulatory climate. Socal wellae polices provide fora range of projets, including highway funding, Pefool funding, and public teansporeation, as well as peo- ‘Ss that care for the elderly, children, poor people, the Fable, the unemployed, and other people who need assis- ine, Overall, che base idea was that, by protecting its cit ans and acting on behalf of the public good, social welfare {ates could maintain strong democratic institutions ‘In contrast, a 2 philosophy, acoliberalsm is grounded in the belie that markets, in and of themselves, are beter able than governments to produce economic outcomes that ace fair sensible, and good for all. The state practices associated wth neolibraism difer dramatically from those of social Welfare ates. Fist, neobberalism fosters the inreased pi Vatzation of government programs and instcucions like public schools, prisons, health care, eransporcation, and the Erlitary. Under the logic of noliberalism, peivate firms that ire acountable co market forces rather than democratic ‘Oversight of citizens can potentially provide less costly and tnore efficient services than govecrment workers Second the logic af acoiberalis argue forthe scaling back, andin some Cates elimination of the social welfare state. The safety net fo government assistance tothe pooe, the unemployed, the tlisbled, the elderly, and che young is eecast as wasteful Spending characteristic of iresponsible government. Third, ‘eolibeal logic claims that fewer economic regulations and Inore tade that is fee of government constrains protects jobs This fredom from envizonmental regulation and ent thes such as unions should produce greater profiabilty for ome companies wich should lead to more jobs. Finaly,18 What is Inersectionalty? nos af che public pod. By neonal ags se (Cohen 2010; Harvey 200 " ‘opposed to their leaders, the people who bear the brunt of ‘refuse to sit passively watching it destroy their lives, Latinidades: the black women's movement in Brazil Tho eck afer the acon fans depared frm Be World Cup spec, mre ian's tun wore of Aca dec, the fend, arly menos, Sse What is nersectonaliy? 13 “an alles wavelled to Brasilia, che national capitel, They TN ad atthe iconic Navional Museum of the Republic Sd ks away fom the cfurbished at now cpt) et Cap sam, tend th seven cing of Latin W Gades, the Afro-Latin ar Ae caribbean women’s fest ae Ae a lta come whe nol ined Perot Black Latin Amecian and Caribbean Women. Lati- + Fidider' seasoned event organizers had received an impres- | Bie list of main sponsors: the State Secretary of Clue, rhe Glice of Racial Bqualy, the Funere Palmares Cultoal Poundaion and Petobea, Beals mltnational energy cor Poulton, Unlike the goais of FIER, Latinidader's success Fest aoc be judged bp corporate profs oe the success of Rotiedia spectacle, Unlike the hey ticket pres forthe World Cap, toe soeday Latinidades festival was he and Rouse in publ space isndaes wa ro oriiary fi expel pro eye entra drew mostly women of Afsiean descent Fe kg many men and enters of dere racic ups from all ancas of Brass states and egons, 2 Wel Strom Costa Rica Ecuadon and other Latin American and Catibbean nation. This geographic herrogenelty rlcted the many diferent ways papas were connected 10 pro: spoung aca equality ad tackling how raise ard sexism "fowl Aio-Lain women. Community onsaniaes, profes doen graduate students, parents, att schoolteachers, high school sadeacreprescataivs fsa school government Sica and musi lovers among oder, made the journey CSlelia oan a “The foivals programming was inclasive, with something for all atendees, even the youngest ones. Latinidades ha Clements of am academic symposium,» polial rearing vent, an African cultural hestage event and a masemusc fesuval rolled into one. Latindades academic componest ‘embled s standard academic conference, complet with [ath psychology, terature om he Afscan diaspora, and a session devoted to new books by and abot Back wom. important, Ato-Breniian feminissntlectals attended20. Whats itesectonality? favelas(lowincome urhan communis), as well as forms ‘of wisdom associated with land, sustainability, and the ‘The festival strong activist orientation permeated both its sessions and its special events, For example Angela Davis’ Keynote addeess goe the audience on its fet, many with fists raised in the black Power salute. The festival also st aside time for a planning metting to educate attendees about the upcoming Black Women's Macch for a National Day of Denouncing Racism. Commenity otganizers rubbed shoul «drs with academics, a did young people with revered elders, ‘Another programming strand throughout the. festivals ‘many activites emphasized the signicance of Afican diaspore cultural traditions, especially in Beal. Writers and anists were well represented. Goncrigio Evatsto, Alo Brazilian author and profesor of Brian lkeature, tended the festival, Her novel Poncid Vicencio, a story of a young, Aro-Brazilian woman’sjourney ftom the land of her enslaved ancestor tothe emptiness of usban lif, was a lancimat i black Brazilian women’ iterate (Evacsto 2007), From the ‘content of seasons, toa workshop fo prs on black esther, cs and beauty, a'session on the art of turbans and this omnections to black beauty, « eapocea workshop, and. a tree-planting ceremony of the seulings of sacred baobab ‘recs, Latinidades saw culture as an important dimension of Atro-Latin and Afro-Caribbean women’s lives. After two ‘days of intensive workshops, talks, and films, festival par. Seipants spilled outside the museum into its expansive plaza to enjoy two nights of music con festival where serous work and [Nor only was Latiidads a success its very existence constituted one highly visible moment of an Afro-Brazilian ‘women's’ movement that took several decades. to, bul Holding a festival that was devoted to the isues and needs of black women in Brazil specifically, as well as Afto-Latin and Aro Caribbean women more generally, woul have been impossible several decades earlier Since the 1930s, when Brazil adopted an ideology of racial democracy, Beal off ally claimed not o have “races.” The Braviian government collected ao eacial statistics and, without racial categories, Brazil offically had neither race noe back people. Within tas What is inersectionahiy? 24 social context, women of African decent may have coast- fred a vile and sable segment of Bra society yet in {ral that ostensibly lacked race, the category of Hack ‘women didnot exist a an oily tecogrized popalaton How might using imtersetonaity san analytic tol shed ght on Latnidader's commitment to challenging ram and sexism agninat a group that afialy cid not exit For one, Hiack women chlleged Brass nasonal wendy narrative onceming racial democracy. They saw the historical eter eoanetons fetes Hess sb ead us nation, Building. project as sorting the stage for the erasure o! ‘igo Bracian women. Bris ealsted image of national ‘lnttyponted tht racism didnot ext and tha coor lacks ‘reaming other than exerting as a dieasion of rational pride, This national dent nether came about hy accent For meant that people of Alrican descent bebeved By sing the politeal category of mace, Bevis national di Course of rival democracy tlectivly cliinated language thn mighr describe the racial neguaies that acted Back Brsilan peoples lives. This erasure of “blacknes” as. Poliical carory allowed dacrminatorypratices 10 occur esse people of vstle Afican dee teams for describing rail discrimination nor fa reme- dies for, [Twine 1998). Bran's muitary” government {19%4-1985) upheld this atonal ideology of racial democ tacp and also suppressed social eotst m general. The end tf the ditaonsip in 1985 creted new Gpportunites for Secing she connesions between sacs and Brun nation sin wll a fr ia move _ Second, using itersetonality as an analytic tool a sheds light om how swomen of Ascan descent or Ato Balan women sre situated within gendered ad sexsalzed bulestandings of Brion history and national Went Tra sepci history oflavery,colonaian pre dictzortip democracy dictatorship. and. post-ieatorthip democracy ffamed distinctive patterns of intersecting power relations of fener ad sexual. Sexual engagements, both consenal nd forced, among. Afvean indigenous: and European- dkscended populations erst Branham population with varying ate textures, skin color, Body shapes, and’ eye22. What sIntersectionality? colors as well asa complex and historically shifting series of terms to describe them. Claims of Brazil's