GATE EC

2003

Q. 1-30 Carry One Mark Each

MCQ 1.1 The minimum number of equations required to analyze the circuit shown in the
figure is

(A) 3 (B) 4
(C) 6 (D) 7
SOL 1.1 Hence (B) is correct option.
Number of loops = b − n + 1
= minimum number of equation
Number of branches = b = 8
Number of nodes = n = 5
Minimum number of equation
= 8−5+1 = 4
MCQ 1.2 A source of angular frequency 1 rad/sec has a source impedance consisting of 1 Ω
resistance in series with 1 H inductance. The load that will obtain the maximum
power transfer is
(A) 1 Ω resistance
(B) 1 Ω resistance in parallel with 1 H inductance
(C) 1 Ω resistance in series with 1 F capacitor
(D) 1 Ω resistance in parallel with 1 F capacitor
SOL 1.2 For maximum power transfer
ZL = ZS* = Rs − jXs

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Thus ZL = 1 − 1j
Hence (C) is correct option.
MCQ 1.3 A series RLC circuit has a resonance frequency of 1 kHz and a quality factor
Q = 100 . If each of R, L and C is doubled from its original value, the new Q of the
circuit is
(A) 25 (B) 50
(C) 100 (D) 200
SOL 1.3 Hence (B) is correct option.
Q = 1 L
R C
When R, L and C are doubled,
Q' = 1 2L = 1 L =Q
2R 2C 2R C 2
Thus Q' = 100 = 50
2

MCQ 1.4 The Laplace transform of i (t) is given by

I (s) = 2
s (1 + s)
At t " 3, The value of i (t) tends to
(A) 0 (B) 1
(C) 2 (D) 3
SOL 1.4 From the Final value theorem we have
lim i (t) = lim sI (s) = lim s 2 = lim 2 =2
t"3 s"0 s " 0 s (1 + s) s " 0 (1 + s)

Hence (C) is correct answer

MCQ 1.5 The differential equation for the current i (t) in the circuit of the figure is

2 2
(A) 2 d 2i + 2 di + i (t) = sin t (B) d 2i + 2 di + 2i (t) = cos t
dt dt dt dt
2 2
(C) 2 d 2i + 2 di + i (t) = cos t (D) d 2i + 2 di + 2i (t) = sin t
dt dt dt dt
SOL 1.5 Applying KVL we get,
di (t) 1
sin t = Ri (t) + L
dt
+
C
# i (t) dt

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di (t)
or sin t = 2i (t) + 2
dt
+ # i (t) dt
Differentiating with respect to t , we get
2di (t) 2d2 i (t)
cos t = + + i (t)
dt dt2
Hence (C) is correct option.
MCQ 1.6 n -type silicon is obtained by doping silicon with
(A) Germanium (B) Aluminium
(C) Boron (D) Phosphorus
SOL 1.6 Pentavalent make n −type semiconductor and phosphorous is pentavalent.
Hence option (D) is correct.
MCQ 1.7 The Bandgap of silicon at 300 K is
(A) 1.36 eV (B) 1.10 eV
(C) 0.80 eV (D) 0.67 eV
SOL 1.7 Hence option (B) is correct.
For silicon at 0 K Eg0 = 1.21 eV
At any temperature
EgT = Eg0 − 3.6 # 10 - 4 T
At T = 300 K,
Eg300 = 1.21 − 3.6 # 10 - 4 # 300 = 1.1 eV
This is standard value, that must be remembered.
MCQ 1.8 The intrinsic carrier concentration of silicon sample at 300 K is 1.5 # 1016 /m 3 . If
after doping, the number of majority carriers is 5 # 1020 /m 3 , the minority carrier
density is
(A) 4.50 # 1011/m 3 (B) 3.333 # 10 4 /m 3
(C) 5.00 # 1020 /m 3 (D) 3.00 # 10 - 5 /m 3
SOL 1.8 By Mass action law
np = ni2
2 16
p = ni = 1.5 # 10 # 120 .5 # 1016 = 4.5 # 1011
n 5 # 10
Hence option (A) is correct.
MCQ 1.9 Choose proper substitutes for X and Y to make the following statement correct
Tunnel diode and Avalanche photo diode are operated in X bias ad Y bias
respectively
(A) X: reverse, Y: reverse (B) X: reverse, Y: forward
(C) X: forward, Y: reverse (D) X: forward, Y: forward
SOL 1.9 Tunnel diode shows the negative characteristics in forward bias. It is used in forward
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bias.
Avalanche photo diode is used in reverse bias.
Hence option (C) is correct.
MCQ 1.10 For an n − channel enhancement type MOSFET, if the source is connected at a
higher potential than that of the bulk (i.e. VSB > 0 ), the threshold voltage VT of the
MOSFET will
(A) remain unchanged (B) decrease
(C) change polarity (D) increase
SOL 1.10 Hence option (D) is correct.
MCQ 1.11 Choose the correct match for input resistance of various amplifier configurations
shown below :
Configuration Input resistance
CB : Common Base LO : Low
CC : Common Collector MO : Moderate
CE : Common Emitter HI : High
(A) CB − LO, CC − MO, CE − HI
(B) CB − LO, CC − HI, CE − MO
(C) CB − MO, CC − HI, CE − LO
(D) CB − HI, CC − LO, CE − MO
SOL 1.11 For the different combinations the table is as follows

CE CE CC CB
Ai High High Unity
Av High Unity High
Ri Medium High Low
Ro Medium Low High
Hence (B) is correct option.
MCQ 1.12 The circuit shown in the figure is best described as a

(A) bridge rectifier (B) ring modulator

(C) frequency discriminator (D) voltage double
SOL 1.12 This circuit having two diode and capacitor pair in parallel, works as voltage

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doubler.
Hence (D) is correct option.
MCQ 1.13 If the input to the ideal comparators shown in the figure is a sinusoidal signal of 8
V (peak to peak) without any DC component, then the output of the comparators
has a duty cycle of

(A) 1/2 (B) 1/3

(C) 1/6 (D) 1/2
SOL 1.13 If the input is sinusoidal signal of 8 V (peak to peak) then
Vi = 4 sin ωt
The output of comparator will be high when input is higher than Vref = 2 V and
will be low when input is lower than Vref = 2 V. Thus the waveform for input is
shown below

From fig, first crossover is at ωt1 and second crossover is at ωt2 where
4 sin ωt1 = 2V
Thus ωt1 = sin - 1 1 = π
2 6
ωt2 = π − π = 5π
6 6
5π π
−6
Duty Cycle = 6 =1
2π 3
Thus the output of comparators has a duty cycle of 1 .
3
Hence (B) is correct option.
MCQ 1.14 If the differential voltage gain and the common mode voltage gain of a differential
amplifier are 48 dB and 2 dB respectively, then common mode rejection ratio is
(A) 23 dB (B) 25 dB

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(C) 46 dB (D) 50 dB
SOL 1.14 Hence (C) is correct option.
CMMR = Ad
Ac
or 20 log CMMR = 20 log Ad − 20 log Ac
= 48 − 2 = 46 dB
Where Ad "Differential Voltage Gain
and AC " Common Mode Voltage Gain
MCQ 1.15 Generally, the gain of a transistor amplifier falls at high frequencies due to the
(A) internal capacitances of the device
(B) coupling capacitor at the input
(C) skin effect
(D) coupling capacitor at the output
SOL 1.15 The gain of amplifier is
− gm
Ai =
gb + jωC
Thus the gain of a transistor amplifier falls at high frequencies due to the internal
capacitance that are diffusion capacitance and transition capacitance.
Hence (B) is correct option.
MCQ 1.16 The number of distinct Boolean expressions of 4 variables is
(A) 16 (B) 256
(C) 1023 (D) 65536
SOL 1.16 The number of distinct boolean expression of n variable is 22n . Thus
22 = 216 = 65536
4

Hence (D) is correct answer.

