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LearningtoRead
A. Foundations of Reading (Kindergarten)
Concepts about Print and Phonemic Awareness are the foundations
They are taught separately but concurrently
Concepts About Print
(order) book, sentence, word, and letter concepts
letter concepts are the highest
p, b, d, q are typically learned last
Big Book Readings and Morning Messages are common activities
Phonemic Awareness
(order) identifying sounds, blending sounds, segmenting sounds
Identifying Blending Segmenting
/kat/ /k/ /k/ /a/ /t/ /kat/ /kat/ /k/ /a/ /t/
Elkonin Boxes and MultiSensory Techniques are common activities
Exiting Kindergarten
Both Concepts about Print and Phonemic Awareness must be in place
Letternaming and segmenting are the exit criteria
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B. Decoding and Fluency (First – Third Grade)
Begins with letterSound correspondence (first grade)
Ends with fluency (third grade)
LetterSound Correspondence (First Grade)
Begins with the Alphabetic Principle
Aa Bb Cc
Ape Bee City
Moves beyond the Alphabetic Principle
Aa Bb Cc
Apple Bat Cat
Illustrates why the foundations are so critical to learning to read
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LearningtoRead
OnsetRime Instruction (First Grade)
Word Families, Blends, and Digraphs
AT “BLENDS” “DIGRAPHS”
CAT BLOCK SHOCK
MAT TRUCK PHAT
HAT STOP THAT
RAT STREET WHAT
SAT DROP
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Phonics Generalizations (Second Grade)
Short Vowels Long Vowels Diphthongs
CVC CVCe Vowel Blends
MAT MATE BOY
PET PETE
BIT BITE TOIL
NOT NOTE
CUT CUTE COW
CCVC CCVCC VV – DIGRAPHS RCONTROL
DROP BLOCK EACH, PAINT CAR, BIRD, FUR
*BREAD, HEAD
HARD/SOFT C HARD/SOFT G SHORT VOWEL II
CAT CITY GAME GYM DROP
COT CYCLE GOT RAGE DROPPING
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Simple Polysyllabic Words (Third Grade)
Open Syllabes Closed Syllables Examples
mama Batman Repeat
extreme
El e phant
Fluency (Third Grade)
1. Speed: Child must decode quickly to have enough short term memory
available to comprehend what he/she reads
2. Intonation: Child must read expressively (?,!) to comprehend text and dialogue
in stories.
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C. Vocabulary Instruction (First – Third Grade)
Begins with Sight Words (First Grade) and ends with Context (Eighth Grade)
Regular and Irregular Sight Words (First – Third Grade)
Regular Sight Words Irregular Sight Words
The, was, saw, there, some Through, thorough, throughout
Decoding (9AM) Sight Words (10 AM) Fluency (11AM)
CAT THE
MAT ON The cat sat on the mat.
SAT BY
RAT NEAR The cat sat near the mat.
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Advanced Polysyllabic Words (Fourth Grade)
Inflectional Suffixes Derivational Affixes Roots
plurals, possessives Prefixes and Suffixes Free and Bound
comparatives, superlatives “Structural Analysis”
verb tenses
Cats Taller Runs Denationalization Chris Aster
Mike’s Tallest Walked Asteroid
Walking De nation al iz ation Wednesday Asterisk
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Contextual Analysis
Homophones Homographs Multiple Meaning Words
Cite, site, sight Cool
Lead (v) Lead (n) Denotation – Dictionary
To, too, two Below body temperature
Subject (v) Subject (n)
Their, there, they’re Connotation – Slang
Minute (adj.) Minute (n) She’s a cool teacher.