racial democracy otwichstanding, Brazil lke other Latin Antercan countries developed a carefully calibrated lexicon of ethnoracal cla. ‘ification. Skin colo, hair texture, facial Features, and other aspects of appearance hecame de facto racial markers for Aiseribucing education, jobs, ed other social ods, As Cald- well points ou, “popular images of Brazil asa camnivalesque, tropical pacadiz have played a central le in contemporary constructions of mulata Wwoaten's social identifies. Beals international reputation as asacal democracy is closely tied tothe sexual objecifiation of wornen of mixed racial ances try as the essence of Braziianness” (Caldwell 2007: 58). For Alro-Brazlian women, those of mixed ancesty or “with ‘more European physial features are sypcaly considered t9 bbe more attractive, Moceover, women of visible Arian aneestry are typically constructed as non-sexualized, and often a8 asexual. laborers or conversely” as prostitutes (Caldwell 2007: 51)- Appearance at only cares differential ‘weight for wornen and men, but diferent texeotypes of black Women rest on beliefs about heir sextality, These ideas feed back into notions of national identity, wing race, gender, sexuality, and color as intersecting phenomena ‘A. thied dimension of using intersectionaicy as an analytic tool concezns how imersectionality's framework ‘of mutually constructing identicy categories enabled Afro Brazilian women to develop a collective identity polite. In ‘this case, they eltvated a poitial black feminist entity at theintersections of racist, sexism class exploitation, national history and sexuality. The political space created by reinstall Jing democracy inthe late 1980s beneted both wont and blacks. Yor there was one significant diference between the two groups. na climate where women’s rigs encompassed only the needs of white women and where blacks were not politically recognized, Afro-Brazihan women were differen tally treated within both the feminist movement and the Black Movement. Cleary, women and men had different experiences within Brazilian society ~ there was no need to advocate for the integrity of the categories themuelyes. Yet ‘he feaming of the women's movement, even around such avfirm subject as “woman,” was inocted through other What i nersctionalty? 23 caters. Became upper-class and midl-dass women were tential othe movemeng, tet satus as marked by cass yet fomarked by race (ont were whic) shaped politcal demands Bravissuces in desting women to pola office flected allanes among women toss categories of Sct flac With the noteworthy exception of Benedita a Siva, Mack woman to acre ithe Rexran Congres he Sonate 194, fens raed ses of pede and sera, bur eid so in way that di nok engage ees of sat bac racisn that were so important to Ate razan alice white Besiian women, black Bras ofall sexes and genders had to create the collie pltal went of ‘lack in order o bud an searacit soil movement hat igi the ees of ant lack racam, rai’ history svt transla slavery lf it with 0 lange population of ‘ficn descent ~by some estimates, 50 percent ofthe Baz inn population. lang sn tent ae black” scmed to contrat the national identity a ail democracy ses fan the eof being acne of dstyaty and act being uly raza, the sense, the Black Moventent that emerged it the 1990s did ot ell for equal eeatment within the demo craic tae for an aca reoguied group. Rater recog ton meant both naming sable segment ofthe populon sod acknowledging that it experiensd ant back aca dv Stimination Hanchacd 1994) ‘Nether Drain eins led by women who wete pei snail well of and whitey nora lad Moremen hat os Sctvly engaged in csining + coleive black entity that dei aca asa socal fore could by ie adequately Address Afo-raaian women’s ses, Back women who partcpated in the Black Movement ound wiling sles when fecame to antveacist Back. activi but much less under Sanding ow the ates faced by back people tok gener ‘pec forms. Indes they found like region ofthe ‘special ses of living lives as black women in Braz at the imersecions of areas of rich, sexs, cas exlotaton, ‘econd-clss chisenahip, and hecrosensn rst history of Glas analysis the saw capita and worker? ight 3 !rajor forces in shaping inequality made space for exceptional individuals