(1)

]earm wó b*0awm t&[awm or®morÁK'¨ó}

bk&m;? w&m;? oHCm? rdb? q&mwdkYtm;
þ"r®pmpkjzifh &dkaopGm uefawmhyg\/

y#dpo
ö rkygÜ 'f
odkYr[kwf
jzpfaMumif;csKyfaMumif;
ESifh
jzpfjcif;csKyfjcif;

a'gufwmpdk;vGif (rEÅav;)
 (2)

rmwdum
upömea*gwåokwf -3
0db*Fokwf (y#dpöorkyÜg'f) -5
y#dpöorkyÜg' 'DyeDtzGifh - 11
y#dpöorkyÜg'f vuFm - 16
rlvESpfyg; - 17
y#dpöorkyÜg'fESifh0#f (3)yg; - 22
y#dpöorkyÜg'fESifhypö,y&d*¾[ÓPf - 24
y#dpöorkyÜg'fESifhenf; (4)enf; - 35
y#d p ö o rk y Ü g 'f E S i f hrZÑd
rZÑdry#dy'g - 52
y#d p ö o rk y Ü g 'f E S i f h 0 #f j rpf - 60
y#dpöorkyÜg'fESifhtwå'd|d - 68
y#dpöorkyÜg'fESifhtewå - 80
y#d p ö o rk y Ü g 'f E S i f h y pö K yÜ e f - 91
y#dpöorkyÜg'fESifhopöm(4)yg; m (4)yg; - 110
y#dpöorkyÜg'fESifhr*¾if&Spfyg; - 115
 (3)
oH,kwåedum,f-ed'ge0* ge0*¾¾ oH ,k wf ygV
gVdd awm
wmff -tm[m&0*f
upömea*gwåokwf
om0w¬djynfü (oDwif;okH;) aeawmfrl\? xkdtcg toQif
upömea*gwåonf jrwfpGmbk&m;xHodkY csOf;uyfí jrwfpGmbk&m;ukd
&S d c k d ; vsuf wpf c k a omae&mü xk d i f N yD ; aomf jrwf p G m bk & m;tm;h
]]toQifbk&m; rSefaomtjrif ]or®m'd|d} rSefaomtjrif ]or®m'd|d}
[lí qkyd g\? toQib f &k m; tb,frQjzifh rSefaomtjrif ]or®m'd|d}
jzpfygoenf;}}[k þpum;ukd avQmuf\/
avmu t,lr&dSyHk
upöme þowå0gtaygif;onf rsm;aomtm;jzifh ]&S d o nf }\
tjzpfukd4if;? ]r&S d o nf }\ tjzpfukd4if; ESpfyg;ukd ]rS D \ }}/ upöme
ocF g & avmu\ ]jzpf a y:aMumif ; }}uk d [k w f r S e f a omtwk d i f ;
aumif;aomynmjzifh jrifaomoltm; ocFg& avmuü ]r&Sd}[laom
t,lonf rjzpf/ upöme ocFg&avmu\ ]csKyfNidrf;&m} &m}ukd [kwrf eS f
aomtwk d i f ; aumif ; aom ynmjzif h jrif a omol t m; (ocF g &)
avmuü ]&Sd\}}[laom t,lonf rjzpf/
twå[krpGJvrf;yHk
upöme þowå0g taygif;ukd uyfa&mufrI ]Oy,}? jyif;pGm
pGJvrf;rI ]Oyg'gef }? epfjrKyfpl;0ifrI ]tbd e d a 0o} 0o}wdkYonf owå0g
taygif ; uk d rsm;aomtm;jzif h ]aES m if z G J J U }}tyf \ / þt&d , m
wynfhonfum; pdwf\wnf&m epfjrKyfpl;0if&m udef;atmif;&m
jzpfaom xku d yfa&mufrI ]Oy,}? jyif;pGm pGv J rf;rI ]Oyg'gef}ukd ]ig\
twåwnf;}}[k ruyfa&muf? rpGv J rf;? raqmufwnf/ ]] jzpfcahJ omf
 (4)

qif;&JJom jzpf\? csKyfcJhaomf qif;&JJomcsKyf\ }}[k ,kHrSm;rI r&Sd?

awG;awmrI r&Sd/ þt&mü xkdyk*¾dKvftm; olwpfyg;ukd tm;xm;í
,kMH unfonf r[kw?f (uk, d w f idk )f odjcif;om jzpf\/ upöme þrQjzifh
rSeaf omtjrif ]or®m'd|}d jzpf\/
&dSrI ESifh r&dSrI tpGef;ESpfyg;
upöme ]tvk H ; pk H o nf &S d \ }}[laom þ]t,l ]t,l } onf wpfck
aom tpGef;aywnf;? ]tvk H ; pk H o nf r&S d }[laom þ]t,l ]t,l }onf
vnf; ESpfckajrmufjzpfaom tpGef;aywnf;/ upöme þESpfyg;
aomtpGef;wdkYukd ruyfa&mufrlí tv,ftvwftm;jzifh jrwfpGm
bk&m;onf w&m;a[mawmfr\ l ?
rodrI ]t0d Z Æ m } taMumif ; cH a Mumif h jyKpD&ifrI ]ocFg&}wdkY
jzpfukef\? jyKpD&ifrI ]ocFg&} taMumif;cHaMumifh odrI ]0dnmPf}
jzpf\/y/ þodv Yk Qif tvk;H pkaH om ]qif;&JJtpk jzpfay:\} y:\}/
rod r I ]t0d Z Æ m }}\omvQif ]t&[wå r *f } jzif h t<uif ; rJ J h
csKyjf cif;aMumifh jyKp&D ifrI ]ocFg&} &}wdYk csKyu
f ek \
f ? jyKp&D ifrI ]ocFg&}wdYk
csKyfjcif;aMumifh odrI ]0dnmPf} csKyf\/y/ þodkYvQif tvkH;pkHaom
]qif;&JJtpkcsKyf\}}[k (a[mawmfr\ l )/
 (5)
oH,kwåedum,f ed'geoH,kwf Ak'¨0*f
0db*Fokwf
jrwfpmG bk&m;onf om0w¬jd ynfü (oDwif;oH;k ) aeawmfr\ l /
&[ef;wdYk oifwt Ykd m; taMumif;aMumifh jzpfaom ]y#dpöorkyÜg'f}w&m;
udk cGjJ cm;a0zefí a[mMum;tH?h xdyk #dpo ö rkygÜ 'fw&m;udk emukeaf vmh?
aumif;pGm ESv;kH oGi;f ukeaf vmh? a[mMum;tH[ h k rdeaYf wmfr\l / &[ef;wdYk -
1/ rodrI ]t0dZÆm} taMumif;cHaMumifh jyKp&D ifrI ]ocFg&} &}wdYk jzpf\?
2/ jyKp&D ifrI ]ocFg&} taMumif;cHaMumifh odrI ]0dnmPf} jzpf\?
3/ odrI ]0dnmPf} taMumif;cHaMumifh ]emrf½kyf} jzpf\?
]emrf½kyf} taMumif;cHaMumifh wnf&m ]tm,we} ajcmufyg;
4/]emrf
jzpf\?
5/ wnf&m ]tm,we} ajcmufyg; taMumif;cHaMumifh awGUxdrI
]zó} jzpf\?
6/ awGUxdrI ]zó} taMumif;cHaMumifh cHpm;rI ]a0'em} jzpf\?
7/ cHpm;rI ]a0'em} taMumif;cHaMumifh wyfrufrI ]wPSm} jzpf\?
8/ wyfrufrI ]wPSm} taMumif;cHaMumifh jyif;pGm pJv G rf;rI ]Oyg'gef}
jzpf\?
9/ jyif;pGm pJv G rf;rI ]Oyg'gef} taMumif;cHaMumifh ]b0} jzpf\?
10/ ]b0} taMumif;cHaMumifh y#doaE¨aerI ]Zmwd} jzpf\?
11/ ]Zmwd} taMumif;cHaMumifh
12/ tkrd I ]Z&m}
]Z&m}? aorI ]r&P}? pk;d &drrf I ]aomu}
]aomu}? ikad <u;rI ]y&da'0}
qif;&JrJ I ]'ku©}? ESv;Hk romrI ]a'greó}
]a'greó}? jyif;pGm yifyef;rI ]Oyg,mo}
wdYk jzpf\? þodv Yk Qif tvk;H pkaH om qif;&JtJ pkwYkd jzpfymG ;uke\f /
 (6)
tkdrI ]Z&m} aorI ]r&P}
xkx d odk wå0gwd\ Yk xkx d bdk bHk 0ü tkrd if;jcif; oGm;usK;d jcif; qH
jzLjcif; ta&wGefYjcif; ]touf \ ,k w f a vsmh j cif ; } ]£ajE´ w d k Y \
&ifhusufjcif;}}[laom þoabmw&m;ukd tkrd I ]Z&m}[k qkt d yf\/
xkdxkd owå0gwdkY\ ]xkdxkdbkHb0rS a&GUavsmjcif;} a&GUavsm
onf\tjzpf ysujf cif; uG,af ysmufjcif; toufudk pGejYf cif; aojcif;
]b0tqk H ; jyKjcif ; } cE¨mwdkY\ysufpD;jcif; ukd,faumifukd ypfcs&jcif;
[laom þoabmw&m;ukd aorI ]r&P} [lí qkt d yf\/
y#doaE¨aerI ]Zmwd}
xdkxkdowå0gwdkY\ xkdxkdbkHb0ü jzpfay:vmjcif; tjynfhtpkH
jzpfay:vmjcif; ]trd 0 rf ; od k Y 0if a &muf j cif ; } xif&Sm;jzpfay:jcif;
]cE¨ m wd k Y \ xif & S m ;jzpf j cif ; } ]wnf & m-tm,wewd k Y u k d & jcif ; }
[laom þoabmw&m;ukd ]]Zmwd}} [k qkt d yf\/
]b0}
umrb0? ½lyb0? t½lyb0 þok;H yg;wdw Yk nf;/ þw&m;ok;H yg;ukd
]]b0}} [k qkt d yf\/
jyif;pGm pGJ vrf;rI ]Oyg'gef}
]umr}
]umr}wdu Yk dk jyif;pGm pGv
J rf;rI umrkyg'gef?
]t,l}ukd jyif;pGm pGv J rf;rI 'd|Kyg'gef?
]tavhtusifh}ukd jyif;pGm pGv J rf;rI oDvAÁwyk g'gef?
]twå}ukd jyif;pGm pGv J rf;rI twå0g'kyg'gef þav;yg;wdw Yk nf;/
wyfrufrI ]wPSm}
tqif;ukd wyfrufrI ½lywPSm? toHudk wyfrufrI o'´wPSm?
 (7)

teHUukd wyfrufrI *E¨wPSm? t&omukd wyfrufrI &owPSm? tawGUukd

wyfrufrI azm|AÁwPSm? oabmukd wyfrufrI "r®wPSmwdw Yk nf;/
cHpm;rI ]a0'em}
rsufpdtawGYaMumifh jzpfaom cHpm;rI-pu©KoræóZma0'em?
em;tawGaY Mumifh jzpfaom cHpm;rI-aomworæóZma0'em? ESmacgif;
tawGYaMumifh jzpfaom cHpm;rI-CmeoræóZma0'em? vQmtawGY
aMumifh jzpfaom cHpm;rI-Zd0SgoræóZma0'em? ukd,ftawGUaMumifh
jzpfaom cHpm;rI-um,oræóZma0'em? pdwt f awGUaMumifh jzpfaom
cHpm;rI-raemoræóZm a0'em þajcmufyg;wdw Yk nf;/
awGUxdrI ]zó}
rsufpdjzifh awGUxdrI pu©Koræó? em;jzifh awGUxdrI aomw
oræó? ESmacgif;jzifh awGUxdrI Cmeoræó? vQmjzifh awGUxdrI Zd0gS
oræó? uk, d jf zifh awGUxdrI um,oræó? pdwjf zifh awGUxdrI raem
oræó þajcmufyg;wdw Yk nf;/
wnf&m ]tm,we} ajcmufyg; (oVm,we)
rsufpd[laom wnf&m pu©m,we? em;[laom wnf&m
aomwm,we? ESmacgif;[laom wnf&m Cmem,we? vQm[laom
wnf&m Zd0gS ,we? uk, d [ f al om wnf&m um,m,we? pdw[ f al om
wnf&m rem,we þajcmufyg;wdw Yk nf;/
]emrf½kyf}
cHpm;rI-a0'em? rSwo f m;rI-onm? aphaqmfr-I apwem? awGUxdrI
zó? ESv;Hk oGi;f rI-reodum& þw&m;ukd emrf[k qkt d yf\/ r[mbkwf
av;yg;wd k Y v nf ; aumif ; ? r[mbk w f a v;yg;wd k Y u k d rS D í jzpf a om
 (8)

½kyfvnf;aumif; þw&m;ukd ½kyf[k qkdtyf\/ þoabmw&m;

wduYk dk emrf½yk [f k qkt d yf\/
odrI ]0dnmPf}
rsuf p d u k d r S D í od r I - pu© K 0d n mPf ? em;uk d r S D í od r I - aomw
0dnmPf? ESmacgif;ukdrSDí odrI-Cme0dnmPf? vQmukdrSDí odrI-Zd0Sg
0dnmPf? ukd,fukdrSDí odrI-um,0dnmPf? pdwfukdrSDí odrI-raem
0dnmPf þajcmufyg;wdw Yk nf;/
jyKpD&ifrI ]ocFg&}
yk n mbd o cF g &? tyk n mbd o cF g &? tmaeOÆ m bd o cF g &wd k Y
jzpf\/ wenf;tm;jzifh uk, d jf zifh jyKp&D ifrI um,ocFg&? EIwjf zifh jyKpD
&ifrI 0pDocFg&? pdwjf zifh jyKp&D ifrI pdwo å cFg& þok;H yg;wdw Yk nf;/
rodrI ]t0dZÆm}
qif;&J ('kuo © pöm)ü rodr?I qif;&J jzpfay:aMumif; (ork',
opöm)ü rodr?I qif;&JcJ sKy&f m (edAmÁ ef)ü rodrI (eda&m"opöm)? qif;&JJ
csKy&f m (edAmÁ ef)odYk a&mufaMumif; tusihf (r*¾opöm)ü rodrw I nf;/
&[ef;wdYk þodv Yk Qif rodrI ]t0dZmÆ } taMumif;cHaMumifh jyKp&D ifrI
]ocFg&}wdYk jzpfMu&uke\ f ? jyKp&D ifrI ]ocFg&} taMumif;cHaMumifh odrI
]0dnmPf} jzpf&\/y/ þodv Yk Qif tvk;H pkaH om qif;&Jt J pk jzpfymG ;&\/
rodrI ]t0dZÆm}}\omvQif (t&[wår*fjzifh) t<uif;rJhJ csKyjf cif;
aMumifh jyKp&D ifrI ]ocFg&}wdYk csKyu f ek \f ? jyKp&D ifrI ]ocFg&}wdYk csKyjf cif;
aMumifh odrI ]0dnmPf} csKyf\/y/ þodkYvQif tvkH;pkHaom ]qif;&JJ
tpk\ csKyfaysmufjcif;} jzpf\[k (a[mawmfr\ l )/
 (9)

y#dpöorkyÜg'f-taMumif;tusdK;
t0dZÆm
twdwftaMumif; (ork',opöm)
ocFg&
0dnmPf
emrf & k y f
oVm,we ypö K yÜ e f t usd K ; (('k
'kuopö
©o pöm )
zó
a0'em
wPSm
Oyg'gef ypöKyÜeftaMumif; (ork',opöm)
ur®b0
Zmwd
tem*wftusdK; (('k
'kuopö
©o pöm )
Z&mr&P
y#dpöorkyÜg'fudk tvTmav;cktaejzifh ydkif;jcm;vQif t0dZÆm?
ocF g &onf twd w f ( taMumif ; )wvT m jzpf \ / rod r I - t0d Z Æ m
taMumif;cHí tm;xkwfrI-ocFg&aMumifh ukodkvf-tukodkvfuHwdkY
jzpfay:Muukef\/ xdktwdwfuHu aus;Zl;jyKaomaMumifh ypöKyÜefü
cE¨mig;yg;jzpfaom 0dnmPf? emrf&kyf? oVm,we? zó? a0'em
onf ypöKyeÜ f (tusKd ;)wvTm jzpfay:&\/
wpfzef ypöKyeÜ f cE¨mig;yg;tay:wGif wyfrufr-I wPSm? pGv
J rf;rI-
Oyg'gefaMumifh um,-0pD-raem apwemwdkYjzifh tm;xkwfrI-ur®b0
 (10)

onf ypöKyÜef (taMumif;)wvTm jzpfjyefí uHaMumifh aemufb0-

Zmwd? Z&mr&Ponf tem*wf (tusdK;)wvTm jzpfjyef\/ þokdY
taMumif;wpfvTm tusdK;wpfvTm jzpfay:aejcif;jzifh aMumif;usdK;
quf (b0)oHo&monf rqH;k Ekid b f J rjywfrpJ vnfywfaeawmhonf/
taMumif;w&m;onf ork',opöm xkdufí tusdK;w&m;onf
'ku©opöm xkdufonf/ ,cktcg jrifvkduf? Mum;vdkufonfESihf ypöKyÜef
tusdK;w&m; (cE¨mig;yg;) jzpfay:onf/ ¤if;wdkYonf 'ku©opöm
jzpf \ / xd k Y a Mumif h jrif a omtcg jzpf a y:aom cE¨ m ig;yg;ud k
a,musfm;? rdef;rtaejzifh todrSm;rI (t0dZÆm)aMumifh wyfrufrI
(wPSm)? pGv J rf;rI (Oyg'gef)jzpfay:\/ pGvJ rf;rI Oyg'gefaMumifh um,?
0pD? raemjzifh tm;xkwfrI (apwem-ocFg&)wdkY jyKaomtcg ukodkvf-
tukodkvf (uH)rsm; jzpfay:\/ xkdtcg aemufb0 aemufcE¨mudk
jzpfapaom taMumif;w&m; ork',opöm jzpfawmhonf/
xkdUaMumifh (b0)qdkonfrSm jrif? Mum;? eH? pm;? xd? awG;wkdUwGif
y#dpöorkyÜg'f tusdK;w&m; (cE¨mig;yg;)ESifh taMumif;w&m; (wPSm?
Oyg'gef? uH)wdkU jzpfay:aeovdk opömtaejzifhvnf; ('ku©opömESifh
ork',opöm)wdYk jzpfay:aejcif;rQom jzpfonf/
þodkY y#dpöorkyÜg'fudk em;vnfodjrifygu 0dyóem\ tajccH
oabmw&m;jzpfaom tusdK;w&m;ESifhtaMumif;w&m;udk ÓPfjzifh
ydik ;f jcm;odjrifNy;D 'kuo
© pömu od&rnfh (tusKd ;w&m;)? ork',opömu
y,f&rnfh (taMumif;w&m;)[k ydik ;f jcm; odjrifEikd af yrnf/
xkdtcg ork',opömudk r*¾opömjzifhy,fí ork',-wPSm
csKyaf omaMumifh 'kuN© ird ;f jcif;onf eda&m"opöm qdu k jf cif;jzpfonf/
 (11)

y#dpöorkyÜg' 'DyeDtzGifh
(v,fwDq&mawmfbk&m;BuD;)

