INFANCY

AGE : 1month – 1 year

PSYCHOSEXUAL STAGE: Oral Stage
PSYCHOSOCIAL STAGE: __________________
COGNITIVE STAG : Sensorimotor (0-2y.o.)
FEAR : _________________
PLAY : Solitary Play

A. PHYSICAL GROWTH
a. WEIGHT
 double birth weight _________
 triple birth weight ________
 average weight gain : 1st 6months - _________
: 2nd 6months – ________
 average 1y.o. : ____ – 10kg (22lbs)
:____ – 9.5kgs (21lb) B. MOTOR DEVELOPMENT
b. HEIGHT  ability to move and to control the body
 1st year- increases by ____  body movement is _____________
 average: __________ [50.8 to 76.2cm]  reflects the principles of _______________
 1st half of 1st year- growth more in the trunk  development & gross to fine motor development
 2nd half of 1st year- _________________  control proceeds from __________ to lower extremities in
 end of first year, legs disproportionately short, and a progressive and predictable sequence
bowed.  different infants accomplish different tasks at different
c. HEAD CIRCUMFERENCE _____.
 end of first year, brain reached ________ of an adult size 1. gross motor development
 ___________ due to one sleeping position causing the 2. fine motor development
skull bones to flatten on that side
d. BODY PROPORTION GROSS MOTOR DEVELOPMENT
 changes from newborn to a typical infant appearance. [Link] SUSPENSION POSITION
 one year old - _________ - more prominent - held in midair on a horizontal plane and supported by the
 chest circumference less than head by _____ hand at the abdomen
 abdomen remains ______________
 cervical, thoracic and lumbar vertebral curves develop AGE MILESTONE
 lengthening of the lower extremities_____________ (mos)
e. BODY SYSTEM 1 lift their head _____________ then drop
1. Cardiovascular System 2 hold their head in same plane as the rest of the body
 HR- ________________ by the end of 1st year 3 lift and maintain their head well above the plane of the rest
 PR slows with inhalation of the body
 BP -average of ______________ mm Hg. - ____________ develops until the second 6 months
 heart occupies over half the width of the chest of life
 heart is becoming more efficient 6-9 parachute reaction
2. Respiratory System
 RR- ________ breaths /min (from 30-60 breaths / min) B. PRONE POSITION
 respiratory infections occur often - when lying on their stomach, NB can turn their head to
3. Gastrointestinal System move it out of a position where breathing is impaired, but
 amylase for digestion present at 3months cannot hold head raised for an extended time
 lipase for digestion of __________ decreased
 _____ remains immature
AGE MILESTONE
4. Urinary System
(mos)
 kidneys _________ , inefficient at eliminating body wastes
1 lift heir head and turn it easily to the side
5. Endocrine System
2 can raise head and maintained the position, but cannot
 remains ___________ in response to pituitary stimulation
raise their ________ high enough to look around yet
6. Immune System
3 lifts head and shoulders well off the table and ______
 functional by 2 months; produce ____and____ by 1 year
around when prone
 ability to adjust to cold mature by ___ months ,can shiver
 develop additional adipose tissue for insulation 4 - lift chest off the bed look around actively, turning head
 amount of __________ decreases but subcutaneous fat from side to side
increases - ______________ reflex
 Extracellular fluid -____ of body weight, 5 - child rests his/her weight on the _______ when prone
 intracellular fluid – _____ which increases susceptibility - can turn completely over, front to back and back to front
to dehydration 6 - rest their weight on their hands with extended arms
f. TEETH - raise their chests and the upper part of their abdomens off
 first baby tooth erupts at ________, followed by a new the table
one monthly 9 - child can ________ from prone position
 flouride supplementation should be administer at ______
 deciduous teeth (temporary or baby teeth) – protects C. SITTING POSITION
the growth of the dental arch - when placed on his/ her back and then pulled on a sitting
position