such 38 Benedia da Siva. Yet when It cme 1024 What is Intersectionaiy? tac, cls polis aked thom ose bot gender ad ace a Secondary lack women feed spar prosurs 2 nibeds ate ther spel concer er the burner of is lar {Thee carats scl movements onion tata Id workst moveoens were perth tol teh Hn ‘women cotinaelt parespate tees Yet Besse ab She social movement sion could adequately aden Ae Braztan women ise they oed thee Taking 2 step back to ew the ames Chat shaped the lad express of ack Beantian wom ass ho 4 cole identity pols eneged around spotted sderstang of collet bach moma dey bred fn common experiences of domination explosion, marginalization (Cael 2007), For example, whe se Aomesce worker organic i wan cea Ths mone of Afncan descent were proportionately reprsened ne ‘ccapatonl eatgory.Notaldomeatc woke lak but the job catepory was eran culy ssid wh blac women. AtroBeanion women were mote sales to violence, especly those Bring navn sad whe ad domestic wort Drawing on cua ts tte Aidens diaspora, black women sctviss aso Sr The ole ae totes nd otherothes a important fr pola acon Inbret Latidades ts mae the eration os on struggle to bk complex socal movement tha kart Sig race, gender clan, san and exalt a8 tly Sonstrcig ead midmensional pects of Ao Brass ‘womens ives. Women of Aftean denen Bear cy on one level, chrogh personal experince, that fey were far of a group that shred cernin colectne expetense ‘hey werecnproportiontly ound in domestic moa The image wete maligned in poplar clare Tey were roporsontely targa of len apne wm Thy Sere mothers who lacked the mam wate or hee child 2s they would have Fed, hut ad es to he vale placed ‘ moeriag across the Athan apore, Yer Reece they lacked a pole! ientty and accompanying sas {© mach to the experience, they coulda anions cele ident polities to re tes concem Nose of thir closet allies" Hack men in che Back Mvemin, ot white women in de feist movement or soctos Sb | What is ntersectionality? 25 oesinistions that advocated for worker’ rights ~ would have their own best interests at hese as fervently a thy di Ticking sTonginge that spoke direc f thie experiences Bik women nih Ua Goma, So Carte ad 2 Tong ist of activistcholars painstakingly onganiol the fans conten of Wack womeo tat wet aed to lees black women's concerns (Caseeo 1995, 2014) Core ideas of intersectional frameworks Ineactionaliy i way of understading and analyzing the comple ia the world in peopl, and in human experience ‘The previous section showed thee diferent uses of inerec™ tionality a8 an analyte foo Sat sheds light om the complex ig of people's iver within an ually complex soil context Bch cae itaer how she even and conditions of soe tnd plical Ife st play were not shaped by any one facto. athe, the dyamics cach case cefleted many factors that worked together in diverse and mutually inluencing Ways The HA World Cup, the qabal socal incest social problem, and the black Brasien feminist socal movement Sno lp clarify sx core ideas tae appar ad veappea when people tse incersectionalty as am analyse too inequality ‘atonal, pow, socal context, complexity, and soci justice. Thee fdas ate neither always presene n'a parle project, nor do they appear in projects inthe same way Instead, they peovie goideposts for thinking through ite sectional fea hese themes reappear lb in ifrene owns, wth interactional fel hy hove up in diferent ways thrghout the ook. We bry introduce them here Avelop them thoughout this tex, and seu to thet in ehaper 8 1. Social inequality: All three cases grapple with social imeguality albeit from very different vantage points. The case of social inequality wich World Cup footbal juxtaposes the search for faimess on the playing field with the unfairness (of FIPAS global organization. The case of haw growing slobal socal inequality came to the attention of ISA and26 What sIntersectionaity? the Confecense o ine Capon emp dere species on social inequality that fow fom inerstt.onsl eases of coptetion and oecliberaliom. Latiudades ils tines how che Ato Brazen women's movereatsexponded intlecraly aad polialy to bistorice and contemporary forme of social equality especialy the sntrsstions of fackn and see, it shaping social clas diferences within the parce history of he