Important Points-
Point-01:
For any given IP Address,
• If the range of first octet is [1, 126], then IP Address belongs to class A.
• If the range of first octet is [128, 191], then IP Address belongs to class B.
• If the range of first octet is [192, 223], then IP Address belongs to class C.
• If the range of first octet is [224, 239], then IP Address belongs to class D.
• If the range of first octet is [240, 254], then IP Address belongs to class E.
Point-02:
For any given IP Address,
• IP Address of its network is obtained by setting all its Host ID part bits to 0.
Point-03:
For any given IP Address,
• Direct Broadcast Address is obtained by setting all its Host ID part bits to 1.
Point-04:
• For any given IP Address, limited Broadcast Address is obtained by setting all its
bits to 1.
• For any network, its limited broadcast address is always 255.255.255.255
Point-05:
• Class D IP Addresses are not divided into Net ID and Host ID parts.
• Class E IP Addresses are not divided into Net ID and Host ID parts.
PRACTICE PROBLEMS BASED ON IP ADDRESS
IN NETWORKING-
Problem-01:
For the following IP Addresses-
1. 1.2.3.4
2. 10.15.20.60
3. 130.1.2.3
4. 150.0.150.150
5. 200.1.10.100
6. 220.15.1.10
7. 250.0.1.2
8. 300.1.2.3
Identify the Class, Network IP Address, Direct broadcast address and Limited
broadcast address of each IP Address.
Problem-02:
A device has two or more IP Addresses, the device is called-
1. Workstation
2. Router
3. Gateway
4. All of these
Problem-03:
A host with IP Address 200.100.1.1 wants to send a packet to all the hosts in the
same network.
What will be-
1. Source IP Address
2. Destination IP Address
Problem-04:
A host with IP Address 10.100.100.100 wants to use loop back testing.
What will be-
1. Source IP Address
2. Destination IP Address
Problem-05:
How many bits are allocated for Network ID and Host ID in 23.192.157.234 address?
Problem-06:
Which devices can use logical addressing system?
1. Hub
2. Switch
3. Bridge
4. Router
Problem-07:
What is the network ID of the IP Address 230.100.123.70?
Problem-08:
Match the following-
Column-I:
1. 200.10.192.100
2. 7.10.230.1
3. 128.1.1.254
4. 255.255.255.255
5. 100.255.255.255
Column-II:
1. Class A
2. Limited Broadcast Address
3. Direct Broadcast Address
4. Class C
5. Class B
Problem-09:
Suppose that instead of using 16 bits for network part of a class B Address, 20 bits
have been used. How many class B networks would have been possible?
Problem-10:
What is the default mask for 192.0.46.10?
Types of IP addressing
1. Classful Addressing System
2. Classless Addressing System
Classless Addressing-
• Classless Addressing is an improved IP Addressing system.
• It makes the allocation of IP Addresses more efficient.
• It replaces the older classful addressing system based on classes.
• It is also known as Classless Inter Domain Routing (CIDR).
CIDR Block-
When a user asks for specific number of IP Addresses,
• CIDR dynamically assigns a block of IP Addresses based on certain rules.
• This block contains the required number of IP Addresses as demanded by the
user.
• This block of IP Addresses is called as a CIDR block.
Rules For Creating CIDR Block-
A CIDR block is created based on the following 3 rules-
Rule-01:
• All the IP Addresses in the CIDR block must be contiguous.
Rule-02:
• The size of the block must be presentable as power of 2.
• Size of the block is the total number of IP Addresses contained in the block.
• Size of any CIDR block will always be in the form 21, 22, 23, 24, 25 and so on.
Rule-03:
• First IP Address of the block must be divisible by the size of the block.
REMEMBER
If any binary pattern consisting of (m + n) bits is divided by 2n, then-
• Remainder is least significant n bits
• Quotient is most significant m bits
So, any binary pattern is divisible by 2n, if and only if its least significant n bits are 0.
Examples-
Consider a binary pattern-
01100100.00000001.00000010.01000000
(represented as 100.1.2.64)
• It is divisible by 25 since its least significant 5 bits are zero.
• It is divisible by 26 since its least significant 6 bits are zero.
• It is not divisible by 27 since its least significant 7 bits are not zero.
CIDR Notation-
CIDR IP Addresses look like-
a.b.c.d / n
• They end with a slash followed by a number called as IP network prefix.
• IP network prefix tells the number of bits used for the identification of network.
• Remaining bits are used for the identification of hosts in the network.
Example-
An example of CIDR IP Address is-
182.0.1.2 / 28
It suggests-
• 28 bits are used for the identification of network.
• Remaining 4 bits are used for the identification of hosts in the network.
PRACTICE PROBLEMS BASED ON CLASSLESS
INTER DOMAIN ROUTING-
Problem-01:
Given the CIDR representation 20.10.30.35 / 27. Find the range of IP Addresses in
the CIDR block.
Problem-02:
Given the CIDR representation 100.1.2.35 / 20. Find the range of IP Addresses in
the CIDR block.