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ReadingtoLearn
D. Comprehension (Fourth through Eighth Grade)
Fluency (Third Grade)
Remember: Fluency (speed and intonation) is the gateway to comprehension
Literal Comprehension (Fourth Grade)
Factual Understanding
Who, What, Where, and When
Without literal comprehension, there can be no Inferential Comprehension
Inferential Comprehension (Fourth Grade)
Contextual Understanding
How and Why Questions
Reading between the lines, using context, and making predictions
Narrative Text Schema (Fifth Grade)
Narrative schema means organization of stories, novels, and poems
Plot, Setting, Character (protagonist/antagonist), symbol, metaphor
Story Maps are common instructional techniques
Expository Text Schema (Fifth Grade)
Expository chema means organization of science, social studies, and math
books
Main idea/Supporting idea; compare/contrast; problem/solution structures
Venn diagrams, outlines, and webs are common instructional techniques
Evaluative Comprehension (Eight Grade)
This is the highest level in the model
It means distinguishing fact from opinion and detecting propaganda
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CHRIS CASE STUDY
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CHRIS CASE STUDY
Paragraph One Strength + Evidence
Chris has many strengths of an emergent reader. His concepts about print constitute one
strength. As seen on his observation checklist, he understands all of the principle parts of a
book, including how print carries meaning, where to start reading text, and which direction to
read. He made only one minor mistake when he couldn't identify a mark of punctuation (a
period).
Paragraph Two Strength + Evidence
Another strength is his phonemic awareness. Table 5.2 reflects Chris's ability to blend isolated
sounds (e.g., /s/ /o/ /f/ /t/ as 'soft') and to segment spoken words into isolated sounds (e.g., 'tell'
as /t/ /e/ /l/). This is important because the ability to blend and segment sounds is the
foundation for learning to decode text and are the most advanced phonemic awareness
activities.
Paragraph Three Need + Evidence + Two Related Subneeds
Chris’s strengths show that he is ready to move more fully into phonics instruction, since he
can identify most letter by name and can segment well. Because his alphabet recognition text
shows that he had difficulty visually discriminating b & d; i & j, and p & q (letters that are
orthographically similar), this need would have to be addressed first. At the same time, he can
then utilize his known rime, “at” (seen in his writing sample), to begin to learn to decode
simple, cvc words using his secure consonants.
Paragraph Four Strategy + Steps + Benefits
To help Chris overcome his visual discrimination difficulties, I would use a multisensory
technique. I would have Chris trace sandpaper letters (e.g., b & d), while thinking aloud. I
would model how to say “down, up, and around” to form b and “around, up, and down” to form
d, and then have him repeat it. Then, I would then have him identify these letters in a variety of
texts to reinforce his learning in a new context. Finally, I would have him write each letter down
each day until he can both read and write them fluently. Chris would benefit from these
multisensory activities because he would learn to discriminate these problematic letters by
using his sense of sight, touch, and hearing to learn to correctly identify them.
Paragraph Five Strength + Steps + Benefits
To help Chris learn to decode simple cvc words, I would focus on basic onset/rime instruction
using his known consonants and known rime, at. I use a pocket chart with the consonants on
one line and his rime on the other. We would work together to create and read new words with
each of the known consonants. Finally, I would add his known sight words to a decodable
sentence, such as, The cat sat on the mat, and ask him to read it. By looking at the word,
saying the initial known consonants, and then adding the known rime, Chris would learn to
decode simple, shortvowel cvc words using basic onset/rime instruction. He would also learn
to read a sentence with these decodable words and known sight words in a sentence.
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Reading Instruction Lectures: Video 17 Encoding and Decoding Page 1 of 8
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TANYA ESSAY
Following is an excerpt from a passage indicating the mistakes made by Tanya, a second grader, as she
read the passage orally to her teacher. The passage was taken from a secondgrade level basal reader.
t h r e e c r a n e s o m e p it
A thirsty crow flew to a big tree. He was looking for water to drink. There was a pitcher under the tree,
p it s p it
so he flew down to the pitcher. He looked into it. There was a little water in the pitcher.
c r a ne t hr e e d r y p it c r a n e d r y
The crow said, "I am thirsty. I will drink the water in this pitcher." But the crow couldn't drink the water.
d r y
The top of the pitcher was too small. He couldn't get down to the water, so he couldn't have a drink.
t h is c r a n e dr e ss c r a ne
"I am so thirsty," the crow said. "I must have a drink. I must get that water." The crow flew to a big rock
p it
by the tree. He said, "I can't get down to the water because the top of the pitcher is too small. I have to get
p it p it d r y
the water up to the top of the pitcher. Then I can sit on the top of the pitcher and drink."
