Simulation 3a
Narrow Band Pass Filter
Aim: To design Narrow Band Pass Filter (NBPF) and verify using PSPICE
simulation tool
Circuit Diagram:
Figure 1: Narrow Band Pass Filter
Theory: Bandpass filter allows signals having only a certain set of frequencies to
pass through it. The contiguous set of frequencies which the BPF allows is called
pass band. A BPF is called as Narrow BPF if its quality Factor is at least 10. The
quality factor (Q) represents selectivity of a BPF and is defined as
𝑀𝑖𝑑 𝑏𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 𝑓𝑚
𝑄= =
𝐵𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑤𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ 𝐵
A high quality factor indicates that the bandwidth is much smaller than the mid
band frequency. The Sallen Key BPF circuit is shown in Figure 1. The transfer
function of the filter is given by
𝐺𝑅𝐶𝜔𝑚 𝑠
𝐻(𝑠) =
1 + 𝑅𝐶𝜔𝑚 (3 − 𝐺)𝑠 + 𝑅 2 𝐶 2 𝜔𝑚
2 𝑠2
The mid band frequency fm is given by
1
𝑓𝑚 =
2𝜋𝑅𝐶
Inner Gain G is
1
𝑅𝑓
𝐺 = 1+
𝑅1
Gain at mid frequency Am is
𝐺
𝐴𝑚 =
3−𝐺
Filter quality Q is given by
1
𝑄=
3−𝐺
The Sallen-Key circuit has the advantage that the quality factor (Q) can be
varied via the inner gain (G) without modifying the mid frequency (fm). A drawback is,
however, that Q and Am cannot be adjusted independently. Care must be taken
when G approaches the value of 3, because then Am becomes infinite and causes
the circuit to oscillate.
Design Steps:
Sl.No. Steps Working
1. Mid band frequency fm fm =
2. Filter Quality Q Q=
3. Capacitor C C=
4. IB(max) of uA741 op-amp IB(max) = 500 nA
Calculate R R=
5. 1
𝑅=
2𝜋𝑓𝑚 𝐶 2R =
Calculate Inner Gain G
6. 3𝑄 − 1 G=
𝐺=
𝑄
VCC =
Saturation voltage for opamp
7. VEE =
Vo(max) = VCC – 1
Vo(max) =
Calculate Rf
8. 𝑉𝑜(𝑚𝑎𝑥) Rf =
𝑅𝑓 =
100 𝐼𝐵(𝑚𝑎𝑥)
Calculate R1
9. 𝑅𝑓 R1 =
𝑅1 =
𝐺−1
Calculate gain at fm
10. 𝐺 Am =
𝐴𝑚 =
3−𝐺
2
Simulation
1. Build the circuit as per the circuit diagram. Use µA741 opamp.
2. Connect ‘No connect’ to Pins 1 and 5 of opamp. as shown in figure below.
These pins are not used.
3. Provide sinusoidal input signal. Select Place PSpice Component Source
Voltage Sources Sine
Set the parameters as follows
VOFF = 0V (Offset Voltage)
VAMPL = 100m as per specification (Amplitude of input signal)
FREQ = 500 as per specification (Frequency of input signal)
AC = 1
4. Configure the power supply for Opamp.
5. Provide ‘Output’ as name for Vo net as shown below
6. Create a new simulation profile with following details
a. Analysis Type: AC Sweep/Noise
b. AC Sweep Type: Logarithmic (Decade)
c. Start Frequency: 1
d. End Frequency: 10000
e. Points/Decade: 100
7. Run the simulation.
8. In the simulation output window.
Right click Add Trace Select V(Output) from the list click OK.
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9. Measure centre frequency, 3dB bandwidth and Q factor using cursors.
Note: These measurements can also be done using ‘Measurements’ option as
shown.
Select Trace Measurements Select Bandwidth / Centre Frequency /
Q_Bandpass Click on Eval
In the arguments for Measurement Evaluation, enter the name of trace to search
as V(output) or click on small signal button and select from list as shown. Enter
db level down for bandwidth calc as 3. Repeat the same for different
measurements.
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Simulation 3b
Narrow Band Rejection Filter
Aim: To design Narrow Band Rejection Filter (NBRF) and verify using PSPICE
simulation tool
Circuit Diagram:
Figure 1: Narrow Band Rejection Filter
Theory: Band rejection filter also called band stop filter or notch filter allows all the
signals except a narrow set of frequencies to pass through it. The contiguous set of
frequencies which the BRF rejects is called stop band. A BRF is called as Narrow
BRF if its quality Factor is at least 10. The quality factor (Q) represents selectivity of
a BRF and is defined as
𝑀𝑖𝑑 𝑏𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 𝑓𝑚
𝑄= =
𝐵𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑤𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ 𝐵
A high quality factor indicates that the bandwidth is much smaller than the mid
band frequency. The Active Twin-T BRF circuit is shown in Figure 1. The transfer
function of the filter is given by
𝐺(1 + 𝑠 2 )
𝐻(𝑠) =
1 + 2(2 − 𝐺)𝑠 + 𝑠 2
The mid band frequency fm is given by
1
𝑓𝑚 =
2𝜋𝑅𝐶
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Inner Gain G is
𝑅𝑓
𝐺 = 1+
𝑅1
Pass band gain A0
𝐴0 = 𝐺
Filter quality Q is given by
1
𝑄=
2(2 − 𝐺)
Notch filters are generally used to remove 50 or 60 Hz power line
interferences.
Design Steps:
Sl.No. Steps Working
1. Mid band frequency fm fm =
2. Filter Quality Q Q=
3. Capacitor C C=
4. IB(max) of uA741 op-amp IB(max) = 500 nA
Calculate R R=
5. 1
𝑅=
2𝜋𝑓𝑚 𝐶 R/2 =
Calculate Inner Gain G
6. 4𝑄 − 1 G=
𝐺=
2𝑄
VCC =
Saturation voltage for opamp
7. VEE =
Vo(max) = VCC – 1
Vo(max) =
Calculate Rf
8. 𝑉𝑜(𝑚𝑎𝑥) Rf =
𝑅𝑓 =
100 𝐼𝐵(𝑚𝑎𝑥)
Calculate R1
9. 𝑅𝑓 R1 =
𝑅1 =
𝐺−1
Simulation
1. Build the circuit as per the circuit diagram. Use µA741 opamp.
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2. Connect ‘No connect’ to Pins 1 and 5 of opamp. as shown in figure below.
These pins are not used.
3. Provide sinusoidal input signal. Select Place PSpice Component Source
Voltage Sources Sine
Set the parameters as follows
VOFF = 0V (Offset Voltage)
VAMPL = 100m as per specification (Amplitude of input signal)
FREQ = 500 as per specification (Frequency of input signal)
AC = 1
4. Configure the power supply for Opamp.
5. Provide ‘Output’ as name for Vo net.
6. Create a new simulation profile with following details
a. Analysis Type: AC Sweep/Noise
b. AC Sweep Type: Logarithmic (Decade)
c. Start Frequency: 1
d. End Frequency: 10000
e. Points/Decade: 1000
7. Run the simulation.
8. In the simulation output window.
Right click Add Trace Type 20*log(V(Output)) in Trace Expression
click OK.
9. Measure centre frequency, 3dB bandwidth and Q factor using cursors.
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