Brain nation-state, ‘Many contenpocy definitions of intersecionality empha sive social inogelty, but not all do, nterseonaity exits because maay people were deeply eancerned by the oem of social inequality they either experienced thenselvs or Sow ro then ncecsectionlty ads adtiona ayers af om Plexity to understandings of social inegualiy, recognizing that social iegualy i arelycansed bya singe factor Ui Jntesectionalty as an analyte tool encourages ws move beyond seing social inequality through race-ony or cls nly lenses Instead, satersctionality encourages undestand- ing of socal neqolity based on interactions ston various 2 Power: All crc css highlight diferent dimensions of the organiation of power rations. The case study ofthe World Cup examines the mottaccted power tlaions of FIFA World Cup fodbll Th case of global social inequality shows hove inerscctional frameworks that ake pow ela fron into account, epi hove that empbastr incste tons of neoliberal, nationalism, and capitals, provide more out iterpetationsof global coil inequai. n con. {cant the Latinidades cate showshow powrs relations operate ‘vith politcal projets aad soil movement. By examining how black wore in Brau organized to ress mulpe forms of soci inequality, the Latininade cae ilusrtes poll stim not ony from top-down policy endeavors or global social movements, but ether from the space of sonny ‘nginizing and grassroots coalition pois. These eases rate two important points above power rela tions Fis, intersccioal frameworks. understiad, Power Telations though a lens of manual construction. foes swords, people's hives and identi are generally shaped by many lator diverse and stall infuencing ways, More coven race, dans, gender sexuality, agey dab, ethnicity Whats intersectonality? 27 ratiin, and religion, among others, constitute interlocking mutually contracting or inerscing systems of powet ‘Within inrsetonsl frameworks, there sno pee raion ot tess, Rather power rations of racism god sexe gain fncaning in elation vo one anothe, Second, power relations aro be analyzed both oa thir intersection, for example, of racism ad sexism, as wel a5 isvosr domain of power, namely sructural dacpina:y, Scr, and itrpenonal, The framework of donne of power provides» wie device ar thang oo forex fing power reatons. The World Cap ese introduced this feutste by anlyring cach domain of power separately. Ie Broke hes Jown ino the Kn of power relations that are tole in soul structures (eq. organizations Ike FFA nd lantations Ike national goverment) tht are shard throvgh ideae and meds, oe colare broadly speaking, that ppt over nd over aga inthe wsys tha informal sci ‘evar and punishments get lsd in everyday ner thonm, and that pay out in everyday ltersceons among peopl. These are the structural, caltral, disciplinary, and fnerpersonal domain of power, respectively. Looking how power works i aah domain ei shed ight on tbe dyoamice {fa larger socal phenomenon, ke the social uaget around the 2014 Word ‘Cup. Voy io seual social practcn, the domains overlap, and no one domain is any more important than another "Relational The Lainidades case of the fro Besilion women's movement states a hisorie and contemporary Commitment to develop cositons or lationship across coal diviions Whether the relational of mulaple ident ‘ex within the interpersonal domain of powe or te selaton iy of anys reid to sertand how cles, race, and ender cllectively shape global socal inal, ths eso Ceanecrednest or rlonaliy important. ‘Relaonal thinking roe either binary thinking, for cxamnpie, opposing theory to practice, scholarship to ative om, oF blacks to whites. Instead, rationality embraces a botbled rane. Te focus of elation shits fom analy ing what dstnguses eats, for example, the diferences between race and gender to examining thir interconnee. ons, Ts shit ia perspective opens up intellectual and28 Whet i Intersecionaiy? political posites. The global inequality case illustrates how class-oniy anguments may be insificient to explaia Hlobal social inequality, and thar intersectional arguments that examine the relationships between clas, race gender and age might be more valuable. Relatonalty takes atioug forms within intersectionality and is found in tems such 35 “coalition,” “dialog,” “conversation,” “interaction,” and “wansaction.” Because this core iden of relationality waveses ‘much intersectonalinguiry and peatice itis als cental to this book. Power is better conceptualized as «relsonship, 43 in power relations, chan asa static entity. Power is mot y thing t0 be gained or lose as inthe zro-sumn conceptions of winners and losers on the football playing held. Rathos power constitutes a telationship. 