Ke y :
d e le t io n lo n g p a us e r e a din g r a t e 5 1 w or d s p e r min ut e
in s e r t io n s h or t p a u se
After the oral reading, the teacher asked Tanya about the passage. Following is an excerpt from their
conversation.
Teacher: Tanya, can you tell me in your own words what happened in this story?
Tanya: There was a pit with water in it, and a crane wanted to get at the water. 'Cause he
was dry.
Teacher: What do you think he wants to do with the water?
Tanya: Maybe swim or take a bath, or something. But the pit's too small. Cranes are really
big birds. He should go find a pond or a lake.
Use your knowledge of reading to write an essay in which you assess Tanya's reading performance. In
your essay:
• evaluate Tanya's reading performance, citing her strengths and needs as indicated by specific
examples;
• select one area in which Tanya needs improvement and describe an explicit instructional strategy the
teacher can use to address this need; and
• explain why the instructional strategy you identified is likely to be effective in improving Tanya's
reading.
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TANYA DECODING LESSON
STRENGTHS
Tanya recognizes irregular sight words like couldn’t and because. She also uses an initial
consonant strategy to decode words. For example, she says three for thirsty, crane for crow,
and dry for drink, indicating that she attends to initial consonants like digraphs (th) and blends
(cr and dr).
NEEDS
Tanya’s greatest area of need is with rimes, because she substitutes words that are visually
similar to what is in print. For example, she misses the “irsty” in thirsty, the “ow” in crow, and
the “ink” in drink.
STRATEGY
I would focus on the rime –ow and teach her to decode words from this family.
MATERIALS:
INDEX CARD WITH THE RIME OW WRITTEN ON IT
INDEX CARDS WITH THE ONSET BLENDS CR, BL, SN, FL AT WRITTEN ON THEM
DECODABLE –OW TEXT: THE CROW FLIES IN THE SNOW.
STEPS
1. DISPLAY OW RIME CARD AND MODEL SAYING THE DIGRAPH FOR THE CHILD BY
POINTING AT THE DIGRAPH AND SAYING /OW/
2. HELP THE CHILD TO ASSOCIATE THE PHONEME /OW/ TO THE DIGRAPH OW BY
ASKING HIM TO POINT TO CH AND READ THE DIGRAPH WHILE SAYING THE
PHONEME.
3. MAKE WORS WITH THE CHILD USING ONE OF THE ONSET BLEND CARDS. FOR
EXAMPLE, PAIR THE ONSET CR WITH THE RIME –OW TO MAKE THE WORD CROW.
4. CONTINUE MAKING WORDS USING THE REMAINING BLENDS BL, SN, AND FL WITH
THE RIME –OW TO MAKE THE WORDS BLOW, SNOW, AND FLOW.
5. HAVE THE CHILD READ A LINE OF DECODABLE –OW TEXT ALOUD (THE CROW
FLIES IN THE SNOW) AND CHECK FOR ACCURACY.
BENEFIT
THIS MAKING WORDS ACTIVITY SHOULD HELP TANYA READ WORDS WITH THEOW
RIME IN THEM, BECAUSE HE HAS BEEN TAUGHT TO ASSOCIATE THE PHONEME /OW/
WITH THE DIGRAPH –OW BY SEEING, SAYING, MAKING, AND READING OW WORDS
USING DECODABLE –OW TEXT.
