ol opr cls mung Dunect Sequence > wen 9 uit wld hy PN code AY shagh aw TvR of RR 1p + om we, mod 3 adelen “i bry or oPsKC T/ OPSK reel thin of db a addons aa wd wilh Qo? phos Abuft > Adding foth sos, ssm RF ap # pblained wey daa 4 lode > ent mod” sib intend ia? Rue > jrform’ ere 9% ¢ 7 Cans aun cee dulation tang’ + Delilion & ce aclin + Actiue aed: Th wh fo othe aime f * Treth seq, ofr x hen , he Ye % with conrelaler +d cackling covalaleh . » Aine Ailled — ued when Sy 4 toolong froeing jee CGT end oho og Hat sucha dt ip 1 fete]? Sml4) 5 [Fras ‘Scanned wih CemScannerea coo m(t) : (data stream)| MOD 2 |_.,| Balanced _Spreaded _ adder modulator ~ signal output is SRF s(t) PN code Carrier fy Fig. 7.31 Simplified diagram for biphase modulation Z + Demodulation}—- Detection mi) process ] Fig. 7.32 Carrier demodulation and despreading of SSM signal to get original dala ~ at ‘Scanned wih CamScanneriia 0. The PN sequence dur laye thon “ie wt St LOOT HO0001) Serial dita input | | | { Proudocrandom dita recworce { r r 5 5 \ lols He io of) io 00 ' tf firr a \ 1. (al , dad , yas ‘ 14 toy het 4 ,ohotod { 14 SSM 1} hoot | | 0 rf iG divs 1-1 jo 0 f 1 jo 06 ; ree \ pees |: fmngelipgmee fer yt | oS pe Pri | rey Pa PP Ph be bee A ‘ ' rad fate state tes modulated signal It ae ae soy feeble] PheE PEP EPEGEPE t Received data Fig. 7.33 Waveforms for Example 7.5 oo ‘Scanned wih CamScanner+ go ee meg 7 I : bo = Bs? Zou ar wg ™ cey | 88 FG Bm t precasig fe” PH Ba Phe Be ogy hd * = Ty erst used) Paz od tm ty: Spse oe Pe zt tm. tchip © chip oak q Osss qe” is 20 MOPS aed (0 KbpS - fied PGs BPs : ee I co tehip 90 x 10° Brent Boe Q = toxin Hz iP PE = p= Bm = aftr | tessp = ood Po dp ® 10 dog roo) = 3¢dB 10 spechaum 4 spud olf band dime) to... 3H gBw F the "0 7 im 2 B= ss = So debi es Bw pal sey [S500 B aa Pracev jain ” tm 4 ae. = a Phe ompunl 9 sealing mm Te Ty BPsk ured) PG = oltm Spst tehip PG = tm tchip O chip nah a oscs Tee is 80MCF a rag bit vole is LokbpS - feds PG BPSIC uscol - re te hi ve wig in b> sox tm ole Bs = = hoxtot Hz PGMS 8 ies ee 56 = BB = aft [tetsp = 4000 PG de = 10 dag oo) - 34d ; ‘ ) shedbium afc wlf a at bid Wind) fo 3k g wed 28) oui quealigalion fuglsg Find chip vole Seoqysine ol to obtain a PG, 4 gode b) Givan hot seqvonh afi ing pd sh, fird rum 9) Abit Ib Mages suapivaNN FF OUUO UU e eet > Poe” 20d8 x10 Joy, % 9) = PG = 1 100 3KHR sperch “9 2) Nyquist preilivaia ~ samflins pale Fe 9 mig Gt vol = sampling gals bits [sampds = 6eHg i . ax F = Grkepe 7 | eat sina! dit dante ty tarps © OR PEs ttm teckip po < 9x 0.02363) tetip teuip = 0-46 us « §x60x60 b) Sequence shangth 2 sh = 18,000 S¢@ a ' 10 a Ne teh 18,000, = 3.4X10 = i o-lb X10" . : oles p dd the - 3 10008) p dod ‘Scanned wih CamScannertPOVEUEUEUUUUUEEEEEELEVVIBBUVUVETETBEEEE > Pog” eoda «lo itoy,, 0G a y PG ‘ Wwe 100 Brehy Spe ch "9 ro) « seanpling gals ils [camp fi © 1 a Hakupe F Signal Abit dusilion din lay ale 2 bam Mtg ub role ua bps Poe lm bekip tno = ax 0-028x153) tetip tap = OG us b) Sequance sagt 2 She $§x60%b0 Ne tekip A 18,000 3.4K 10° = Ea ou x10" ‘Scanned wih CamScanner / ‘ My putt yniloua, sampling wah on Jak qpranli go Wan Muabs « 1 hits /senph WKY w belly yy 18,000 Stey Li > mony Fsis 1 Ay ynbol = reutif o: i symbol ° 2 hymbel » é cdrbol bok * dheo dutante ble 0 hy hops. $ hy alotted rer Rea) yy seo 3 penny 7 e ous» pl fon gg ood HS oe ke 3 inadliond bs ke 2 mits Bconbi : cath combinalion sepeatid My 0 0 BY ' a bio ft de diffyell- fr jammer To § Ub combinaliny = f--- te” wi fend sigan ( a slags — ) Foaquenty settin a le Eek he » Souq me an sum