y#d p ö o rk y Ü g 'f a 'oem\tcsuf u d k a&S ; OD ; pG m jyqd k a ytH h /

aq;enf;udk odaomfvnf; tem\vu©Pmudk rodcJhvQif tusdK;
rxGeu f m;vS/ tem\vu©Pmudk odrS olt Y emESio hf aYl q; ae&mus
ay;í tusdK;xGef;um;&ouJhodkY y#dpo ö rkygÜ 'fa'oem[laom tNrKd uf
aq;Bu;D \ tcsut f &m udavom[laom tem0daooudk odtyf\/
ud a vom[l a om ]tem0d a oo} oo}qd k o nf u m; tusOf ;
tm;jzifh ]'d | d ? 0d p d u d p ä m } ESpfyg;wnf;/ tus,ftm;jzifh 'd|donf
ed,w rdpmä 'd|Bd u;D (3)yg;? rdpmä 'd|d (62)yg;? ouúm,'d|d (20)? þrS
wyg; avmuü &dS&dSorQaom 'd|dpk? þtvHk;pHkaom 'd|drsdK;wdkYonf
y#dpoö rkygÜ 'fa'oem\ tcsut f &m temrsKd ;wdw Yk nf;/
0dpdudpämonfvnf; tbd"r®müvmaom 0dpdudpäm (8)yg;?
okweå w f rYkd v
S maom 0dpu d pd mä (16)yg;? þ0dpu d pd mä pk ,Hrk mS ;rIwo
Ykd nf
y#d p ö o rk y Ü g 'f a 'oem\ tcsuf t &m temrsd K ;pk w d k Y a ywnf ; /
y#dpöorkyÜg'fw&m;udkodaom ÓPfonf xdk'd|d? 0dpdudpäm temrsdK;
 (12)

wdu
Yk kd y,fazsmufEikd \
f /
ed,wrdpäm'd|d (3)yg;
ewd ¬ u 'd | d ? ta[wk u 'd | d ? tud & d , 'd | d þoH k ; yg;wnf ; /
uHESifhuH\tusdK;udk vHk;vHk;y,faom 'd|dBuD; (3)yg;wnf;/ þ'd|d
BuD; (3)yg;udk oefoef,laomolonf aoonf\tjcm;rJhü i&J
odoYk m tNru J s\/ uHEiS u hf \H tusKd ;udk ,HMk unfaom vlrsKd ;wdrYk mS þ
'd|dBuD; (3)rsdK; r&dSMuacs/ uHESifhuH\tusdK;udk ,HkMunfrIrnfonf
y#dpo ö rkygÜ 'fukd odavmufaom ÓPfü wpdww f ydik ;f tm;jzifh yg0if\/
rdpäm'd|d (62)yg;
(62)yg;aom rd p ä m 'd | d r sd K ;wd k Y o nf v nf ; omref v l w d k Y ü
jzpfEdkifaom'd|drsdK; r[kwfukef/ tyg,fy#doaE¨udk ay;Edkifaom
'd|rd sKd ;vnf; r[kw/f xdt k ,lukd rpGeo Yf rQ oHo&mrS rvGwEf ikd , f o
kH m
&dS\/ ]oów'd | d (44)yg;ES i f h Oapä ' 'd | d (18)yg;} ESpfpkaygif;
(62)yg;jzpf\/ y#dpö orkygÜ 'fuo kd rd S xd'k |d rd sKd ;udk vGeEf ikd u
f ek \
f /
ouúm,'d|d (20)
tE¨ykxkZOfwdkY vljrifwdkif;rSm &dSMuaom 'd|d (20)aywnf;/
&kyüf pGv J rf;aom'd|d (4)yg;? a0'emü pGv J rf;aom'd|d (4)yg;? onmü
pGJvrf;aom'd|d (4)yg;? ocFg&ü pGJvrf;aom'd|d (4)yg;? 0dnmPfü
pGv
J rf;aom'd|d (4)yg;? aygif; (20)jzpf\/
1/ &kyo f nf twå jzpf\?
2/ twå\Opömvnf; jzpf\?
3/ &kyo f nf twåü wnf\?
4/ twåvnf; &d\ S ?
 (13)

yxrpGv J rf;csurf mS &kyu f kd twå (ig)jyKí pGv J rf;jcif;jzpfonf/

&kyfESifh twå (ig)udk wckwnf;,ljcif;jzpfonf/ aemuf (3)csufrSm
twå (ig)wjcm;? &kyfwjcm;xm;í pGJvrf;jcif;jzpfonf/ xdkYtwl
a0'em? onm? ocFg&? 0dnmPfwdkYudk twå (ig)jyKí wckwnf;
,laom pGv J rf;jcif;tm;jzif4h if;? wjcm;pD,í l pGv J rf;jcif;tm;jzif4h if;
ouúm,'d|(d 20)onf jzpfay:vm&\/ cE¨mwyg;pD;wGif pGv J rf;yHk (4)
rsKd ;jym;aomaMumifh cE¨mig;yg;ü pGv J rf;rI (20) jzpfay:vm&onf/
'd|dwdkY\rlvtjrpf
þouúm,'d|donf vl? ewf? jA[®m ykxkZOfowå0grSm jzpfav
&m&m tNrJ y g\/ i&J B uD ; &S p f x yf q d k o nf u m; þouú m ,'d | d \
tyGm;tpD;yifwnf;/ tol&um,fqdkonfvnf; þouúm,'d|d\
tyG m ;tpD ; yif ? Nyd w å m trsd K ;rsd K ;? wd & pä m ef t rsd K ;rsd K ;qd k o nf v nf ;
þouúm,'d|d\ tyGm;tpD;yif? (3)yg;aom ed,wrdpäm'd|dBuD;
qdkonfvnf; þouúm,'d|d\ tyGm;tpD;yif? (62)yg;aom rdpäm
'd|q d o
kd nfvnf; þouúm,'d|d\ tyGm;tpD;yif? 'kp&du k f (10)yg;
qdo k nfvnf; þouúm,'d|d\ tyGm;tpD;yifwnf;/ ]ouúm,'d|d}
(20)onf cyford ;f aom 'd|w d \ Ykd ]rlvtjrpf}wnf;/
pGJvrf;yHk (3)rsdK;
þjyqdkcJhNyD;aom ouúm,'d|dtpktcsufrSm ]'d | d E S i f h p G J v rf ; }
xifjrifonfvnf; &dS\/ ]onmES i f h p G J v rf ; } xifjrifonfvnf;
&dS\/ pdwf ]0dnmPfESifhpGJvrf;} xifjrifonfvnf; &dS\/
'd|d*worÜ,kwfpdwfESifh pGJvrf;xifjrifaomtcgü 'd|dESifh
pGJvrf;xifjrif\/ xdkpdwfrSwyg;aom tukodkvfpdwf? r[mukodkvf
 (14)

pdwfwdkYESifh pGJvrf;xifjrifaomtcgürlum; onm? 0dnmPfwdkYESifh

pGv
J rf;xifjrif\/
,cktcg tbd"r®m0dbif;ygVdawmfü4if;? okwåefygVdawmfü4if;
a[mawmfral om 'd|d (3)yg;udk jyqdak ytH/h
1/ yk a AÁ u wa[wk - owå0gtaygif;onf tMuifokc
a0'em csrf;omudk4if;? 'ku©a0'em qif;&Judk4if;? Oayu©ma0'em
csrf;omr[kwf-qif;&Jr[kwfudk4if; cHpm;\/ xdkcHpm;orQaomtrI
onf ykaAÁuwa[wk-a&S;a&S;b0wdkYü jyKcJhzl;aom ukodkvfuH
tukov kd uf aH Mumifoh mwnf;/
2/ £ó&edr®mea[wk - xdkcHpm;rI[lorQonf avmuudk
tpd;k &aom xm0&bk&m; zefqif;jcif;aMumifo h mwnf;/
3/ ta[wk typö , m - xd k c H p m;orQaomtrI w d k Y o nf
ta[wk - taMumif ; &if ; [l í r&d S / typö , m-taxmuf t yH h
taMumif;[lír&d/S
yxr'd | d u m; avmuü owå 0 gwd k Y awG Y B uH K cH p m;Muaom
csr;f om qif;&J[o l rQonf a&S;uHa[mif;aMumifo h mwnf;[k qd\ k /
ed*P² wuúweG ;f wd\ Yk t,lwnf;/
'kwd,'d|dum; xm0&bk&m; zefqif;jcif;aMumifh[k qdk\/
,ckumv yoDvrl sKd ;? c&pf,mefbmom0if vlrsKd ;wd\ Yk t,lwnf;/
wwd,'d|dum; taMumif;r&dS tcGifhoifh&m BuHkawGYcHpm;\/
ta[wku'd|d t,lwnf;/
yxr'd|o d nf uHukd t,loefvaS om igwdYk jrefrmvlrsKd ;wdrYk mS
vnf; &d\ S / [dEL´ vlrsKd ;wdrYk mS ezl;pm&d&S m csr;f omqif;&J cHpm;&\[k
 (15)

,luek \ f / xdrk w
S yg; trsKd ;rsKd ;aom rdpmä 'd|w
d oYkd nf &dMS uao;uke\ f /
pmaygif;odkufuJhodkY axG;&IyfyHk
jrwfpmG bk&m;onf t&Sit f meE´mtm; þodYk a[mawmfr\ l /
tmeE´ m þy#d p ö o rk y Ü g 'f o abmud k rod M ujcif ; aMumif h
todÓPf raygufjcif;aMumifh þykxkZOf owå0gwdkYonf roifEdkif
aom &ufuef; axG;tlaygufouJhodkY axG;&Iyfí aeMuukef\/
Nydef;jrufawmuJhodkY xlxyf&IyfaxG;í aeMuukef\/ pmaygif;odkuf
uJhodkY axG;,Sufí aeMuukef\/ csrf;omuif;&mjzpfaom 'k*¾wd-
raumif ; &mjzpf a om 0d e d y gw-tvd k q E´ u if ; &m us&mjzpf a om
oHo&mudk rvGefEdkifMuukef[k jrwfpGmbk&m;&Sifonf a[mMum;
awmfr\ l /
bk & m;omoemES i f h MuH k B ud K uf a om b0üomvQif ]ig-ig}
[lí ]pG J v rf ; rI }udk ouúm,'d|drI? ]i&J r D ; awmuf }rI[k odEdkif\/
bk & m;omoemyod k Y a &muf í oG m ;vQif r[murÇ m toacF s yif
Mumaomfvnf; ouúm,'d|[ d í l odaygufov d rf; r&dES ikd af cs/
temESifhaq;
y#dpöorkyÜg'fodaom ÓPfonf aq;BuD;rnf\/ xdkaq;BuD;
\ tcsut f &m temqd;k a&m*gqd;k um; 'd|Ed iS 0hf pd u d pd mä w&m;wnf;
[k olYtemESifholYaq; ae&musatmif temvu©Pmudk jyqdkaom
tcef;wnf;/
 (16)
]y#dpöorkyÜg'f vuFm}
(rdk;ukwfq&mawmfbk&m;BuD;)
rlvESpjf zm? opömESpcf ?k av;cktvTm? t*Fgq,fEh pS yf g;? w&m;
udk,frsm;ESifh? okH;yg;tpyf? ESpf&yfrlv? 0#foHk;0ESifh? umvoHk;jzm?
jcif;&mESpfq,f? þ&SpfoG,fudk tvG,fusufrSwf odaptyfonf
oHo&mrS vGwaf Mumif;wnf;/
1/ rlvESpjf zm - t0dZmÆ ESiw hf PSm
2/ opömESpcf k - ork',opömESi'hf u k o
© pöm
3/ av;cktvTm - twdwt f aMumif;wvTm
- ypöKyeÜ t f usKd ;wvTm
- ypöKyeÜ t f aMumif;wvTm
- tem*wftusKd ;wvTm
4/ t*Fgq,fEh pS yf g; - t0dZmÆ ? ocFg&? 0dnmPf? emrf&yk ?f oVm
,we? zó? a0'em? wPSm? Oyg'gef? b0? Zmwd? Z&mr&P
5/ oH;k yg;tpyf - ocFg&ESi0hf n d mPf wpfpyf
- a0'emESiw hf PSm wpfpyf
- b0ESiZhf mwd wpfpyf
6/ 0#fo;kH 0 - udavo0#f-ur®0#f-0dygu0#f
7/ umvoH;k jzm - twdwu f mv-ypöKyeÜ u f mv-tem*wfumv
8/ jcif;&mESpq f ,f - twdwt f aMumif; tjcif;t&m (5)yg;
(t0dZmÆ -wPSm-Oyg'gef-ocFg&-uH)
- ypöKyeÜ t f usKd ; tjcif;t&m (5)yg;
(0dnmPf-emrf&yk -f oVm,we-zó-a0'em)
 (17)

- ypöKyeÜ t
f aMumif; tjcif;t&m (5)yg;
(t0dZmÆ -wPSm-Oyg'gef-ocFg&-uH)
- tem*wftusKd ; tjcif;t&m (5)yg;
(0dnmPf-emrf&yk -f oVm,we-zó-a0'em)
tvG,u f surf w
S [ f o l nf y&d,wåo d moemudk &nf&, G íf 4if;?
odaptyf[lonf y#dywådomoemudk &nf&G,fí4if;? oHo&mrS
vG w f a Mumif ; wnf ; [l o nf y#d a 0"omoemud k &nf & G , f í 4if ;
qdjk cif; jzpfygonf/
]rlvESpfyg;} (0do'k r¨d *f)
t0dZÆmESifh wPSm[laom ESpfyg;aomw&m;wdkYudk þb0
puf\rlv[k odtyf\/ þb0pufonf (twdwftzdkYrS ypöKyÜef
tusd K ;)ud k aqmif a omtm;jzif h (t0d Z Æ m vQif t &if ; ))&d S a om
(a0'emvQif t qH k ; ))&d S a om b0puf w pf c k r S aemuf ( tem*wf )
tzdkYudk qufpyfaomtm;jzifh (wPS m vQif t &if ; ))&dSaom (Z&m
r&PvQif tqHk;))&daS om b0pufwpfc[ k íl þodYk ESpyf g; tjym;&d\
S /
xd k E S p f y g;aompuf w d k Y w G i f a&S ; jzpf a om b0puf u d k ('d | d
p&dkuf)&do S \ l tpGr;f jzifh a[mawmfr\ l / aemufjzpfaom b0pufukd
(wPSmp&dkuf)&do S \
l tpGr;f tm;jzifh a[mawmfr\ l /
wenf;um; yxrpufukd (Oapä''d|d)tm; t<uif;rJh y,fowf
jcif;iSm a[mawmfrl\/ (tusd K ;);)jzpfjcif;aMumifh (taMumif ; ))wdkY\
(rjywf p J j cif ; ))udk jyjcif;wnf;/ 'kwd,pufudk (oów'd | d )tm;
t<uif;rJh y,fowfjcif;iSm a[mawmfr\ l / jzpfay:ukeaf om (0dnmPf
paom tusdK;w&m;) ;w&m;)wd\ Yk tdjk cif; (aojcif;))udk jyjcif;aMumifw h nf;/
 (18)

t0dZÆmESifhwPSmudktpxm;ía[mjcif;
tmo0jzpfay:jcif;aMumifh t0dZÆmjzpfay:\[k t0dZÆm\
taMumif;udk bk&m;&Sif a[mawmfrt l yf\/ odaYk omf ]rlvtaMumif;}
jzpfEikd af om ]y&d,m,f}um; &daS y\/ a[mawmfryl u kH m; -
]&[ef ; wd k Y þumvrS a&S ; tzd k Y ü t0d Z Æ m onf r&d S c J h a o;?
xdkrS aemufüpí jzpfvmcJhonf[k ]t0d Z Æ m \a&S ; tpG e f ; }}onf
rxifay/ &[ef;wdkY xdkodkY a[mMum;aomfvnf; þ]t0d ]t0d Z Æ m \
taMumif; tmo0}tmo0}onf xifao;\/
xdkYtwl b0wPSmudkvnf; a[mawmfrljyef\/ &[ef;wdkY
þumvrS a&S;tzdkYü wPSmonf r&dScJhao;? xdkrSaemufü píjzpf
vmcJo h nf[k ]wPSm\a&S;tpGef;}}onf rxifay/ &[ef;wdYk xdo k Ykd
a[mMum;aomfvnf; þ]wPS ]wPSm\taMumif; a0'em}
a0'em}onf xifao;\/
uH\xl;aomtaMumif;
bk&m;&Sifonf 0#fw&m;wdkYudk a[mMum;&mü ok*wd-'k*¾wdodkY
a&mufapwwfaom ]ukodkvf-tukodkvfuH\ xl;aomtaMumif;}
jzpfaomaMumifh þw&m;ESpyf g;udk OD;acgif;jyKí a[mawmfrjl yef\/
(t0d Z Æ m ))onf 'k*¾wdodkY a&mufapwwfaom (tuk o d k v f u H
\xl ; aomtaMumif ; ) jzpf\/ t0dZÆm\ vTrf;rdk;ESdyfpufcH&aom
ol o nf ol Y t ouf u d k o wf j cif ; paom tuk o d k v f u H t rsd K ;rsd K ;ud k
tm;xkwfrIjyK\/ xdkYjyif (b0wPS m ))onf ok*wdodkY a&mufap
wwf a om (uk o d k v f u H \ xl ; aomtaMumif ; ))jzpf \ / ]b0
wPS m } ESdyfpuftyfaomolonf olYtoufudk owfjcif;rS a&Smif
MuOfjcif;paom ]ukodkvfu}}H trsKd ;rsKd ;udk tm;xkwrf jI yK\/
 (19)

