Chapter
Mass Transfer
0
Operations
Lecturer: Dr. Trần Tấn Việt
1
REFERENCES
[1] TREYBAL, R,E., “Mass Transfer Operations”,
McGraw Hill Book Co., Third Edition, 1980
[2] RICHARDSON, J. F., HARKER, J. H.,
BLACKHURST, J. R.;“ Chemical Engineering - Vol
2: Particle technology and Separation Processes”,
Elsevier Science, Fifth Edition, 2002.
[3] CHRISTTIE JOHN GEANKOPLIS, “Transport
Processes and Separation Process Principles”, 4th ed.,
Pearson Education International, 2003.
[4] J.D. SEADER, ERNEST J. HENLEY AND D.
KEITH ROPER, “Separation process principles ”, 3rd
ed. John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
[5] PERRY, R.H. and CHILTON, C.H.,”Chemical
Engineers’ Handbook”, 8th ed., McGraw-Hill Book
Co, 1984.
2
EVALUATION AND GRADE
ASSIGNMENT
Midterm examination: 30%
Homework: 0%
Final examination: 70%.
3
LECTURE TOPICS
Chapter : Introduction
Chapter : Fundamentals of Mass Transfer Process
Chapter : Convective Mass Transfer
Chapter : Interphase Mass Transfer
Chapter : Introduction to Mass Transfer Equipment
Chapter : Absorption
Chapter : Distillation
Chapter : Liquid – Liquid and Liquid – Solid Extraction
Chapter : Drying
Chapter : Membrane Separation Processes
4
Chapter
1
Introduction to Mass
Transfer Operations
5
Content
1.1. Classification of Mass Transfer Operations
1.2. Selection of Mass Transfer Processes
1.3. Methods of conducting the mass-transfer operations
1.4. Design Principles
1.5. Mole Units, and Mass or Weight Units
6
1.1. Classification of Mass Transfer Operations
Unit Operations
“Unit Operations” has largely been superseded by the
more modern and descriptive term “separation
processes”.
The separation process are common to all types of
diverse process industries.
1. Momentum Transfer: Transfer of momentum which occurs
in moving media.
2. Heat Transfer: Transfer of heat from one place to another.
3. Mass Transfer: Mass is being transferred from one phase to
another distinct phase.
7
Definition
• The mass-transfer operations are
characterized by transfer of a
substance through another on a
molecular scale.
• It is not bulk movement as a result of
pressure, kinetic… difference. The
mass transfer is the result of a
concentration difference, or gradient.
The diffusing substance moving from
a place of high to one of low
concentration.
8
UNIT OPERATIONS
PHYSICAL CHEMICAL
IRREVERSIBLE REVERSIBLE IRREVERSIBLE REVERSIBLE
• Momentum Mass Transfer (Chemical
Transfer (Phase Equilibrium)
• Heat Transfer Equilibrium)
9
Fig 1.1. The important roles of the separation processes in industries.
10
Mass Transfer and Its Applications
• Mass transfer – transfer of material from one
homogeneous phase to another. It may occur in a gas
mixture, a liquid solution or solid.
• Based on differences in vapor pressure, solubility,
diffusivity.
• Driving force for transfer is a concentration difference
(gradient in the concentration of a species).
• Mass transfer operations – gas absorption, distillation,
extraction, leaching, adsorption, crystallization,
membrane separations, etc.
11
Gas Absorption
• A solute gas is absorbed
from an inert gas into a
liquid.
• Example: Removal of
ammonia from a mixture
of ammonia-air by
means of liquid water.
• Ammonia is transferred
from gas to liquid phase.
12
Distillation
• Separation of a liquid
mixture of miscible and
volatile substances into
individual components or
group of components by
vaporization.
• Example:
1. Separation of ethanol and
water into its components.
2. Crude petroleum into
gasoline, kerosene, fuel oil.
13
Liquid Extraction
• A mixture of two components is treated by solvent that preferentially
dissolves one or more of the components in the mixture.
• Example;
1. recovery of penicillin from fermentation broth
solvent: butyl acetate
2. recovery of acetic acid (b.p 1180c) from dilute aqueous (b.p 1000c)
solutions
solvent: ethyl-acetate
14
Adsorption
• A solute is removed from
either a liquid or a gas
through contact with solid
adsorbent.
• Adsorbent has surface of
which has a special affinity
for the solute.
• Example: Removal of dyes
using activated carbon as
adsorbent.
15
Membrane separations
• Gas or liquid separations
• Such as Reverse osmosis, ultrafiltration, nanofiltration.
• One component of liquid or gaseous mixture passes
through a selective membrane more readily than the other
components.
• Driving force – concentration or partial pressure.
16
1.2. Selection of Mass Transfer Processes
The chemical engineer faced with the problem of
separating the components of a solution must ordinarily
choose from several possible methods.
1. Mass Transfer Process & Mechanical Process
2. Mass Transfer Process & Chemical Reaction or
both.
3. Mass Transfer Processes
The principal basis of choice in any case is cost.
Occasionally other factors also influence the decision,
however.
17
1.3. Methods of conducting the mass-transfer
operations
• Several characteristics of these operations influence
our method of dealing with them and are described in
terms which require definition at the start.
1) Solute recovery and Fractionation
2) Unsteady-State operation (Batch) & Steady-State
operation
3) Stagewise Operation & Continuous-Contact
(Differential-Contact) Operation
18
1.4 Design Principles
There are four major factors to be established in the
design of any plant involving:
1. Number of theoretical stages
2. Time of phase contact
3. Capacity – The permissible rate of flow
4. Energy requirement
Rate equation
=
19
1.5. Mole Units, and Mass or Weight Units
• Molar concentration of species i = Number of moles of i
per unit volume (kmol/m3)
• Mass concentration = Mass of i per unit volume (kg/m3)
• xA (mole fraction of A) = moles of A / total moles
• wA (mass or weight fraction of A) = mass of A/ total mass
• XA (mole ratio of A) = moles of A/(total moles – moles of
A)
• WA (mass or weight ratio of A) = mass of A/(total mass –
mass of A)
• Gas phase: % volume = % pressure =% mole
20
Liquid phase Gas/vapour phase
weight
fraction
mole
fraction
weight
ratio
mole
ratio
21
22
23
24
Chapter
Introduction to
1
Mass Transfer
Operations
25