Aly Sombs He yoioh 3 Bata h be mem coy | >! TP] elock 3 bits ‘Scanned wih CamScannerRow Ba 4 [eats } bs oe [ser] pele 00- Veet wuion ot~ fy Sat & ia Lye a ho-J, 000 her hE uot nfeo hs pe: | m1 tes pes y 2 umniidoued one instant bt > 2 combi naléns uct Snitart 43+ hey 2 f Ne hed i, BPP =y ann fey tund Auch Uhl; of Dae hallows only fhe fk, so gp “en fe 1. Se male. bed pi eae to - Fp een dal rey tla si: Mini salion : = Total PN cedb 9 salen feted 79 ai is bother ~ por the 3 rit, Re =) Symbef vale K -> Sqenbel dluxalion Q = bt ral Eo Git ham ke =) chip et | tx PP Be Ba eee ‘Scanned wih CemScannerle ag rie 1G : to | : icy C0 Ie. leg EE( hesed ee oe eg ee Or ee ea a ae ow Se Reweeer ere ee Binaxy Sey rolo oftijo tl - ea bo fe bs fi eh aed 10d tigi oi) see tee ke ke hee bev Te = aks (rom qpustion)Bey | vole afi je - ae aes fe bs d, oa woo 108 HOflo tit dj "ke ic ke ke her To = ak [fuom question) der be me BiB: PN: jog least wale ® ae Lath byntol 2 rl hops re ait MCS rane # Ags on mre Ge Te > R* Re.son uy so i 10 nfo oO py ey ih oe | ‘Jo \ iJo 10 OT pinew 0 = fe as 2 10 PA Seg, le 106 (OLS W 5 ot ( kr fey he> {eaCommunication 312] wireless and Mobile Aree For an FHSS, isto have the a example 111 An FHSS system is t0 a B= pees hay = KKM, . = x ng paramete™S 5409 bps B= 8x 16% MX 24007249 76 5 "eeNjessage it ate = 24 ie or = M=75.9X 1098 16 x 249 Mbps t= Hops per etpieation = 8 However, to — M a power of a Frequet . a ue, that is, 256, i, 0, ‘ng gain 245 dB if selected value, , 256, is the the rac analst ‘numberof frequencies required i ping frequencies. Dumber one © pismumber it bea power WO. () Bandwidth of the FHSS signa ig (g) Find the bandwidth ofthe FHSS signal B,=8X 16 X 256 x 2400 = 79 64 s Now, processing gain 64 Mbp, (@) By =2400 bps PG = B/By = 78.64 x 1012499 = ka 16,K=8,M=? = 45.13 dB 168 ; in 45 dB = 10log9?C which is higher than the required pro, ee eae " ‘Therefore, the condition for proses "8 Btn, PG=B/B, = 31,623 bina Processing gins B, = 31,623 x By = 31,623 X 2400 ee ‘ = 75.9 Mbps —, 7.13 TIME HOPPING SPREAD SPECTRUM The TH concepts can be understood with the help of Fig. 7.43. iP 8g. | frame duration = ky i : be ' /~ M slots = 2° —+} ‘Time intervals ¢=length of PN code Transmitted bursts in which k ™essage bits are transmitted 0 1 Ay hort or; , ollete | ; J— [ets ‘Scanned wih CemScanner" 312 Wireless and § fobile communication : - ‘or an FHSS, 44 an FHSS SYS* rao amis to have the Follow" 9g. =8x 16x MX 240/249 exanple poramel ; “fea te= 240 898 ren Hens ea ay; 40094)" Frequency nee os Horo, mse lene i ‘ted value, that is, 25 EE be of frequencies required if i te aes isthe oat . @ this number is to De @ power of tO. : © pos ofthe FHSS signal of (o) Find the bandwidth of Re FHSS signa ecient saalon Now, processing gain Nt, oc ee M=? ea 57864 10/2095, k= 8 Ma? : ‘Now, processing gain 45 dB = 10l0g,9°E hich bigher thn be e00et Pee PG =B/By = 31,623 tee the condition for processin. I a B= 31, 623 x By "231,623 x 2400 satisiie eB, = 75.9 Mbps 743 TIME HOPPING SPREAD SPECTRUM ‘The TH concepts can be understood with the help of Fig. 7.43. 