• Introduction, Brief History/Development of Cable Stayed Bridges

• Major Cable Stayed Bridges in World

• Basic Components and types of Cable Stayed Bridges
– Cable Arrangement Types
– Pylon Types
– Deck Types
– Substructure Types
• Key Challenges
• Design Challenges
• Material Challenges
• Construction Challenges
• Behavior of Cable Stayed Bridges
– Load Path
– Static behavior
– Dynamic Response
• Modeling and Analysis
• Seismic Effects
• Wind Effects
• Bridges in Bangkok
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 Suspension bridge-drawing
by Faust Vrančića in A diagram of one of the earliest known suspension bridges in the world, built in
1430, at Chushul, south of Lhasa in Tibet. The image was taken by an Indian spy
Machinae novae, 1595 working for the Survey of India in 1878, and published by Waddell in 1905

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 Advance Topics in Bridge Engineering, SET, AIT
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 • A cable-stayed bridge, one of the most modern bridges, consists of a continuous
strong beam (girder) with one or more pillars or towers in the middle.

• Cables stretch diagonally between these pillars or towers and the beam
– These cables support the beam

• The cables are anchored in the tower rather than at the end

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 • Appropriate for medium span bridges (200 to 800 m)

• Requires less cable then a suspension bridge

• Can be constructed out of identical pre-cast concrete sections

• Faster to build

• Cable-stayed bridges look futuristic, but the idea for them goes back a long way.
• Stability Conditions
– To prevent sideways and vertical movements of the tower/pylon and deck under asymmetrical live
loading
– Possible to maintain stability of the whole structure by resisting only the horizontal and vertical
components of the forces generated

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 Parallel Attachment Pattern

Radial Attachment Pattern

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 pros cons
• Construction method is simple • May require pier, or at least a tower on
(cantilever method) either side of the site
• Typically built for larger spans • More susceptible to damage by wind
• Simple to design (as opposed to the forces (also weak in torsion).
suspension bridge) • Although cheaper than suspension
bridges, can be more expensive for short
spans (as opposed to truss bridges)

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 • Many things to think about mathematically:
– Horizontal distance from tower to point of attachment
– Height of point of attachment above bridge level
– Stretched length of cable
– Angle between cable and tower
• Experiments to consider:
– Cable needs to be tested to see how its stretch varies with the
angle to the vertical
• an experiment to determine how much a length of cable stretches when it
supports a mass

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 • The tower of the bridge forms the vertical side of the right triangle.
– The distance between the points of attachment of preceding
cables on the tower should be equal
– Likewise, the points of attachment of the cables on the beam of
the span should be equidistant.

• You can calculate the length of the remaining cables after the first
cable has been installed by applying the proportionality concept or
the Pythagorean theorem.

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 • The tower is responsible for absorbing
and dealing with compression forces

• Tension occurs along the cable lines Tension

• This works because a moving load is not

applied evenly across the bridge, and as it
moves one set or the other of the
diagonals will find itself in tension

Compression

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 Rank Name Location Country Longest span Completed Pylons

Vladivostok, Eastern
1 Russky Bridge Russia 1,104 m 2012 2
Bosphorus Strait

People's Republic
2 Sutong Bridge Suzhou, Nantong 1,088 m 2008 2
of China

3 Stonecutters Bridge Rambler Channel Hong Kong (PRC) 1,018 m 2009 2

People's Republic
4 E’dong Bridge Huangshi 926 m 2010 2
of China

5 Tatara Bridge Seto Inland Sea Japan 890 m 1999 2

6 Pont de Normandie Le Havre France 856 m 1995 2

People's Republic
7 Jingyue Bridge Jingzhou 816 m 2010 2
of China

8 Incheon Bridge Incheon South Korea 800 m 2009 2

People's Republic multi

9 Jiaxing-Shaoxing Sea Bridge Hangzhou Bay 780.29 m 2013
of China pylon

10 Zolotoy Bridge Vladivostok Russia 737 m 2012 2

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Rank Name Location Country Longest span Completed Pylons