]t0dZÆmeD0&PmeH wPSmoHa,mZemeH}
]t0dZÆm}}wnf;[laom ]tydwftyif twm;tqD;} &dSonf
jzpfí wyfrufwG,fwmaom ]wPS m }}wnf;[laom ]aES m if B ud K ;};}&dS
onfjzpfí wb0rSwb0odkY ajy;vTm;usifvnfae&aom owå0g
wdkY\a&S;tpGef;tponf rxif[k4if;? twGif;tm,we? tjyif
tm,wepaom twGi;f tjyif w&m;wpHu J jzpfaom ]zó}
k kd pGí ]zó}jzifh
olrdkufonf ]csrf ; om-qif ; &J }udk cHpm;\[k4if; þodkY tp&dSaom
a'oemwdkYudk a[mawmfrl\/ ynmblrdeda'´oü t0dZÆm\ tpGrf;
jzifh wckaomw&m;vQif rlv&daS om a'oemudv k nf; odaptyf\/
y&rtwåESifhZD0twå
]t0d Z Æ m }}tp&dSaom ]taMumif ; }wd k Y r S w pf y g; r[mjA[®mBuD;?
zefqif;&SiBf u;D [líMuq H tyfaom oHo&mudk jyKwwfol (y&rtwå)
rSvnf; uif;\? xdjYk yif ig\twåonf ajymqdw k wf\? cHpm;wwf\?
odwwf\[k þodYk Muq H wwfaom (ZD0twå)rSvnf; uif;\/ þodYk
vQif b0pufonf (jyKol-cHpm;ol)rSvnf; uif;onf[k odtyf\/
t0dZÆmvnf; twårSqdwfokOf;yHk
t0dZÆmonf ]jzpf j cif ; -ysuf j cif ; } &dSaomaMumifh cdkifNrJonf
tjzpfrS qdwfokOf;\/ (taMumif ; ES i f h p yf a om jzpf j cif ; ) &dSaom
aMumifh ]tvd k t wd k i f ; } jzpfapEdkifaom ]twå }tjzpfrSvnf; qdwf
okO;f \/ wenf;um; - ]t0dZÆmonf twår[kwf?
twå\ Opömvnf; r[kwf?
twåü wnfonfvnf; r[kwf?
twå&dSonfvnf; r[kwf}/
 (20)

ocFg&tp&dSaomt*FgwdkYvnf; xdkYtwlyifwnf;/ xdkYaMumifh

þb0pufonf (12-yg;tjym;&d S a om twå q d w f o k O f ; jcif ; ))jzifh
qdwo f Ok ;f \[k odtyf\/
t0dZÆmypö,m ocFg&m
(0do'k r¨d *f-jrefrmjyefp-wG-J 69)
t0dZÆmypö,m ocFg&m[lonf t0dZÆm&dSvwfaomf ocFg&
wd\Yk &djS cif;aMumifh jzpf\/ t0dZmÆ udk ry,fao;aomolonf ('ku©
opö m -oH o &mqif ; &J u d k rod j cif ; ))aMumifh ]csrf ; om} om}[k xifrSwf
aom ]ok c onm} onm}jzifh xdkqif;&Judkyif ]ocF g &} &}wdkYjzifh tm;xkwf\/
(ork ' ,opö m ü rod j cif ; ))aMumif h 'k u © \ taMumif ; jzpf a om
]wPSm tNcHt&H} &daS om ]ocFg&} &}wduYk kd (okc&aMumif;))[k xifrw S f
vsuf tm;xkwMf uuke\ f /
xdjYk yif (eda&m"opöm))ud4k if;? (r*¾opöm))ud4k if; rodjcif;aMumifh
'ku©csKyf&m r[kwfaomfvnf; jA[®jynfpaom *wdtxl;ü 'ku©
csKyf&m[k trSwf&dSonfjzpfí4if;? 'ku©csKyf&ma&mufaMumif; tusifh
vrf;rSef r[kwfaomfvnf; ,ZfylaZmfjcif;ponfwdkYü 'ku©csKyf&m
a&mufaMumif; tusiv hf rf;[k trSw&f o Sd nfjzpfí4if; (yknmbdocFg&?
tyknmbdocFg&? tmaeOÆmbdocFg&) &)wdu Yk kd tm;xkwrf I jyKMuuke\
f /
wPSmuraemrSm cs,fvS,fw,f?
t0dZÆmutm&Hkudk zHk;w,f?
0dyóemtvkyf tm;xkwfolrSm wPSmy,fzdkY ]orm"d}vdk\?
t0dZÆmudky,fzdkY ]ynm}
]ynm}vd\ k ? w&m;tm;xkwf&ef orm"dESifhynmudk
wnfaxmif&\/ raemrSm ]owd? 0D&d,? orm"d}udk OD;pGm wnfaxmif
 (21)

&\/ 0ifavxGufav? <uw,f? vSrf;w,f? csw,f? ydefw,f? azmif;

w,f? ponfwdkYonf owd? 0D&d,? orm"dxlaxmif&eftwGuf
]um,*wmowd }qdkonfESifhtnD ]cE¨ m rS t y pd w f r vG i f h
jzpf\/]um,*wmowd
yg;}
yg;}&atmif ]owdjzifh atmufarhrI} jzpf\/ trSwfwrJh rjyK&ay/
0dyóem\Oypm&tusdK;iSm a&S;OD;pGm ]um,*wmowd }udk
]*päaEÅm0g *pärDwd yZmemwd} (oGm;vQif oGm;rSefod)[k tp&dSaom ykAÁ
bm*wdkYü ]twåonm? owåonm? ZD0onm} uif;aysmufrIonf
y"me r[kwfay/ cE¨mtpdwftaygif;ü owdrvGwfatmif pdwfwnf
MunfrI&atmif ]um,*wmowd } rQom ]vd k & if ; y"me} jzpf\/
xdkYaMumifh ]owd? 0D&d,? orm"d} xlaxmifEdkifvQif ]raemü wPSm}
cGgEdkif\/ tydwftyif twm;tqD; ]eD0&P} &P}w&m;rsm; uif;\/
orm"d&dSvmaomtcg tm&Hkydkif;wGif ]ynmjzifh ½kyfemrf}wdkYudk
]ydkif;jcm;
jcm;}odEdkif\/ xdkYaMumifh wPSmonf tm&r®Pduydkif;ESifhouf
qdkifí t0dZÆmonf tm½kHydkif;ESifhoufqdkif\/ ]tm&H k }udk trSefrod
atmif ]zHk;jcif;}}onf ]t0dZÆm}}oabmjzpf\/ y#dpöorkyÜg'fwGif rlv
ES p f j zm[l o nf t0d Z Æ m ES i f h w PS m jzpf \ / wPS m onf raemrS m
cs,fvS,fí t0dZÆmonf tm&Hkudk trSefrodatmif zHk;vTrf;\/
xdkYaMumifh orm"dudk raemü OD;pGmwnfaxmifNyD;rS 0dyóem
wuf&\/ ]0dyóem} óem}[lonf ]tm½k H }ydkif;ü ]&kyfemrf}wdkYudk ]ted p ö ?
'ku©? tewåvu©Pm} m}tm;jzifh ½IyGm;&\/ xdktcg tm&HkrS aus;Zl;jyK
aomaMumifh ]tm&r®Pdu} (raem)wGif ]r*¾ifw&m;} &m;}wdu
Yk kd yGm;rsm;&jcif;
jzpfonf/ r*fÓPfjzifh edAÁmeffudk rsufarSmufjyKaomtcg ]edAÁmefjzifh
t0dZÆm}}udky,fum ]r*fÓPfjzifh wPSm}}udk y,fjcif;jzpfonf/
 (22)

y#dpöorkyÜg'fESifh 0#f(3)yg;

(0dygu0#f) (udavo0#f) (ur®0#f)

0dnmPf
emrf&kyf t0dZÆm
oVm,we wPS m ocFg&
zó Oyg'gef uH
a0'em
jrifw,f pGJvrf;w,f tm;xkwfw,f
tusdK;w&m; taMumif;w&m;

y#dpöorkyÜg'fudk 0dygu0#f? udavo0#f? ur®0#f[lí 0#f(3)

yg;jzifh ydkif;jcm;Edkif\/ 0dygu0#fwGif 0dnmPf? emrf&kyf? oVm,we?
zó? a0'emwdkYyg0ifí udavo0#fwGif t0dZÆm? wPSm? Oyg'gef
ESiu hf r®0#fwiG f ocFg&? uHwYkd yg0ifavonf/
rsufpd? em;? ESm? vQm? udk,f? raemwdkYwGif tqif;? toH? teYH?
t&om? txd? oabmw&m;wdkYESifh wdkufqdkifygu jrifpdwf? Mum;pdwf?
eHpwd ?f pm;pdw?f xdpw d ?f awG;pdww
f o
Ykd nf jzpfay:\/ xdo
k Ykd jrif? Mum;? eH?
pm;? xd? awG;wdkYwGif jzpfay:aeaom ]cE¨mig;yg;? &kyfemrfESpfyg;}
wdkYonf (0dygu0#f)jzpf\/ xdk&kyfemrfESpfyg; cE¨mig;yg;udk 'ku©opöm
tjzpfrodyJ yk*¾dKvfowå0gtaejzifh todrmS ;rIonf t0dZÆm? ESpfouf
rIonf wPSm? pGJvrf;rIonf Oyg'gefwdkY jzpfay:Muukef\/ ,if;
 (23)

]t0dZÆm? wPSm? Oyg'gef}wdkYonf (udavo0#f)jzpf\/

xdkodkY &kyfemrftm&HkwdkYudk t0dZÆmaMumifh trSeftwdkif; rod
jrifyJ yk*¾dKvfowå0gjyKí wPSm Oyg'gefjzifh pGJ,lNyD; ]ud k , f h t vd k
twd k i f ; } NyD;ajrmufatmif ]um,? 0pD? raemocFg&} &}wdkYjzifh tm;
xkwfMuukef\/ xdktcg ukodkvf? tukodkv]uH f] uH}rsm; jzpfawmhonf/
xdkuJhodkY tm;xkwfjcif; ]ocFg&ESifhuH}wdkYonf (ur®0#f)jzpf\/
xdkYaMumifh jrif? Mum;? eH? pm;? xd? awG;wdkYwGif jzpfay:aeaom
&kyfemrfESpfyg; cE¨mig;yg; (0dygu0#f)tay:ü pGJvrf;rI (udavom)
0ifum ukodkvf-tukodkvf (uH )wdkYjzpfay:aejcif;jzpfonf/ xdk]uH}
]taMumif ; w&m;}w&m;}wdkY jynfhpHk&ifhusufygu b0opf aemufcE¨m[k
qdkaom ]tusdK;w&m;} (0dygu0#f)udk jzpfay:apjcif;jzifh 0#f (3)yg;
wdoYk nf rjywfrpJ vnfywfaeavonf/
uHa[mif;ESifhuHopf
tusdK;w&m;jzpfaom ]0dygu0#f} (emrf&kyf)onf (uHa[mif;)
aMumifhjzpfay:&NyD; taMumif;w&m;jzpfaom ]ud a vo0#f E S i f h
ur® 0 #f } wdkYonf (uH o pf )udk jzpfay:ap\/ xdktcg taMumif;
w&m;jzpfaom (uH o pf )wdkYonf b0opf ]aemuf c E¨ m }}udk wzef
jzpfay:ap\/
xdkuJhodkY ]uHa[mif;aMumifh tusdK;};}w&m;ESifh ]uHopfaMumifh
taMumif ; }}w&m;wdkY tzefwvJvJ rjywfrpJ jzpfay:aejcif;udk
]ÓPf }wGif ]oHo&m 0#f'ku©} taejzifh odjrif xif&Sm;vmayrnf/
 (24)

y#dpöorkyÜg'fESifh ypö,y&d*¾[ÓPf

y#dpöorkyÜg'f[lonf ypö,y&d*¾[ÓPfudk a[mjyaoma'o

emawmf j zpf o nf / emr&l y y&d a pä ' ÓPf E S i f h jynf h p H k a omol o nf
y#dpöorkyÜg'fudkodjrifygu ]&k y f e mrf r S w pf y g; twå a umif } r&dS[k
odjrif\/
]taMumif ; }}w&m;wd k Y ]tquf r jywf j zpf j cif ; }}aMumif h
]tusd K ;};}w&m;wdkY tqufrjywfjzpfjcif; (ypö,mum&)udk odjrif
aomoltm; ]jywfpJt,l} (Oapä''d|d) uif;aysmuf\/
]taMumif ; }}w&m;wdkY ]csKyf j cif ; }}aMumifh ]tusd K ;};}w&m;wdkY
csKyfaysmufjcif; (y#davmr ypö,mum&)udk odjrifaomoltm;
]wnfNrJt,l} (oów'd|d) uif;aysmuf\/
xdkodkY ]tpG e f ; ES p f y g;}
g;}wdkYrS ruyfa&mufrlí ]rZÑd r y#d y 'g}
tusifhjzpfaom ]t0dZÆm ypö,m ocFg&m} tp&dSonfh y#dpöorkyÜg'f
a'oemawmfukd a[mawmfrjl cif; jzpfonf/
 (25)
y#dpöorkyÜg'fa'oemawmf
1/ t0dZÆm ypö,m ocFg&m - rodrI-t0dZÆm taMumif;cHaMumifh
jyKjyiftm;xkwrf -I ocFg&wdjYk zpf\/
2/ ocFg& ypö,m 0dnmPH - ocFg& taMumif;cHHaMumifh b0opf
0dnmPf jzpf\/
3/ 0dnmP ypö,m emr&lyH - 0dnmPf taMumif;cHaMumifh emrf&kyf
jzpf\/
4/ emr&ly ypö,m oVm,weH - emrf&kyf taMumif;cHaMumihf
tm,we (6)yg; jzpf\/
5/ oVm,we ypö,m zaóm - tm,we taMumif;cHaMumihf
tm&Hkudk awGYxdrI zójzpf\/
6/ zó ypö,m a0'em - zó taMumif;cHaMumifh taumif;
tqdk; cHpm;rI a0'emjzpf\/
7/ a0'em ypö,m wPSm - a0'em taMumif;cHaMumifh wyfrufrI
wPSmjzpf\/
8/ wPSmypö,m Oyg'geH - wPSm taMumif;cHaMumifh pGJvrf;rI
Oyg'gefjzpf\/
9/ Oyg'ge ypö,m ba0g - Oyg'gef taMumif;cHaMumifh
jzpfaMumif; ur®b0 jzpf\/
10/ b0 ypö,m Zmwd - uH taMumif;cHaMumihf b0topf
jzpfrI Zmwd jzpf\/
11-12/ Zmwd ypö,m Z&mr&P - Zmwd taMumif;cHaMumihf tdkjcif;
aojcif;-Z&mr&Pjzpf\/ pdk;&drfjcif;? ikda<u;jcif;? udk,fqif;&Jjcif;?
 (26)

pdwq f if;&Jjcif;? jyif;pGm ylyefjcif;wdYk jzpfuek \

f /
ypö,y&d*¾[ÓPf
ypö , onf taMumif ; jzpf í y&d * ¾ [ onf od r f ; qnf ; jcif ;
jzpfonf/ &kyfemrfwdkY\taMumif;w&m;wdkUudk &SmazGí odrf;qnf;
wwfaomÓPf jzpfonf/ ypö,y&d*¾[ÓPfonf ]0d p d u d p ä m }}udk
]w'*F } y,f o wf E d k i f o nf h tjyif (62)yg;aom 'd | d w d k Y u d k v nf ;
0dur© eÇ y[mefjzifh cyfMumMum y,fcgG Edik \ f / ('Ggo|d 'd|*d wmed 0durEd/Å
0do'k d̈ - 2 ?239)
ypö , y&d * ¾ [ ÓPf u d k ucF g 0d w &P0d o k ' ¨ d [ k 4 if ; ? "r® | d w d
ÓPf[k4if;? ,xmblwÓPf[k4if;? or®m'óe[k4if; ac:qdkEdkif
ao;onf/ (0dok'¨d -2 ?239) ]ypö,y&d*¾[ÓPf ac: ,xmblw
ÓPf }udkr&vQif (tm;eJ a om0d y óem) óem)jzpfí a&SYodkY ÓPfrwuf
Edik yf J &daS yrnf/
'd|djzKwf[laompum;onf ta&;ygvSygonf/ 'd|dudkjzKwf
&mü w'*F? 0du©rÇe? orkapä'? y#dyó'¨d? edó&P-y[mefwdkYwGif
w'*Fy[mefEiS hf y,fowf&ygonf/ emr&lyy&dapä'ÓPfjzifh 'd|dudk
jzKw&f ygonf/
a&S;OD;pGm &kyfwHk;&kyfcJBuD;udk ÓPfjzifh tpdwfpdwf cGJypf&onf/
yx0Donf Murf;wrf;jcif;vu©Pm&dS\/ azgufjyefwwf\/ azguf
jyefwwfaom oabmudk &kyf[kodrSwf&\/ a0'emonf tm&Hk\
t&omudk cHpm;jcif;vu©Pm&dS\/ cHpm;jcif;oabmudk a0'em[k
odrSwf&\/ þodkY &kyfemrfwdkYudk ]vu©Pm? &o? ypöKy|mef}wdkYjzifh
]ÓPf }rSm odjrifoludk ]emr&lyy&dapä'ÓPf} &dSol[k ac:qdk&onf/
 (27)

xdkolonf ]'d | d u d k j zKwf } xm;aom ]a,m*D }jzpfaomfvnf;

0dyóem tm;xkwfaeol[k rqdkEdkifao;acs/ xdkolonf 0dyóem
tm;xk w f o nf & d S a omf ]or® ó eÓPf E S i f h O',AÁ , ÓPf
(tEk p m;)}
m;)}udk&&dSEdkifonf/ (tm;eJaom0dyóem)onf Eke,f\/
twå*g[ (twåpGJ,ljcif;))udk ry,fEdkifacs/ ]Oyuúdavo} vo}ac:aom
0dyóem npfjiL;aMumif; (10)yg;udk rvGefEdkifay/ ]0dyóemÓPf
vrf ; qH k ; }}aeayNyD/ ypö,y&d*¾[ÓPf r&jcif;aMumifh ÓPfpOf
rwufawmhacs/
ypö , y&d * ¾ [ ÓPf t wG u f taMumif ; ud k o d r f ; qnf ; &mü
(eD;aomtaMumif;)udk4if; (a0;aomtaMumif;)udk4if; odrf;qnf;
&ygonf / tbd " r® m enf ; t& xif & S m ;ap&ef eD ; aomtaMumif ;
(y'|mef)udk azmfjyjcif;jzpfonf/ eD;onfjzpfap? a0;onfjzpfap
]rS e f u ef }aom (aMumif ; usd K ;quf )udkodvQif ]ypö , y&d * ¾ [ ÓPf }
ud&k onf rnf\/
qDavsmfaomtaMumif;udk&I&mü y#dpöorkyÜg'fenf;? y|mef;
enf;wdkYt& qifjcifEdkifvSsif aumif;pGm jrifvG,faomfvnf; tbd
"r®moabmudk rEdkifvSsif qifjcif&ef cJ,Of;aomaMumifh &kyfcE¨m
twGuf (uH ? pd w f ? Owk ? tm[m&) tm[m&)[laomtaMumif;? emrfcE¨m
twGuf (tm&H k ? 'G g &? a,med a omreod u m&) m&)paom taMumif;
w&m;rsm;udk qifjcifuek &f m\/
&kyfemrfwdkY\taMumif;w&m;rsm;
uH ? pd w f ? Owk ? tm[m&wd k Y o nf &k y f w &m;wd k Y \ tMumif ;
w&m;rsm;jzpfonf/ uHaMumifh ur®Z&kyfrsm;jzpfonfh rsufpdtMunf
 (28)