4. Social context Al three cates also provide oppoctuni= ties for examining ineersecting power relations i contest, ‘While bots the World Cup and the black women's movement invoive Brazil, the later case highlights the significance specie historical context inthe production of interice tional knowledge and action, even in the absence of th ‘ecm itself The case of the black women's movement ta Brazil shows how intellecual and political activism work hy growing froma specific set of concerns in 4 spose vocal location, in this case the identity politics of Alvo Brean The term "contextualize" comes from this impetus 10 think about socal inequality, relational, and power rele tions i a social context Using intesectionslity as sn snalyie fool means contextualizing one's arguments, primarily by boing aware that pacticnlae historical, intellectual, ad pole ical contexts shape what we think apd do. The cases of FA and Lacinidades contextualize the main ariments a Brazilian context. Moreover, presenting two different views cof Brazil shows how diferent people can be in the same ‘eneral socal context yee hold different interpretations of "This theme of diferent perspectives that cat arte in i fereat social contexts is important for understanding diler cnces, within intersecconaiy itself, Contextnaliztion iy expecially important for intesectional projets produced ta the Global South because scholars and activists workin Brazil, South Attica, Trinidad, Bangladesty India, Ni Whats Intersectionality? 29 other nson state ofthe Global Somthface specif set falc inching wide audiences Bip anderand incresting obal sca insoalitis, rea- Feoaiy shed ight on bow imcrecchons of aca ss SSiitlioe, sexs, nationals apd heroscrin’ wos ihr to shape ncial ings: These sats operate Eccly ecru concur Sal Gocphny eee Fersoal domain. Anending so socal concerns inte Meronal amiyss “ SB Completiny These coe thames of social nequaliy oes clon, and vol conten arierined nr fering an clement of complery ins inven aa | Intersectionaliy self Way of understanding and analy30. What Intersectionalisy? pursuing a social justice agenda it not selevident, Many people belive that socal ideas, suchas the bele in meritoc ay, fairness and the realty of democracy, have already been tchiewed, For them, there is no plobal cvs of legiina flobalsccial inequality i the ovteome of fie competition, 8nd democratic institutions work just fine. Yer by challenging tnychs thar racial democracy had. been achieved, or that, the Black Movement could handle the gendered concerns of women, of that Breilan feminism was adequate for all women, the social justice activiem of the black women’ movement in Brail provides 2 different ange of vision on socal justice. Social jostice may be itersctonality's most contentions core idea, but itis one that expands the circle of intersection ality toinclude people who useintersestionality as a analytic tool for social justice. Working for social justice is not a fequirement for intersectionality. Yet people who are engaged in using inerseetionality as an analytic tol and people who see social justice ae ccntral rather than as peripheral to thie lives are often one andthe same, These people are opically crival of, rather than acceping of, the stats quo, (ur goal in this book isto desmacratize the rich and growing Tcerature of insersectionalty ~ not to assume that oaly ‘Aeican-American students wil be interested in black histor, ‘or that LGBT youth wil be the only anes interested in quot? Studies, oF that intersctionality is for anyone segment ofthe population. Rathes, the task sto use intecsectionaliy a8 an Analytic tool to examine eange of topies such as those intro ‘duced here. In the following chapter we exploce vacius dimensions of incersetionality, especialy the ute of intersex