AGE MILESTONE
(mos)
1 gross head _________
2 - can hold his/her head fairly steady
- tends to ________ forward
- still has head lag
3 slight head lag when pulled to sit
4 no more head lag*
 5 straighten his/her back D. PLAY
6 sit momentarily without support
7 can sit alone, but only when heads are held forward for AGE PLAY TOYS
__________ 0-1 Enjoys watching face of Black and white or brightly
8 can sit securely without additional support* primary caregiver, listening colored mobiles;
9 can sit steadily , can ___________ and regain their balance to soothing sounds _____________ mobiles
2 Enjoys bright-colored Small rattles held for a short
mobiles period of time; Mobiles or
D. STANDING POSITION cradle gyms strung on cribs
AGE MILESTONE 3 Spends time looking at Small blocks or small rattles
(mos) hands or uses them as toy
1 _________ reflex still present; knees and hips flex when during the month (hand
standing regard)
3 - try to support part of their weight on their feet 4 Needs space to turn Playpen or a sheet spread on
- stepping reflex begins to ________ the floor to exercise their
4 able to support their weight on their legs new skill of rolling over
5 - continues the ability to sustain portion of his/her weight 5 Handles ___________ well Objects small enough so that
- ___________ reflex & ______ reflex are fading infant can lift with one hand,
yet big enough that the baby
6 nearly support their full weight when standing
cannot possibly swallow
7 __________ in enjoyment in a standing position
6 Enjoys bathtub toys, rubber Rubber toys such as ducks;
9 can stand by holding onto a coffee table
ring for teething teething rings
10 can pull themselves to a standing position by holding on to
Likes objects that are good Blocks, rattles, plastic keys;
the side of a playpen
7 size for transferring brightly colored balls or toys
11 learns to “_______” or move about the crib or room by
that rolled out of reach.
holding onto objects
Enjoys manipulation, rattles Toys made of rough or
12 stands alone momentarily
8 and toys of different smooth items such as velvet,
textures fur, etc
FINE MOTOR DEVELOPMENT
Needs space for Toys that go inside one
AGE MILESTONE
9 ____________ another; pots and pans that
(mos)
stack.
1 - still have strong grasp reflex, hold hands in fist tightly &
10 Games like patty-cake and Peek-a-boo; can clap; play
difficult to extend fingers
peek-a-boo patty- cake
2 - hold objects for a minute then drops, ________ reflex
_____________ Cruise or walk along low
begins to fade
11 tables by holding on
3 - reach for attractive object in front of them
Likes toys that fit inside Boxes that fit inside one
4 - brings hands together & pull at their clothes
12 each other; nursery another, dropping blocks into
- thumb opposition starts, but motion is scooping or raking,
rhymes; will like pull toys as a cardboard box;
not picking
soon as walking __________toys; listening to
- ___________________________grasp reflex disappeared
nursery rhymes or music.
5 - can accept object handed to them and grasp with whole
hand
- can reach or pick object without it being offered and plays
DEVELOPMENTAL MILESTONE OF INFANT
with his/her toes as objects
6 - grasping has advanced and can hold objects in both hands
AG PHYSICAL MOTOR SENSORY SOCIALIZATION
7 - can transfer a toy from one hand to the other
E &
- holds the first object when a second one is offered
VOCALIZATION
8 -random reaching and ineffective grasping have
1 Weight 1. Can turn 1. Eye [Link] face
disappeared as a result of advanced eye-hand coordination
mo gain head side to movement intently while
10 -___________________
about side when coordinated being spoken
- enables the child to pick up small objects such as crumbs,
150- prone most of to
pieces of crackers
210g/wk 2. Lifts head the time 2 Utters small,
- offers toy but then cannot release them
during momentarily 2. Follows throaty
12 - can draw a semi-straight line with a crayon
the from bed light to sounds
- enjoy putting blocks in container and taking them out
________ 3. Primitive midline
again
________ reflexes still 3. Visual
- can hold spoon to feed themselves fairly well
present acuity
- can take off socks and push their hands into sleeves
4. Hand __________