&kyf? em;tMunf&kyf? ESmacgif;tMunf&kyf? vQmtMunf&kyf? udk,f

tMunf&kyfESifh [',0w¦K&kyfwdkY jzpfay:Mu\/ pdwfaMumifh pdwåZ
&k y f ? Owk a Mumif h Owk Z &k y f ? tm[m&aMumif h tm[m&Z&k y f w d k Y
jzpfay:Mu\/ ,if;wdkYwGif pdwåZ&kyfonf tvGefxif&Sm;\/ avsmif;-
xdkif-&yf-oGm; &kyfwdkYonf avsmif;csif? xdkifcsif? &yfcsif? oGm;csif
aompdwfaMumifh jzpf\/ pdwfonf tm&HkaMumifhjzpf\/ t0dZÆm
aMumifh &kyfjzpf\/ wPSmaMumifh &kyfjzpf\/ uHaMumifh &kyfjzpf\?
tm[m&aMumifh &kyfjzpf\/ þodkY ponfjzifh &kyfudk odrf;qnf;tyf\/
tm&H k ( 6)yg;ES i f h 'G g &(6)yg;wd k u f r I a Mumif h emrf w &m;rsm;
jzpf\/ Oyrm rsufpdESifh tqif;wdkufrIaMumifh a0'em? onm?
ocFg&? 0dnmPfwdkY jzpfay:&onf/ xdkodkYodjcif;onf pmod? onm
od o m jzpf o nf / ud k , f a wG Y o d j rif a tmif ud k , f y d k i f o d j zpf a tmif
ESv;kH oGi;f tm;xkw&f ayrnf/
Oyrm emrnfac:oHu aus;Zl;jyKrS rdrdtrnfudkrSwfaom
(onm)ay:&onf/ t&omu aus;Zl;jyKrS (a0'em)ay:&onf/
&[ef;udk zl;jrif&rS &lyg&Hku aus;Zl;jyKrS vSLcsifaom (apwem)ay:
&onf/ xdaomtm&Hku aus;Zl;jyKrS rmaysmh? ylat;udk odaom
(0dnmPf) ay:&onf/ ]tqif ; ? toH ? teH Y ? t&om? txd }
paom ]tm&Hkw&m;} &m;}wdkYu aus;Zl;jyKrSom ]emrfw&m;} &m;}wdkY jzpfay:&
onfukd ]cE¨mÓPf}a&muf ydik ;f ydik ;f jcm;jcm; odjrif&ayrnf/
xdkodkY ]emr&l y y&d a pä ' ÓPf E S i f h ypö , y&d * ¾ [ ÓPf }ESpfyg;
jynf h p H k a omol o nf tm;aumif ; aom (Av0)0d y óemÓPf
jzpfNyD; b*FÓPfrSpí tEkavmrÓPfwdkifatmif ÓPfpOfwufí
 (29)

r*fÓPf zdv k Ó f Pfjzifh edAmÁ efukd rsuaf rSmufjyKEikd af yrnf/

y#dpöorkyÜg'f\taMumif;w&m; (5)yg;
y#d p ö o rk y Ü g 'f \ taMumif ; w&m;ig;yg;jzpf a om ]t0d Z Æ m -
wPSm-Oyg'gef-ocFg&-uH} wdkYudk udk,fwdkif rsufarSmuf xGif;azmuf
odEdkifatmif tm;xkwftyf\/ Oyrm &[ef;b0udk qkawmif;í
ukov kd jf yK&mü
1/ cE¨mig;yg;udk ]&[ef;[k todrSm;};}rIum; t0d Z Æ m?
2/ ]&[ef;b0udk wyfrufwG,fwm} m}rIum; wPS m?
3/ ]&[ef;b0udk pdwfuyfa&muf pGJvrf;}}rIum; Oyg'gefwnf;/
4/ t0dZÆm-wPSm-Oyg'gefjzpfaom ]udavo0#fwdkY NcH&H}vsuf
ukodkvfaumif;rI jyKrI ]apwem}]apwem}um; ocF g &&wnf;/
5/ ,if;apwem-ocFg&\ ]ur®owdå}um; uHwnf;/
þod k Y t m;jzif h t0d Z Æ m -wPS m -Oyg'gef - ocF g &-uH [ l a om
taMumif;w&m; (5)yg;udk ud, k yf ikd Ó
f Pfjzifh xGi;f azmuf odjrifEikd \ f /
xdkYaMumifh jrifrI? Mum;rIponfwdkYtay:wGif Oyg'ge ypö,m
ur® b 0ud k cE¨ m ÓPf a &muf od r f ; qnf ; tyf \ / rd r d u d k , f w d k i f
jrif r I Mum;rI w d k Y t ay:wG i f Oyg'gef u d k jrif a tmif M unf h E d k i f y gu
]Oyg'gef NcH&Hvsuf} ukodkvf-tukodkvfuHwdkYudk um,? 0pD? raem
(apwem)
(apwem)wd k Y j zif h tm;xk w f a eonf u d k od j rif a tmif owd j yK
ESvHk;oGif;tyf\/ xdktcg Oyg'geftaMumif;cHaMumifh uHjzpf\
[laom ]uH \ taMumif ; } w&m;udk udk,fwdkif xGif;azmuf rsuf
arSmufjyK odjrifEidk af yrnf/
xd k o d k Y Oyg'gef j zif h pG J v rf ; rI j zpf & onf r S m &k y f e mrf [ l a om
 (30)

tusdK;w&m; ('ku©opöm))udk [kwfwdkif;rSefpGm owd-ynmjzifh rodjrif

aomaMumifh jzpf\/ 0dnmPf? emrf&kyf? oVm,we? zó? a0'em
[l a om tusd K ;w&m;onf y#d o aE¨ t cd k u f w G i f j zpf a om cE¨ m
ig;yg;ud k ok w å e f e nf ; tm;jzif h a[mMum;awmf r l j cif ; jzpf o nf /
odkYaomf ,ckypöKyÜefb0ürl ]jzpf c d k u f & k y f e mrf }wdkYudkyif ]0d y óem
ÓPf}jzifh odr;f qnf;tyf\/
tusdK;w&m;(5)yg;udkodrf;qnf;yHk
tusdK;w&m; (5)yg;jzpfaom 0dnmPf? emrf&kyf? oVm,we?
zó? a0'emwd k Y u d k ok w å e f e nf ; tm;jzif h y#d o aE¨ t cd k u f ü
jzpfpOfudk a[mMum;xm;aomfvnf; 0dyóem&IyGm;&mü ypöKyÜef
&kyfemrfESpfyg;-cE¨m (5)yg;wdkYomjzpfukef\/ ,if;wdkYudkvnf; udk,f
wdkif rsufarSmuf xGif;azmuf odjrifEdkifatmif tm;xkwftyf\/
&kyfonf azmufjyefajymif;vJjcif; vu©Pm&dS\/ azmufjyef
ajymif;vJwwfaomoabmudk &kyf[k ac:\/ &kyfwGif r[mbkwf
jzpfaom yx0D? tmayg? awaZm? 0ga,m "mwfBuD;av;yg;&dS\/
,if; "mwfBuD;av;yg;udk trSDjyKí Oyg'g&kyf (24)yg;&dS\/ ,if;
wd k Y w G i f tqif ; ? toH ? teH Y ? t&om? txd [ l a om tm&H k & k y f
wdkYESifh rsufpdtMunf? em;tMunf? ESmacgif;tMunf? vQmtMunf?
udk,ftMunf[laom 'Gg&&kyfwdkYonf w&m;tm;xkwf&mü odxm;
tyfonfh &kyw f &m;rsm; jzpfonf/
emrfonf tm&Hkudk nGwfjcif;vu©Pm&dS\/ tm&Hkudk nGwf
wwfaomoabmudk emrf[kac:\/ emrfcE¨m av;yg;&dS\/ tm&Hk
ud k cH p m;wwf a omoabmonf a0'emrnf \ / wzef r S w f o m;
 (31)

wwfaom oabmonf onmrnf\/ aphaqmfwdkufwGef;wwf

aomoabmonf ocFg&rnf\/ tm&Hkudk odjcif;rQoabmonf
0dnmPf rnf\/
cufrmjcif;vu©Pm&dSaom yx0D"mwfudk odrf;qnf;vwf
aomf xdyk x0Dtm&Hu k kd odwwfaomoabm 0dnmPfonf xifay:\/
xdk0dnmPfESifh,SOfaom cHpm;rIonf a0'emwnf;? rSwfom;rIonf
onmwnf;? awGYxdrI-zó? aphaqmfrI-apwemwdkYonf ocFg&wnf;/
&kyfoabm emrfoabmESifh taMumif;w&m; tusdK;w&m;
wd k Y u d k ]owd } jzif h od r f ; qnf ; NyD ; ]ynm}
]ynm}jzif h [k w f w d k i f ; rS e f p G m
]xd k ; xG i f ; } odjrifvQif cE¨mig;yg;udk yk*d¾Kvfowå0g? igolwyg;[k
]twå } jyKí jyif ; pG m pG J v rf ; rI ]tEk o ,-Oyg'gef } udk ]0d y óem
ynm? r*fynm} nm}jzifh y,f&mS ;Edik af yrnf/
jzpfaMumif;csKyfaMumif;
t0dZÆm? wPSm? Oyg'gef? ocFg&? uH[laom ]taMumif ;
w&m;ig;yg;}
w&m;ig;yg;}wd k Y xif & S m ;jzpf j cif ; aMumif h ]tusd K ;w&m;ig;yg;}
jzpfaom 0dnmPf? emrf&kyf? oVm,we? zó? a0'emwdkYonf
xif&Sm;jzpfMuukef\/ taMumif;w&m;ig;yg;wdkYonf ]t&[wå
r*f } jzif h tNyD ; csKyf N id r f ; oG m ;jcif ; aMumif h tusd K ;w&m;ig;yg;
wdkYonfvnf; csKyfNidrf;Muukef\/ þodkY &Ijrifjcif;onf ]taMumif;}
tm;jzif h (tjzpf - tysuf ) ud k od j rif j cif ; [l a om (ypö , awm
O',AÁ,ÓPf)aywnf;/
taMumif ; xif & S m ;jzpf a y:ojzif h tusd K ;xif & S m ;jzpf j cif ; ud k
odjrifjcif;aMumifh (ork ' ,opö m ))onf ]ÓPf ü xif & S m ;};}vm\/
 (32)

xd k Y t wl taMumif ; csKyf j cif ; aMumif h tusd K ;csKyf j cif ; ud k od j rif

aomtcg (eda&m"opöm))onf ]ÓPfü xif&Sm;} jzpfay:vm\/
Oyrm ]rsufpdESifhtqif;}}[laom tm&Hk-'Gg&wdkufrI taMumif;
xif&Sm;&dSjcif;aMumifh ]pu© K 0d n mPf }[laom tusdK;onf xif&Sm;
jzpfay:vm\/ taMumif;uif;yguvnf; tusdK;onf csKyfaysmuf
&\/ þod k Y ]taMumif ; ES i f h p yf a om jzpf j cif ; ysuf j cif ; }}ud k
0dyóem &IymG ;&mwGif a&S;OD;pGm ESv;kH oGi;f odjriftyf\/
jzpfjcif;csKyfjcif;
xdkYaemuf cE¨mig;yg; &kyfemrfESpfyg;wdkY\ tjzpftysufudk
(cP)
(cP)tm;jzifh odjrifvmjcif;onf (cPawm O',AÁ , ÓPf )
aywnf ; / cPtm;jzif h jzpf j cif ; ysuf j cif ; ud k ]xd k ; xG i f ; od j rif }
aomaMumifh ('k u © o pö m ))onf ]ÓPf ü xif & S m ;};}vm\/ xdkodkY
tjzpftysufudk &Ijrifaom ÓPfonf (avmuDr*¾opöm))wnf;/
þod k Y (ypö , ? cP)ES p f 0 aom tjcif ; t&mjzif h jzpf j cif ;
ysufjcif; ]O',AÁ , }}udk xif&Sm;odjrifaomolonf ]ted p ö ? 'k u © ?
tewåvu©PmoHk;yg;? avmuDopömav;yg;? tw¬e,
(4)enf;} ponf wdkYonfvnf; ÓPfü xif&Sm;vmukef\/
opömav;yg;
1/ taMumif;jzpfjcif;aMumifh tusKd ;jzpfjcif;udk odjrifí
ork',opömonf xif&Sm;\/
2/ taMumif;csKyjf cif;aMumifh tusKd ;csKyjf cif;udk odjrifí
eda&m"opömonf xif&Sm;\/
 (33)

3/ cE¨m\cPtm;jzifh jzpfjcif;csKyjf cif;udk odjrifí

'ku©opömonf xif&Sm;\/
4/ jzpfjcif;csKyjf cif;udk odjrifaomÓPfjzifh
avmuDr*¾opömonf xif&Sm;\/
- taMumif;w&m;wd\ Yk csKyNf ird ;f rIum;
udavoy&dedAÁmefwnf;/
- tusKd ;w&m;wd\ Yk csKyNf ird ;f rIum;
cE¨y&dedAÁmefwnf;/

]uHESifhuH\tusdK;om}
]]ur®ó um&aum ew¬?d 0dyguó p a0'aum/}}
]]ok'"¨ r®m y0wåE?dÅ {a0wH or®'óeH/}} (0do'k rd¨ *f -2? 237)
þa'oemawmft& y&rw¬opömtm;jzifh
avmuü (uH)rSwpfyg; jyKvyk af om ]yk*d¾Kvfowå0g r&dS}/
(uH\tusdK;);)rSwpfyg; cHpm;wwfaom ]yk*d¾Kvfowå0g r&dS}/
]uHjzpfcdkuf} jyKvakd om pdwf ]apwemESifh udk,fEIwf}trl
t&m[laom (&k y f e mrf )ESpfyg;udkyif pGJrSDí ]yk * d ¾ K vf o wå 0 g} jyKvkyf
onf [ k ajymqd k M u\/ tm&H k \ taumif ; tqd k ; ud k o d r I - cH p m;rI
[laom (uH \ tusd K ;);)w&m; ]emrf & k y f }ESpfyg;udkyif pGJrSDí ]yk * d ¾ K vf
owå0g} cHpm;onf[k ajymqdMk uuke\ f /
xdkYaMumifh trSefr&dSaom yk*d¾Kvfowå0goabm ]tEk o ,}
(udavom)
vom)udk z,f&mS ;&ef 0dyóem tm;xkw&f mü ]&kyfemrf}ESpyf g;
om&daS Mumif; odjrif&ef ]txl;} vdt k yfygonf/
 (34)
]]£ro®d Howd £'Ha[mwd?
£ro®d Htowd £'Hea[mwd/
þtaMumif;&dSvQif þtusdK;jzpf\?
þtaMumif;r&dSvQif þtusdK;rjzpf}}
þod k Y (aMumif ; usd K ; quf e d , mr) 0if a &muf o nf E S i f h
wpfNyKd ief uf oHo&mpufonf rjywfvnfawmhonf/ oHo&mpufukd
&yf w ef Y a paomtjrif u d k xl a xmif & mü ]taMumif ; csKyf v Qif
tusd K ;csKyf \ }}[laom taMumif;tusdK;udk ]trS e f t wd k i f ; }}od&ef
vdt k yfygonf/
þaMumif ; usd K ;quf ed , mrt& tjrif r S e f xl a xmif j cif ;
udyk if Ak'p¨ mayrsm;ü
1/ ypö,y&d*¾[ÓPf (taMumif;odrq f nf;jcif;)[lí4if;?
2/ "r®|dwdÓPf (&kyef mrfjzpfpOfojd cif;)[lí4if;?
3/ ,xmblwÓPf (t&du S kd t&dt
S wdik ;f odjcif;)[lí4if;?
4/ or®m'óe (trSejf rifjcif;)[lí4if;?
5/ ucFg0dw&P0dok'¨d (oHo,uif;pifjcif;)[lí4if; qdyk gonf/
 (35)

y#dpöorkyÜg'fESifhenf; (4)enf;

]£ro®d Howd £'H a[mwd?

£ro®d Htowd £'H ea[mwd}
þtaMumif;&dSvQif þtusdK;jzpf\? þtaMumif;r&dSvQif
þtusKd ;rjzpf[o l nf y#dpoö rkygÜ 'f a'oemawmf\ tajccHjzpfonf/
taMumif;w&m;wdkY jynfhpHknDnGwfygu tusdK;w&m;wdkYonf
olYoabmolaqmifum r&dS&mrS topftopf jzpfay:\/ taMumif;
w&m;wdkY aus;Zl;rjyKcifuvnf; xdktusdK;w&m;onf BudKwifí
jzpfay:raeovdk taMumif;uif;onfESifhvnf; vHk;0 csKyfaysmuf\/
taMumif ; w&m;onf tusd K ;w&m;ud k ud k , f 0 ef a qmif x m;jcif ;
r&d S o vd k tusd K ;w&m;onf v nf ; taMumif ; w&m;ud k , f 0 ef r S
arG;zGm;vmjcif;r[kwf/ taMumif;w&m;wdkY jynfhpHknDnGwfonfESifh
tusdK;w&m;wdkYonf olYoabmolaqmifum r&dS&mrS topftopf
jzpfay:vmjcif; jzpfygonf/
 (36)

xdkYtwl tm&HkESifh'Gg&xdcdkufrIaMumifh topfjzpfay:vmaom

0dnmPfonf ]tm*EÅ K "mwf }oufoufjzpfí yk*¾dKvf? owå0g? j'yf?
0w¬KjyKí tcdkiftrm-tESpfom&tm;jzifh pGJ,l&Edkifavmufaom
]trmcH } oabmrsd K ; vH k ; 0r&d S / ,if ; uJ h o d k Y taMumif ; wd k u f
qdkifwdkif; tusdK;w&m;wdkY topfjzpfay:vmyHkudk odjrifjcif;onf
taMumif ; tusd K ;quf E G , f r I u d k y#d p ö o rk y Ü g 'f o abmtm;jzif h
odjrifjcif;jzpfonf/ xdkodkY qufEG,frIudk atmufyg (tw¬e,)
enf; (4)enf;jzifh odjrifEikd \f /
1/ {uwå e nf ; - ]twd w f } taMumif;w&m;ESifh ]ypö K yÜ e f }
tusd K ;w&m;? ]ypö K yÜ e f } taMumif ; w&m;ES i f h ]tem*wf } tusd K ;
w&m;wdkYonf aMumif;usdK;qufEG,fvQuf wpfqufwpfpyfwnf;
pOfqufrjywf jzpfay:ae\/ xdkYaMumifh yef;oDxm;ouJhodkY &kyfemrf
tpOfü rjywfpJrIudk xdk;xGif; odjrifojzifh b0onf ]yk c uf E S i f h
acgif ; tMum;}
tMum;}rS m om &d S í ]aovQif j ywf \ }}[k pG J , l x m;aom
(Oapä''d|d) t,lrSm;udk y,fpGefYEdkifavonf/
2/ emewå e nf ; - taMumif;w&m;ESifh tusdK;w&m;wdkYonf
qufEG,frI&dSMuaomfvnf; &kyfemrfwdkY\ ]obm0vu© P m} m}wdkYonf
]rwl }nDMuyg/ xdkYaMumifh taMumif;&kyfemrfwdkYcsKyfNyD; tusdK;&kyfemrf
wdkY ]topftopf} jzpfonfudk odjrifjcif;jzifh twåonf ]NrJ \ }}[k
pGJ,lwwfaom (oów'd|d) t,lrSm;BuD;udk y,fpGefYEdkifavonf/
3/ tAsmyg&enf; - taMumif;w&m;onf tusdK;w&m; jzpf
ay:vmatmif tm;xk w f o nf h ]Asmyg&r&d S } ovd k tusd k K ;w&m;
onfvnf; taMumif;w&m;&dSygu jzpfay:vdkufrnf[k tm;xkwf
 (37)

onfh Asmyg&rsdK; r&dSyg/ taMumif;w&m; ]xif & S m ;};}jzpfay:onfESifh

tusdK;w&m;onf olYoabmolaqmifum r&dS&mrS ]topf } jzpf
ay:vmjcif;om jzpfonf/ Oyrm oGm;csifaompdwfonf taMumif;
w&m;tm;jzihf xif&Sm;jzpfay:onfESifh oGm;onfh&kyfonf tusdK;
w&m;tjzpf ol Y o abmol a qmif u m topf j zpf a y:vmonf u d k
odjrifojzifh ]oG m ;ol ? jyKwwf o l } [laom ]twå ' d | d } t,ludk
y,fpeG EYf ikd af vonf/
4/ {0H " r® w menf ; - taMumif;tm;avQmfpGm tusdK;jzpf
onfudk odjrifjcif;aMumifh ]ta[wk u 'd | d ? tud & d , 'd | d }ponf
taMumif;y,faom 'd|t d ,lwu Ykd kd y,fpeG EYf ikd af vonf/
þodkYb0pufudk razmufcGJrlí oHo&mab;udk ausmfvGef
Ed k i f a omol o nf td r f r uf ü aomf 4 if ; wpf p H k w pf a ,muf r Qr&d S /
xdkYaMumifh jrwfpGmbk&m;onf - ]]tmeE´m þy#dpöorkyÜg'fonf ]euf
vnf ; euf \ ?} euf a ,mif v nf ; xif \ ? þy#d p ö o rk y Ü g 'f u d k y if
]avQmf p G m rod j cif ; xd k ; xG i f ; rod j cif ; }}aMumifh owå0gtaygif;wdkY
onf csnf c if & I y f o uJ h o d k Y j zpf v suf BuD ; yG m ;jcif ; uif ; &mjzpf a om
tyg,f (4)bHkudk4if;? oHo&mudk4if; rausmfvGefbJ &dSacsonf}}
[laom þpum;udk a[mawmfrl\/
þomoemawmfü ynm&dSonf <uif;aom tjcm;udpöwdkYudk
y,fí eufeJaom aus;Zl;jyKyHktjym;udka[maom ]y#d p ö o rk y Ü g 'f }ü
axmuf&m wnf&m&atmif tcgcyfodrf; trSwf&aom ]owd }
&do
S nfjzpfí tm;xkw&f mownf;/
 (38)

