MULTI-STOREY CAR PARK COMPLEX,
MARINA, LAGOS
ABSTRACT
Transportation systems and the routes they use have greatly influenced both how and where
people live. Reliable transportation allows a population to expand throughout a country’s
territory and to live comfortably in remote areas far from factories and farms. Transport in one
form or another is a basic and essential part of the daily rhythm of life. At different stages of
development, however, and in different sets of circumstances, the nature of the demand for
transport is likely to vary a great deal. With the increase in population and economic activities in
Nigerian cities, the number of motor vehicles is growing at a faster rate than the proportion of
urban space devoted to roads. In urban areas particularly, but also in suburban areas, the
growing commercialization of available land has produced rapid and large increase in land
values, to the extent that the use of large areas of land for parking automobiles and other
vehicles is uneconomical. Unfortunately, the very commercialization which enhances the land
values creates an increased demand for vehicle parking space. It is obvious therefore, that
optimum economic use of the land can only be achieved through the use of multi-storey car
parking garages.
Economical Carparks A Design Guide
Steel Carparks
Since 1985 well in excess of 100 carparks have been constructed in Australia and New Zealand
using structural steelwork. Advantages associated with steel carpark construction include:
Earlier Occupation: Repetition from bay to bay and floor to floor leads to reduced time in the
production of shop drawings, fabrication of connections and the erection of steelwork. The
time-savings offered by a steel solution results in reduced financial holding costs and hence
provides an earlier return on investment.
Reduced Exposure to on-site risks: Off-site fabrication reduces the on-site labour, which reduces
the cost of amenities and the amount of on-site supervision. The reduction in the on-site
workforce, delays due to weather and the on-site congestion reduces the exposure to on-site
risk.
Greater Space Utilisation: The sizes of steel columns are small compared with other forms of
carpark construction and this results in a more functional carpark. The column free space
offered by the long spanning capability of structural steel reduces the number of columns
required and in some of the schemes eliminates all internalcolumns.
Future Proof Investment: Columns are easily strengthened and additional connections can be
site welded to the existing steel structure providing flexibility for vertical or horizontal
extension. Reduced Foundation Costs: The reduced dead load associated with structural steel
results in smaller foundations.
Parking Standards
General Considerations
In assessing the parking provision in association with development the Department will
normally expect developers to provide an access to the site in accordance with the current
standards1. Where appropriate, developers will be required to demonstrate there is adequate
provision of space within the site, for parking, manoeuvring, loading and unloading to fulfil the
operational requirements of the proposed development.
Where developments incorporate more than one land use which are functioning
simultaneously, e.g. a warehouse containing a large offi ce or a public house containing a
restaurant, the combined figures applicable to both uses will apply. Conversely, in multi-purpose
development where it can be shown that separate uses operate at different times of the day
greater flexibility will be applied.
Floor areas quoted in the guidelines relate to Gross Floor Area unless otherwise stated.
The term ‘one space’ used in the standards refers to standing area only and the recommended
minimum dimensions for a car space are 4.8 metres by 2.4 metres. The term ‘commercial
vehicle space’ used in the standards refers to the standing area required for the general type of
commercial vehicle which would normally serve the particular development.
The following are standard space requirements of some typical vehicles. These may be used as
basic minimum reference values but different layouts such as parallel, herringbone and in-line,
have slightly different overall space requirements and detailed layout of parking spaces will be
site specific.
Car 2.4 metres x 4.8 metres.
Light Vans 2.4 metres x 5.5 metres
Rigid Vehicles 3.5 metres x 14.0 metres
Articulated Vehicles 3.5 metres x 18.5 metres
Coaches (60 seats) 3.5 metres x 14.0 metres
These dimensions refer to standing space only and do not take account of access, manoeuvring
space or space required for loading/unloading.
Operational parking space for commercial and service vehicles will depend on the type
attracted to a development and should provide for manoeuvring space to enable vehicles to exit
the site in forward gear.
Best practice on the number, size and layout of parking spaces reserved for people with
disabilities and general guidance on the provision of appropriate related facilities is set out in
the Department’s guide ‘Access for All’.
The Department will, on request or as necessary, provide advice on the parking requirement for
developments not covered by these standards taking into account the number and size of
vehicles likely to use the proposed development at any one time and wider Government policy
on transportation.