MCQ 1.17 The minimum number of comparators required to build an 8-bits flash ADC is
(A) 8 (B) 63
(C) 255 (D) 256
SOL 1.17 In the flash analog to digital converter, the no. of comparators is equal to 2n - 1,
where n is no. of bit.s
So, 2n - 1 = 28 − 1 = 255
Hence (C) is correct answer.
MCQ 1.18 The output of the 74 series of GATE of TTL gates is taken from a BJT in
(A) totem pole and common collector configuration
(B) either totem pole or open collector configuration
(C) common base configuration

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(D) common collector configuration

SOL 1.18 When output of the 74 series gate of TTL gates is taken from BJT then the
configuration is either totem pole or open collector configuration .
Hence (B) is correct answer.
MCQ 1.19 Without any additional circuitry, an 8:1 MUX can be used to obtain
(A) some but not all Boolean functions of 3 variables
(B) all functions of 3 variables but non of 4 variables
(C) all functions of 3 variables and some but not all of 4 variables
(D) all functions of 4 variables
SOL 1.19 A 2n: 1 MUX can implement all logic functions of (n + 1) variable without andy
additional circuitry. Here n = 3 . Thus a 8 : 1 MUX can implement all logic functions
of 4 variable.
Here (D) is correct answer.
MCQ 1.20 A 0 to 6 counter consists of 3 flip flops and a combination circuit of 2 input gate
(s). The common circuit consists of
(A) one AND gate (B) one OR gate
(C) one AND gate and one OR gate (D) two AND gates
SOL 1.20 Counter must be reset when it count 111. This can be implemented by following
circuitry

Hence (D) is correct answer.

MCQ 1.21 The Fourier series expansion of a real periodic signal with fundamental frequency
f0 is given by gp (t) =/ cn e j2πf t . It is given that c3 = 3 + j5 . Then c−3 is
0

(A) 5 + j3 n =- 3
(B) − 3 − j5
(C) − 5 + j3 (D) 3 − j5
SOL 1.21 Hence (D) is correct answer.
HereC3 = 3 + j5
For real periodic signal
C−k = Ck*
Thus C−3 = Ck = 3 − j5
MCQ 1.22 Let x (t) be the input to a linear, time-invariant system. The required output is
4π (t − 2). The transfer function of the system should be
(A) 4e j4πf (B) 2e−j8πf
(C) 4e−j4πf (D) 2e j8πf

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SOL 1.22 Hence (C) is correct answer.

y (t) = 4x (t − 2)
Taking Fourier transform we get
Y (e j2πf ) = 4e−j2πf2 X (e j2πf ) Time Shifting property

Y (e j2πf )
or j 2π f
= 4e−4jπf
X (e )

Thus H (e j2πf ) = 4e−4jπf

MCQ 1.23 A sequence x (n) with the z −transform X (z) = z 4 + z2 − 2z + 2 − 3z−4 is applied as an
input to a linear, time-invariant system with the impulse response h (n) = 2δ (n − 3)
where
1, n = 0
δ (n) = )
0, otherwise
The output at n = 4 is
(A) − 6 (B) zero
(C) 2 (D) − 4
SOL 1.23 Hence (B) is correct answer.
We have h (n) = 3δ (n − 3)
or H (z) = 2z−3 Taking z transform
−4
X (z) = z + z − 2z + 2 − 3z
4 2

Now Y (z) = H (z) X (z)

= 2z−3 (z 4 + z2 − 2z + 2 − 3z−4)
= 2 (z + z−1 − 2z−2 + 2z−3 − 3z−7)
Taking inverse z transform we have
y (n) = 2[ δ (n + 1) + δ (n − 1) − 2δ (n − 2)+ 2δ (n − 3) − 3δ (n − 7)]
At n = 4 ,y (4) = 0
MCQ 1.24 Fig. shows the Nyquist plot of the open-loop transfer function G (s) H (s) of a system.
If G (s) H (s) has one right-hand pole, the closed-loop system is

(A) always stable

(B) unstable with one closed-loop right hand pole
(C) unstable with two closed-loop right hand poles
(D) unstable with three closed-loop right hand poles

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SOL 1.24 Hence (A) is correct option.

Z = P−N
N " Net encirclement of (− 1 + j0) by Nyquist plot,
P " Number of open loop poles in right hand side of s − plane
Z " Number of closed loop poles in right hand side of s − plane
Here N = 1 and P = 1
Thus Z =0
Hence there are no roots on RH of s −plane and system is always stable.
MCQ 1.25 A PD controller is used to compensate a system. Compared to the uncompensated
system, the compensated system has
(A) a higher type number (B) reduced damping
(C) higher noise amplification (D) larger transient overshoot
SOL 1.25 PD Controller may accentuate noise at higher frequency. It does not effect the type
of system and it increases the damping. It also reduce the maximum overshoot.
Hence (C) is correct option.
MCQ 1.26 The input to a coherent detector is DSB-SC signal plus noise. The noise at the
detector output is
(A) the in-phase component (B) the quadrature - component
(C) zero (D) the envelope
SOL 1.26 The input is a coherent detector is DSB - SC signal plus noise. The noise at the
detector output is the in-phase component as the quadrature component nq (t) of
the noise n (t) is completely rejected by the detector.
Hence (A) is correct option.
MCQ 1.27 The noise at the input to an ideal frequency detector is white. The detector is
operating above threshold. The power spectral density of the noise at the output is
(A) raised - cosine (B) flat
(C) parabolic (D) Gaussian
SOL 1.27 The noise at the input to an ideal frequency detector is white. The PSD of noise at
the output is parabolic
Hence (C) is correct option.
MCQ 1.28 At a given probability of error, binary coherent FSK is inferior to binary coherent
PSK by.
(A) 6 dB (B) 3 dB
(C) 2 dB (D) 0 dB
SOL 1.28 Hence (B) is correct option.
We have Pe = 1 erfc c Ed m
2 2η

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Since Pe of Binary FSK is 3 dB inferior to binary PSK

MCQ 1.29 The unit of 4# H is
(A) Ampere (B) Ampere/meter
(C) Ampere/meter 2 (D) Ampere-meter
SOL 1.29 By Maxwells equations
4# H = 2D + J
2t
Thus 4# H has unit of current density J that is A/m2
Hence (C) is correct option
MCQ 1.30 The depth of penetration of electromagnetic wave in a medium having conductivity
σ at a frequency of 1 MHz is 25 cm. The depth of penetration at a frequency of 4
MHz will be
(A) 6.25 dm (B) 12.50 cm
(C) 50.00 cm (D) 100.00 cm
SOL 1.30 Hence (B) is correct option.
We know that δ \ 1
f
Thus δ2 = f1
δ1 f2
δ2 = 1
25 4
or δ2 = 1 # 25 = 12.5 cm
4

Q.31-90 Carry Two Marks Each

MCQ 1.31 Twelve 1 Ω resistance are used as edges to form a cube. The resistance between two
diagonally opposite corners of the cube is
(A) 5 Ω (B) 1 Ω
6

(C) 6 Ω (D) 3 Ω
5 2
SOL 1.31 For current i there is 3 similar path. So current will be divide in three path

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so, we get
Vab − b i # 1l − b i # 1l − b 1 # 1l = 0
3 6 3
Vab = R = 1 + 1 + 1 = 5 Ω
eq
i 3 6 3 6
Hence (A) is correct option.
MCQ 1.32 The current flowing through the resistance R in the circuit in the figure has the
form P cos 4t where P is

(A) (0.18 + j0.72) (B) (0.46 + j1.90)

(C) − (0.18 + j1.90) (D) − (0.192 + j0.144)
SOL 1.32 Data are missing in question as L1 &L2 are not given

The circuit for Q. 33 & 34 is given below.

Assume that the switch S is in position 1 for a long time and thrown to position
2 at t = 0 .