Vladivostok, Eastern
1 Russky Bridge Russia 1,104 m 2012 2
Bosphorus Strait

Russky Bridge, Vladivostok, Russia

Dr. Naveed Anwar
Rank Name Location Country Longest span Completed Pylons

People's Republic of
2 Sutong Bridge Suzhou, Nantong 1,088 m 2008 2
China

Sutong Bridge, China

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Rank Name Location Country Longest span Completed Pylons

3 Stonecutters Bridge Rambler Channel Hong Kong (PRC) 1,018 m 2009 2

Stonecutters Bridge, Hong Kong

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Rank Name Location Country Longest span Completed Pylons

People's Republic of
4 E’dong Bridge Huangshi 926 m 2010 2
China

E’dong Bridge, China

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Rank Name Location Country Longest span Completed Pylons

5 Tatara Bridge Seto Inland Sea Japan 890 m 1999 2

Tatara Bridge, Japan

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Rank Name Location Country Longest span Completed Pylons

6 Pont de Normandie Le Havre France 856 m 1995 2

Pont de Normandie Bridge, France

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Rank Name Location Country Longest span Completed Pylons

People's Republic of
7 Jingyue Bridge Jingzhou 816 m 2010 2
China

Jingyue Bridge, China

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Rank Name Location Country Longest span Completed Pylons

8 Incheon Bridge Incheon South Korea 800 m 2009 2

Incheon Bridge, South Korea

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Rank Name Location Country Longest span Completed Pylons

People's Republic of multi

9 Jiaxing-Shaoxing Sea Bridge Hangzhou Bay 780.29 m 2013
China pylon

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Rank Name Location Country Longest span Completed Pylons

10 Zolotoy Bridge Vladivostok Russia 737 m 2012 2

Zolotoy Rog Bridge, China

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 Coalbrookdale, UK
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 Gi-Lu bridge, Taiwan

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 Zakim Bridge, Boston, MA

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 Mixed Systems

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Rank Deck length Name
1 2,460 metres Millau Viaduct
2 2,252 metres Rio-Antirio Bridge
3 1,688 metres Sutong Bridge
4 1,596 meters Stonecutters Bridge
5 1,552 metres Erqi Yangtze River Bridge
6 1,495 metres General Rafael Urdaneta Bridge
7 1,320 metres Incheon Bridge
8 1,312 metres Tatara Bridge
9 1,272 metres Russky Bridge
10 1,246 metres Shanghai Yangtze River Bridge
11 1,177 metres Ting Kau Bridge
12 1,170 metres Meiko-Chuo Bridge
13 1,158 metres Third Nanjing Yangtze Bridge
14 1,121 metres Second Nanjing Yangtze Bridge
15 1,105 metres Qingzhou Bridge
16 1,096 metres E’dong Bridge
Zhengzhou Yellow River Road Rail
17 1,082 metres
Bridge
18 1,074 metres Xupu Bridge
19 1,056 metres Jintang Bridge
20 1,040 metres Anqing Bridge
21 1,020 metres Tsurumi Tsubasa Bridge

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 Rama IX Bridge

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 Single Plane Bridge

• Construction materials used:

Cables Steel
Piers RC
Pylons Steel
• Dimensions:
Main span 450 m
Total length 781.20 m
Largest cable dia. 167 mm
Deck depth 4.00 m
Deck width 33.00 m
Clearance below 41 m

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 Rama VIII Bridge

Single Pylon Bridge

Cables steel
Piers reinforced concrete
Pylons reinforced concrete
Longest Span – 300m

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 • Longest span - 326 m and 398 m
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 • Longest Span – 500m

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 • Cable Arrangement Types
• Pylon Types
• Deck Types
• Substructure Types

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 • Cables are usually either arranged in a
single-plane or two-plane system

• Single-plane is commonly employed

with a divided road deck, and requires
only a narrow pylon and pier
Single Plane

• In the two-plane system the cable can

either be arranged to hang vertically or
slope towards the top of the tower or
pylon

Two Plane

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 Parallel Attachment Pattern

Radial Attachment Pattern

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 Radial : cables connect evenly throughout the deck, but all converge on the
top of the pier

Harp : cables are parallel, and evenly spaced along the deck and the pier

Fan : a combination of radial and harp types

Star-shaped : cables are connected to two opposite points on the pier

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 • Similar to that used for normal prestressing
work

• May comprise of:

– multi-strand cable made up of cold drawn
wires
– single strand cable (mono-strand cable)
consisting of parallel wires

• Diameters in the range 40-125 mm are typical

• Protection against corrosion is a major

concern

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 Polyethylene duct
Protective grout

Prestressing wire

Parallel wires

Polyethylene duct
S- section wires
Trapezoidal section wires Cement grout

Round wire
Spacer
Strand

Locked Cables Strands

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 • Main tensile elements made out of High tensile
prestressing steel and standardized structural steel for
anchorages

• Zink or other corrosion protective coating on

prestressing Steel and Structural steel components

• High density polyethylene protective cover

• Filling material such as wax and grease for protection of

free length and anchorages

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 • Usually the cable has a pin type
joint to the Pylon

• Have either swaged or filled sockets

• The deck-to-cable connection is

usually of the 'free' type to
accommodate adjustment

• Cable Anchorages in Pylon are

usually expensive

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 Bottom Anchorage Upper Anchorage

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 • Durability
• Wide size range
• Easiness of Installation
• Unitary Stressing(Strand by Strand)
• Adjustable anchorages for full stay stressing or distressing
• Force checking or monitoring at any time
• Replacement of stay as a whole or strand by strand
individually
• Ability to damper Installation
• Longer Fatigue Life(2 million cycles)
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 • May be fabricated from
– steel plate,
– precast concrete elements
– occasionally in in-situ concrete

• Various design options are available to

produce good aesthetic effects Single Tower Twin Tower

A-Frame Tower Diamond Tower

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 • Generally has a hollow box cross section

• Provides torsional resistance across the deck width

• May be assembled in precast concrete elements, steel plate or girders, or made in in

situ concrete

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 • Various methods in practice include:
– Erect on temporary props
– Free cantilever with progressive placing
– Balanced cantilever
– Push-out
• Method of erection is influenced by:
– the stiffness of the pylon cable anchorage system
– viability of installing temporary supports
– maximum unsupported spans permitted by the design
– case of transporting materials

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 • Design Challenges
• Material Challenges
• Construction Challenges

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 • A cable-stayed bridge is a highly redundant, or statically indeterminate structure.
• The permanent load condition includes
– All structural dead load
– All Superimposed dead
– All prestressing effects
– All secondary moments and forces.
• It is the load condition when all permanent loads act on the structure.
• There are an infinite number of possible combinations of permanent load
conditions for any cable-stayed bridge.
• The designer can select the one that is most advantageous for the design when
other loads are considered.
• Construction stage analysis checks the stresses and stability of the structure in
every construction stage, starts from this selected final condition backwards.
• However, if the structure is of concrete or composite, creep and shrinkage effect
must be calculated in a forward calculation starting from the beginning of the
construction.
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 • Live-load stresses are mostly determined by evaluation of influence lines.
• The stress at a given location in a cable-stayed bridge is usually a combination of
several force components.
• In lieu of the combined influence lines, some designs substitute P, M, and K with
extreme values, i.e., maximum and minimum of each.
• Such a calculation is usually conservative but fails to present the actual picture of
the stress distribution in the structure.
• Vibrations, resonance effects of moving trucks can be greatly amplified in cable
stayed bridges

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 • Differential temperature between various members of the structure, especially
that between the cables and the rest of the bridge, must be considered in the
design.
• Black cables tend to be heated up and cooled down much faster than the towers
and the girder, thus creating a significant temperature difference.
– Light-colored cables, therefore, are usually preferred.
• Orientation of the bridge toward the sun is another factor to consider.
– One face of the towers and some group of cables facing the sun may be warmed up while the
other side is in the shadow, causing a temperature gradient across the tower columns and
differential temperature among the cable groups.

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 • Most cable-stayed bridges are relatively flexible with long fundamental periods in
the range of 3.0 s or longer.
– Their seismic responses are usually not very significant in the longitudinal direction.
• In the transverse direction, the towers are similar to a high-rise building.
– Their responses are also manageable.
• Experience shows that, except in extremely high seismic areas, earthquake load
seldom controls the design.
• On the other hand, because most cable-stayed bridges are categorized as major
structures, they are usually required to be designed for more severe earthquake
loads than regular structures.

