Limit State Design of
Reinforced Concrete Beam
Limit State in Flexure: Brittle & Ductile Failure
Fracture
Fracture
stress
strain
Limit State in Flexure: Brittle & Ductile Failure
Balanced Section
Concrete and steel reach their respective limit
state simultaneously.
Concrete and steel fail at the same time.
Under-reinforced Section
Steel reach its limit state first. Ductile failure.
Over-reinforced Section
Concrete reach its limit state first. Brittle failure.
Limit State in Flexure: Balanced Section
b 0.446fck
0.0035
x1 x1 a
0.002 C=C1+C2
xu
d x2 x2
d–a
D NA (lever arm)
T
0.87 f y
0.002
Ast Es
Limit State in Flexure: Balanced Section
b 0.446fck
0.0035
x1 x1 a
0.002 C=C1+C2
xu
d x2 x2
d–a
D NA (lever arm)
T
0.87 f y
0.002
Ast Es
0.002 xu 4
x2 xu
0.0035 7
3
x1 xu x2 xu
7
Limit State in Flexure: Balanced Section
b 0.446fck
0.0035
x1 x1 a
0.002 C=C1+C2
xu
d x2 x2
d–a
D NA (lever arm)
T
0.87 f y
0.002
Ast Es
3 xu
0.002 xu 4 C1 0.446 f ck b 0.191 f ck bxu
x2 xu 7
0.0035 7
3 4 xu 2
x1 xu x2 xu C2 0.446 f ck b 0.170 f ck bxu
7 7 3
Limit State in Flexure: Balanced Section
b 0.446fck
0.0035
x1 x1 a
0.002 C=C1+C2
xu
d x2 x2
d–a
D NA (lever arm)
T
0.87 f y
0.002
Ast Es
3 xu
0.002 xu 4 C1 0.446 f ck b 0.191 f ck bxu
x2 xu 7
0.0035 7
3 4 xu 2
x1 xu x2 xu C2 0.446 f ck b 0.170 f ck bxu
7 7 3
Total Compression C C1 C2 0.36 f ck bxu a 0.416 xu
Total Tension T (0.87 f y ) Ast
Limit State in Flexure: Balanced Section
b 0.446fck
0.0035
x1 x1 a
0.002 C=C1+C2
xu
d x2 x2
D NA d–a
T Lever arm
0.87 f y
0.002
Ast Es
Limit State in Flexure: Balanced Section
b 0.446fck
0.0035
x1 x1 a
0.002 C=C1+C2
xu
d x2 x2
D NA d–a
T
0.87 f y
0.002
Ast Es
Compatibility Equation
xu 0.0035
d xu 0.002 0.87 f y / Es
fy (E = 200GPa) xu /d
250 0.53
415 0.48
500 0.46
Limit State in Flexure: Balanced Section
b 0.446fck
0.0035
x1 x1 a
0.002 C=C1+C2
xu
d x2 x2
D NA d–a
T
0.87 f y
0.002
Ast Es
Compatibility Equation Equilibrium Condition: T = C
xu 0.0035 0.87 f y Ast 0.36 f ck xu b
d xu 0.002 0.87 f y / Es
A 0.36 f ck xu Ast
st pt 100
fy (E = 200GPa) xu /d bd 0.87 f y d bd
250 0.53
415 0.48 fy xu
pt 41.38
500 0.46 f ck d
Limit State in Flexure: Balanced Section
b 0.446fck
0.0035
x1 x1 a
0.002 C=C1+C2
xu
d x2 x2
d–a
D NA
T
0.87 f y
0.002
Ast Es
C 0.36 f ck xu b
T (0.87 f y ) Ast
fy xu
pt 41.38
f ck d
a 0.416 xu
Limit State in Flexure: Balanced Section
b 0.446fck
0.0035
x1 x1 a
0.002 C=C1+C2
xu
d x2 x2
d–a
D NA
T
0.87 f y
0.002
Ast Es Moment of Resistance
M u C d a T d a
C 0.36 f ck xu b
Mu xu xu
0.36 f ck (1 0.416 )
T (0.87 f y ) Ast bd 2 d d
Fy xu /d Mu
fy xu
pt 41.38 250 0.53 0.149fckbd2
f ck d
415 0.48 0.138fckbd2
a 0.416 xu 500 0.46 0.133fckbd2
Balance, Under-reinforced & Over-reinforced
0.0035
fy xu,lim /d
250 0.53
xu,max xu
415 0.48
500 0.46
s = 0.87fy/Es + 0.002
Over reinforced
s < 0 Balance
Under reinforced
s = 0
s > 0
Limit State in Flexure: Balanced Section
b 0.446fck
0.0035
x1 x1 a
0.002 C=C1+C2
xu
d x2 x2
d–a
D NA
T
0.87 f y
0.002
Ast Es Moment of Resistance
M u C d a T d a
C 0.36 f ck xu b
Mu xu xu
0.36 f ck (1 0.416 )
T (0.87 f y ) Ast bd 2 d d
Fy Xu,lim /d Mu,lim
fy xu
pt 41.38 250 0.53 0.149fckbd2
f ck d
415 0.48 0.138fckbd2
a 0.416 xu 500 0.46 0.133fckbd2
Limit State in Flexure: Under-reinforced
b 0.446fck
0.0035
x1 x1 a
0.002 C=C1+C2
xu
d x2 x2
d–a
D NA
T
0.87 f y
0.002
Ast Es Moment of Resistance
M u C d a T d a
C 0.36 f ck xu b
Mu xu xu
0.36 f ck (1 0.416 )
T (0.87 f y ) Ast bd 2 d d
fy xu 1/ 2
pt 41.38 xu 6.68 M u
1.2 1.2
2
f ck d
d f bd 2
ck
a 0.416 xu
Limit State in Flexure: Example
(i) Check whether the following sections are under-
reinforced or over-reinforced. (ii) Determine the moment of
resistances. Use M25, Fe415 and effective cover 50mm.
2-12T
2-12T
Holder
2L-8T @ Holder 2L-8T @
bar 400
150c/c bar 300 150c/c
3-20T+2-16T
3-16T
250 300
Design for Shear
Beam in Shear: Diagonal Cracking
Diagonal compression Diagonal tension
Beam in Shear: Dowel Action
Longitudinal reinforcement
enhances shear resistance
Limit State in Shear: Design Shear Strength
Limit State in Shear
Vu
Nominal shear stress v
d Clause 40.1,
bd
Vu IS456: 2000 c ,max
b Table 20,
IS456: 2000
c
v c No shear reinforcement required
(Minimum to be provided as per Clause 26.5.1.6 IS 456:2000)
v c Shear reinforcement to be designed for ( v c )
Beam in Shear: Typical Shear Reinforcement
sv sv
(45O)
d
sv sv
d
Number of stirrups cut by a 45O crack line given by, N d
Sv
Limit State in Shear: Maximum Shear Strength
2 Legged Stirrups (2L) 4 Legged Stirrups (4L)
( v c )bd N (0.87 f y Asv )
Asv 2 2 for 2L
4
d 0.87 f y Asv
N Sv Asv 4 2 for 4L
Sv b( v c ) 4
Limit State in Shear
Limit State in Shear: Example
Calculate shear reinforcement (vertical stirrups) needed for a
factored shear force (i) Vu = 200 kN (ii) Vu = 75 kN. Use
M25, Fe415 and effective cover 50mm.
2-12T
Holder
bar 500
3-25T
300