MCQ 1.33 At t = 0+ , the current i1 is

(A) − V (B) − V
2R R
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(C) − V (D) zero

4R
SOL 1.33 Data are missing in question as L1 &L2 are not given
MCQ 1.34 I1 (s) and I2 (s) are the Laplace transforms of i1 (t) and i2 (t) respectively. The
equations for the loop currents I1 (s) and I2 (s) for the circuit shown in the figure,
after the switch is brought from position 1 to position 2 at t = 0 , are
R + Ls + Cs1 − Ls I1 (s) V
(A) > H= G = G
s
=
− Ls R + Cs I2 (s)
1
0
R + Ls + Cs1 − Ls I1 (s) − Vs
(B) > 1 H= G == G
− Ls R + Cs I2 (s) 0
R + Ls + Cs1 − Ls − Vs
(C) >
R + Ls + Cs1 H=I2 (s)G = 0 G
I1 (s)
=
− Ls
R + Ls + Cs1 − Cs V
(D) >
R + Ls + Cs1 H=I2 (s) = 0 G
I1 (s)
G
s
=
− Ls
SOL 1.34 At t = 0 - circuit is in steady state. So inductor act as short circuit and capacitor
act as open circuit.

At t = 0 - , i1 (0 -) = i2 (0 -) = 0
vc (0 -) = V
At t = 0+ the circuit is as shown in fig. The voltage across capacitor and current in
inductor can’t be changed instantaneously. Thus

At t = 0+ , i1 = i2 =− V
2R
Hence (A) is correct option.

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MCQ 1.35 An input voltage v (t) = 10 2 cos (t + 10c) + 10 5 cos (2t + 10c) V is applied to a
series combination of resistance R = 1 Ω and an inductance L = 1 H. The resulting
steady-state current i (t) in ampere is
(A) 10 cos (t + 55c) + 10 cos (2t + 10c + tan−1 2)
(B) 10 cos (t + 55c) + 10 3
2 cos (2t + 55c)
(C) 10 cos (t − 35c) + 10 cos (2t + 10c − tan−1 2)
(D) 10 cos (t − 35c) + 3
2 cos (2t − 35c)
SOL 1.35 Hence (C) is correct option
v (t) = 10 2 cos (t + 10c) + 10 5 cos (2t + 10c)
1 4444 2 4444 3 1 4444 4 2 4444 43
v1 v2

Thus we get ω1 = 1 and ω2 = 2

Now Z1 = R + jω1 L = 1 + j1
Z2 = R + jω2 L = 1 + j2
v (t) v (t)
i (t) = 1 + 2
Z1 Z2
10 2 cos (t + 10c) 10 5 cos (2t + 10c)
= +
1+j 1 + j2
10 2 cos (t + 10c) 10 5 cos (2t + 10c)
= +
12 + 22 + tan−1 1 12 + 22 tan−1 2
10 2 cos (t + 10c) 10 5 cos (2t + 10c)
= +
2 + tan−1 45c 5 tan−1 2
i (t) = 10 cos (t − 35c) + 10 cos (2t + 10c − tan−1 2)
MCQ 1.36 The driving point impedance Z (s) of a network has the pole-zero locations as
shown in the figure. If Z (0) = 3 , then Z (s) is

3 (s + 3) 2 (s + 3)
(A) (B)
s + 2s + 3
2
s + 2s + 2
2

3 (s + 3) 2 (s − 3)
(C) 2 (D) 2
s + 2s + 2 s − 2s − 3

SOL 1.36 Hence (B) is correct option.

Zeros =− 3
Pole1 =− 1 + j
Pole 2 =− 1 − j

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K (s + 3)
Z (s) =
(s + 1 + j)( s + 1 − j)
K (s + 3) K (s + 3)
= =
(s + 1) − j
2 2
(s + 1) 2 + 1
From problem statement Z (0) ω = 0 = 3
Thus 3K = 3 and we get K = 2
2
2 (s + 3)
Z (s) = 2
s + 2s + 2
MCQ 1.37 The impedance parameters z11 and z12 of the two-port network in the figure are

(A) z11 = 2.75 Ω and z12 = 0.25 Ω (B) z11 = 3 Ω and z12 = 0.5 Ω
(C) z11 = 3 Ω and z12 = 0.25 Ω (D) z11 = 2.25 Ω and z12 = 0.5 Ω
SOL 1.37 Using 3− Y conversion

R1 =2 # 1 = 2 = 0. 5
2+1+1 4
R2 = 1 # 1 = 1 = 0.25
2+1+1 4
R3 = 2 # 1 = 0.5
2+1+1
Now the circuit is as shown in figure below.

Now z11 = V1 = 2 + 0.5 + 0.25 = 2.75

I1 I2 = 0

z12 = R3 = 0.25

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Hence (A) is correct option.

MCQ 1.38 An n −type silicon bar 0.1 cm long and 100 μm2 i cross-sectional area has a majority
carrier concentration of 5 # 1020 /m 2 and the carrier mobility is 0.13 m2 /V-s at 300
K. If the charge of an electron is 1.5 # 10 - 19 coulomb, then the resistance of the bar
is
(A) 106 Ohm (B) 10 4 Ohm
(C) 10 - 1 Ohm (D) 10 - 4 Ohm
SOL 1.38 Hence option (A) is correct.
ρl
We that R = , ρ = 1 and α = nqun
A σ
From above relation we have
R = 1
nqμn A
= 0.1 # 10 - 2 = 106 Ω
20 - 19 - 12
5 # 10 # 1.6 # 10 # 0.13 # 100 # 10
MCQ 1.39 The electron concentration in a sample of uniformly doped n -type silicon at 300
K varies linearly from 1017 /cm 3 at x = 0 to 6 # 1016 /cm 3 at x = 2μm . Assume a
situation that electrons are supplied to keep this concentration gradient constant
with time. If electronic charge is 1.6 # 10 - 19 coulomb and the diffusion constant
Dn = 35 cm 2 /s, the current density in the silicon, if no electric field is present, is
(A) zero (B) -112 A/cm 2
(C) +1120 A/cm 2 (D) -1120 A/cm 2
SOL 1.39 Hence option (D) is correct.
dn = 6 # 1016 − 1017
dx 2 # 10 - 4 − 0
=− 2 # 1020
Now Jn = nqμe E + Dn q dn
dx
Since no electric field is present, E = 0 and we get
So, Jn = qDn dn
dx
= 1.6 # 10 - 19 # 35 # (− 2 # 1020) =− 1120 A/cm 2
MCQ 1.40 Match items in Group 1 with items in Group 2, most suitably.
Group 1 Group 2
P. LED 1. Heavy doping
Q. Avalanche photo diode 2. Coherent radiation
R. Tunnel diode 3. Spontaneous emission
S. LASER 4. Current gain

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(A) P - 1, Q - 2, R - 4, S - 3
(B) P - 2, Q - 3, R - 1, S - 4
(C) P - 3 Q - 4, R - 1, S - 2
(D) P - 2, Q - 1, R - 4, S - 3
SOL 1.40 LED works on the principal of spontaneous emission.
In the avalanche photo diode due to the avalanche effect there is large current gain.
Tunnel diode has very large doping.
LASER diode are used for coherent radiation.
Hence option (C) is correct.
MCQ 1.41 At 300 K, for a diode current of 1 mA, a certain germanium diode requires a
forward bias of 0.1435 V, whereas a certain silicon diode requires a forward bias of
0.718 V. Under the conditions state above, the closest approximation of the ratio
of reverse saturation current in germanium diode to that in silicon diode is
(A) 1 (B) 5
(C) 4 # 103 (D) 8 # 103
SOL 1.41 Hence option (C) is correct.
I = Io `e η V − 1j
V D1
We know that si T

where η = 1 for germanium and η = 2 silicon. As per question

Io `e e − 1j = Io `e ηV − 1j
V
Dsi V DGe
hVT
n Ge T

VDsi 0.718
= eVηV − 1 = e 2 #026.1435
# 10 − 1
Io
= 4 # 103
-3
or si T

Io e 26 # 10 − 1
e ηV − 1
DGe
si -3
T

MCQ 1.42 A particular green LED emits light of wavelength 5490 Ac. The energy bandgap of
the semiconductor material used there is
(Plank’s constant = 6.626 # 10 - 34 J − s )
(A) 2.26 eV (B) 1.98 eV
(C) 1.17 eV (D) 0.74 eV
SOL 1.42 Hence option (A) is correct
−34 8
Eg = hc = 6.626 # 10 # −310# 10 = 3.62 J
λ 54900 # 10
E (J) −19
In eV Eg (eV) = g = 3.62 # 10−19 = 2.26 eV
e 1.6 # 10
Alternatively
Eg = 1.24 eV = 1.24 = 2.26 eV
λ (μm) 5490 # 10−4 μm

MCQ 1.43 When the gate-to-source voltage (VGs) of a MOSFET with threshold voltage of 400
mV, working in saturation is 900 mV, the drain current is observed to be 1 mA.