Multi - Storey Car Parking
A multi - storey car park or a parking garage is a building (or part thereof) which is
designed specifically to be for automobile parking and where there are a number of floors or
levels on which parking takes place. It is essentially a stacked parking lot. It is limited to 5 till 6
stories with the total capacity up to 500 cars per lot. For multiple access and exit system to avoid
traffic congestion in and out.
The quality multi – storey parking are safety in use, clear visibility, parking-space
marking to enable drivers to remember the location of their vehicles, integration into the
context of town planning, clear views to the outside, and good natural lighting and ventilation.
General Guidelines
1. Basement parking - Appropriate for residential area, apartment, commercial complex,
office complex and for area around airport that has building high control limit.
2. Podium parking - For medium and high density residential area, plus, office complex.
Ground level until level 4 are used for the parking area, while residential unitS, office and
other functional spaces are located above the parking level.
3. Independent building for multi storey car parking - For all building types that have large
and adequate area for parking, such as low cost apartment, trade and city center, park and
ride system at LRT station or railway station, bus station, institution, sport complex and
mosque.
4. Roof top parking - Appropriate for shopping complex (less that 5 stories) because it saves
cost compared to basement parking.
Types of Parking
1. Conventional Parking/Self Parking
RAMP SYSTEM
a. Clearway parking - Interfloor travel path completely separated from potentially conflicting
parking – unparking movements. Provide safest movement with least delay. Preferred for
self park design. It is feasible for small garage sites.
b. Adjacent parking - Part or all of ramp travel is performed on access aisles. Requires less area
per parking stall. Twofold use of travel paths. Feasible for smaller land parcel. More
susceptible to traffic movement delays. It has potential in causing accident
RAMP DESIGN
a. Opposed ramp design - Vehicles rotate in the same direction. Up and down ramps in
opposite direction. Required ramp surfaces to be opposed. The operation is safer.
b. Parallel - Up and down ramp slope in the same direction. Ramp surfaces are parallel.
Vehicles must rotate in opposite direction. Cheaper to construct.
PARKING LAYOUT
a. Parallel - parallel parking requires experience, confidence, and patience. Parking spaces is
minimum of 7.5 meters long and 2.75 meters wide.
b. Angle 90° - effective in low turnover rate or long term parking areas, the perpendicular, or
90 degree parking configuration is the most efficient and economical since it accommodates
the most vehicles per linear meter.
Description: Dimension:
Parking space width 2.75 meters
Parking space length 6 meters
Driving aisle width (2-way) 7 meters
Two rows plus aisle width 19 meters V
vehicles per 100 linear meter double row 82
c. Angle 60° - ideal for a fast turnover rate or predominantly short term use
-often offset by difficulties of inefficient circulation patterns and one-way aisles
•Standard dimensions for this configuration are:
DescriptionDimension
Parking space width 2.75 meters
Parking space length6 meters
Driving aisle width (1-way)5.5 meters
Two rows plus aisle width 16.5 meters
Vehicles per 100 linear meter double row 65.6
Angle 45°
The 45 degree angled parking configuration displays similar benefits and limitations as the 60
degree.
Standard dimensions for this configuration are:
Description Dimension
Parking space width 2.75meters
Parking space length 6 meters
Driving aisle width (1-way) 4.5 meters
Two rows plus aisle width14 meters
Vehicles per 100 linear meter double row 52.5
Angle 30°
•Standard dimensions for this configuration are:
DescriptionDimension
Parking space width 2.75 meters
Parking space length6 meters
Driving aisle width (1-way) 7 meters
Two rows plus aisle width 19 meters
Vehicles per 100 linear meter double row 39.4
Types of ramp
1)Straight ramp
•Usually rectangular shaped with ramp well along the structure’s longer side dimension
•more horizontal distance is required to satisfy ramp grade criteria than accommodate vehicular
movement between ramp ends
•Requires less floor area and simple to construct
•Economical space on lot that is long and narrow
curve ramp
•Single surfaces that permits vehicles to travel on a continuous helical path between parking
levels
•Movement;
Up-counterclockwise
Down-counterclockwise
Entrance and exit in the side
•Opposite side of ramp oil
•Directly above each other on succeeding floor
•Should be clearway type
•Continuous-360º of rotation between two parking levels
•Located near corners of rectangular structure to minimize floor space loss but required more
space than straight ramp.(fit narrow site but waste more spaces)