pkwd-y#doaE¨
y#dpöorkyÜg'fwGif ]ocFg&ypö,m 0dnmPH}[lonf ukodkvf-
tukodkvfuHaMumifh b0opf 0dnmPfjzpfyHkwnf;/ xdktcsufonf
y#dpo ö rkygÜ 'f a'oemwGif tvGet f a&;Bu;D aom pkwEd iS yhf #doaE¨ quf
EG,yf kH jzpfonf/ oHo&mvnfjcif;udk vufceH m;vnf&ef pkw-d y#doaE¨
\qufE, T rf I obm0udk y#dpo ö rkygÜ 'fenf;jzifh odjrifEikd af vonf/
Oyrm rsufpdESifhtqif; xdcdkufonfh ]taMumif ; }}aMumifh
jrif p d w f -]tusd K ;};}w&m;onf wNyd K if w nf ; jzpf \ / xd k o d k Y rd r d w d k Y
touf&Sifae xdkifpOftwGif; jrifrI? Mum;rI? eHrI? pm;rI? xdrI? awG;rI
wd k Y \ ]taMumif ; tusd K ;jzpf p Of } wd k Y o nf yef ; oD x m;ouJ h o d k Y
tMum;tjywf r&dSyJ (wquf w nf ; wck w nf ; oabmrsd K ;) jzpf
ae\/ xdu k ohJ Ykd jzpfaejcif;onf ({uwåoabm) abm)jzpf\/
xdtYk wl 'Db0 pkw(d taMumif;)ESihf aemufb0 y#doaE¨ (tusKd ;)
wdkYonfvnf; taMumif;tusdK;tm;jzifh wqufwnf;om tjcm;r&dS
jzpfMuuke\ f /
]taMumif ; } jzpfaom rsufpdESifhtqif;onf ]&k y f } jzpfí
]tusdK;} jzpfaom jrifpdwfonf ]emrf} jzpfaomaMumifh taMumif;
tusdK;wdkYonf wqufwnf;jzpfaomfvnf; (obm0vu© P m)
tm;jzifh rwlMuyg/ ,if;uJhodkY rwljcif;oabmonf (ememwå )
jzpf\/ xdkYtwl 'Db0pkwdESifh aemufb0 y#doaE¨wdkY\obm0
vu©Pmrsm; rwlMujcif;onfvnf; ememwåoabmyifjzpf\/
rsufpdESifhtqif; xdcdkufrI[laom ]taMumif ; } jynfhpHkygu
jrifpdwf ]tusd K ;};}onf tm;xkwfrIuif;aom (tAsmyg&) (tAsmyg&)oabm
 (39)

tm;jzifh (ol Y o abmol a qmif )í jzpfay:vm\/ xdkYtwl ]pk w d }

[laomtaMumif;jzpfygu ]y#doaE¨}[laomtusdK;onf ]tAsmyg&}
tm;jzifh olo Y abmolaqmifum ]topf} jzpfay:vmjcif;jzpfonf/
rsufpdESifhtqif;xdcdkufrIaMumifh ]taMumif ; tm;avQmf p G m }
jrif p d w f o m jzpf a y:\/ Mum;pd w f ? eH p d w f p onf w d k Y j zpf a y:jcif ;
r&dS/ taMumif;tm;avQmfpGmjzpfaom ({0H " r® w m) oabmjzpf\/
xdkYtwl ]pk w d }csdefwGif tusdK;ay;rnfh (uH )[laom ]taMumif;w&m;
ES i f h a vQmf a om y#d o aE¨ t usd K ;};}udkom ay;jcif;jzpf\// tvdkvdk
jzpfjcif; A&rf;A'g jzpfaejcif;rsKd ; vH;k 0r&daS cs/
xd k u J h o d k Y rsuf p d E S i f h t qif ; xd c d k u f r I taMumif ; jynf h p H k y gu
jrifpdwf tusdK;w&m;onf ({uwå? ememwå? tAsmyg&? {0"r®wm)
[laom ]ed , mr} mr}twdkif;om jzpfay:aeMujcif;jzpfonf/ xdked,mr
(4)enf;jzifh pkwd-y#doaE¨tcdkufüvnf; pkwd (taMumif ; ))ESifh
y#doaE¨ (tusdK;);)wdkYonf tjcm;r&dSyJ wqufwpyfwnf; jzpfay:
aeMuuke\ f /
pdwåu©Ptm;jzifhMunfhyguvnf; pkwdpdwfESifh y#doaE¨pdwf
wdkYonf (a&SUpdwf-aemufpdwf)wdkYomjzpf\/ a&SUpdwfcsKyfNyD; aemuf
pdwfonf tjcm;r&dS jzpfay:\/ udavom&dSaeorQ (uH\tusdK;);)wdkY
onf b0opf-&kyef mrf tjzpf rjywfrpJ jzpfay:aernfom jzpfuek \ f /
uHESifhuH\tusdK; (ur®-b0)
uH[lonf ukodkvftukodkvfoabm&dSaom taMumif;w&m;
jzpfí uH\tusdK;w&m;onf emrf&kyfjzpfonf/ (y#dpöorkyÜg'f)wGif
(taMumif;w&m;ig;yg;) w&m;ig;yg;)onf t0dZÆm? wPSm? Oyg'gef? ocFg&? uH
 (40)

jzpfí (tusd K ;w&m;ig;yg;)

;w&m;ig;yg;)onf 0dnmPf? emrf&kyf? oVm,we?
zó? a0'emwdkYjzpf\/ t0dZÆm? wPSm? Oyg'gef[laom ud a vo
0#f N cH & H a om apwem-ocF g &jzif h tm;xk w f r S o m (uH )[laom
taMumif ; w&m;wd k Y jzpf M uuk e f \ / uH j zpf y gu uH \ tusd K ;jzpf
aomcE¨mig;yg;? &kyef mrf ESpyf g;[laom (b0) (b0)onf jzpfay:Muuke\ f /
rsdK;aphESifhtyif
Oyrm uHonf o&ufrsdK;aphESifhwl\/ uH\tusdK;onf o&uf
yifESifhwl\/ ypöKyÜefb0wGif o&ufyifpdkufjcif;[laom tm;xkwfrI
apwemaMumifh 'Db0üvnf; o&ufoD;pm;&\/ o&ufoD; pm;NyD;
aomf usecf ahJ om o&ufaphonf olrY sKd ;aphtwdik ;f o&ufyif aygufEikd f
aom tpGrf;owdå&dS\/ xdkYtwl 'Db0wGif um,uH? 0pDuH? raemuH
wdkYjzifh tm;xkwfaom apwemwdkYonf csKyfaysmufoGm;aomfvnf;
rsdK;aphESifhwlaom ]uH o wd å }onf pdwftpOfwGif udef;íusefcJh\/
xdktcg ukodkvftukodkvfuH[laom (rsdK;aph)\tpGrf;jzifh aemuf
b0 aemufcE¨m[laom (tyif)opfwpfcu k kd jzpfay:apEdik \
f /
odkYaomf xdk (uH )rsdK;aphonf ]wPS m }}[laom tap;"mwf&dS
rS o m b0opf u d k j zpf a pEd k i f \ / t&[wå r *f j zif h wPS m [l o rQ
t<uif;rJh y,fowfNyD;aom &[EÅmt&SifjrwfwdkYwGif b0[lorQonf
t<uif;tuserf &dS csKyNf ird ;f Ny;D jzpfonf/
ypöKyÜefy#doaE¨\taMumif; (5)yg;
- jzpfaMumif; uHujkd yKpOf awGa0jcif;onf ]t0dZÆm}}wnf;/
- tm;xkwfrIwdkYonf ]ocFg&}
&}wdkYwnf;/
- vdkcsifawmifhwjcif;onf ]wPSm}}wnf;?
 (41)

- pGJvrf;jcif;onf ]Oyg'gef}wnf;?
- aphaqmfjcif; apwemonf ]ur®b0} 0}wnf;?
ypöKyÜef Oyywådb0ü jzpfay:aom tusdK;w&m; (5)yg;
- y#doaE¨pdwfonf ]0dnmPf} wnf;?
- ouf0ifaom w&m;taygif;onf ]emrf&kyf} wnf;?
- Munfvifjcif;onf ]tm,we} wnf;?
- awGYxdjcif;onf ]zó} wnf;?
- cHpm;jcif;onf ]a0'em} wnf;?
ypöKyÜefb0ü tm,wewdkY\ &ifhusufonf\ tjzpfaMumifh
(rsuf p d em;paom tm,wewd k Y &if h u suf a omtcg) awGa0
jcif ; onf t0d Z Æ m wnf ; ? tm;xk w f r I w d k Y o nf ocF g &wd k Y w nf ; ?
vdkcsifawmif;wjcif; onf wPSmwnf;? pGJvrf;jcif;onf Oyg'gef
wnf;? aphaqmfjcif;onf ur®b0wnf;? þ(5)yg;aomw&m;wdkY
onf aemifb0ü (y#d o aE¨ t aMumif ; ))wdkYwnf;/ þodkY ur®0#f-
0dygu0#fw\ Ykd tpGr;f tm;jzifh emrf&yk wf uYkd kd odr;f qnf;jcif;jyKtyf\/
ocFg&ypö,m 0dnmPH[k qdk&mwGif tbd"r®m0dbif;? eda'´o
ygVdawmfü ]ww¬ uwrH? ocFg& ypö,m 0dnmPH/ pu©K0dnmPf?
aomw0d n mPf ? Cme0d n mPf ? Zd 0 S m 0d n mPf ? um,0d n mPf ?
raem0dnmPH/ £'H 0kpöwd ocFg&ypö,m 0dnmPH} [lívnf;
a[mawmfr\ l /ˆ (y#dpo
ö rkygÜ ''DyeD- pm? 64)
0dnmPypö,m emr&lyH
]y#doaE¨0dnmPfaMumifh emrf&kyfjzpf\}[k qdk&mwGif y#doaE¨
pdwf\tm&Hkjzpfaom uH-ur®edrdwf-*wdedrdwf wckckudk tm&HkjyKvsuf
 (42)

cHpm;rI-a0'em? rSwfom;rI-onm? awGYxdrI-zó? aphaqmfrI-apwem

ponfh ocFg&[laom ]emrfw&m;} &m;}wdkYonfvnf; twlwGJzuf jzpfMu
ukef\/ xdkYjyif y#doaE¨pdwf\rDS&m [','ou&kyfESifhtwl bm0
'ou? um,'ou[laom uvmyf (3)ckrS ]ur® Z &k y f }taygif;
(30)wdo Yk nfvnf; jzpfay:uke\ f /
y#d o aE¨ p d w f \ tjcm;rJ h b0if p d w f r S p í jzpf w d k i f ; aom
0dnmPfaMumifh wGJzufapwoduf emrfw&m;rsm;vnf;jzpfay:ovdk
ur®Z&ky?f pdwZå &ky?f OwkZ&ky?f tm[m&Z&kyrf sm;vnf; jzpfay:uke\ f /
0d n mPf a Mumif h emrf & k y f j zpf o vd k emrf & k y f a Mumif h v nf ;
0d n mPf j zpf \ / tb,f a Mumif h q d k a omf 0d n mPf E S i f h emrf & k y f
wdkYonf tjyeftvSef taMumif;tusdK;jzpfaejcif;aMumifhwnf;/
o[Zmw? edó, ypö,owdåwdkYjzifh tcsif;csif; aus;Zl;jyKMu
ukef\/ xdkYtwl &kyfu rSD&mtjzpfjzifh aus;Zl;jyKrS 0dnmPfonfvnf;
jzpfay:Edik \ f /
þodkYjzifh 0dnmPfaMumifhvnf; emrf&kyfjzpf&ovdk emrf&kyf
aMumif h v nf ; 0d n mPf j zpf \ / xd k u J h o d k Y 0d n mPf E S i f h emrf & k y f
wdkYonf tjyeftvSef taMumif;tusdK; jzpfaeMuaomfvnf; pdwf
0d n mPf o nf ]jy|mef ; }}onf h t wG u f a Mumif h ]0d n mPypö , m
emr&lyH}[k a'oemrSm a[mMum;awmfr\ l / trSepf ifppfwiG f 0dnmPf
ESiwhf zJG ufemrf? rS&D m&kywf &m;wdo
Yk nf twlwuGomvQif jzpfMuuke\ f /
rD;awmufESifhrD;a&mifyrm
rD;xGef;aomtcg rD;awmufonfESifh wNydKifeuf rD;tvif;
a&mifwdkYonf jzpfay:ukef\/ xdkYtwl y"mejzpfaom rD;awmufESifh
 (43)

0dnmPf wl\/ rD;tvif;a&mifwdkYESifh zó? a0'em? onmtp&dS

aom emrum,pkonf wl\/ þOyrmjzifh 0dnmPfESifh emrfw&m;
wdkYonf jzpfwl ysufwl jzpfMuukef\/
emr&lyypö,m oVm,weH
emrf&kyftaMumif;cHaMumifh oVm,we[laom rsufpd-em;-
ESm-vQm-ud, k -f raemwdYk jzpfuek \
f / ,if;wGif emrft& a0'em? onm?
ocFg&[laom emrfcE¨m (3)yg;ESifh &kyft& blw&kyf (4)yg;? 0w¬K&kyf
(6)yg;? ZD0w d &ky?f tm[m&&kyw f Ykd jzpfMuuke\f /
oVm,wet& pu© m ,we[l a om rsuf p d t Munf & k y f ?
aomwm,we[l a om em;tMunf & k y f ? Cmem,we[l a om
ESmacgif; tMunf&kyf? Zd0Sm,we[laom vQmtMunf&kyf? um,m
,we[laom udk,ftMunf&kyfESifh rem,wet& pu©K0dnmPf-
aomw0d n mPf - Cme0d n mPf - Zd 0 S m 0d n mPf - um,0d n mPf -
raem0dnmPfwYkd jzpfMuuke\ f /
uH\tpGrf;aMumifh MunfvifyHk
yom'&k y f [ l a om rsuf p d t Munf em;tMunf ponf
wdkYonf ]uH \ tpG r f ; }}aMumif h r[mbk w f " mwf B uD ; (4)yg;wd k Y u d k
]pG J r S D í Munf v if } vmjcif ; jzpf o nf / uH a Mumif h j zpf a om ZD 0 d w -
touf&kyfu apmifha&Smufjcif;aMumifhvnf; tMunf&kyf-tm,
wewdkYonf ]a&&d S M um} um}uJ h o d k Y wnf a eEd k i f j cif ; jzpf o nf / xd k Y j yif
emrfw&m;&dSaom &kyfwdkYüom tMunf&kyfwdkY jzpfEdkifovdk tpm
tm[m& taxmuftyH&h rSd v S nf; jzpfEikd Mf uuke\ f /
xdkYaMumifh rsufpdtMunfqdkaom pu©m,weonf emrf
 (44)

aMumifh4if;? rSD&m blw&kyf "mwfBuD; (4)yg;? ZD0dw&kyf? tm[m&&kyf

wdkYaMumifh4if; jzpfay:ukef\/ xdkYtwl em;tMunf? ESmacgif;tMunf?
vQmtMunf? ud, k tf Munfwo Ykd nfvnf; emrf&yk af Mumifh jzpfay:uke\ f /
rem,wejzpfaom jrifpdwf? Mum;pdwf? eHpdwf? pm;pdwf? xdpdwf
wdkYonf tm&HkudkESvHk;oGif;rI-reodum&? tm&HkESifhawGYxdrI-zó?
tm&HkodkYaphaqmfrI-apwem tp&dSaom wGJzufemrfESifh rSD&m0w¬K
&kywf &Ykd rSd S jzpfay:&\/
BuHodaomtcgü b0ifpdwfonfvnf; rem,we? BuHodpdwf-
raem0d n mPf o nf v nf ; rem,weyif j zpf \ / b0if p d w f o nf
wGJzufemrfESifh rSD&m ESvHk;&kyf-[',0w¬KaMumifhjzpf\/ BuHodpdwf
onf wGJzuf reodum& (emrf) ponfwdkYaMumifh4if;? avmb a'go
paom tukodkvfemrfwdkYaMumifh4if;? o'¨g owd paom ukodkvf
emrfwaYkd Mumif4h if;? rS&D m ESv;kH &ky-f [',0w¬KaMumif4h if; jzpfay:uke\ f /
þodkYjzifh ]emrf & k y f } taMumif;cHaMumifh oVm,weqdkaom
ajcmufyg;aom ]tm,we} ]tm,we}wdkYonf jzpfay:ukef\[laom y#dpö
orkyÜg'f a'oemawmfonf tvGef eufeJukef\/ omrefvlwdkYtwGuf
a'oemtwdik ;f us,u f s,jf yefjY yefY qifjcifEikd &f ef rvG,u
f v
l aS cs/
]y#dpöorkyÜg''DyeD}wGif 0dnmPfaMumifh jzpfay:aom emrf&kyf
wd k Y ü &l y um,\tmEk a bmf a Mumif h pu© K tMunf ? aomw
tMunf? CmetMunf? Zd0SmtMunf? um,tMunf[laom tMunf
&kyf (5)yg;wdkYonf jzpfay:vm\/ emrum,\tmEkabmfaMumifh
raem[laom pdwftMunf? 0dnmPftMunfonf jzpfyGm;ukef\/
xdkYjyif emrum,aMumifhom rem,weac:aom 0dnmPf
 (45)

