17 Worksheet (AS) Nuclear Physics
238
1 The nuclide 92 U decays by emitting α-particles and β-particles in a series of decays to form
206
82 Pb. Eight α-particles are emitted in the sequence. How many β-particles are emitted? [1]
A 6
B 8
C 10
D 12
2 An isotope of uranium, with proton number 92 and nucleon number 235, emits a series of
α-particles and β-particles. What is the proton number and nucleon number after five
α-particles and two β-particles are emitted? [1]
Proton number Nucleon number
A 80 215
B 82 213
C 84 215
D 86 226
3 What can be assumed to be the maximum range of an α-particle in air? [1]
A a few millimetres
B a few centimetres
C a few metres
D a few kilometres
4 In an α-particle scattering experiment a very thin gold film is bombarded with α-particles.
What is observed? [1]
A A few α-particles are deflected through an angle greater than 90º.
B Most α-particles are deflected through angles greater than 90º.
C No α-particle continues on its original path.
D No α-particle is deflected through an angle greater than 90º.
5 What can be concluded about a gold nucleus when α-particles are scattered by a thin gold foil? [1]
A The nucleus contains protons.
B The nucleus contains neutrons.
C The nucleus is much smaller than the size of the atom.
D The nucleus is surrounded by electrons.
6 a Give the name of each of the following ionising radiations:
4
i 2 He [1]
0
ii −1 e [1]
iii γ [1]
b Which radiation is the most ionising? [1]
c What is wrong with the statement below written by a student in his notes?
Beta-particles emitted from a radioactive material are electrons that have been ejected
from their orbits around the atoms. [1]
7 State two of the properties of γ-radiation. [2]
17 Worksheet (AS)
8 a In each case below, write a nuclear decay equation.
210
i The polonium isotope 84 Po emits an α-particle and changes into an isotope of
lead (Pb). [2]
90
ii The strontium isotope 38 Sr emits a β-particle and changes into an isotope of
yttrium (Y). [2]
b Explain why the nucleon number in your answer to a ii does not change. [2]
232
9 During the transformation of the thorium isotope Th into an isotope of radon (Rn),
90
a total of three α-particles and two β-particles are emitted. Determine the nucleon number
and proton number of the isotope of radon. [4]
10 In an α-particle scattering experiment, α-particles are fired towards a thin gold foil.
a The diagram shows three α-particles approaching a gold nucleus in the foil.
i Copy the diagram and on your copy complete the paths of the α-particles. [3]
α gold
nucleus
α
ii Add to your diagram a dotted line to show the path taken by slower α-particles
travelling initially along each of the same three lines. Label each of these dotted lines
‘slow’. [2]
iii Explain why the α-particle comes closer to the gold nucleus when the α-particle is
initially faster. [2]
b Explain why this scattering experiment leads to the conclusion that an atom is mainly
composed of empty space, with a very small nucleus. [2]
c Suggest an approximate value for:
i the diameter of a gold nucleus
ii the diameter of a gold atom. [2]
11 a Distinguish between the random and the spontaneous nature of radioactive decay. [4]
b Explain why the evaporation of water molecules from water is faster at higher temperatures
but the emission of radioactive particles is unchanged as the temperature is raised. [2]
c List α, β and γ-radiation, of similar energy, in ascending order of:
i ionising ability (ion pairs created per mm in air) [1]
ii range in air [1]
iii mass [1]
iv speed. [1]
Total: Score: %
43