- can offer toy and release them
closed
2-3 Posterior 1. Lift head 1. Follows 1.
mo fontanel for short light to the ___________
C. LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT
s closed time & raise periphery 2. Shed tears
1 month - begins to make small, cooing sounds
chest 2. Listens 3. Laughs aloud
2 months - make _______, gurgling, or _______ sounds
supported to sounds , show pleasure
3 months- will squeal with pleasure.
on forearms in making
4 months- very “_________”, cooing, babbling, & gurgling
2. Primitive sounds
5 months - says simple vowel sounds (“goo-goo” “gaa-gaa”)
reflexes
6 months - learn the art of ______
fading
7 months - can imitate vowel sounds well
3. Plays with
9 months - speaks a first word: “_____ “or “ba-ba”
fingers and
10 months - masters another word such as “bye-bye” or “ NO'
hands
12 months - can say two words besides “_____” and “______”;
use those two words with meaning. 4 -5 Drools 1. Can raise Recognizes 1. Coos &
mo both head & familiar gurgles when
s chest on objects and talked to.
prone people 2. Enjoys social
___________ interaction
2. Can roll [Link]
 over from displeasure food starts at ______ months
abdomen to when an object
back is taken away  Feed when hungry, before BM or FM
(5mos.)  As the amount of solid food increases, milk
needs to be ___________
6-7 Weight 1. 1. Has taste 1.  Never introduce foods by mixing them with
mo doubles ______with preference ____________ formula in the bottle.
s Teething support(6 2. Object ________  Begin spoon feeding by _____________ on back
begins mos.) permanence 2. Cries easily of the tongue
with 2. Can turn but laughs  Respect infant food preferences
eruption over well quickly GUIDELINES ON WEANING:
of 2 lower equally from  Parent should choose _____ feeding a day and
incisors stomach or begin offering fluid by the new method at that
back feeding
3. Palmar  Choosing a time of the day is helpful
grasp (6mos)  Gradual; replacing one bottle at a time w/ a cup
4. Can until ______ time bottle
approach a  If breastfeeding must be terminated before___
toy & grasp it months of age, a bottle should be used to allow
with 1 hand for continued sucking needs; after about 6
to the other months wean directly to a cup
from hand to
mouth HEALTH TEACHINGS ON INFANT’S NUTRITION:
5. Plays with 0 – 3 MONTHS
feet puts  only breast milk or formula for the first 6 months
them to of life.
mouth  always hold infant when feeding
 limit water intake to _________ at a time
8-9 [Link] 1. Sits Displays 1. Definite  avoid use of ___________ or corn syrup
mo Doubles steadily interest on social attach  allow non-nutritive sucking.
s. Teething alone(8 mos.) small objects ments 4 – 6 MONTHS
begins 2. Pincer [Link] to  introduce solid foods without added _______ or
with grasp own name sugar
eruption __________ 3. Has  give iron-___________ cereal, one type of food
of 2 lower 3. Crawls imitative and at a time.
incisors repetitive  avoid use of juice or sweetened drinks.
speech  feed with the use of __________ only. 
10- 1. Weight 1. Creeping Visual acuity [Link] 7 – 9 MONTHS
12 triples 2. Stands 20/50 emotions  Introduce finger foods and cup when infant is
mo 2. With with support such as able to __________.
s. total of 6- (10 mos.) jealousy,  Allow infant to join family meal times
8 teeth 3. Stands affection &  Allow ________________ with supervision.
withou anger  Offer fluids after solid foods.
support (12 2. Fear with  Introduce limited amount of diluted juice in a
mos.) strangers & cup.
4. ________ strange  Avoid __________ desserts and soda.
with support situations 10– 12 MONTHS
(12 mos.) 3. May  Offer 3 meals and healthy snacks
5. Can eat develop a  Begin to ______ from bottle, begin table foods
from spoon habit of  Avoid fruit drinks and flavored milk
and drink ___________  Allow infant to _____________ with spoon
from cup but __________
needs help 4. Can say B. IMMUNIZATION
6. Prefers words with  Routine immunization schedules call for children to
using meaning receive immunity against measles, mumps, rubella,
fingers [Link] diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, hepatitis B, poliomyelitis,
simple pneumococcal pneumonia, H. influenza meningitis, and
request varicella (chickenpox).