jzpf & onf r [k w f a o;? pu© K -aomw-Cme-Zd 0 S m -um,-[',

0w¬K [laom 0w¬Kajcmufjzm &lyum,aMumifhvnf; 0dnmPfjzpf
ay:\/ pu©K0w¬K&kyf &dSjcif;aMumifh pu©K0dnmPfjzpfay:\/ xdkYtwl
oufqdkif&m 0w¬K&kyfwdkY &dSjcif;aMumifh oufqdkif&m 0dnmPfwdkYonf
rem,wetm;jzifh jzpfay:Muuke\ f /
jrifodpdwfESifhwnf&m
0dok'd¨r*f-jrefrmjyefwGif rsufpdtMunf&kyfac: pu©Kyom'
&kyfwdkYudk vu©Pm-&o-ypöKy|mef taejzifh azmfjy&mü tqif;xif
xdkufaom blw&kyfwdkY\ Munfjcif;vu©Pm&dS\? tqif;tm&Hk
qDodkY qGJydkYjcif; udpö&dS\? pu©K0dnmPfac: ]jrif o d p d w f \ wnf & m}
tjzpf j zif h (&I o d a om ÓPf t m;) a&S ; &I x if a om tjcif ; t&m
(ypö K y|mef ) &d S \ ? jrif v d k a omwPS m omvQif taMumif ; &d S a om
uHaMumifhjzpfaom blw&kyfwdkYvQif eD;aomtaMumif; (y'|mef)
&dSukef\[k qdkojzifh blw&kyf"mwfBuD; (4)yg;ESifh emrfcE¨m (3)yg;
[laom ]emrf & k y f } wdkYonf ]jrif o d p d w f - rem,we}
rem,we}ES i f h jrif o d
pdw\ f wnf&m ]tMunf&kyf-pu©m,we} ,we}wdu
Yk kd jzpfay:atmif aus;Zl;
jyK\[k odjrifEikd af vonf/
rsufpdtMunf-pu©m,we? jrifodpdwf-rem,weESifh tqif;-
&lyg,wewdkY aygif;qHkaomtcg awGYxdrI-zójzpf\/ tqif;-&lyg&Hk
udk jrifpwd jf zifh tay:&H ]jrif&HkrQ}Q}rubJ tm&H\ k t&omudk xJx0J if0if
awGYxdrI-zóaMumifh wPSmjzpfay:&eftwGuf t"du jy|mef;aom
]a0'em} ESifh onm? ocFg&paom emrfcE¨m (3)yg;wdkYonfvnf;
jzpfay:Muuke\ f /
 (46)
jrifrIESifhawGYrIrwlyHk (r[mpnf-pm 306)
]pu©KOö y#dpö &layp OyÜZÆwd pu©K0dnmPH?
wdPÖHo*Fwd zaóm? zóypö,m a0'em} a0'em}[k
a'oemawmftwdik ;f rsupf Ed iS t hf qif;udk pGrJ íDS
jrifodrI pu©K 0dnmPfjzpf\/ rsufpd-tqif;-jrifodpdwf[laom
w&m;oH;k yg;wdYk aygif;qHk awGx Y jd cif;oabmonf zównf;/ tm&Hu k kd
awGx Y jd cif;-zóaMumifh a0'emjzpfay:\[k qdv k jkd cif;jzpfonf/
tm&Hkudk jrifodpdwfjzifh jrif&HkrQoufoufr[kwfbJ pdwfxJrSm
xif&Sm;awGYxdoGm;jcif;jzpfonf/ zóoabmonf awGYNyD;tm&Hkudk
jyefpOf;pm;wdkif;vnf; awGYwkef;uvdkyif tm&Hkudk xif&Sm;awGYae
onfh oabmtm;jzifh pdwfrSm xif&Sm;awGYaejcif;jzpfonf/ þodkY
jzifh jrifr-I 0dnmPfEiS hf awGrY -I zówdu Yk kd ydik ;f jcm;Ny;D odjrifEikd af vonf/
0dnmPf? zó? a0'em (3)rsdK;cGJenf;
'Gg&ac: tMunf&kyfonf tqif;tm&HkponfwdkYudk vufcH
&H k r QompG r f ; Ek d i f \ / xd k ( 6)'G g &ü xd c d k u f a om tm&H k (6)yg;ud k
(od u mrQ)mrQ)trlt&monf pdwfwnf;? 0dnmPfwnf;/ odumrQxuf
ryd k / od r I [ l a om0d n mPf j zpf a y:onf & S d a omf (tm&H k \ &o)ud k
zdESdyfBudwf0g;rI[laom ]zó"mwf } onf (od r I E S i f h t wl ) jzpf\/
zó\tpG r f ; aMumif h tm&H k \ t&omud k cH p m;rI - a0'emonf
jzpfay:\/
Oyrm BuHacsmif;onf tm&HkESifhwlí BudwfqHkonf 0dnmPf
ESifhwl\/ BuHacsmif;udk t&nfxGufatmif Budwfacsonfh usOfayGU
onf zóESifhwl\/ BuH&nfonf tm&Hk\&oESifhwlí oHk;aqmif
 (47)

cHpm;rIonf a0'emESiw hf \l / þuJo h Ykd ydik ;f jcm; odatmif qifjcif&\/

wNydKifeufjzpfyHk
a'oemawmfwGif ocFg&ypö,m 0dnmPH[k qdkaomaMumifh
0dnmPfu OD;pGmjzpfNyD;rS emrf&kyf? oVm,we? zó? a0'emwdkYonf
aemufrSvdkufNyD; tqifhqifh jzpfay:vm\[k xifEdkif&m\/ trSefwGif
0dnmPfjzpfonfESifhwNydKifeuf wGJzufemrf? ur®Z&kyf? oufqdkif&m
tm,we? zó? a0'empaom uHocFg&aMumifhjzpfonfh tusdK;
w&m;wdo Yk nf ]wNyKd ief uf} jzpfay:Muuke\ f /
y"metaMumif;jyKyHk
]raemykAÁ*Frm "r®m} qdkonfhtwdkif; pdwfvQif a&SUoGm;&dSaom
0dnmPfonf emrf&kyf\y"metaMumif;wnf;/ xdkYtwl emrf&kyfonf
tm,we\y"metaMumif ; ? tm,weonf zó\y"me
taMumif;? zóonf a0'em\y"metaMumif; jzpfaomaMumifh
]jy|mef;onfh taMumif;w&m;ESifhtusdK;w&m;} ;w&m;}wdkYudk ydkif;jcm; odjrif
Edkif&eftwGuf bk&m;&Sifonf 0dnmPypö,m emr&lyH ponfjzifh
aMumif;usKd ;quf oabmtm;jzifh a[mMum;awmfrjl cif;jzpfonf/
]uHESifh0dygufrQomawGYjrifyHk}
a,m*Donf þqdkcJhonfhtwdkif; ur®0#f-0dygu0#f\ tpGrf;jzifh
,ckypöKyÜefü emrf&kyfwdkYjzpfay:jcif;udk &IjrifNyD;vQif twdwf umv
ü4if;? tem*wfumvü4if; ur®0#f-0dygu0#f tpGrf;aMumifhom
jzpfay:vwå[ YH k &Ijrif\/
þodkYjzifh (uHESifhuH\tusdK;-0dyguf)omvQif &dS\/ uHtpOf
ESifh0dyguftpOfom&dS\/ jyKjcif;ESifh jyKjcif;\tusdK;omvQif&dS\/ (uH
 (48)

aMumifhtusdK;0dyguf)wdkYonf jzpfukef\/ tusdK;0dygufonf uHvQif

jzpfaMumif;&d\ S / uHaMumifh wpfzef b0opfjzpf\/ þenf;jzifh avmu
[kac:aom &kyfemrftpOfonf tqufrjywf jzpfaeonf[k &Ijrif\/
þqdkcJhonfhtwdkif; (aMumif ; usd K ;quf )onf\tpGrf;jzifh tquf
rjywfjzpfaeaom emrf&yk rf QonfomvQif a,m*D\ÓPftm; xif\/
þqdkcJhaomenf;jzifh ]tusd K ;};}0dygufxJü ]taMumif ; }}uHonf
r&dS? ]taMumif;}}uHxJüvnf; ]tusdK;};}0dygufonf r&dS? uHESifh0dyguf
ESpfyg;wdkYonf tcsif;csif;rS qdwfokOf;\/ odkYaomf (taMumif ;
uH E S i f h u if ; ívnf ; tusd K ;onf r jzpf ) / xdkYtwl tusdK;0dyguf
onf uHtwGif;üvnf; &dSonfr[kwf? uH\jyifyüvnf; &dSonf
r[kwf? uHonfvnf; xdktusdK; 0dygufxJü &dSonf r[kwf/
uHonf tusdK;rS qdwf\? tusdK;onf uHxJür&dS? trSef
tm;jzifh (uH u d k o mvQif p G J r S D í xd k u H r S t usd K ;onf jzpf )ay:\/
avmuü oH o &mud k j yKwwf zef q if ; wwf a om ewf o nf 4 if ; ?
jA[® m onf 4 if ; r&d S / (taMumif ; ))w&m;wd k Y (jynf h p H k r I ) aMumif h
emrf&kyfoufoufwdkYomvQif (tusd K ;);)w&m;tjzpf tqufquf
rjywfjzpfvQuf &du S ek \
f /
]w&m;tvHk;pHkudkxif&Sm;odjcif;}
ur® 0 #f t pG r f ; jzif h emrf & k y f \ taMumif ; od r f ; qnf ; jcif ; ud k
jyKNyD;aomtcg (twdwf-tem*wf-ypöKyÜef)w&m;wdkYonf (pkwdESifh
y#doaE¨)\tpGr;f jzifh xif&mS ;odtyfNy;D jzpfuek \ f /
twdwfb0ü uH[laom taMumif;aMumifhjzpfaom tMuif
cE¨mwdkYonf &dScJh\/ xdkcE¨mwdkYonf xdktwdwfb0üomvQif csKyfcJh
 (49)

ukef\/ þypöKyÜefb0ürlum; twdwfuH[laomtaMumif;aMumifh

tjcm;wpfyg;aom cE¨mwdkYonf jzpfay:vmukef\/ twdwfb0rS
þypöKyÜefb0odkY vdkufygvmaom w&m;rnfonf wpfpHkwpfckrQ r&dS/
þb0rS aemifb0opfoYkd wckaomw&m;rQvnf; vdu k yf groGm;vwå/YH
]b0ESpf&yfpyfyHk Oyrm}
q&m\cHwGif;rS &GwfqdkaomtoHonf wynfh\cHwGif;odkY
0ifonfr[kwf? q&m\&GwfqdkoH[laom taMumif;aMumifh wynfh
\cHwiG ;f ü &Gwq f jkd cif;onf jzpfonfomwnf;/
rsufESmESifhrSefjyif
rsufESmü vdrf;jc,fqif,ifrIwdkYonf rSefjyifü xifaom
rsuf E S m &d y f o d k Y a&muf o G m ;onf r [k w f ? rsuf E S m ü vd r f ; jc,f q if
,ifjcif;[laom taMumif;aMumifh xdkrSefjyifü xifaeaom rsufESm
&dyüf vdr;f jc,fqif,ifrw I o
Ykd nf xifay:onfomwnf;/
rD;awmufESifhrD;pm
wpfckaomrD;pmrS rD;awmufonf wpfyg;aomrD;pmodkY ajymif;
a&GUoGm;onfr[kwf? xdkrlvrD;pmrS rD;awmuf[laom taMumif;
aMumifh xdw k pfyg;aom rD;pmü rD;awmufonf jzpfonfomvQiw f nf;/
twdwfb0ESifhypöKyÜefb0
þOyrmenf;wl twdwfb0rS ypöKyÜefb0odkY wpfpHkwpfck
aom w&m;rQ ajymif;a&GUvmcJhonfr[kwf? ,ckb0rSvnf; aemuf
b0opfodkY wpfpHkwpfckaomw&m;rQ ajymif;a&GUoGm;rnfr[kwf?
twdwfb0rS cE¨m? tm,we? "mwf[laomtaMumif;aMumifh ,ck
ypöKyÜefb0ü cE¨m? tm,we? "mwfwdkYonf jzpfonfomwnf;/
 (50)
pkwdpdwfESifhy#doaE¨pdwf
raem"mwf \ tjcm;rJ h ü jzpf a om pu© K 0d n mPf p d w f o nf
xdkraem"mwfrS vmonfvnf;r[kwf? xdkraem"mwf\ tjcm;rJhü
jzpfonfomvQif jzpfouJhodkY xdkYtwlyif y#doaE¨umvü pdwf
tpOfonf jzpfay:\/ a&S;jzpfaom pkwdpdwfonf csKyfysufoGm;\/
xdkrSaemuf jzpfaom y#doaE¨pdwfonf jzpfay:vm\/ xdkpkwd
pdwfESifh y#doaE¨pdwfwdkY\tMum;üjzpfaom w&m;rnfonf r&dS?
þpk w d p d w f r S wpf p k H w pf c k a omw&m;rQ oG m ;onf r [k w f a omf
vnf; y#doaE¨pw d o
f nf jzpfay:vm\[lívnf; od\/
þpkwd-y#doaE¨\ tpGrf;tm;jzifh emrf&kyfwdkY\ taMumif;
w&m;udk odrf;qnf;aomÓPfonf (16)yg;aom ,HkrSm;jcif;wdkYudk
aumif;pGmy,ftyf\/
]emrf&kyfrsm; pkwd-y#doaE¨tm;jzifh xif&Sm;jzpfyHk}
yOö ' G g &m0ZÆ e f ; \tjcm;rJ h ü jzpf a ompu© K 0d n mPf o nf
xdkpdwfrS vmonfvnf;r[kwf/ xdkpdwf\tjcm;rJhü rjzpfyJvnf;r&dS?
jzpfonfomwnf;/ xdkYtwlomvQif y#doaE¨ü pdwftpOfonf
jzpf\/ a&S;pkwd pdwfonf ysuf\/ xdkpkwdpdwf\tjcm;rJhü aemuf
jzpfaomy#doaE¨pdwfonfjzpf\/ xdkpkwd-y#doaE¨wdkY\tMum;ü
tjcm;tqD ; vnf ; r&d S / tMum;tjywf v nf ; r&d S / þpk w d r S wpH k
wckaomw&m;onf y#doaE¨odkY roGm;a&muf/ ,if;odkY roGm;
a&mufaomfvnf; wjcm;jzpfaom y#doaE¨pdwfopfonf taMumif;
tm;avQmfpGm jzpf\/ þodkY t"GefYoHk;yg;ü jzpfukefaom tvHk;pHkaom
avmuD&yk ef mrfw&m;wdo Yk nf pkw-d y#doaE¨tm;jzifh xif&mS ;uke\
f /
 (51)
]ucFg0dw&P0dok'd¨rnfyHk}
þod k Y &k y f e mrf \ taMumif ; ud k od r f ; qnf ; vsuf t"G e f Y
oHk;yg;ü ,HkrSm;jcif;udk vGefíwnfaomÓPfonf ucFg0dw&P
0dok'd¨rnf\/ ypö,y&d*¾[ÓPfvnf;rnf\/ ocFg&wdkY\ tedpö
paomoabmudk odaomaMumifh ,xmblwÓPfvnf;rnf\/
or®m'óevnf; rnf\/
]"r®|dwdÓPf}
emrf & k y f w d k Y \ wnf a Mumif ; w&m;ud k od a omÓPf r nf \ /
]t0dZÆmonf taMumif;wnf;? ocFg&wdkYonf taMumif;aMumifh
jzpfaomtusdK;wnf;[k taMumif;udkodrf;qnf;jcif;ü ynmonf
"r®|wd Ód Pfrnf\/
]plVaomwmyef}
emr&ly00w¬mefjzifh 'ku©opömudk4if;? ypö,y&d*¾[ÓPfjzifh
ork',opömudk4if;? xdkÓPf\ aemuftbdkYü tedpöoabmudk
odjrifojzifh r*¾opömudk4if;? &kyfemrfwdkY\ 'ku©tjzpfudkjrifojzifh
eda&m"ü {uefnGwfudkif;aom tZÑmo,&dS&um; avmuDÓPf
jzifhyif opömav;wefudkodonfjzpfí aomwmyefbHkü jzpfxdkuf
aomaMumifh ed,w*wd &dS\/ xdkYaMumifh plVaomwmyef rnf\/
 (52)

y#d p ö o rk y Ü g 'f E S i f hrZÑd

r ZÑdr y#d y 'g

y#dpöorkyÜg'fa'oemawmfudk ]taMumif ; tusd K ;};}qufET,frI

t& taMumif;tkyfpk - ]t0dZÆm? wPSm? Oyg'gef? ocFg&? ur®b0}
ESifh tusKd;tkyfpk - ]0dnmPf? emrf&kyf? oVm,we? zó? a0'em} a0'em}-
Oyywdb å 0? Zmwd? Z&m r&P[lí az:jyEdik yf gonf/
y#dpöorkyÜg'fa'oemawmfonf ]oów} ]oów}ESifh ]Oapä ' }}wnf;
[l a om tpG e f ; ES p f z uf r S vG w f a jrmuf a om ]rZÑd r y#d y 'g} 'g}jzpf
onf/ ,if;udk (0d b ZÆ 0 g') g')[kvnf; ac:onf/ ynm&SifwdkYonf
y#dpo ö rkygÜ 'fukd &Iaxmifo h ;kH rsKd ;rS csO;f uyfMuygonf/
1/ tEkrme&Iaxmifh (avmu)
2/ ypöu&© aI xmifh (0dyóem)
3/ opäu d &P&Iaxmifh (avmukwå&m)
]tEkrme&Iaxmifh}
avmub0pufonf (aMumif;usdK;quf)oabmt& -
 (53)

taMumif;&drS S tusKd ;jzpf\? taMumif;r&dv S Qif tusKd ;rjzpf/

xdkYaMumifh rNrJjcif; (ted p ö )oabmudkvnf;jy\? qif;&Jjcif;
('k u © ) oabmudkvnf;jy\? toufaumif twåaumif[laom
tESpo f m&r&do S nfh (tewå)oabmudv k nf; jy\/
y#dpöorkyÜg'fonf oów (wnfNrJt,l)ESifh Oapä' (jywfpJ
t,l ) [l a om tpG e f ; ES p f z uf r S v G w f o nf h rZÑd r y#d y 'gjzpf o nf /
xdktpGef;ESpfyg;rSvGwf&ef (owå 0 g[l í r&d S y J &k y f e mrf " r® ) wdkYom
&dSNyD; ,if;wdkYonfvnf; ]{uwå ? emewå ? tAsmyg&? {0H " r® w m}
enf;wdt Yk & aMumif;usKd ;qufE, T rf I oabmtwdik ;f om jzpfMuuke\ f /
"r®oabmt& &kyef mrfwo Ykd nf cPwdik ;f jzpfysuaf e\/ yxr
cPwGifjzpfaom &kyfemrfwdkYonf yxrcPüom ysuf\/ 'kwd,
cPodrYk ul;/ tu,fí yxrcPüjzpfaom &kyef mrfwo Ykd nf 'kw,
d
cPodkYul;onf[k,lvQif (oów0g') (oów0g')udk vufcH&ma&muf\/
yxrcPES i f h ' k w d , cP &k y f e mrf w d k Y t Mum;ü bmrQquf E T , f r I
r&d[ S k ,lvQiv f nf; (Oapä'0g') 0g')udk vufc&H m a&mufygonf/
xdktpGef;ESpfzufrSvGwf&ef yxrcP&kyfemrfESifh 'kwd,cP
&kyfemrfwdkYonf ]tEk a vmr-y#d p ö o rk y Ü g 'f }t& aMumif;usdK;quf
twdkif;jzpfMuaomfvnf; ]y#d a vmr-y#d p ö o rk y Ü g 'f }t& taMumif;
csKyyf gu tusKd ;csKyu f m aMumif;usKd ;qufjywfNy;D csKyNf ird ;f Muygonf/
]ypöu©&Iaxmifh}
y#d p ö o rk y Ü g 'f a 'oemawmf o nf tZÑwå o EÅ m ef ü &d S a om
&kyfemrf w&m;rsm;udkom tav;xm;azmfjyxm;ygonf/ trSef
tm;jzif h A[d ' ¨ o EÅ m ef ü &d S a om ]&k y f e mrf } w&m;rsm;onf ('G g &
 (54)
ajcmuf y g;) g;)ü olYoabmolaqmifum (trS e f t wd k i f ; ) ]xif } Mu
aomfvnf; ]wvT J o d } aejcif;aMumifh b0pufjzpfay:vm&onf/
Oyrm opfiw k f jrifygvQuf vlxif o&Jxif oabmrsKd ; jzpfygonf/
oH o &mb0puf w G i f ] t 0 d Z Æ m }}onf y"meusygonf /
(tEk o ,) ,)tqifh t0dZÆmudk ]ork a pä ' y[mef }jzifh ry,fEdkifoí
&kyef mrfrsm;udk ]tm&}Hyk ikd ;f wGif tydik ;f ydik ;f tjywfjywfoabm (oEÅwd
tpOf ) ray:atmif tm&r®Pdu ]od p d w f } ydkif;wGif (yk * ¾ d K vf o d )
oabm (tm&r®P Ce) ay:atmif aqmif&u G af ejcif;jzpfonf/
udavo0#f (tEko,)
t0d Z Æ m oabmt& wPS m ? Oyg'gef u d k v nf ; ,l & ygonf /
,if;wdu Yk kd udavo0#f[k ac:onf/ udavo0#fonf (tEko,)
oabmt& ]ig} a,mif a qmif o nf / (ud a vo0#f ) &d S a eorQ
]ig} &daS ernf/ xdaYk Mumifh ukov kd v
f yk if ef;jzpfap? tukov kd f vkyif ef;
jzpfap udavo0#fonf um&u (jyKvkyfol)? a0'u (cHpm;ol)
]ig}taejzif h yg0if a ejcif ; jzpf o nf / ,if ; uJ h o d k Y ud a vo0#f u
]ig} taejzifh yg0ifaeaomaMumifh ]pd w f - apwod u f }wdkYonf rdrd
oabmtwdkif; rodEdkifbJ ]taumif t xnf }tvdkuf odaejcif;
jzpfonf/ Oyrm (avmbpd w f )taejzifh vdkcsifjcif;r[kwfyJ ]ig}
taejzifh vdkcsifjcif; (wPSmEko,)? 'ku©jzpfygvQuf okc[k rSwf
xifívdck sijf cif; (t0dZmÆ Eko,)? j'yfyo kH P²mefr&dyS gyJ j'yfyo kH P²mef
[k xifrw S í f vdck sijf cif; ]tEko,} tqifh ]Oyg'gef}rsKd ; jzpfygonf/
tEko,tqifh udavom
pdw-f apwoduv f yk if ef;ü (Oyg'f-XD-bif)taejzifh yg0ifjcif;
 (55)