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Neglecting the channel width modulation effect and assuming that the MOSFET is
operating at saturation, the drain current for an applied VGS of 1400 mV is
(A) 0.5 mA (B) 2.0 mA
(C) 3.5 mA (D) 4.0 mA
SOL 1.43 We know that
ID = K (VGS − VT ) 2
I (VGS2 − VT ) 2
Thus D2
=
ID1 (VGS1 − VT ) 2
Substituting the values we have
ID2 = (1.4 − 0.4) = 4
2

ID1 (0.9 − 0.4) 2

or ID2 = 4IDI = 4 mA
Hence option (D) is correct.
MCQ 1.44 If P is Passivation, Q is n −well implant, R is metallization and S is source/drain
diffusion, then the order in which they are carried out in a standard n −well CMOS
fabrication process, is
(A) P − Q − R − S (B) Q − S − R − P
(C) R − P − S − Q (D) S − R − Q − P
SOL 1.44 In n −well CMOS fabrication following are the steps :
(i) n − well implant (Q)
(ii) Source drain diffusion (S)
(iii) Metalization (R)
(iv) Passivation (P)
Hence option (B) is correct.
MCQ 1.45 An amplifier without feedback has a voltage gain of 50, input resistance of 1 k Ω
and output resistance of 2.5 kΩ. The input resistance of the current-shunt negative
feedback amplifier using the above amplifier with a feedback factor of 0.2, is
(A) 1 kΩ (B) 1 kΩ
11 5
(C) 5 kΩ (D) 11 kΩ
SOL 1.45 Hence (A) is correct option.
We have Ri = 1kΩ, β = 0.2, A = 50

Ri
Thus, Rif = = 1 kΩ
(1 + Aβ) 11

MCQ 1.46 In the amplifier circuit shown in the figure, the values of R1 and R2 are such that
the transistor is operating at VCE = 3 V and IC = 1.5 mA when its β is 150. For a
transistor with β of 200, the operating point (VCE , IC ) is

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(A) (2 V, 2 mA) (B) (3 V, 2 mA)

(C) (4 V, 2 mA) (D) (4 V, 1 mA)
SOL 1.46 The DC equivalent circuit is shown as below. This is fixed bias circuit operating in
active region.

In first case
VCC − IC1 R2 − VCE1 = 0
or 6 − 1.5mR2 − 3 = 0
or R2 = 2kΩ
IB1 = IC1 = 1.5m = 0.01 mA
β1 150
In second case IB2 will we equal to IB1 as there is no in R1.
Thus IC2 = β2 IB2 = 200 # 0.01 = 2 mA
VCE2 = VCC − IC2 R2 = 6 − 2m # 2 kΩ = 2 V
Hence (A) is correct option.
MCQ 1.47 The oscillator circuit shown in the figure has an ideal inverting amplifier. Its
frequency of oscillation (in Hz) is

(A) 1 (B) 1
(2π 6 RC) (2πRC)

(C) 1 (D) 6
( 6 RC) (2πRC)

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SOL 1.47 The given circuit is a R − C phase shift oscillator and frequency of its oscillation is
f = 1
2π 6 RC
Hence (A) is correct option.
MCQ 1.48 The output voltage of the regulated power supply shown in the figure is

(A) 3 V (B) 6 V
(C) 9 V (D) 12 V
SOL 1.48 If we see th figure we find that the voltage at non-inverting terminal is 3 V by the
zener diode and voltage at inverting terminal will be 3 V. Thus Vo can be get by
applying voltage division rule, i.e.
20 V = 3
20 + 40 o
or V0 = 9 V
Hence (C) is correct option.
MCQ 1.49 The action of JFET in its equivalent circuit can best be represented as a
(A) Current controlled current source
(B) Current controlled voltage source
(C) Voltage controlled voltage source
(D) Voltage controlled current source
SOL 1.49 For a JFET in active region we have
IDS = IDSS c1 − VGS m
2

VP
From above equation it is clear that the action of a JFET is voltage controlled
current source.
Hence option (D) is correct.
MCQ 1.50 If the op-amp in the figure is ideal, the output voltage Vout will be equal to

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(A) 1 V (B) 6 V
(C) 14 V (D) 17 V
SOL 1.50 The circuit is as shown below

V+ = 8 (3) = 8 kΩ
1+8 3
V+ = V- = 8 V
3
Now applying KCL at inverting terminal we get
V- − 2 + V- − Vo = 0
1 5
or Vo = 6V- − 10
= 6 # 8 − 10 = 6 V
3
Hence (B) is correct option.
MCQ 1.51 Three identical amplifiers with each one having a voltage gain of 50, input resistance
of 1 kΩ and output resistance of 250 Ω are cascaded. The opened circuit voltages
gain of the combined amplifier is
(A) 49 dB (B) 51 dB
(C) 98 dB (D) 102 dB
SOL 1.51 The equivalent circuit of 3 cascade stage is as shown in fig.

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V2 = 1k 50V1 = 40V1
1k + 0.25k
Similarly V3 = 1k 50V2 = 40V2
1k + 0.25k
or V3 = 40 # 40V1
Vo = 50V3 = 50 # 40 # 40V1
or AV = Vo = 50 # 40 # 40 = 8000
V1
or 20 log AV = 20 log 8000 = 98 dB
Hence (C) is correct option.
MCQ 1.52 An ideal sawtooth voltages waveform of frequency of 500 Hz and amplitude 3 V
is generated by charging a capacitor of 2 μF in every cycle. The charging requires
(A) Constant voltage source of 3 V for 1 ms
(B) Constant voltage source of 3 V for 2 ms
(C) Constant voltage source of 1 mA for 1 ms
(D) Constant voltage source of 3 mA for 2 ms
SOL 1.52 If a constant current is made to flow in a capacitor, the output voltage is integration
of input current and that is sawtooth waveform as below :
#
t
VC = 1 idt
C 0
The time period of wave form is
T = 1 = 1 = 2 m sec
f 500
-3

#
20 # 10
Thus 3= 1 idt
2 # 106 0
or i (2 # 10 - 3 − 0) = 6 # 10 - 6
or i = 3 mA
Thus the charging require 3 mA current source for 2 msec.
Hence (D) is correct option
MCQ 1.53 The circuit in the figure has 4 boxes each described by inputs P, Q, R and outputs
Y, Z with Y = P 5 Q 5 R and Z = RQ + PR + QP
The circuit acts as a

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(A) 4 bit adder giving P + Q