tionality 26am analyte tool, 3s weil asthe varying forms that its core themes of socal inequality, relationaliry, power, social context, complexity, and social justice assume, 2 Intersectionality as Critical Inquiry and Praxis Far too much intersecional scholarship stars with the _sssorption that itersecsonalie pa Bnishe framework that ‘an simply be applied toa given research projector political the cases ofthe FIFA Workl Cup, the ISA/ ce on Inclusive Capitalism, and Lavinidades suzasst, the use of interecionality ean tee many forms. Generaiving about interecionalry based on particular case or One group's experiences in» parceular social context fisks missing the process of discovery that underlies how people acualy use intersectional rameworks, Intentional fy tsof is constantly under constriction and these eases ilusrare dliferene ways of using intersectionality as an analyeie tool, Yet how is inerssctionality as a form of {etial inquiry and praxis organized ro do this analytic work? This chapter investigates intersecionalitys two organiza tional focal points, namely, critical inquiry and critical praxis. Tntersectionality asa forn of rte inquicy gained viii sm “intersecionality” seemed to bea good fi for scholarship and teaching that were aleeady underway. In the 1990s, the teem “intesectonalty” came Into use both inside and outside teedtiona disciplines as wellasinside and outside the academy. niall, incersectional Inguiry wos inherently ertcal because it criicied existing bodies of knowledge, theories, methodologies, and classcoom practices, especially in relation to socal inequality. While204 intersecionality Revisited socal ce Ou history of intrectonalty kas ep praxis a dimension of ftersectionalty that doer ne nay appear che legitimated histor, although sea prac does permesteineractionaly, _ ‘As we wrap up this book we tke what ideas and expe ences are nother? In what ways Bo interpreta interseetionaly ited by these omissions? More tant, how might we go about expanding the be inwertctionaity to encompass the beerogeney of das a txperiencts that ate global without datening ther dif need Interetionality cant engage these expancie qua tion ii choos te narrow pathay of dfnng tell ey “cine theory of iden” of worse yey eves cea ingury fom te cial pri These questions at to sraighlorward answer cetaly one tha can cal resolved: Rather they callout for more people wring oy them in esene: an expansion of global conversion “The cena chalege facing iteetonalty sto move ing he polis ofthe mo yet Thus fa nterseconaiy ha imanaged to sustain inlets and poical dynamism ha Bows trom its eerogency Thin immense ft Bchieve when faced withthe kings of intellect sod politcal Ghallangesthat-we have explored in ths books But ut because something i fa does not meas that is BOL sort doing. We sce intersctonaiy heterogeneity nota 2 weakness but rather as a source of temendows potential Icon al hat we can ng Chapter 1 What is intersectionality? IPAS lp robles side, he busines ofthe Word far beyond the gnes thease, Rates, athe ope of people trl were insted indhsatey te Work Cup se ntuated © the nvegence sf tcreasngly imporent global indus: poet Sd eatertsiameat, lbs levonmnuncation and ours, ad {he loblined Wott Cup poraphersliaiadatey. For earls, the Ftv approved oficial bal of the 2014 World Cop Adal Baraca at a pice tg of USSI6D, wor manulaccured in The roared Sports actony at Saket (kistan) by Pakistan women 3D erent of the workforce) tho each made barely USBOO pet monte. Aker sling 13 millon ofl Word Cup match ote 2030, Aas made hundreds of milion of dallas a DOL, expat to all oe than 14 malion of Inthe Unted Sates he este. percent caprared 95 percent tt poseAnancal enon growth since 2008, hie the remaining, 50 percent Dome po In dots the median weal (assets minus debe) of whe hous: ods 30 sme that of black bosses and 18 times that of Hispaic househols Beck women fate wecs according 02 2010 research report on lveakivdapaies Deron diferent eal groupe inthe United Sites Median wea of sigle black women (chang owsrbolithead sgl sober) sce pine of thei working, Yeo fags 36 fo 49) only USS, compared to USS42,600 fot Mle white women ofthe same ape ~ which is 6 peteent of thar single white ale cometeparts (Chang 2010).