r&dSyJ ]yk * d ¾ K vf o abm}

abm}yg0ifatmif? taumiftxnf ]Ceoabm}
yg0ifatmif (t&dSeft0gay;jcif;))jzpfonf/
tEk tEk aoEÅw D d tEko,m/ tEk - tpOfwpdu k ?f oEÅmae -
&kyfemrftpOfü aoEdÅ - udef;0yf wnfaewwfukef\/ owå0g
wdkY\ cE¨mtpOfrSm tNrJrjywf udef;0yfvsufygaeaom udavom
"mwfukd ]tEko,} ,}[k ac:\/
(zm;atmuf - 114) tuk o d k v f a pwemwd k Y ü 4if ; ? avmuD
ukodkvf apwemwdkYü4if; tEko,"mwfwdkYonf udef;0yfMuukef\/
]t&d , r*f } w&m;jzif h ]ry,f } &ao;aom ]umr&m*} ]umr&m*}paom
w&m;wdkYonf ]tEk o ,} ,}trnf&um; xdktEko,wdkYudk twdwf-
tem*wf-ypöKyÜef[lí rqdkxdkufaMumif;udk4if;? t&d,r*fw&m;jzifh
y,f o wf x d k u f a om þud a vomonf ]t&d , r*f j zif h r y,f }
&ao;onft h mvQif ]&dS\}}[k ac:qd&k aMumif;ud4k if;
h wGuf aMumifo
(wdy#d u ygVd-jrefrmjyef tbd"meftwG-J 2? tbd? |? 3? 215)ü zGiq hf \
kd /
a0'emypö,m wPSm
rdcifonf om;udk vGefpGm ESpfouf cspfcifvSaomaMumifh
EdkYcsdKwdkufauR; arG;jrLay;wwfaom EdkYxdef;tm; rsm;pGmaom tzdk;
tc ay;&ukefouJhodkY a0'emudk vGefpGmom,mjcif;aMumifh EdkYxdef;
ESifhwlaom &lyg&Hktp&dSaom tm&HkwdkYudk ay;&ukef\/ a0'emaMumifh
wPSmjzpfaomfvnf; (wPS m onf &l y g&H k p aom tm&H k w d k Y u d k o m
wG,fwm awmifhw))ukef\/
0dygua0'em - wPSm\taMumif;&if;jzpfaom a0'emrSm
0dyguf0dnmPfESifh,SOfaom okca0'emwnf;/ ,if;0dygu okc
 (56)

a0'emonf wPSmtm; ]Oyedó,ypö,owåd} (wpfrsdK;wnf;jzifh)

aus;Zl;jyK\/ tm&r®PESifh Oyedó,wdkY\jcm;em;yHkrSm tm&r® P
ypönf;onf ]jzpfqJ} ypö,kyÜefw&m;\ ]tm&Hk}rQom jzpf\/ ]Oyed
ó,ypönf;}}uJhodkY (tusdK;w&m;) ;w&m;)udk jzpfapwwfonfum;r[kwf/
]]a0'emoHk;rsdK;aumufyHk}}
1/ qif;&J'ku©&dSygu csrf;omokcudkawmifhw\/ xdkYtwl
('k u © a 0'em)
0'em)u ok c a0'emud k awmif h w aom(wPS (wPS m ))tm;
]Oyedó, owåd} jzifhaus;Zl;jyK\/
2/ csrf ; omjcif ; &d S a omol o nf wd k ; íom csrf ; omok c ud k
tvdk&dS\/ xdkYtwl (ok c a0'em) a0'em)u &tyfNyD;aomokcxuf wdk;í
awmifw h wwfaom(wPS(wPSm))tm; ]Oyedó,owåd} jzifhaus;Zl;jyK\/
3/ Oayu©ma0'emonf (Nidrfouf)&um; (ok c ))[kyif qdk\/
xdkYtwlyif Oayu©ma0'emuvnf; ]ok c }}udkyif vdkvm;awmifhw
(wPS m ))tm; ]Oyed ó ,owå d } jzif h a us;Zl ; jyK\/ od k Y a omf
aom(wPS
tukov0dyguf Oayu©mum; ted|pifppfjzpfaomaMumifh 'ku©
a0'emü oGi;f ,l&\/ 'kua© 0'emjzpfygu csr;f omjcif; okca0'emudk
awmifhwaom wPSmtm; (Oyedó,owådjzifh)aus;Zl;jyK\/
]wPSmESifhuH\tusdK;}
owå0gwdkYonf uHaMumifhjzpfay:vmrnfh(tusd ( tusdK ;);)udk vGefpGm
(awmifhwonf\tpGrf;))jzifh BudK;pm; tm;xkwfwwfMu\/ odkYjzpf
&um; (0d y gu-a0'emonf o mvQif wPS m tm;) vGefvGefuJuJ
(Oyedó,owådjzifh)aus;Zl;jyK\/ (vlYcsrf;om? ewfcsrf;om? jA[®m
csrf;omtm; awmifhwjcif;-]wPS ]wPSmNcH&Hvsuf} tm;xkwMf uuke\ f /)
 (57)
]tEko,"mwf&dSolüom}
a0'emaMumifh wPSmjzpf&m0,f (tEk o ,-wPS m "mwf
cH & d S o l ) üom y&d , k | me-wPS m (avmb)
(avmb)onf (Oyg'f X D b if )
tm;jzif h jzpf a y:vm\/ tEk o , (wPS m "mwf u k e f N yD ; aom
&[EÅ m t&S i f j rwf ) wd k Y ü a0'emaMumif h wPS m rjzpf a y/ (tEk
o,"mwf)ESifh &kyfemrftpOfwpfckü twljzpfvQuf&dSaom ]a0'em}
onfomvQif wPSm\ (taMumif;&if;))jzpfonf/

]]wPSmNcH&Haom apwem}}
wPSm tm&Hk
apwem

a0'em
wPSmonf tm&Hkudk &Sm\/ okca0'emay;edkifaom tm&Hkudk
&Smjcif;jzpfonf/ xdktm&Hkudk&atmif apwemjzifh tm;xkwf\/
apwemonf Oyg'gemu©E¨m-'ku©opömjzpf\/ odkYaomf t&[wå
r*fjzifh ry,fao;orQ wPSmNcH&Hvsuf\/ xdkYaMumifh ukodkvfpdwf
jzpfaomtcg tukodkvfpdwfonf ,SOfírjzpfaomfvnf; tEko,-
udavomjzpfaom wPSmonf apwemudk NcH&Hvsufyif &dS\/
xdkYaMumifh ukodkvfapwemonf csKyfaysmufoGm;aomfvnf; uH
owdåtjzpf cE¨mtpOfü tusdK;ay;cGifh &dSae\/ xdktcg taMumif;
w&m;onf uHowdåtjzpf &dSaomfvnf; taMumif;cE¨mtaejzifh
 (58)

r&dSyg/ xdkYaMumifh bk&m;&Sif\ a'oemwGif cE¨mESifh Oyg'gemu©E¨m

(2)rsKd ;om a[mMum;awmfrjl cif; jzpfavonf/
apwemESihfwPSm (tm[m&'DyeD)
wpfb0rSm wpfcgaoí owå0gwdkY r&yfrem; b0 quf&
atmif apwemonf emrfcE¨mav;yg;wkdYudk tjyif;armif;ESif\/
odkYaomf ork',opöm (wPS m taz:o[J ) &SSdrSom b0wpfyg;
qufEdkif\/ wPSmr&Sdu b0rqufEdkif/
&[EÅmwdkY\ apwemrSm (tap;tzG J Y w PS m r&S d )/ xdkUaMumifh
um,uH? 0pDuH? raemuHjzifh apYapmfrl apwemyg&Sdaomfvnf;
(wPSm tap;tzGJUr&Sdonfh)twGuf aZm0DxdtqHk;wGif (uHtjzpf
odkYra&muf)bJ aysmufysufav\/ (apwemud k igh a pwem) pwem)[lí
om,m odrf;ydkufrIonf ap;zGJUaom (wPSmESifhwGJzuf)MuyHkwnf;/
xdkUaMumifh b0wpfyg;odkY ypfcswwfonfhtwGuf apwem
ü BuD;pGmaom'ku©rsdK;BuD; (tm'D e 0ÓPf - ed A Á d ' gÓPf ) xifjrif
Edik cf o
hJ nf&aSd omf wPSm (3)yg;udv k nf; xifjrifEikd af wmhonf/
]]apwemwpfvHk;ydkif &[EÅmjzpfEdkif}}
raemoaOöwem tm[m&udk ydkifydkifodonf&dSaomf umr
wPSm? &lywPSm? t&lywPSmwnf;[laom oHk;yg;aomwPSm
wdu Yk kd tvdv k kd ydik Ef ikd rf u
I pd ö Ny;D pD;uke\
f /
]opädu&P&Iaxmifh}
Ak'¨acwfrwdkifrDu &kyfemrfwdkYtjyif ]&k y f e mrf u d k appm;
wwf a om} yk*d¾Kvfowå0g (twå)&dSonf[k ,HkMunfMu\/ yk*d¾Kvf
owå 0 g (twå ) &d S o nf [ l a om t,l u d k y ,f & ef ]tEk a vmr
 (59)
y#d p ö o rk y Ü g 'f }oabmudk azmfjycJhonf/ tEkavmr y#dpöorkyÜg'f
t& (aMumif;usdK;jzpfpOf)[lonf ]udavo0#f? ur®0#f? 0dygu
0#f}wd\ Yk tNrrJ jywf w&pyf vnfywfaejcif;jzpfonf/
0#f o H k ; yg;ud k y ,f a omtcg taMumif ; rjzpf v Qif tusd K ;
rjzpf? (aMumif ; usd K ;csKyf p Of ) [laom ]y#d a vmr y#d p ö o rk y Ü g 'f }
t& taMumif;w&m;udk y,f&rnf jzpfygonf/ aMumif;usdK;quf
w&m; (0#foHk;yg;) yg;)udk ]y,f} jcif;onf (eda&m")
&m")opömudk ]rsufarSmuf
jyKjcif;}}yif jzpfygonf/
 (60)

y#dpöorkyÜg'fESifh0#fjrpf

0#f(3)yg;wGif 0dygu0#f? udavo0#f? ur®0#fwdkYyg0if\/

]jrif w ,f ? pG J v rf ; w,f ? tm;xk w f w ,f }wdkYonf 0#f (3)yg;yif
jzpf\/ jrifrIonf ]emrf&kyf} jzpfí pGJvrf;rIonf ]Oyg'gef} jzpf\/
um,uH? 0pDuH? raemuHwdkYjzifh tm;xkwfí ukodkvftukodkvf
]uH }rsm; jzpfMu\/
jrif&mwGif igjrifonf[k t,lrSm;rIonf jrifonfhemrf&kyf
(pu© K 0d n mPf E S i f h w nf & m&k y f )udk trSef rjrifEdkifaom ]ud a vo
0#f-Oyg'gef}aMumifh ]ig} ]ig}[k ,ljcif;jzpf\/ ,if;wGif ]ig}[k pGJvrf;rI
(Oyg'gef )ae&mwGif (owd )jzifh tpm;xdk;y,f&Sm;Edkifygu jrifrIwGif
igjrifonf[k rpGJvrf;bJ jrifonfudk ]&k y f e mrf } [k owdjyKrd\/
pGJvrf;rI ]Oyg'gef o nf tuk o d k v f } jzpfí ]owd o nf uk o d k v f }
jzpf \ / jrif o nf h t ay:wG i f (Oyg'gef a Mumif h u H j zpf í owd
aMumifh ÓPf)jzpf\/ uHaMumifh Zmwd? Z&mr&Pjzpfí ÓPfaMumifh
 (61)

Zmwd? Z&mr&PcsKy\ f /
y#dpöorkyÜg'fwGif udavo0#fjzpfaom ]t0d Z Æ m ? wPS m ?
Oyg'gef}\ tEko,oabm (owå0goabm? edpo ö nm? twåonm)
onf jrifEdkifcJ odEdkifcJ\/ Oyrm udavomopfyifwGif tudkif;
tcufudk oDvjzifhckwfy,ffí yifpnfudk orm"djzifh tyif&if;rS
y,f&Sm;Edkif\/ opfjrpfudkrl 0dyóemynmjzifhwl;azmfNyD; r*fynmjzifh
qGJEIwfypf&\/ xdkuJhodkY (ud a vo0#f j rpf j zpf a om tEk o ,)
oabmonf jrifEikd cf aJ omaMumifh y,fowf&ef cufcjJ cif;jzpf\/
0d y óemtvk y f o nf ud a vo0#f j rpf (tEk o ,) ,)ud k
y,f&ef jzpf\/ udavomcsKyfvQif uHcsKyf\/ cE¨qif;&JcsKyf\/
udavom0#fjrpfudk (owd - ynm) ynm)OD;aqmifaom r*¾if&Spfyg;jzifhom
y,fEikd \f / (owd) jzifh &kyef mrfw\
Ykd tedp?ö 'ku?© tewåvu©Pmwdu Yk kd
(odrf;qnf;))NyD; (ynm)
(ynm)jzifh opömav;yg;udk (xdk;xGif;))odjrif&\/
ud a vo0#f [ l o nf t0d Z Æ m -wPS m -Oyg'gef w d k Y \ tpG r f ;
aMumifh (edpöonm? twåonm? okbonm? okconm) onm)[laom
tEko, oabmwdkYom jzpfMuukef\/ xdkYaMumifh &kyfemrfwdkYü ]NrJ\?
tpd k ; &\? wif h w ,f \ ? csrf ; om\}om\}[l í ud a vo0#f a Mumif h
(ESvHk;oGif;rSm;);)aejcif;jzpfonf/
tEko,udavom
(tudef;"mwf odkYr[kwf udavomjzpfcGifh)
um,uH? 0pDuHjzifh vGefusL;rIonf (0D w d u ú r -ud a vom)
jzpfí ,if;udk oDvapmifhxdef;jcif;jzifh y,f&Sm;Edkifygonf/ raem
uHjzifh x<urIonf (y&d,k|me-udavom) vom)jzpfí ,if;udk ]orm"d
 (62)

tm;jzif h 0d u © r Ç e y[mef } cyfMumMumy,fcGgEdkif\/ (tEk o ,-

udavom)
vom)[lonf oufqdkif&m ]t&d,r*fynmjzifhom orkapä'
y[mef } tNyD; y,f&Sm;Edkif\/ ry,fEdkifao;ygu cE¨mtpOfwGif
Oyg'f-XD-bif[lí r&dSyJ tudef;"mwftaejzifh vdkufygaewwf
aom w&m;rsKd ;jzpf\/
tEk o ,-ud a vomonf ( t m & H k u d e f ; u d a v o m E S i f h
oEÅmefudef; udavom) vom)[líESpfrsdK;&dS\/ (0dyóemr*fonf tm&Hk
udef; udavomudk w'*Fy,f)&Sm;Edkifí (t&d,r*fonf oEÅmef
udef; udavomudk orkapä'y[mefjzifh tNyD;y,f)&Sm;Edkifonf/
Oyrm jrifcdkufMum;cdkufwGif jzpfaom&kyftpOf emrftpOfudk
(ted p ö ? tewå ) [k rod a tmif (t0d Z Æ m )zH k ; ay;xm;aom
aMumifh raemwGif yk*¾dKvf? owå0g? j'yf? 0w¬Ktjzpf edpöonm? twå
onmwdkYjzifh ESvHk;oGif;rdygu ,if;tm&HkwGif (tEk o ,wPS m )
ud a vomjzpf c G i f h ud e f ; \/ ,if ; tm&H k a Mumif h ud a vomonf
um,uH? 0pDuH? raemuHtaejzifh ray:ao;aomfvnf; taMumif;
wdkufqdkifygu (ud a vomjzpf c G i f h ) &&dSoGm;\/ (jzpf c d k u f r &I &k y f
emrfpk pGJrI0ifa&mufonf/ - r[mpnf q&mawmfbk&m;BuD;)
Oyrm vl[k Mum;ygu aomw0dnmPftcdkufwGif jzpfaom
toHtpOfudk (tedpö? tewå)[k owdrjyKrdaomf raemwGif yk*d¾Kvf
[l í (ed p ö o nm? twå o nm) nm)taejzif h (ES v H k ; oG i f ; rS m ;)
;)um
tEko,-wPSm udef;\/ Oyrm owdonf udk,fxJodkY a&m*gydk;
r0ifatmif ESmacgif;? yg;pyfpnf;xm;jcif;? vuftdyfpGyfxm;jcif;
uJhodkY jzpf\/ xdkuJhodkY rumuG,fEdkifygu udk,fxJodkY a&m*gydk;
 (63)