(B) 4 bit subtractor giving P − Q
(C) 4 bit subtractor giving Q-P
(D) 4 bit adder giving P + Q + R
SOL 1.53 Hence (B) is correct answer.
We have Y = P 5 Q 5 R
Z = RQ + PR + QP
Here every block is a full subtractor giving P − Q − R where R is borrow. Thus
circuit acts as a 4 bit subtractor giving P − Q .
MCQ 1.54 If the function W, X, Y and Z are as follows
W = R + PQ + RS X = PQRS + PQRS + PQRS
Y = RS + PR + PQ + P .Q Z = R + S + PQ + P .Q .R + PQ .S
Then,
(A) W = Z, X = Z (B) W = Z, X = Y
(C) W = Y (D) W = Y = Z
SOL 1.54 Hence (A) is correct answer.
W = R + PQ + RS
X = PQRS + PQRS + PQRS
Y = RS + PR + PQ + PQ
= RS + PR $ PQ $ PQ
= RS + (P + R )( P + Q)( P + Q)
= RS + (P + PQ + PR + QR )( P + Q)
= RS + PQ + QR (P + P ) + QR
= RS + PQ + QR
Z = R + S + PQ + PQR + PQS
= R + S + PQ $ PQR $ PQS
= R + S + (P + Q )( P + Q + R)( P + Q + S)
= R + S + PQ + PQ + PQS + PR + PQR
+ PRS + PQ + PQS + PQR + QRS
= R + S + PQ + PQS + PR + PQR + PRS

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+ PQS + PQR + QRS

= R + S + PQ (1 + S) + PR (1 + P ) + PRS
+ PQS + PQR + QRS
= R + S + PQ + PR + PRS + PQS
+ PQR + QRS
= R + S + PQ + PR (1 + Q ) + PQS + QRS
= R + S + PQ + PR + PQS + QRS
Thus W = Z and X = Z
MCQ 1.55 A 4 bit ripple counter and a bit synchronous counter are made using flip flops
having a propagation delay of 10 ns each. If the worst case delay in the ripple
counter and the synchronous counter be R and S respectively, then
(A) R = 10 ns, S = 40 ns (B) R = 40 ns, S = 10 ns
(C) R = 10 ns S = 30 ns (D) R = 30 ns, S = 10 ns
SOL 1.55 Propagation delay of flip flop is
tpd = 10 nsec
Propagation delay of 4 bit ripple counter
R = 4tpd = 40 ns
and in synchronous counter all flip-flop are given clock simultaneously, so
S = tpd = 10 ns
Hence (B) is correct answer.
MCQ 1.56 The DTL, TTL, ECL and CMOS famil GATE of digital ICs are compared in the
following 4 columns

(P) (Q) (R) (S)

Fanout is minimum DTL DTL TTL CMOS
Power consumption is TTL CMOS ECL DTL
minimum
Propagation delay is CMOS ECL TTL TTL
minimum
The correct column is
(A) P (B) Q
(C) R (D) S
SOL 1.56 The DTL has minimum fan out and CMOS has minimum power consumption.
Propagation delay is minimum in ECL.
Hence (B) is correct answer.
MCQ 1.57 The circuit shown in the figure is a 4 bit DAC

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The input bits 0 and 1 are represented by 0 and 5 V respectively. The OP AMP
is ideal, but all the resistance and the 5 v inputs have a tolerance of ! 10%. The
specification (rounded to nearest multiple of 5%) for the tolerance of the DAC is
(A) ! 35% (B) ! 20%
(C) ! 10% (D) ! 5%
SOL 1.57 Hence (A) is correct answer.
Vo =− V1 :R bo + R b1 + R b2 + R b 3D
R 2R 4R 4R
Exact value when V1 = 5 , for maximum output
VoExact =− 5 :1 + 1 + 1 + 1 D =− 9.375
2 4 8
Maximum Vout due to tolerance
Vo max =− 5.5 :110 + 110 + 110 + 110 D
90 2 # 90 4 # 90 8 # 90
=− 12.604
Tolerance = 34.44% = 35%
MCQ 1.58 The circuit shown in figure converts

(A) BCD to binary code (B) Binary to excess - 3 code

(C) Excess -3 to gray code (D) Gray to Binary code
SOL 1.58 Hence (D) is correct answer.
Let input be 1010; output will be 1101
Let input be 0110; output will be 0100

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Thus it convert gray to Binary code.

MCQ 1.59 In the circuit shown in the figure, A is parallel-in, parallel-out 4 bit register, which
loads at the rising edge of the clock C . The input lines are connected to a 4 bit bus,
W . Its output acts at input to a 16 # 4 ROM whose output is floating when the
input to a partial table of the contents of the ROM is as follows

Data 0011 1111 0100 1010 1011 1000 0010 1000

Address 0 2 4 6 8 10 11 14

The clock to the register is shown, and the data on the W bus at time t1 is 0110.
The data on the bus at time t2 is

(A) 1111 (B) 1011

(C) 1000 (D) 0010
SOL 1.59 After t = t1, at first rising edge of clock, the output of shift register is 0110, which
in input to address line of ROM. At 0110 is applied to register. So at this time data
stroed in ROM at 1010 (10), 1000 will be on bus.
When W has the data 0110 and it is 6 in decimal, and it’s data value at that add
is 1010

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then 1010 i.e. 10 is acting as odd, at time t2 and data at that movement is 1000.
Hence (C) is correct answer.
MCQ 1.60 In an 8085 microprocessor, the instruction CMP B has been executed while the
content of the accumulator is less than that of register B . As a result
(A) Carry flag will be set but Zero flag will be reset
(B) Carry flag will be rest but Zero flag will be set
(C) Both Carry flag and Zero flag will be rest
(D) Both Carry flag and Zero flag will be set
SOL 1.60 CMP B & Compare the accumulator content with context of Register B
If A < R CY is set and zero flag will be reset.
Hence (A) is correct answer.
MCQ 1.61 Let X and Y be two statistically independent random variables uniformly
distributed in the ranges (− 1, 1) and (− 2, 1) respectively. Let Z = X + Y . Then
the probability that (z #− 1) is
(A) zero (B) 1
6

(C) 1 (D) 1
3 12
SOL 1.61 The pdf of Z will be convolution of pdf of X and pdf of Y as shown below.
#- 3 fZ (z) dz
z
Now p [Z # z] =

#- 3fZ (z) dz
-2
p [Z #− 2] =

= Area [z #− 2]
= 1 # 1 #1 = 1
2 6 12

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Hence (D) is correct option.

MCQ 1.62 Let P be linearity, Q be time-invariance, R be causality and S be stability. A
discrete time system has the input-output relationship,
x (n) n$1
y (n) = *0, n=0
x (n + 1) n # − 1
where x (n) is the input and y (n) is the output. The above system has the properties
(A) P, S but not Q, R (B) P, Q, S but not R
(C) P, Q, R, S (D) Q, R, S but not P
SOL 1.62 System is non causal because output depends on future value
For n # 1 y (− 1) = x (− 1 + 1) = x (0)
y (n − n0) = x (n − n0 + 1) Time varying
y (n) = x (n + 1) Depends on Future
i.e. y (1) = x (2) None causal
For bounded input, system has bounded output. So it is stable.
y (n) = x (n) for n $ 1
= 0 for n = 0
= x (x + 1) for n #− 1
So system is linear.
Hence (A) is correct answer.

Common data for Q 63 & 64 :

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The system under consideration is an RC low-pass filter (RC-LPF) with

R = 1 k Ω and C = 1.0 μ F.

MCQ 1.63 Let H (f) denote the frequency response of the RC-LPF. Let f1 be the highest
H (f1)
frequency such that 0 # f # f1 $ 0.95 . Then f1 (in Hz) is
H (0)
(A) 324.8 (B) 163.9
(C) 52.2 (D) 104.4
SOL 1.63 The frequency response of RC-LPF is
H (f) = 1
1 + j2πfRC
Now H (0) = 1
H (f1) 1
= $ 0.95
H (0) 1 + 4π2 f12 R2 C2
or 1 + 4π2 f12 R2 C2 # 1.108
or 4π2 f12 R2 C2 # 0.108
or 2πf1 RC # 0.329
or f1 # 0.329
2πRC
or f1 # 0.329
2πRC
or f1 # 0.329
2π1k # 1μ
or f1 # 52.2 Hz
Thus f1 max = 52.2 Hz
Hence (C) is correct answer.
MCQ 1.64 Let tg (f) be the group delay function of the given RC-LPF and f2 = 100 Hz. Then
tg (f2) in ms, is
(A) 0.717 (B) 7.17
(C) 71.7 (D) 4.505
SOL 1.64 Hence (A) is correct answer
H (ω) = 1
1 + jωRC
θ (ω) =− tan−1 ωRC
dθ (ω) RC
tg =− =
dω 1 + ω2 R2 C2
= 10−3 = 0.717 ms
1 + 4π # 10 4 # 10−6
2

Common Data for Questions 65 & 66 :

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X (t) is a random process with a constant mean value of 2 and the auto
correlation function Rxx (τ) = 4 (e - 0.2 τ + 1).

