CONTENT : Unit 6 to 10 / Grade 11
Unit 1 to 10 / grade 12
RELATIVE CLAUSES: ( sentence transformation and sentence combination.)
Relative clauses of pronoun: who, whom, which, whose, that
Example: I bought a new car. It is very fast. (that)
→ I bought a new car that is very fast.
Relative clauses of adverb: why, where, when
Example: I don’t know the reason. You didn’t go to school for that reason.
→ I don’t know the reason why you didn’t go to school.
ADVERBIAL CLAUSE: ( sentence transformation and sentence combination.)
Adverbial clauses of condition : ‘if’, ‘unless’, or ‘provided that’
Example: If you follow the rules, you can play the game
You can play the game, provided that you follow the rules.
Adverbial clauses of manner: ‘like’, ‘as though’ or ‘as if’
Example: I think it is going to rain.
It looks as if/ as though it is going to rain.
Adverbial clauses of result or consequence: so that, in order that, so…
that and such…that.
Example: They were beautiful flowers. We took a photograph of them.
They were such beautiful flowers that we took a photograph of them.
Adverbial clauses of comparison: than, as
Example: He works harder than I do.
She is not so stupid as you think.
PARTICIPLE ( Sentence Combi & Sentence Transform )
Present participle : Ving
Ex : He holds the rope with one hand and stretches out the other to the boy in
the water (holding)
-> Holding the rope with one hand and stretches out the other to the boy in the
water
Past participle : V2/ed
Ex : I was exhausted through lack of sleep and fell asleep at my desk.
-> Exhausted through lack of sleep, I fell asleep at my desk.
Perfect particple :having + V3/ed
Ex : Christopher apologized. He’d forgotten to pay. having
-> Christopher apologized for having forgotten to pay.
Passive participle : Being V3/ed / Having been V3/ed
Ex : After he was released from prison, Andy could not find a job
anywhere.
-> After being released from prison, Andy could not find a job anywhere.
INFINITIVES: ( Sentence Combi & Sentence Transform )
Present : to V
Ex My parents insist that I study hard. ( to )
-> My parents want me to study hard
Present passive: to be V3/ed
Ex They say these nuts are good for health. ( said )
-> These nuts are said to be good for health.
Perfect: to have v3/ed
Ex : Emily has recently got married. She is the first of my sisters who has
done so. ( gotten )
->Emily is the first of my sisters to have gotten married.
Perfect passive : to have been V3/ed
Ex They believed that this picture has been painted by Leonardo Da Vinci.
(to)
The picture is believed to have been painted Leonardo Da Vinci.
REPORTED SPEECH: ( Sentence Transformation )
V+ O + preposition + Ving: congratulate sb on, apologize sb for, prevent sb
from,…
Ex1: “It was nice of you to help me. Thank you very much,” Tom said to you.
---> Tom thanked me for helping him.
V + Ving: admit, deny,…
Ex: He said to me; “Let’s go home”
-> He suggested going home
V+ O + to V: invite, advise, remind,…
Ex : He said, “Would you like to go out for a drink?”
---> He invited me to go out for a drink.
V + to V : offer, agree, promise,…
Ex: “All right, I’ll wait for you” he said
-> He agreed to wait for me
COMPARISON: encountered in sentence transformation.
I. Changing the comparative degree into equality degree:
S + be + not + adj-er/ more adj + than + S
S + be + as + adj/adv + as + S
Ex: Tom is not taller than John.
Tom is as tall as John.
II. Changing the superlative degree into equality degree:
S + be + adj-est /the most adj + N
Nothing/No one + be + as + adj/adv + as + O
Ex: Tom is the tallest student in my class.
No one in my class is as tall as Tom.
[Link] the comparative degree into the superlative degree:
S + be + adj-er/more adj + than + any (other)
S + be + the + adj/adv-est (the most + adj/adv)
Ex: Alice is taller than any other girl in the class.
Alice is the tallest girl in the class.
IV. DOUBLE COMPARATIVES:
1. Comparative and comparative
S+ be + adj/adv
S+ short adjective- er and short adjective- er
S+ more and more + long adjective
Ex: Because he was afraid, he walked faster and faster.
[Link] comparative … the comparative …
S+ be/ V + short adj/ adv, S+ be/V + short adj/ adv.
The + short adj / adv- er + S + V, the + short adj/ adv - er + S + V
Ex: They are big, they fall fast
The bigger they are, the faster they fall.
S+ be/ V + long adj/ adv, S+ be/V + long adj/ adv.
The more + long adj / adv. + S + V, the more + long adj / adv. +S+V
Ex: I look into your eyes much, I love you much.
The more I look into your eyes, the more I love you.