C. SAFETY PROMOTION AMONG INFANTS

- Accidents are a leading cause of death from 1 month
through 2 years of age.
HEALTH PROMOTION DURING INFANCY - Most accidents occur because parents either
A. NUTRITION underestimated or overestimated a child’s ability
GUIDELINES ON INFANT FEEDING:
 Breast milk (complete diet) for ____________ POTENTIAL PREVENTIVE MEASURES
 Iron-fortified commercial formula ACCIDENT
 Solid food at __________ GENERAL 1. Know the whereabouts of infants at all times.
 First food - iron-fortified cereals up to ________ [Link] is increased when parents are under
 Introduce food one at a time stress. Take special precautions
 Introduce small amounts of a new food (1-2 tsp) 3. Choose babysitters carefully
at a time; gradually increase ___________ 1. Objects grasp and brought to the mouth is
**allow child to eat each item for 1 week before _________ safe to eat or too big to fit the mouth.
introducing another food 2. Do not feed with foods such as peanuts or
 First solid foods are strained, pureed, or mashed popcorn.
 Fruit juices should be offered from a ____ 3. Store baby products such as powder out of
 _____________ are introduced at 6 to 8 months Reach.
 Chopped table food/commercially prepared 4. Inspect toys and pacifiers for small parts that
 could be aspirated if broken off; **History of constipation for more than one week should be
FALLS 1. Never leave an infant on an unprotected examined for an __________________ or tight sphincter.
surface
2. Place a gate at the top and bottom of b. DIARRHEA
stairways; do not allow to walk with a sharp  Classification:
object in the hands or mouth  acute
3. Raise crib rails and make sure they are locked  chronic
4. Do not leave a child unattended in a highchair,  Assessment:
Avoid using an infant walker  frequent watery stools
MOTOR 1. Never transport unless an infant is buckled into  weight loss greater than 10% (severe)
VEHICLE an infant car seat in the back  diminished skin turgor and dry mucous
2. Do not be distracted by an infant while driving. membranes
3. Do not leave an infant unattended in a parked  depressed fontanels and sunken
car eyeballs
____________ 1. Allow no ________________ within infant’s  decreased urine output
___________ reach  irritability
2. Do not use pillows in a crib  metabolic acidosis
3. Store unused appliances such as refrigerators  Management:
or stoves with doors removed  monitor I & O _______
4. Buy a crib that is approved for safety  correct fluid and electrolyte imbalance
5. Remove constricting clothing such as a bib from  identify causative agent & institute
neck at bedtime proper therapy
DROWNING 1. Do not leave infants alone in a bathtub or c. LACTOSE INTOLERANCE
unsupervised near  Assessment:
water( even buckets of cleaning water)  abdominal distention
ANIMAL BITES Do not allow to approach a strange dog;  crampy or colicky abdominal pain
supervise play with family pets.  diarrhea and excessive flatus
POISONING 1. Never present medication as a candy  Management:
2. Buy medications in containers with safety caps;  eliminate offending dairy products
put away after use  administer an enzyme replacement
3. Never take medications in front of infants.  substitute milk with
Place all medications and poisons in locked ________________ milk
cabinets or overhead shelves  provide calcium and vitamin D
4. Never leave medications in a pocket or supplements
handbag  may drink milk with other foods rather
5. Use no lead- based paint in any area of the by itself
home  encourage consumption of cheese or
6. Hang plants or set on high surfaces yogurt
7. Post telephone number of the poison control  encourage consumption of small
center by the telephone amounts of dairy foods
BURNS 1. Test warmth of formula and food before d. COLIC
feeding  Assessment:
2. Do not smoke or drink hot liquids while holding  pulling up of arms and legs
or caring for infant  red-faced crying over long period of
3. Buy flame-retardant clothing for infants time
4. Use a sunscreen over 6 months when out in  presence of excessive gas
direct or indirect sunlight; limit the child’s  Management:
sun exposure to less _______________  watch the parent or caregiver feed the
at a time child
5. Turn handles of pans toward back of stove  provide smaller but frequent feedings
6. Monitor carefully near candles. Do not leave  offering a pacifier may be comforting
infants unsupervised near hot water  teach the parent to burp infant after
faucets feeding
7. Do not allow infants to blow out matches (don’t e. DIAPER DERMATITIS/ RASHES
teach children that fire is fun)  Management:
8. Keep electric wires and cords out of reach;  frequent diaper change
cover electrical outlets with safety plugs.  applying prescribed ointment
 exposing the diaper area to air
 change of diaper brand
***if diaper area is covered with lesions that are bright red, with or
D. COMMON HEALTH RELATED PROBLEMS
without oozing, last longer than 3 days, and
a. CONSTIPATION
appear as red pinpoint lesions, suspect a
 Assessment:
_____________________
 stool withholding behavior
 pain on defecation
f. SPITTING
 Management:
 Management:
 increase fiber and fluid
 ________________ thoroughly after
 if mineral oil is used, it should not be
feeding
given with food
 Maintain an upright position for half an
 avoid _____________
hour after feeding
 place infant in knee-chest position if
***Projectile vomiting and large amount of spitting up each meal
distention and cramping is present.
need attention
NOTE:
* Stool of breastfed infants are generally softer than those of
OTHER PARENTAL CONCERNS:
bottle fed infants
A. TEETHING
* If mother takes laxative while breastfeeding, infant’s stool may be
 __________________10 to 15 mg/kg every 4
loose
hours may be used
* Formula fed infants may have loose stools if the formula is
 teething rings that can be placed in the
_______ diluted properly
 refrigerator
B. THUMB SUCKING
 begin to suck a thumb or finger at
about_________________
 thumb sucking peaks at ________________
 thumb sucking is normal, stops by school age

C. USE OF PACIFIER
 depending on how parents feel about them and
their infant’s needs
 wean a child from a pacifier anytime after 3
months of age
D. HEAD BANGING
 advise parents to pad the rails of the cribs so
infants cannot hurt themselves
 a normal mechanism for relief of tension in
children of this age
E. SLEEP PROBLEMS
 delay bedtime by one hour
 shorten afternoon sleep period
 do not respond immediately to infants at night
 provide soft toy or music
F. BOTTLE TOOTH SYNDROME
 a condition wherein decay of all the upper teeth
and the lower posterior teeth occurs when a
bottle is propped continuously causing the liquid
to continuously soak the teeth
 Management:
 Advise parents n_______________ the
baby to bed with a bottle
 If parents insist ,fill it with water and
use a small nipple to minimize the
amount of fluid the baby will
receive