MCQ 1.65 Let X be the Gaussian random variable obtained by sampling the process at t = ti
and let
#
3 x2

Q (α) = − 1 e dy 2

α 2π
The probability that 6x # 1@ is
(A) 1 − Q (0.5) (B) Q (0.5)

(C) Q c 1 m (D) 1 − Q c 1 m
2 2 2 2
SOL 1.65 Hence (D) is correct option.
We have RXX (τ) = 4 (e - 0.2 τ + 1)
RXX (0) = 4 (e - 0.2 0 + 1) = 8 = σ2
or σ = 2 2 Given
mean μ =0
Now P (x # 1) = Fx (1)
X−μ
= 1 − Qc
σ m
at x = 1

= 1 − Qc 1 − 0 m = 1 − Qc 1 m
2 2 2 2

MCQ 1.66 Let Y and Z be the random variable obtained by sampling X (t) at t = 2 and t = 4
respectively. Let W = Y − Z . The variance of W is
(A) 13.36 (B) 9.36
(C) 2.64 (D) 8.00
SOL 1.66 Hence (C) is correct option.
W = Y−Z
E [W2] = E [Y − Z] 2
= E [Y2] + E [Z2] − 2E [YZ]
= σw2
We haveE [X2 (t)] = Rx (10)
= 4 [e - 0.2 0 + 1] = 4 [1 + 1] = 8
E [Y2] = E [X2 (2)] = 8
E [Z2] = E [X2 (4)] = 8
E [YZ] = RXX (2) = 4 [e−0.2 (4 − 2) + 1] = 6.68
E [W2] = σw2 = 8 + 8 − 2 # 6.68 = 2.64
MCQ 1.67 Let x (t) = 2 cos (800π) + cos (1400πt). x (t) is sampled with the rectangular pulse
train shown in the figure. The only spectral components (in kHz) present in the
sampled signal in the frequency range 2.5 kHz to 3.5 kHz are

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(A) 2.7, 3.4 (B) 3.3, 3.6

(C) 2.6, 2.7, 3.3, 3.4, 3.6 (D) 2.7, 3.3
SOL 1.67 Hence (D) is correct option.
The frequency of pulse train is
f 1- 3 = 1 k Hz
10
The Fourier Series coefficient of given pulse train is
−T /2
Cn = 1 #
o

Ae−jnω t dt o

To −T /2 o

−To /6
= 1
To #
−To /6
Ae−jηω t dt
o

= A [e−jω t] −−TT //66

o o

To (− jηωo) o

= A (e−jω t − e jηω T /6)

o o o

(− j2πn)
= A (e jηπ/3 − e−jηπ/3)
j2πn
or Cn = A sin ` nπ j
πn 3
From Cn it may be easily seen that 1, 2, 4, 5, 7, harmonics are present and 0, 3, 6, 9,..
are absent. Thus p (t) has 1 kHz, 2 kHz, 4 kHz, 5 kHz, 7 kHz,... frequency component
and 3 kHz, 6 kHz.. are absent.
The signal x (t) has the frequency components 0.4 kHz and 0.7 kHz. The sampled
signal of x (t) i.e. x (t)* p (t) will have
1 ! 0.4 and 1 ! 0.7 kHz
2 ! 0.4 and 2 ! 0.7 kHz
4 ! 0.4 and 4 ! 0.7 kHz
Thus in range of 2.5 kHz to 3.5 kHz the frequency present is
2 + 0.7 = 2.7 kHz
4 − 0.7 = 3.3 kHz
MCQ 1.68 The signal flow graph of a system is shown in Fig. below. The transfer function
C (s)/ R (s) of the system is

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(A) 6 (B) 6s
s + 29s + 6
2
s + 29s + 6
2

s (s + 2) s (s + 27)
(C) 2 (D) 2
s + 29s + 6 s + 29s + 6

SOL 1.68 Mason Gain Formula

Σpk 3 k
T (s) =
3
In given SFG there is only forward path and 3 possible loop.
p1 = 1
31 = 1 + 3 + 24 = s + 27
s s s
L1 = − 2 , L2 = − 24 and L3 = − 3
s s s
where L1 and L3 are non-touching
C (s) p1 3 1
This =
R (s) 1 − (loop gain) + pair of non − touching loops
^ s +s27 h ^ s h
s + 27

= =
1 − ^ −s3 − 24s − s2 h + −s2 . −s3 1 + 29s + s62

s (s + 27)
= 2
s + 29s + 6
Hence (D) is correct option.

MCQ 1.69 The root locus of system G (s) H (s) = K has the break-away point
s (s + 2)( s + 3)
located at
(A) (− 0.5, 0) (B) (− 2.548, 0)
(C) (− 4, 0) (D) (− 0.784, 0)
SOL 1.69 We have
1 + G (s) H (s) = 0
or 1+ K =0
s (s + 2)( s + 3)
or K =− s (s2 + 5s2 + 6s)
dK =− (3s2 + 10s + 6) = 0
ds
which gives s = − 10 ! 100 − 72 =− 0.784, − 2.548
6
The location of poles on s − plane is

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Since breakpoint must lie on root locus so s =− 0.748 is possible.

Hence (D) is correct option.
MCQ 1.70 The approximate Bode magnitude plot of a minimum phase system is shown in Fig.
below. The transfer function of the system is

(s + 0.1) 3 (s + 0.1) 3
(A) 108 (B) 107
(s + 10) 2 (s + 100) (s + 10)( s + 100)
(s + 0.1) 2 (s + 0.1) 3
(C) (D)
(s + 10) 2 (s + 100) (s + 10)( s + 100) 2

SOL 1.70 The given bode plot is shown below

At ω = 0.1 change in slope is + 60 dB " 3 zeroes at ω = 0.1

At ω = 10 change in slope is − 40 dB " 2 poles at ω = 10
At ω = 100 change in slope is − 20 dB " 1 poles at ω = 100
K ( 0s.1 + 1) 3
Thus T (s) = s
( 10 + 1) 2 ( 100
s
+ 1)
Now 20 log10 K = 20
or K = 10
10 ( 0s.1 + 1) 3 108 (s + 0.1) 3
Thus T (s) = s =
( 10 + 1) 2 ( 100
s
+ 1) (s + 10) 2 (s + 100)
Hence (A) is correct option.

