Assignment 7: Improper Integrals

1. (T) Test the convergence/divergence of the following improper integrals:

R1 R1 R1 log
R1
(a) dx √
(b) dx
(c) √x (d) sin(1/x)dx.
log(1+ x) x−log(1+x) x
0 0 0 0

R∞ sin(1/x) R∞ 2 R∞ R
π/2
(e) x
dx (f ) e−x dx (g) sin x2 dx, (h) cot xdx.
1 0 0 0

2. (D) In each case, determine the values of p for which the following improper
integrals converge
R∞ 1−e−x R∞ tp−1
(a) xp
dx (b) 1+t
dt.
0 0

R∞ sin2 x R∞ sin x
3. (T) Show that the integrals x2
dx and x
dx converge. Further, prove
0 0
R∞ sin2 x R∞ sin x
that x2
dx = x
dx.
0 0

R∞ x log x
4. (T) Show that (1+x2 )2
dx = 0.
0
R∞ sin x
5. (D) Prove that improper integral 1 xp
dx converges conditionally for 0 <
p ≤ 1 and absolutely for p > 1.
Rs 1+x
R0 1+x
6. (T) Show that 1+x2
dx and 1+x2
dx do not approach a limit as s−→∞.
0 −s
Rs
1+x
However lim 2 dx exists.
s−→∞ −s 1+x

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 Assignment 7 - Solutions

1. (a) Converges by limit comparison test (LCT) with √1 .

x
1
(b) Diverges by LCT with x2
.
R1 log
(c) The integral − √ x dx converges by LCT with 1
, where 1
< p < 1.
x xp 2
0

(d) Since | sin x1 | ≤ 1, the integral converges. Note that in this case the integral is a
proper integral.
1
(e) Converges by LCT with x2
.
1
(f) Converges by LCT with where p ≥ 2. xp
,
R∞
(g) Note that the integral converges iff sin x2 dx converges. By substituting t = x2 ,
1
Rc 1
Rc2 sin t
we get sin x2 dx = 2
√
t
dt. Use Drichlet test.
1 1
π
R2
(h) cot xdx = − log sin x → ∞ as x → 0+ .
x

R∞ 1−e−x R1 1−e−x
R∞ 1−e−x
2. (a) xp
dx = xp
dx + xp
dx = I1 + I2 .
0 0 1
−x
Now one has to see how the function 1−e
xp
behaves in the respective intervals and
apply the LCT.
−x
Since lim 1−ex = 1, by LCT with xp−1
1
, we see that I1 is convergent iff p − 1 < 1,
x→0
1
i.e.,p < 2. Similarly, I2 is convergent (by applying LCT with xp
) iff p > 1.
R∞ −x
Therefore 1−exp
dx converges iff 1 < p < 2.
0
R∞ R 1 p−1
tp−1
R ∞ p−1
(b) 0
= 0 t1+t dt + 1 t1+t dt = I1 + I2 . For I1 , use LCT with tp−1 . We see
1+t
dt
p−2
that the integral converges iff p > 0. Similarly,
R ∞ tp−1 for I2 , Use LCT with t . The
integral converges iff p < 1. Therefore, 0 1+t dt converges iff 0 < p < 1.

R∞ sin2 x R1 sin2 x
R∞ sin2 x
3. x2
dx = x2
dx + x2
dx = I1 + I2 .
0 0 1
1
I1 is a proper integral and I2 converges by a comparison with x2
.
R∞
Similarly sinx x dx converges by Drichlet test.
0

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R∞ sin2 x sin2 x ∞
R∞ 2 sin x cos x R∞ sin 2x R∞ sin x Date: 2011.03.05 00:36:03 +05'30'

x2
dx = − x |0 + x
dx = 2x
d(2x) = x
dx.
0 0 0 0

R∞ x log x
R1 x log x
R∞ x log x
4. (1+x2 )2
dx = (1+x2 )2
dx + (1+x2 )2
dx = I1 + I2 .
0 0 1
Since, lim x log x = 0, I1 is a proper integral.
x→0
 x log x x2 1
For large x, log x ≤ x. Hence (1+x2 )2
≤ (1+x2 )2
≤ 1+x2
and I2 converges.
1
Use the substitution x = t
in I1 to get I1 = −I2 .
R∞ sin x
5. By Dirichlet’s Test, xp
dx converges for all p > 0.
1
R∞ | sin x| R∞ dx
xp
dx ≤ xp
. Therefore, the function converges absolutely for p > 1.
1 1
Now, let 0 < p ≤ 1.
2
Since, | sin x| ≥ sin2 x, we see that | sin
xp
x
| ≥ sinxp x = 1−cos
2xp
2x
.
R∞ 2x R∞ 1
By Dirichlet’s Test, cos 2x p dx converges ∀ p > 0. But 2xp
diverges for p ≤ 1.
1 1
R∞ sin x
Hence, xp
dx converges conditionally for 0 < p ≤ 1 and absolutely for p > 1.
1

Rs 1+x
6. 1+x2
dx diverges by limit comparison with x1 .
0
Rs 1+x
R0 1+x
Rs 1+x
Rs 1−u
Rs 1+x
Rs 2du
1+x2
dx = 1+x2
dx + 1+x2
dx = 1+u2
du + 1+x2
dx = 1+u2
, which converges.
−s −s 0 0 0 0