FLOOR SYSTEM1) SPLIT-LEVEL OR STAGGERED FLOOR SYSTEMS
•Floor levels in one section is staggered vertically by one half story from those in adjacent
sections
•Applicable to small, high-cost sites where maximum use of space must be achieved
2) SLOPING-FLOOR SYSTEMS
•Consist of sloping levels (full width ramp/continuous ramp)
•Contains two adjacent parking modules tilted in opposite directions
•Well-suited to self-park operations
AUTOMATED PARKING
•Automated parking is a method of automatically parking and retrieving cars typically using a
computerised system of pallets, lifts and carriers
•Most suitable on expensive sites and where land is very limited-too small for economical
development with a ramp parking
Many structural and functional types of automated mechanical systems exist, such as :
-underground systemsas part of the
building foundation
-above gradewhere they can match
neighboring buildings in architectural
appearance
STANDARD AND REGULATION
Ramp break over angle
•Measure ability of the car to break over the steep ramp either climbing or descending without
scrapping
(Min 10º)
•Can be altered through design techniques
•Transitional blend top and bottom of ramps composed of two or more break point can multiply
the steepness with workable break angles beyond the normal capacities of cars or driver
•Having pad of asphalt or concrete each side of break point so that the cars having low break
over angle can negotiate potential critical points without scrapping
Angle of departure
•Min 10º
•To reduce incident of tailpipe and rear bumping dragging
Angle of approaches
•Min 15 º
Ramp slopes
•Max 15%
•For slopes over 10%, transition at least 8 feet long should be provided at each end of the ramp
at one half the slope of the ramp itself
Ramp grades transition
•Min 12 foot long = 1/2 of ramp grade
Ramp width
One way straight ramp-min 12 feet
Two way straight ramp-min 22 feet
Circular ramp-min 14-18 feet
Ramp radius
•Single lane helical ramp-min 32 -37 feet
•Must kept min to conserve space and reduce travel distance
•Very sharp can cause dizzy
Ramp turn super elevation
•½ inch/foot of ramp width at sharpest turning
•Ramp curves not too steeply
a) Slow driver-difficult to keep way from inside edge of ramp pavement
b) Fast driver-encourage to speed greater than conditions of grade and
sight distance safety permit.
Driveway exits
a) Ramp driveway exit rising up to public sidewalk
•have transition section min 16 feet long at almost level before intersecting the sidewalk
•Prevent hood of the car from obscuring the driver’s view of pedestrians on walk
b) Property line wall
•Must not interfere with the driver’s view of pedestrian on public side walk.
•If exit driveway is parallel and adjacent to the property line that extends all the way to side
walk, edge of the driveway should physically establish by curbing or railing.
•min 6 feet from the wall.
Ramp grades
•Computed by :floor to floor height x 100
____________________
Ramp length
•Max ramp grades:
a) self park design
-not exceed 15 %
-not exceed than 10% if had a pedestrian walkway on vehicles
ramp
b)sloping floor self park design
-ramp grades max 4%
-angle parking 60º-minimizes gravity roll back of vehicles.
Ramp appearance
Architectural and optical effect
•Ramp wall
-Painted with stripes contrasting to wall color
-Parallel to ramp surfaces or at steeper angles
-Use paint marking in between vertical column and travel way
-Built structural features with architectural lines parallel or perpendicular to ramp surfaces
•Ramp structures
-Open ; to provide sight distance and reduce closed in impression
•Ramp illumination
-Wall opening are restricted-distract the driver’s view
-Artificial lighting should take form of diffused illumination
-Reflector should pointed away from the direction of travel
Vehicle control
Fee collection
•Fixed or variable charged pay on exit
Barrier capacity
•2 barrier types available
-Rising arm
-Rising kerb
•Entry barrier400 vehicles/hour
•Exit barrier250 vehicles/hour
Lighting
•Services illumination for public should be (lux);
Parking areas 20
Driveways50
Ramps70
Roof20
Entrance and exit150
Security and safety
•Open, glass stairwells and glass-backed elevators
•Security devices
-video, audio and emergency buttons that call into the booth or local
police station
-Public telephones
•Eliminate potential hiding places, such as under open stairs
•Handicap accessibility with vehicles close to stair and elevator cores
have a direct path to key movement patterns of the garage
•ventilation
-avoid carbon monoxide build-up, designed adequate air flow for through
mechanical and/or natural
•Non-slip floor surface
-ensure safety of movement of the man and automobile
•Energy efficiency in lighting
-balance between day lighting, interior lighting and exterior control
especially on the exterior design of the façade while providing adequate
lighting within
-Lights should be vandal resistant and easy to maintain.