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Reading Instruction Lectures: Video 20 Syllables and Advanced Vocabulary Page 1 of 4
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Reading Instruction Lectures: Video 23 Mary Case Study 6th Grade Page 1 of 4
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DOMAIN ONE
Assessment
Using your knowledge of standardized assessments, write a response in which you
explain the relative benefits and detriments of using these types of exams to assess a
student’s reading ability.
Portfolio Question
Using your knowledge of formal and informal assessment, select one type of
assessment instrument or method and explain its advantages or disadvantages.
Selecting Literature
A fifth grade teacher with children who read well below grade level (second grade) as
well as above grade level (seventh grade) asks you for advice on selecting literature for
her classroom. Using your knowledge of creating an environment for the development
of literacy, describe things that the teacher could consider when selecting texts for her
students.
Classroom Planning
A new teacher asks you for help in designing literacy centers for her first grade
students. Using your knowledge of classroom planning, write a response in which you
detail ideas
that the teacher might consider in this endeavor.
Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Grouping
A secondgrade teacher reviews the assessment results for her students on a variety of
tasks:
Student Decoding Decoding Fluency Brainstorming
Blends Inflections (Intonation) Ideas
Timmy 1/5 6/6 Adequate Emergent
Mary 5/5 3/6 Adequate Emergent
Jimmy 2/5 6/6 Adequate Emergent
Linda 5/5 2/6 Adequate Emergent
Johnny 3/5 6/6 Adequate Emergent
Cindy 5/5 2/6 Adequate Emergent
Billy 2/5 6/6 Adequate Emergent
Christine 5/5 6/6 Inadequate Emergent
Betty 5/5 6/6 Inadequate Emergent
Christopher 5/5 6/6 Inadequate Emergent
Using your knowledge of grouping students for instruction, write a response in which
you explain how the teacher can group the students most effectively for skill and
strategy instruction in her classroom. Be sure to cite evidence from the teacher’s report
to justify your response.
Building Fluency (Answer)
A third grade student reads with a high degree of accuracy, but at a slow rate with
almost no intonation. Using your knowledge of developing fluency, write a response in
which you describe procedures for addressing both issues with developing readers.
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Domain Four
Motivating Children
Billy is a fifth grader who performs at an average level in your class. While he regularly
shows a high aptitude for reading on standardized assessments, his inclass
performance does not reflect his abilities. Using your knowledge of motivating children
in the reading process, write a response in which you describe one way that you can
encourage students like Billy to become more engaged and motivated readers.
Readers Theater
Students in a fourthgrade class participate regularly in Readers Theatre performances.
The teacher begins by selecting a story at an appropriate level of difficulty and
converting it to a script. The teacher models an expressive reading of the story on which
the script is based. After discussing the story with students, the teacher offers a
minilesson on how to make a story "come alive" through expressive reading of a
Readers Theatre script.
The teacher then distributes a copy of the script to each student in the group. The
students practice reading aloud the script independently or with a partner. Then they
rehearse the script as a group, reading their assigned roles and responding to coaching
from the teacher. In subsequent rehearsals, the students switch roles, until every
student has had a chance to perform each role at least once. Over the course of the
week, the students rehearse the performance by reading the script aloud at least 12
times. The day before the performance, students rehearse their final roles. The
performance, which requires no costumes or props, is presented to an audience of
classmates, family members, school staff, or other groups of students.
Examinee Task
Write a response in which you explain one way that the approach described above can
help promote students' reading development.
Language Experience Approach
A first grade teacher has her students visit the zoo to see animals and broaden their
experiences. Describe an activity that the teacher can use in class to improve the
students' literacy development after returning to the classroom.
ESL Instruction
A new teacher asks you for guidelines for using TPR in her classroom.
Using your knowledge of ESL activities, write a response in which you describe a
procedure for accomplishing this goal.
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Reading Instruction Lectures: Video 29 Practice RICA Assignment B Page 1 of 2
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