Problem-03:
Consider a block of IP Addresses ranging from 100.1.2.32 to 100.1.2.47.
1. Is it a CIDR block?
2. If yes, give the CIDR representation.
Rule-01:
• According to Rule-01, all the IP Addresses must be contiguous.
• Clearly, all the given IP Addresses are contiguous.
• So, Rule-01 is satisfied.
Rule-02:
• According to Rule-02, size of the block must be presentable as 2n.
• Number of IP Addresses in the given block = 47 – 32 + 1 = 16.
• Size of the block = 16 which can be represented as 24.
• So, Rule-02 is satisfied.
Rule-03:
• According to Rule-03, first IP Address must be divisible by size of the block.
• So, 100.1.2.32 must be divisible by 24.
• 100.1.2.32 = 100.1.2.00100000 is divisible by 24 since its 4 least significant bits
are zero.
• So, Rule-03 is satisfied.
Since all the rules are satisfied, therefore given block is a CIDR block.
CIDR Representation-
We have-
• Size of the block = Total number of IP Addresses = 24.
• To have 24 total number of IP Addresses, total 4 bits are required in the Host ID
part.
• So, Number of bits present in the Network ID part = 32 – 4 = 28.
Thus,
CIDR Representation = 100.1.2.32 / 28
NOTE-
For writing the CIDR representation,
• We can choose to mention any IP Address from the CIDR block.
• The chosen IP Address is followed by a slash and IP network prefix.
• We generally choose to mention the first IP Address.
Problem-04:
Consider a block of IP Addresses ranging from 150.10.20.64 to 150.10.20.127.
1. Is it a CIDR block?
2. If yes, give the CIDR representation.
Rule-01:
• According to Rule-01, all the IP Addresses must be contiguous.
• Clearly, all the given IP Addresses are contiguous.
• So, Rule-01 is satisfied.
Rule-02:
• According to Rule-02, size of the block must be presentable as 2n.
• Number of IP Addresses in given block = 127 – 64 + 1 = 64.
• Size of the block = 64 which can be represented as 26.
• So, Rule-02 is satisfied.
Rule-03:
• According to Rule-03, first IP Address must be divisible by size of the block.
• So, 150.10.20.64 must be divisible by 26.
• 150.10.20.64 = 150.10.20.01000000 is divisible by 26 since its 6 least significant
bits are zero.
• So, Rule-03 is satisfied.
Since all the rules are satisfied, therefore given block is a CIDR block.
CIDR Representation-
We have-
• Size of the block = Total number of IP Addresses = 26.
• To have 26 total number of IP Addresses, 6 bits are required in the Host ID part.
• So, Number of bits in the Network ID part = 32 – 6 = 26.
Thus,
CIDR Representation = 150.10.20.64 / 26
Problem-05:
Perform CIDR aggregation on the following IP Addresses-
128.56.24.0/24
128.56.25.0/24
128.56.26.0/24
128.56.27.0/24
Rule-01:
• According to Rule-01, all the IP Addresses must be contiguous.
• Clearly, all the IP Addresses are contiguous.
• So, Rule-01 is satisfied.
Rule-02:
• According to Rule-02, size of the block must be presentable as 2n.
• Total number of IP Addresses = 28 + 28 + 28 + 28 = 22 x 28 = 210.
• So, Rule-02 is satisfied.
Rule-03:
• According to Rule-03, first IP Address must be divisible by size of the block.
• So, 128.56.24.0 must be divisible by 210.
• 128.56.24.0 = 128.56.00011000.00000000 is divisible by 210 since its 10 least
significant bits are zero.
• So, Rule-03 is satisfied.
Since all the 3 rules are satisfied, so they can be aggregated.
CIDR Representation-
We have-
• Size of the block = Total number of IP Addresses = 210.
• To have 210 total number of IP Addresses, 10 bits are required in the Host ID part.
• So, Number of bits in the Network ID part = 32 – 10 = 22.
Thus,
CIDR Representation = 128.56.24.0/22
Problem-06:
Perform CIDR aggregation on the following IP Addresses-
200.96.86.0/24
200.96.87.0/24
200.96.88.0/24
200.96.89.0/24
Rule-01:
• According to Rule-01, all the IP Addresses must be contiguous.
• Clearly, all the IP Addresses are contiguous.
• So, Rule-01 is satisfied.
Rule-02:
• According to Rule-02, size of the block must be presentable as 2n.
• Total number of IP Addresses = 28 + 28 + 28 + 28 = 22 x 28 = 210.
• So, Rule-02 is satisfied.
Rule-03:
• According to Rule-03, first IP Address must be divisible by size of the block.
• So, 200.96.86.0 must be divisible by 210.
• 200.96.86.0 = 200.96.01010110.00000000 is not divisible by 210 since its 10 least
significant bits are not zero.
• So, Rule-03 is unsatisfied.
Since all the 3 rules are not satisfied, so they can not be aggregated.