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MCQ 1.71 A second-order system has the transfer function

C (s)
= 2 4
R (s) s + 4s + 4
With r (t) as the unit-step function, the response c (t) of the system is represented
by

SOL 1.71 The characteristics equation is

s2 + 4s + 4 = 0
Comparing with
s2 + 2ξωn + ωn2 = 0
we get 2ξωn = 4 and ωn2 = 4
Thus ξ =1 Critically damped
ts = 4 = 4 = 2
ξωn 1#2
Hence (B) is correct option.
MCQ 1.72 The gain margin and the phase margin of feedback system with
G (s) H (s) = 8 are
(s + 100) 3
(A) dB, 0c (B) 3, 3
(C) 3, 0c (D) 88.5 dB, 3
SOL 1.72 Hence (B) is correct option.
MCQ 1.73 The zero-input response of a system given by the state-space equation
xo1 1 0 x1 x1 (0) 1
=xo G = =1 1G=x G and =x (0)G = = 0 G is
2 2 2

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tet et
(A) = G (B) = G
t t
et t
(C) = t G (D) = t G
te te
SOL 1.73 We have
xo1 1 0 x1 x1 (0) 1
=xo G = =1 G=
1 x2 G and =
x2 (0) G == G
0
2
1 0
A ==
1 1G
s 0 1 0 s−1 0
(sI − A) = = G −= G = =
0 s 1 1 − 1 s − 1G
(s − 1) 0 1
0
1 > H = > +1 H
−1 s−1
(sI − A) =
(s − 1) 2 + 1 (s − 1)
1
(s − 1) 2 s−1
t
L−1 [(sI − A) −1] = eAt = = t t G
e 0
te e
et 0 1 et
x (t) = e # [x (t0)] = = t t G= G = = t G
At
te e 0 te
Hence (C) is correct option.
MCQ 1.74 A DSB-SC signal is to be generated with a carrier frequency fc = 1 MHz using a
non-linear device with the input-output characteristic V0 = a0 vi + a1 vi3 where a0
and a1 are constants. The output of the non-linear device can be filtered by an
appropriate band-pass filter.
Let Vi = Aci cos (2πfi ct) + m (t) is the message signal. Then the value of fci (in MHz)
is
(A) 1.0 (B) 0.333
(B) 0.5 (D) 3.0
SOL 1.74 Hence (C) is correct option.
vi = Ac1 cos (2πfc t) + m (t)
v0 = ao vi + avi3
v0 = a0 [Ac' cos (2πfc' t) + m (t)] + a1 [Ac' cos (2πfc' t) + m (t)] 3
= a0 Ac' cos (2πfc' t) + a0 m (t) + a1 [(Ac' cos 2πfc' t) 3
+ (Ac' cos (2πfc') t) 2 m (t) + 3Ac' cos (2πfc' t) m2 (t) + m3 (t)]
1 + cos (4πfc' t)
= a0 Ac' cos (2πfc' t) + a0 m (t) + a1 (Ac' cos 2fc' t) 3 + 3a1 Ac'2 ; E m (t)
2
= 3a1 Ac' cos (2πfc' t) m2 (t) + m3 (t)

The term 3a1 Ac' ( cos 42πf t ) m (t) is a DSB-SC signal having carrier frequency 1. MHz.
'
c

Thus 2fc' = 1 MHz or fc' = 0.5 MHz

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Common Data for Question 75 & 76 :

Let m (t) = cos [(4π # 103) t] be the message signal &
c (t) = 5 cos [(2π # 106 t)] be the carrier.

MCQ 1.75 c (t) and m (t) are used to generate an AM signal. The modulation index of the
Total sideband power
generated AM signal is 0.5. Then the quantity is
Carrier power
(A) 1 (B) 1
2 4

(C) 1 (D) 1
3 8
SOL 1.75 Hence (D) is correct option.
PT = Pc c1 + α m
2

2
P (0.5) 2
Psb = Pc α = c
2

2 2
or Psb = 1
Pc 8

MCQ 1.76 c (t) and m (t) are used to generated an FM signal. If the peak frequency deviation
of the generated FM signal is three times the transmission bandwidth of the AM
signal, then the coefficient of the term cos [2π (1008 # 103 t)] in the FM signal (in
terms of the Bessel coefficients) is
(A) 5J4 (3) (B) 5 J8 (3)
2

(C) 5 J8 (4) (D) 5J4 (6)

2
SOL 1.76 Hence (D) is correct option.
AM Band width = 2fm
Peak frequency deviation = 3 (2fm) = 6fm
6f
Modulation index β = m = 6
fm
The FM signal is represented in terms of Bessel function as
3
xFM (t) = Ac /Jn (β) cos (ωc − nωn) t
n =- 3
ωc + nωm = 2π (1008 # 103)
2π106 + n4π # 103 = 2π (1008 # 103), n = 4
Thus coefficient = 5J4 (6)
MCQ 1.77 Choose the correct one from among the alternative A, B, C, D after matching an
item in Group 1 with most appropriate item in Group 2.
Group 1 Group 2
P. Ring modulator 1. Clock recovery

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Q. VCO 2. Demodulation of FM
R. Foster-Seely discriminator 3. Frequency conversion
S. Mixer 4. Summing the two inputs
5. Generation of FM
6. Generation of DSB-Sc
(A) P − 1; Q − 3; R − 2; S − 4 (B) P − 6; Q = 5; R − 2; S − 3
(C) P − 6; Q − 1; R − 3; S − 2 (D) P − 5; Q − 6; R − 1; S − 3
SOL 1.77 Hence (B) is correct option.
Ring modulation $ Generation of DSB - SC
VCO $ Generation of FM
Foster seely discriminator $ Demodulation of fm
mixer $ frequency conversion
MCQ 1.78 A superheterodyne receiver is to operate in the frequency range 550 kHz - 1650
kHz, with the intermediate frequency of 450 kHz. Let R = Cmax /Cmin denote the
required capacitance ratio of the local oscillator and I denote the image frequency
(in kHz) of the incoming signal. If the receiver is tuned to 700 kHz, then
(A) R = 4.41, I = 1600 (B) R = 2.10, I − 1150
(C) R = 3.0, I = 600 (D) R = 9.0, I = 1150
SOL 1.78 Hence (A) is correct option.
fmax = 1650 + 450 = 2100 kHz
fmin = 550 + 450 = 1000 kHz
or f = 1
2π LC
frequency is minimum, capacitance will be maximum
f2
R = Cmax = max 2
= (2.1) 2
Cmin fmin
or R = 4.41
fi = fc + 2fIF = 700 + 2 (455) = 1600 kHz
MCQ 1.79 A sinusoidal signal with peak-to-peak amplitude of 1.536 V is quantized into 128
levels using a mid-rise uniform quantizer. The quantization-noise power is
(A) 0.768 V (B) 48 # 10 - 6 V2
(B) 12 # 10 - 6 V2 (D) 3.072 V
SOL 1.79 Hence (C) is correct option.
2mp
Step size δ = = 1.536 = 0.012 V
L 128
(0.012) 2
Quantization Noise power = δ =
2

12 12
= 12 # 10−6 V2

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MCQ 1.80 If Eb , the energy per bit of a binary digital signal, is 10 - 5 watt-sec and the one-sided
power spectral density of the white noise, N0 = 10 - 6 W/Hz, then the output SNR
of the matched filter is
(A) 26 dB (B) 10 dB
(C) 20 dB (D) 13 dB
SOL 1.80 Hence (D) is correct option.
Eb = 10 - 6 watt-sec
No = 10 - 5 W/Hz
6
(SNR) matched filler = EN
o
= 10 - 5 = .05
2
o
2 # 10
(SNR)dB = 10 log 10 (0.05) = 13 dB
MCQ 1.81 The input to a linear delta modulator having a step-size 3= 0.628 is a sine wave
with frequency fm and peak amplitude Em . If the sampling frequency fx = 40 kHz,
the combination of the sine-wave frequency and the peak amplitude, where slope
overload will take place is
Em fm
(A) 0.3 V 8 kHz
(B) 1.5 V 4 kHz
(C) 1.5 V 2 kHz
(D) 3.0 V 1 kHz
SOL 1.81 Hence (B) is correct option.
3 fs
For slopeoverload to take place Em $
2πfm
This is satisfied with Em = 1.5 V and fm = 4 kHz
MCQ 1.82 If S represents the carrier synchronization at the receiver and ρ represents the
bandwidth efficiency, then the correct statement for the coherent binary PSK is
(A) ρ = 0.5, S is required (B) ρ = 1.0, S is required
(C) ρ = 0.5, S is not required (D) ρ = 1.0, S is not required
SOL 1.82 Hence (A) is correct option.
If s " carrier synchronization at receiver
ρ " represents bandwidth efficiency
then for coherent binary PSK ρ = 0.5 and s is required.
MCQ 1.83 A signal is sampled at 8 kHz and is quantized using 8 - bit uniform quantizer.
Assuming SNRq for a sinusoidal signal, the correct statement for PCM signal with
a bit rate of R is
(A) R = 32 kbps, SNRq = 25.8 dB (B) R = 64 kbps, SNRq = 49.8 dB
(C) R = 64 kbps, SNRq = 55.8 dB (D) R = 32 kbps, SNRq = 49.8 dB
SOL 1.83 Hence (B) is correct option.