Fire and precaution
Structural fire resistance
•Use non-combustible materials in the construction with structural fire requirement 1 hour in
specific restricted circumstances requirement for structural fire requirement may be waived for
building less than 15.2m high
•Eg: Cast in place concrete, pre-cast concrete and structural steel
Means of escape
•All parking spaces within 45.7 m of escape stairway having 1 hour fire requirement
Fire precaution
•Have adequate
-fire bridge access
-Dry rising main
-Fire points
(Local)Parking Systems in the Philippines
There are two things the Philippines is struggling with right now – traffic and parking.
The first is something we’ve long since had trouble with and are yet to solve, but the second is
something, you can say, new. We are in immediate need of a better parking system in the
Philippines. And this is on top of all other things we have to fix and include in our
establishments’ security system.
If we’re being honest, we saw this problem coming from a couple hundred miles away.
Every year, more and more people are purchasing automobiles and it was about time that it
affected our parking system in the Philippines. It has come to the point that parking or looking
for a parking spot rather is just as agonizing and rage-inducing as traversing our congested
roads.
We often see this in malls or restaurants: people sitting in their cars with their hazards
on patiently waiting for someone to leave. You can also see cars constantly circling the parking
lot scouting the place for an available slot. These days, we don’t just have to wait in line for
food, we also have to suffer through long and seemingly never-ending parking lines.
Although we can offer no solution to this, we can offer an overview of the parking
system in the Philippines. We’ll be differentiating the two different parking systems and listing
the various parking facilities and parking management systems we have here. Of course, we’ll
also discuss the issues that stem from our parking system and the importance of solving this
problem. There’s a lot to tackle so let’s shift gears and go full throttle!
Importance of a Good Parking System
It goes without saying that we are in dire need of a good parking system in the
Philippines, and not only to soothe our raging drivers but for the following reasons as well:
Optimizes Space – Our current problem is that we are running out of space to build parking
spaces, but that’s not the root of the issue. It lies in the fact that the parking systems we have
now are inefficient and make poor use of space. We need a better management system that will
direct drivers to available slots so they don’t end up scrambling over where to park and clogging
the pathways. Once this is achieved, parking areas won’t be so crowded with impatient drivers.
Improves Security – A good parking system should come with enhanced security. As said
before, safety is one of the emerging issues in parking. Drivers always worry about the safety of
their vehicles, but this concern can easily be eliminated if developers implement various security
measures. They need only to lower the threats of property theft, damage, and injury.
Increases Business Activity – People are attracted to places where there is high parking
availability. It’s human nature to not want to deal with the difficulty of finding a parking spot. So
if we can create a parking system where drivers are guaranteed a spot, then it will draw more
people in. It can be for businesses purposes but can be for other things, too.
Creates a Foundation for Redevelopment – Investors want to see a clear path for the future
of the city they’re interested in and one thing they are going to look at is the parking system in
place. Not only does a good parking system attract crowds, it also attracts material investment
and further secures benefits for the community and its stakeholders.
Provides Income – Of course, parking spaces aren’t built for free; it’s an investment that
someone is hoping to profit from. A more efficient parking system can accommodate more cars
and will lead to more income
REFERENCES
MULTI-STOREY CAR PARK COMPLEX (MARINA LAGOS, 2008)
[Link]
Economical Carparks A Design Guide
[Link]
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Parking Standards
[Link]
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Multi - Storey Car Parking
[Link]
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ar_parking_159.pdf&ved=2ahUKEwjt2IToxbzlAhUuCqYKHXaDDfOQFjABegQIAxAB&usg=AOVVaw
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Parking Systems in the Philippines
[Link]
Republic of the Philippines
SORSOGON STATE COLLEGE
Engineering and Architecture Department
Sorsogon City
Proposed Construction of a Three-Storey Multi-Level Car Parking
ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN 3
2019-2020
PREPARED BY:
JUSTINE JOHN GERSALIA
STUDENT
SUBMITTED TO:
RAFAEL J. BALICANO, fuap, mpa, ms arch.
Assistant Professor III
Republic of the Philippines
SORSOGON STATE COLLEGE
Engineering and Architecture Department
Sorsogon City
Proposed Construction of a Three-Storey Multi-Level Car Parking
ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN 3
2019-2020
PREPARED BY:
KYLA NICOLE H. PERDIGON
STUDENT
SUBMITTED TO:
RAFAEL J. BALICANO, fuap, mpa, ms arch.
Assistant Professor III