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 • High-strength concrete
• High-strength steel cables
• Rubber bearings
• Precast concrete

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 • Highly Skilled tasks
• Availability of heavy equipment
• High level of precision and sophistication
• Previous experience is often essential

• <watch any of Mega Structure programs in Discovery>

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Advance Topics in Bridge Engineering, SET, AIT
 • The Dead load of deck is primary loading
• Lateral loads due wind
• Aero elastic loading due to wind
– Resonance, Flutter, Vortex shedding
• Seismic load and amplification
• Expansion due temperature change
– Cable elongation effects
• Traffic/ Truck load is less important
– Generally uniformly distributed load is considered

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 T
C C

P?
P

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 +- Dx

+dL

+- dy -dL -dL

Deck Free to Move

Dy

Dy

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 Main Span – Stay Force Diagram Back Span – Stay Force Diagram

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 • Depending on the type of bearing or supports used, the dynamic behavior of the
structure can be quite different.

– If very soft supports are used, the girder acts like a pendulum. Its fundamental
frequency will be very low.

– Stiffening up the supports and bearings can increase the frequency significantly.

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 • Modeling of Cables
– Consider the Nonlinearity due to profile and material
– Consider the Pre-Tension and multiple stressing
– Consider the Partial Fixity at Anchors
• Modeling of Deck
– The extent of deck model and level of detail
– Global Model and Local Models

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 • Modeling of Pylons
– Modeling the Flexibility and Stability
– Partial construction loading and unbalanced conditions
• Modeling of Expansion Joint
– Accommodating Large Moments
– Transfer of large forces
• Modeling of Foundations
– Foundations are often under water
– Very large loads and moments
– Modeling Water waves, collision etc

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 Advance Topics in Bridge Engineering, SET, AIT
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 • The towers are the struts for the bridge. They receive all of the compressive forces.
• These members have to be thick enough resist buckling, flexure, and oscillation.
• They have to withstand minor changes as a result of live loads and temperature
changes.
• The main job of the towers is to withstand the forces that are exerted on it by the
cables.
• Depends upon the height and mode of erection and may be:
– shop-fabricated in steel as complete units
– Made up from cellular or box girder sections
– In situ concrete either cast lift-by-lift or slip-formed

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 • All of the tension forces in the bridge is
transferred to the main cable through the
suspenders
• The cables need to allow vibration and be
resistant to corrosion
• Generally spun in place from individual galvanized
wires, or positioned similar to the method used
for cable-stayed bridges
• The wire or stands are compacted together and
then bound in galvanized wire and coated with
weather- resistant paint to aid corrosion
protection

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 • Model as Load
• Model as Element
with or without Tendon Loads

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 • Model as Element

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 • Click Draw Frame Element Tools
• Select Tendon or Cable
from “Line Object Type”

• Draw Element in Model

• Specify Parameters

Cable

Tendon

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 • Special 2D elements to capture
the Non-Linear behavior
• Various NL Links are used in
modeling including
– Multi-Linear Elastic
– Multi-Linear Plastic
– Damper
– Gap
– Hook
– Rubber Isolators
– Friction Isolators

106 Advance Topics in Bridge Engineering, SET, AIT Advance Topics in Bridge Engineering, SET, AIT
CE 72.90 - Advanced Topics in Bridge Engineering – June 2013, Dr. Naveed Anwar
 Moving load analysis of cable stayed bridge

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 Construction stage analysis of cable stayed bridge

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Advance Topics in Bridge Engineering, SET, AIT
 • The modal analysis determines the inherent natural frequencies of vibration
• Each natural frequency is related to a time period and a mode shape
• Time Period is the time it takes to complete one cycle of vibration
• The Mode Shape is normalized deformation pattern
• The number of Modes is typically equal to the number of Degrees of Freedom
• The Time Period and Mode Shapes are inherent properties of the structure and do
not depend on the applied loads

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CE 72.90 - Advanced Topics in Bridge Engineering – June 2013, Dr. Naveed Anwar ACECOMS, AIT
 First mode (f1 = 0.40 Hz)

Second mode (f2 = 0.64 Hz)

Fourth mode (f4 = 1.00 Hz).