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Bit Rate = 8k # 8 = 64 kbps

(SNR)q = 1.76 + 6.02n dB
= 1.76 + 6.02 # 8 = 49.8 dB
MCQ 1.84 Medium 1 has the electrical permittivity ε1 = 1.5ε0 farad/m and occupies the
region to the left of x = 0 plane. Medium 2 has the electrical permittivity ε2 = 2.5ε0
farad/m and occupies the region to the right of x = 0 plane. If E1 in medium 1 is
E1 = (2ux − 3uy + 1uz ) volt/m, then E2 in medium 2 is
(A) (2.0ux − 7.5uy + 2.5uz ) volt/m (B) (2.0ux − 2.0uy + 0.6uz ) volt/m
(C) (2.0ux − 3.0uy + 1.0uz ) volt/m (D) (2.0ux − 2.0uy + 0.6uz ) volt/m
SOL 1.84 Hence (C) is correct option.
We have E1 = 2ux − 3uy + 1uz
E1t = − 3uy + uy and E1n = 2ux
Since for dielectric material at the boundary, tangential component of electric field
are equal
E1t =− 3uy + uy = E2t (x = 0 plane)
E1n = 2ux
At the boundary the for normal component of electric field are
D1n = D2n
or ε1 E1n = ε2 E2n
or 1.5εo 2ux = 2.5εo E2n
or E2n = 3 ux = 1.2ux
2.5
Thus E2 = E2t + E2n =− 3uy + uz + 1.2ux
MCQ 1.85 If the electric field intensity is given by E = (xux + yuy + zuz ) volt/m, the potential
difference between X (2, 0, 0) and Y (1, 2, 3) is
(A) + 1 volt (B) − 1 volt
(C) + 5 volt (D) + 6 volt
SOL 1.85 Hence (C) is correct option.
We have E = xux + yuy + zuz
dl = utx dx + uty dy + utz dz
#XE.dl
Y
VXY =−

#1 #2 ydyutz + #3 zdzuzt
2 0 0
= xdxutx +
0
2 2 y2 2 0
=−= x + +z G
2 1 2 2 2 3
=− 1 [22 − 12 + 02 − 22 + 02 − 32] = 5
2

MCQ 1.86 A uniform plane wave traveling in air is incident on the plane boundary between

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air and another dielectric medium with εr = 4 . The reflection coefficient for the
normal incidence, is
(A) zero (B) 0.5+180c
(B) 0.333+0c (D) 0.333+180c
SOL 1.86 Hence (D) is correct option.
μ
η =
ε
Reflection coefficient
η − η1
τ = 2
η2 + η1
Substituting values for η1 and η2 we have
μ
− με
= 1 − εr = 1 −
o 0

τ = εμε o r o 4 since εr = 4
μ
εε +
o
o r ε
o
o
1 + εr 1+ 4
= − 1 = 0.333+180c
3

MCQ 1.87 If the electric field intensity associated with a uniform plane electromagnetic wave
traveling in a perfect dielectric medium is given by E (z, t) = 10 cos (2π107 t − 0.1πz)
V/m, then the velocity of the traveling wave is
(A) 3.00 # 108 m/sec (B) 2.00 # 108 m/sec
(C) 6.28 # 107 m/sec (D) 2.00 # 107 m/sec
SOL 1.87 Hence (B) is correct option.
We have E (z, t) = 10 cos (2π # 107 t − 0.1πz)
where ω = 2π # 107 t
β = 0.1π
u = ω = 2π # 10 = 2 # 108 m/s
7
Phase Velocity
β 0.1π

MCQ 1.88 A short - circuited stub is shunt connected to a transmission line as shown in
fig. If Z0 = 50 ohm, the admittance Y seen at the junction of the stub and the
transmission line is

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(A) (0.01 − j0.02) mho (B) (0.02 − j0.01) mho

(C) (0.04 − j0.02) mho (D) (0.02 + j0) mho
SOL 1.88 The fig of transmission line is as shown below .
[Z + jZo tan βl]
We know that Zin = Zo L
[Zo + jZL tan βl]
For line 1, l = λ and β = 2π , ZL1 = 100Ω
2 λ
[Z + jZo tan π]
Thus Zin1 = Zo L = ZL = 100Ω
[Zo + jZL tan π]
For line 2, l = λ and β = 2π , ZL2 = 0 (short circuit)
8 λ
[0 + jZo tan π4 ]
Thus Zin2 = Zo = jZo = j50Ω
[Zo + 0]
Y = 1 + 1 = 1 + 1 = 0.01 − j0.02
Zin1 Zin2 100 j50

Hence (A) is correct option.

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MCQ 1.89 A rectangular metal wave guide filled with a dielectric material of relative permittivity
εr = 4 has the inside dimensions 3.0 cm # 1.2 cm. The cut-off frequency for the
dominant mode is
(A) 2.5 GHz (B) 5.0 GHz
(C) 10.0 GHz (D) 12.5 GHz
SOL 1.89 Hence (A) is correct option.
8
u = c = 3 # 10 = 1.5 # 108
ε0 2
In rectangular waveguide the dominant mode is TE10 and
fC = v ` m j2 + ` n j2
2 a b
8
= 1.5 # 10 1 2 + 0 2 = 1.5 # 108 = 2.5 GHz
` 0.03 j ` b j
2 0.06

MCQ 1.90 Two identical antennas are placed in the θ = π/2 plane as shown in Fig. The
elements have equal amplitude excitation with 180c polarity difference, operating
at wavelength λ. The correct value of the magnitude of the far-zone resultant
electric field strength normalized with that of a single element, both computed for
φ = 0 , is

(A) 2 cos b 2πs l (B) 2 sin b 2πs l

λ λ

(C) 2 cos a πs k (D) 2 sin a πs k

λ λ

SOL 1.90 Hence (D) is correct option.

ψ
Normalized array factor = 2 cos
2
ψ = βd sin θ cos φ + δ
θ = 90c,
d = 2 s,
φ = 45c,
δ = 180c
ψ βd sin θ cos φ + δ
Now 2 cos = 2 cos ; E
2 2
= 2 cos 8 2π 2 s cos 45c + 180 B
λ. 2 2

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= 2 cos 8 πs + 90cB = 2 sin ` πs j

λ λ

Answer Sheet
1. (B) 19. (D) 37. (A) 55. (B) 73. (C)
2. (C) 20. (D) 38. (A) 56. (B) 74. (C)
3. (B) 21. (D) 39. (D) 57. (A) 75. (D)
4. (C) 22. (C) 40. (C) 58. (D) 76. (D)
5. (C) 23. (B) 41. (C) 59. (C) 77. (B)
6. (D) 24. (A) 42. (A) 60. (A) 78. (A)
7. (B) 25. (C) 43. (D) 61. (D) 79. (C)
8. (A) 26. (A) 44. (B) 62. (A) 80. (D)
9. (C) 27. (C) 45. (A) 63. (C) 81. (B)
10. (D) 28. (B) 46. (A) 64. (A) 82. (A)
11. (B) 29. (C) 47. (A) 65. (D) 83. (B)
12. (D) 30. (B) 48. (C) 66. (C) 84. (C)
13. (B) 31. (A) 49. (B) 67. (D) 85. (C)
14. (C) 32. (*) 50. (B) 68. (D) 86. (D)
15. (B) 33. (*) 51. (C) 69. (D) 87. (B)
16. (D) 34. (A) 52. (D) 70 (A) 88. (A)
17. (C) 35. (C) 53. (B) 71 (B) 89. (A)
18. (B) 36. (B) 54. (A) 72 (B) 90. (D)

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