1 frame Time intervals, k— Mslots=2° 4 c=length of PN code Transmitted bursts in which k ‘message bits are transmitted ‘Scanned wih CamScannerModulation Techniques | 313 The time axis is divided into intervals known as frames, and each frame is subdi- vided into M time slots (Fig. 7.43a). The total number of slots is decided on the cosstterrissan’ basis of the PN code or the length of the m-sequence. The slots and length of the cote wilreutm-sequence are related to each other by the relation M— a *. During each frame, fanesageemms onan only one time slot is modulated with a message by any reasonable modi. infeaurete wf lation method. The particular time slot chosen for + given frame is selected by Srovzorecion O89 means of a PN code generator. Alll the message bits accumulated in the previous spresore he messag° frame are transmitted in a burst during the selected time slot. The frame duration bis T,, the number of message bits k, and the message bit duration /,, are related to . each other by T, =kt,, (7.51) The width of each time slot in a frame is T/M and the width of each bit in the time slot is T/kM or simply ¢,/M. By, = 2ty l(t EM) = i i 52: Processing gain PG = 2:/Bm = 2%m/(tqEM)=2M for biphase modulation (7.52a) ty! (tylM) = M This indicates that the transmitted signal bandwidth is 2M times the message bandwidth, and hence, the processing gain of the TH system is twice the number of time slots in each frame ‘when biphase modulation is used and half this when quadriphase modulation is used. Figures 7.43(b) and (c) show other possible variations. Interference among simultaneous users in a TH sy the times at which each user can transmit a signal. The acquisition time is similar to that of DS sy: is simpler than in an FH system. for quadriphase modulation —_(7.52b) stem can be minimized by coordinating This also avoids the near-far problem. stems for a given bandwidth. Implementation Example 7.12 A certain THSS system is allocated or jumximum signal bandwidth of 8 MHz. Assuming ; i Bi en It is not a power of two; but as the bandwidth must not moe message bit rate after channel coding is 0's MHz, we shall choose M = 1024 (previous bps, find the number of bits necessary from the jowest power of two). Thy Senerator to control the ON/OFF switching time. Now, M = 2¢ implies c= 10 bits are required from the a modulation is used, what is the processing | 4. generator to control the ON/OFF switching time. m The processing gain will now be 2M = 2048 = 33 dB, lion pg = _ i ulation (This value does not differ much from the previous System "C= B/B y= 2M for a biphase mo value of the processing gain.) M=1250 =Total number of slots «% PG=8 x 10973200 = 2500 = 2M = 33.97 4B eee ‘Scanned wih CamScannerTable 7.6 compares the features of all the three SSM methods. Table 7.6 Comparison of SSM methods DSmethod = FH method ‘TH method Averging type Avoidance type Aries ea Sedbsaisye forall ties Different hopping cariers, one at a_ Single caer but transi ferent times time (contd ‘Scanned wih CamScannerDS method Simplest implementation Long acquisition time Near—far problem Advantages Best noise and anti-jam perfor- mance Most difficult to detect Best discrimination against mul- tipath Limitations Requires wideband channel with little phase distortion Requires fast code generator Requires long chip sequence Table 7.6 (Contd) FH method TH method Complex implementation because Simpler than FH synthesizers are required Short acquisition time Long acquisition time No near-far problem ‘Near-far problem is avoided by proper time synchronization Advantages Advantages «Greatest amount of spreading + Highest bandwidth efficiency + Can be programmed to avoid * Useful when transmitter is aver- portion of the spectrum age power limited but not peak power limited Limitations Limitations + Not useful for range and range * Requires error correction rate measurement * Critically requires synchroniza- + Requires error correction Gan: Can be jammed easily hence not used generally ‘Scanned wih CamScanner