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 Advance Topics in Bridge Engineering, SET, AIT
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 • For each mode of free vibration, corresponding Time Period is obtained.
• For each Time Period and specified damping ratio, the specified Response Spectrum is
read to obtain the corresponding Acceleration
• For each Spectral Acceleration, corresponding velocity and displacements response
for the particular degree of freedom is obtained
• The displacement response is then used to obtain the corresponding stress resultants
• The stress resultants for each mode are then added using some combination rule to
obtain the final response envelop

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CE 72.90 - Advanced Topics in Bridge Engineering – June 2013, Dr. Naveed Anwar ACECOMS, AIT
 Design Spectral Acceleration Vs Time Period
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CE 72.90 - Advanced Topics in Bridge Engineering – June 2013, Dr. Naveed Anwar ACECOMS, AIT
 • Input needed for Response Spectrum Analysis
– Mass and stiffness distribution
– A Specified Response Spectrum Curve
– The Response Input Direction
– The Response Scaling Factors
– The modes to be included
• Output From Response Spectrum Analysis
– Unsigned displacements, stress resultants and stresses etc.

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 • The full dynamic equilibrium equation is solved for each time step on the
acceleration-time curve
• The History of the deformations resulting from previous time step calculation is
considered in computing the response for the current time step
• The time-history analysis is in-fact a piece wise solution of the entire force histogram

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CE 72.90 - Advanced Topics in Bridge Engineering – June 2013, Dr. Naveed Anwar ACECOMS, AIT
 0.1
Acceleration (g)
Cliff Station from 1989 Loma Preita, USA

-0.1

0 10 20 30 40
Time (sec)
0.05
Acceleration (g)

CUIP Station from 1985 Michoacan, Mexico

-0.05

0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Time (sec)
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CE 72.90 - Advanced Topics in Bridge Engineering – June 2013, Dr. Naveed Anwar ACECOMS, AIT
 Internal dampers:

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 External dampers:

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Advance Topics in Bridge Engineering, SET, AIT
Dr. Naveed Anwar
 Deformation Due to Time Averaged aerodynamic force

Static Stress Due to Wind Induced Pressure or Force

Effects Torsional Divergence (negative stiffness)

Static Instability
Lateral Buckling

Due to Atmospheric
Turbulence

Bufferting (random Limited Amplitude

vibration) Response
Forced Vibration
Due to Body induced
Turbulence (Wake)

Dynamic
Effects Vortex Excitation

Galloping

Wake Galloping
Dynamic Instability Divergent Amplitude
Torsional Flutter
(negative damping) Response
Coupled Flutter

Rain Induced Vibrations

Classification of Wind Effects

Dr. Naveed Anwar
Dr. Naveed Anwar
 Material science,
Metrology Aerodynamics Theory of Structures codes, regulations

Loading on Structural Check Safety/

Wind
the Structure Respose Serviceability

Influence of Deformation
on Loading

Aeroelasticity

CE 72.32 - Design of Tall Buildings - January 2013, Dr. Naveed Anwar

Dr. Naveed Anwar
Dr. Naveed Anwar
 Wind Tunnel Tests

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 Wind Tunnel Test on a Bridge Section Model
To check its Aerodynamic Stability

Dr. Naveed Anwar

 The Rach Mieu Cable-stayed Bridge
(Vietnam)

Dr. Naveed Anwar

 Advance Topics in Bridge Engineering, SET, AIT
Dr. Naveed Anwar
 • Seismic and aerodynamics have contradictory demands on the structure.
• For aerodynamic stability a stiffer structure is preferred but for seismic design, except
if the bridge is founded on very soft soil, a more flexible bridge will have less
response.
• Some compromise between these two demands is required.
• A device that connects the girder and the tower, which can break at a certain
predetermined force will help in both events.
• Under aerodynamic actions, it will suppress the onset of the vibrations as the
connection makes the structure stiffer. Under seismic load, the connection breaks at
the predetermined load and the structure becomes more flexible. This reduces the
fundamental frequency of the bridge.

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 Advance Topics in Bridge Engineering, SET, AIT
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 Thank You

Dr. Naveed Anwar

Executive Director, AIT Consulting
Advance Topics in Bridge Engineering, Affiliated
SET, AITFaculty, Structural Engineering
Director, ACECOMS