0ifNyD; a&m*grjzpfay:ao;aomfvnf; tcsdefra&G;a&m*gjzpfEdkif\/

xd k Y a Mumif h ynm\oabmrS m ]ud a vomjzpf c G i f h } r&atmif
umuG,jf cif;ESiw hf \l /
tm&r®PmEko, (tm&Hkudef;udavom)
(0dyóem&Ienf;usrf; - r[mpnf)
'Gg& (6)yg;ü xifay:vmaom tm&HkwdkYudk ]rNrJ }[k rodjrif
vQif ]NrJ o nf } [k xifrSwfpGJvrf;rI udavomwdkYonf ]jzpf c G i f h }
&ukef\/ xdkodkY jzpfcGifh&aomaMumifh xdktm&Hkü ]NrJ o nf h }taejzifh
]ud a vomud e f ; }}onfrnf\/ þodkYudefjcif;aMumifh aemifumvü
taMumif; nDnGwfwdkif; xdktm&Hkudk ]NrJonfh}taetm;jzifh pOf;pm;
]qifjcif}rd\/ ,if;onfyif ]y&d,k|me} udavomyifwnf;/
wzef xdktm&Hkudk&&efjzpfap? zsufpD;&efjzpfap tm;xkwfrd
jyef\/ ,if;tm;xkwfrIonf ]NrJonf[k xifrSwfaom udavom}
wdkYomvQif taMumif;&if;&dSaom ]tbd o cF g &} &}aywnf;/ ukodkvf
uH-tukodkvfuH[laom þtbdocFg&aMumifh taMumif;nDnGwf
aomumvü y#doaE¨paom b0opf 0dygufcE¨mwdo Yk nf jzpfuek \
f /
b0opf 0dygufcE¨mwdkYonf uHaMumifhomvQif jzpfay:Edkif\/
]uH } onf v nf ; ]NrJ o nf [ k xif r S w f a om ud a vomtpG r f ; }
aMumifh jzpf&\/ NrJonf[k xifrSwfpGJvrf;rI udavomr&dSu rjzpf
ay:Edkif/ 'Gg& (6)yg;ü xifay:qJcPü tm&HkwdkYudk rNrJ[k trSef
twdkif;odjrifygu rSwfodwdkif;aom xdktm&Hkü udavom rudef;
[lí4if;? ]tm&r® P m "d * ¾ [ d w k y Ü E é }rnfaom tm&r®PmEko,
uif;Nird ;f onf[í l 4if; qdak yonf/
 (64)

rmvk u syk w å o k w f r S m jrifwdkif;Mum;wdkif; jrif&HkMum;&HkrQom

jzpfaevQif oifonf xdkjrifwJhtqif; ponfESifh &m*? a'go? arm[
tvdkjzifh rpyfqdkifyJ &dSvdrfhrnf/ r&IrSwfwJholrSm jrifwJhtqif;udk
pdwfrSmpGJrSwfNyD; jyefpOf;pm;wdkif; wyfrufwJh &m*vJjzpfEdkifw,f?
a'govJjzpfEdkifw,f? NrJw,fqdkwJh todrSm;-arm[vJ jzpfaew,f/
rjywf&IrSwfolrSmawmh b*FÓPfa&muf&if tm&Hka&m &IodrIa&m
csufcsif; aysmufysufoGm;wmudk xif&Sm;awGYNyD; (tedpö? 'ku©? tewå)
rQvdkY odaewJhtwGuf (jrif&HkrQ)om wnfygw,f/ (pGJNyD; bmrQrusef
&pf b l ; ))/ r&Ird&ifawmh udavom[m tJ'Dtm&HkrSm (jzpf E d k i f c G i f h )
&daS ew,f/ ]jzpfcGifh} &dw S hJ udavomudk (tm&r®PmEko,) ,)ac:w,f/
&I&wJhtm&HkrSm udavomrjzpfEdkifwmudk ]&I r I 0 d y óemu
w'*F y [mef j zif h y ,f w ,f } vd k Y q d k w ,f / 'D a wmh &I & wJ h t m&H k r S m
(ud a vom jzpf c G i f h ) r&dSyJ uif;Nidrf;zdkY&mu vdk&if;ygyJ/ &Iod&wJh
tm&Hrk mS udavom jzpfciG rhf &d&S if ]w'*Fy[mef} udpv ö J Ny;D pD;ygw,f/
oEÅmemEko, (oEÅmefudef; udavom)
(0dyóem&Ienf;usr;f - r[mpnf 'kw-JG pm385)
ykxkZOf? aomwmyef? ou'g*grf? tem*grfwdkY\oEÅmefü
r*fjzifh ry,f&ao;aomaMumifh taMumif;nDnGwfvQif b,ftcsdef
rqdk jzpfEdkifaom udavomtaygif;onf oEÅmemEko, rnf\/
rdrdoEÅmefü udef;aeaom udavom[kqdk\/ oufqdkif&m t&d,
r*fjzifh y,fowfro S m tjrpfjywf y,fowfEikd \ f /
owå0gwOD;\oEÅmefü t&d,mr*fjzifh ry,f&ao;aom
aMumifh taMumif;nDnGwfwdkif; jzpfEdkifaom udavomudk oEÅmem
 (65)

Eko,[k ac:\/
xif&Sm;od&aom tm&Hk[lorQü 0dyóemÓPfjzifh trSef
twdkif;rodvQif taMumif;nDnGwfwdkif; jzpfEdkifaom udavomudk
tm&r®PmEko,[k ac:\/
0dyóemÓPfjzifh tedpö-'ku©-tewåxifatmif r&IEdkifvQif
r&IrdwJhtm&Hkudk taMumif;jyKNyD; edpö-NrJw,f? okc-csrf;omw,f?
twå-igaumif owå0gaumifvdkY xifrSwfNyD; avmb? a'go? arm[
tp&dw S hJ udavomawG jzpfEikd w f ,f/
0dyóemaZmESifhtEko,
(y#dpo
ö rkygÜ 'fyikd ;f - zm;atmuf? pm-116)
yOö0dnmPf? orÜ#dpädKif;? oEÅD&P? w'g&Hk }0d y guf }wdkYü4if;?
]y#d o aE¨ - b0if - pk w d }[laom 0dygufpdwfwdkYü4if;? yOö'Gg&m0ZÆef;?
raem'Gg&m0ZÆef;? 0ka|mpaom ]umrBud,m} m}pdwfwdkYü4if;? ]&kyfw&m;}
wdkYü4if; udef;0yfwnfaeaom ]tEk o ,"mwf }onf &dS\/ ,if;
tEko,"mwfwdkYonf 0dyóemukodkvfaZmwdkYtm; aemifwzef
b0opfudk jzpfapwwfonfh pGrf;tm;&dSaom ]ur®0dnmPf}jzpfay:
vm&ef tm;BuD;aom rDS&m ]Oyed ó ,owd å } jzifh aus;Zl;jyKay;
rIaMumifh ]0dyóemukodkvfaZm} Zm}wdkYonf b0opfudkjzpfapEdkifonfh
]ur®0dnmPf} tjzpf &yfwnfvmEdik Mf u\/
]0d y óem}
óem}uk o d k v f a Zmwd k Y ü ]tEk o ,"mwf } ud e f ; 0yf r I
]r&d S }aomfvnf; 0dyóemukodkvfaZmwdkYtMum;ü jzpfavh&dSaom
0dyguf? Bud,mw&m;wdkYESifh &kyfw&m;wdkYü udef;0yfwnfaeMuaom
tEko,"mwfwdkYu aus;Zl;jyKay;jcif;aMumifh ]0d y óem-apwem}
 (66)

onfvnf; tEko,"mwf ruif;ao;aom ]avmuD uk o d k v f -

apwem}
apwem}yifjzpfí aemufb0 ]y#d o aE¨ } udk jzpfapEdkifao;onf
omwnf;/ (oH? #D? 2? 81/)
b0eduEdÅu avmbaZm0Dxd
y#doaE¨aemifü b0if (15)Burd ?f odrYk [kwf (16)Burd f jzpfNy;D vQif
raem'Gg&m0ZÆef; (1)Budrf? b0eduEdÅu avmbaZm (7)Budrfjzpf\/
b0eduEdÅu avmbaZm[lonf rdrd&&dSonfh a,mufsm;b0opf
rdef;rb0opfudk wG,fwmwyfrufonfh avmbaZmwnf;/ þb0
eduEduÅ ]avmbaZm} 0Dxüd ]tm&Hk}[lonf a,mufsm;b0opf rde;f r
]b0opftm&Hk}wnf;/
]ur®H acwåH? 0dnmPH ADZH? wPSm odaea[m/}
(quúedygwf t*Fkwd¬K&fygVdawmf)
a&S;]uHa[mif;}}onf acwå-H ]v,fajr} jr}ESiw l / ]0dnmPf}onf
hf \
ADZH-]rsd K ;aph }ESifhwl\/ ]b0wPS m }}onf ]a&Owk }ESifhwl\/ þum;
y#doaE¨umvü a&S;OD;tp jzpfay:rIwnf;/ Oyrm anmifyifonf
anmif a ph r S jzpf \ / anmif y if a yguf N yD ; aemuf anmif a ph o nf
ykyfaqG; aysmufuG,foGm;aomfvnf; tanSmuf tyifaygufwdkYudk
pwifxl axmifay;cJh\/,if;tyifaygufudk A[d'¨rS ajr-a&-av
OwkwdkY\ csD;ajrSmuf axmufyHhrIaMumifh BuD;yGm;í anmifyifBuD;
tjzpfoYkd a&muf&\/
xdkYtwl anmifrsdK;aphESifh y#doaE¨wl\/ ajr-a&-avOwkESifh
,ckypöyÜef y0wåd0dnmPf? tm[m&ESifh tyltat; OwkwdkYonf
wlMuuke\ f / þum; y#doaE¨tpjzpfrEI iS hf Bu;D yGm;rI? wnfrw
I w
Ykd nf;/
 (67)

a0'emESifhig
ajcaxmufudk cvkyfwdkufrdaomtcg emusif\/ odkYaomf
emoGm;vm;[k ar;Muaomtcg ]remygbl;? 'DavmufawmhcHEdkif
ygw,f}[k ajymwwfMuygonf/ trSefrSm ajcaxmuf(udk,f)rSm 'ku©
a0'emjzpfí emaomfvnf; raemrSm Oayu©mjyKEdkifaomaMumifh
]igcHEdkifw,f}[k qdkjcif;jzpfonf/ raemu Oayu©mudk ]ig}vkyfjcif;
jzpfonf/ raemrSm Oayu©m a0'emjzpfaomfvnf; aemufpdwfwGif
owdr&dSaomaMumifh a0'emudk igjyKí twåjyKí txifrSm; t,l
rSm;jcif;jzpfonf/ owd&dSygu [kwfwdkif;rSefpGm a0'emudk ydkif;jcm;od
ayrnf/

]a0'emESifhtEko,}
- a0'emudk ]ig}[k ,laomaMumifh
('d|mEko,),)ude;f \/
- a0'em\taMumif;udk zó[k rodr;f qnf;Edik af omaMumifh
(0dpdudpämEko,)
,)udef;\/
- okca0'emudk ydik ;f jcm;rodaomaMumifh
(umr&m*gEko,) ,)ude;f \/
- 'kua© 0'emudk ydik ;f jcm;rodaomaMumifh
(y#dCmEko,) ,)ude;f \/
- Oayu©ma0'emudk ydik ;f jcm;rodaomaMumifh
(t0dZÆmEko,),)udef;\/
 (68)

y#dpöorkyÜg'fESifhtwå'd|d

]wPSmypö,mOyg'geH}[lonf tm&HkwdkYudk wyfrufrI wPSm

aMumifh jyif;pGm pGJvrf;rI Oyg'gefonf jzpfay:\/ xdkOyg'gefwdkYonf
(4)rsKd ;&d\
S /
1/ umrkyg'gef - ]umr}
]umr}wdu Yk dk jyif;pGm pGv
J rf;rI
2/ 'd|Kyg'gef - ]t,l}ukd jyif;pGm pGv J rf;rI
3/ oDvAÁwkyg'gef - ]tavhtusifh}ukd jyif;pGm pGv J rf;rI
4/ twå0g'kyg'gef - ]twå}ukd jyif;pGm pGv J rf;rI
umrk y g'gef - tm&Hkig;yg; umr*kPfw&m;wdkYonf ]0w¬ K
umr}
umr}rnf \ / ,if ; wd k Y u d k wG , f w mwyf r uf r I umrwPS m onf
]ud a vomumr} rnf\/ a&S;jzpfaom wPSmonf tm;BuD;aom
rSD&m ]Oyed ó ,ypö , }}owdåjzifh aus;Zl;jyKaomaMumifh cdkifNrJpGm
pGJ,lwwfaom aemufaemuf umrwPSmonf umrkyg'gef rnf\/
 (69)

wPSmonf umrwdkYudk &SmrSD;&jcif; y&da,oe'ku©\ t&if;cH

rlvjzpfí Oyg'gefonf umrwdkYudk apmifha&Smuf&jcif; tm&u©'ku©\
t&if;cH rlvjzpf\/
'd|Kyg'gef - oDvAÁwkyg'gefESifh twå0g'kyg'gefwYdkrS wyg;aom
uHESifhuH\tusdK;udk ypfy,faom ed,w rdpäm'd|dBuD;ESifhwuG tjcm;
aom rdpmä 'd|t d ,lreS o
f rQü jyif;pGm pGv
J rf;rIwo
Ykd nf 'd|Kyg'gefrnf\/
'd|deJY Oyg'gef ESpfyk'fwGJpyfxm;jcif;jzpfonf/ rSm;aomt,l
udkpGJvrf;rIjzpf\/ t,lrSm;qdkwm tpGJtvrf;omjzpf\/ urÇm
ay:rS m bmomt,l 0 g'awG [ l o rQ ]ud k , f h b momrS rS e f w ,f
vd k Y c snf ; } pGJvrf; ,lqae\/ t,lrSm;qdk&if Oyg'gefr[kwfwm
&,fvdkY r&dSs/? Oyg'geftqifh a&mufíom ae\/
t,lrSm;trsdK;rsdK;xJrS ]'o0w¬ K u rd p ä m 'd | d }wGif pGJvrf;csuf
q,fyg;&dSonf/ q,fyg;qdkaomfvnf; t"duonf uHESifhuH\
tusdK;udk r,HkMunfrIjzpfonf/ trdtzwdkYudk auR;arG;jyKpkjcif;
onfvnf; tusdK;r&dS? þavmuonf4if; wyg;aom avmu
onf 4 if ; r&d S ? avmutaMumif ; ud k trS e f t wd k i f ; od j rif a om
bk&m; &[EÅm[lonfvnf; r&dS[k ,HkMunf pGJvrf;Muukef\/
umrkyg'geftm;BuD;aom yk*d¾KvfwdkYonf umr0w¬KtrsdK;rsdK;
wdkYudk &&dS&eftvdkYiSm uHESifhuH\tusdK;udk ,HkMunfrIr&dSawmhbJ
'd | r*F v m? ok w r*F v m? rk w r*F v m paom avmuD r *F v mwd k Y
tay:ü ,HMk unf pGv J rf;rIwo
Ykd nfvnf; 'd|Kyg'gefyif jzpfuek \ f /
oDvAÁwkyg'gef - EGm;tusifh acG;tusifhponfwdkYudk jyKjcif;
jzifh udavomwdrYk S vGwaf jrmufEikd \ f [k rSm;aomtm;jzifh oH;k oyfaom
 (70)

t,lukd jyif;pGm pGv J rf;rIonf oDvAÁwyk g'gefrnf\/

twå0g'kyg'gef - twå&o Sd nf[k twå0g'ü jyif;pGm pGv J rf;rIonf
twå0g'kyg'gef rnf\/ w&m;udk,frSm 'd|dapwodufyifjzpfonf/
xdt k wå[o l nf (2)rsKd ;&d\
S / y&rtwåEiS hf ZD0twåwjYkd zpf\/
y&rtwå - urÇmavmuBuD;ESifhwuG owå0gwdkYudk pDrHzefqif;
Edik of l zefqif;&Sio
f nf trSe&f \ Sd [k xifrmS ; pGv J rf;aomtwåwnf;/
ZD0twå - owå0gwa,muf\ oEÅmefü touf[k xifrSm;
pGJvrf;tyfaom tzefqif;cH twåwnf;/ ]toufaumif? 0dnmPf
aumif? vdyjf ymaumif? twåaumif}[k ac:qdt k yfaom twåonf&\ Sd /
xdktwåwdkYum; um&u? a0'u? omrD? ed0goD? o,H0oDwdkYwnf;/
um&u - xdktwåonf jyKzG,frSeforQudk jyKvkyfwwf\/
oGm;jcif; vmjcif; auG;jcif; qefYjcif;ponfh udk,ftrlt&mrSeforQudk
twåujyK\/ twåuajym\/ twåuBuHpD\/ aumif;rI raumif;rI
wdkYudkvnf; twåuyif jyK\[k pGJvrf;rI twåwnf;/
a0'u - aumif;rI raumif;rI\tusKd ;udk twåonfyif cHpm;\/
omrD - twåonf cE¨mtdrf\ydkif&Sifjzpfonf[k pGJ,l\/
ed0goD - cE¨mtdrfü tNrJaexdkifoljzpf\[k pGJ,l\/ cE¨mtdrf
a[mif; ysufpD;aomtcg cE¨mtdrfopfodkY ajymif;a&TUoGm;aomaMumifh
twåum;rysuf? tNrJwnf\[k pGJ,l\/ zefqif;&Sif y&rtwå\
ynwfawmftwdkif; vdkufemcJhygrl cE¨mtdrfysufaomtcg zefqif;&Sif
y&rtwåESifh jyefvnfyl;aygif;rd\[k pGJ,l\/ ,if;udk bk&m;ocif\
&ifciG af wmfü tdyaf ysmjf cif;[kq\ kd /
o,H0oD - twåonf rdrt d vdo
k Ykd vdu
k yf gapEdik o
f nf[k pG,
J \
l /
 (71)

cE¨upd [ ö o
l rQukd rdrtd vdt
k wdik ;f vduk yf gapwwf\[k pG,
J jl cif;wnf;/
ouúm,'d|d
þodkY twå0g'udk pGJvrf;&mü cE¨m (5)yg;vHk; udkaomf4if;? cE¨m
wpfyg;yg;udkaomf4if; twå[k pGJvrf;wwf\/ þodkY cE¨m (5)yg;ü
twå[k pGv J rf;rIukd ouúm,'d|[ d ak c:\/
y&rwf t m;jzif h xif & S m ;&d S a om cE¨ m (5)yg;taygif ; onf
]ouú m ,} ,}rnf\/ xdkouúm,rnfaom cE¨m (5)yg;taygif;üjzpf
aomt,lrSm;rI 'd|donf ouúm,'d|drnf\/
cE¨m (5)yg;taygif;udk pGJrSDí ig[k4if;? igoGm;onf? igvmonf?
igvkyfonf? igajymonf? igBuHonfponfjzifh4if; t,lrSm;jzifh
pGv
J rf;rI [lorQonf ouúm,'d|cd sn;f yifwnf;/
ykxkZOfowå0gwdkYonf ]ig} [laompum;? ]udk,f} [laom
pum;udk ajymwdkif;ajymwdkif; pdwftxif ygMuukef\/ ouúm,'d|dudk
y,f N yD ; aom t&d , mwd k Y o nf ork w d o pö m avmua0g[m&od k Y
vdkufí trsm;enf;wl ajymMuaomfvnf; pdwftxifum; r&dSNyD/
oów'd|dESifhOapä''d|d
]twåonf aovQijf ywf\}[k pGv J rf;aom t,lonf Oapä''d|d
wnf;/ ]twåonf rjywfrpJ tNrJwnf&dS\}[k pGJvrf;aomt,lonf
oów'd|w d nf;/
rdpäm'd|d (62)yg;aom t,l0g'rSeforQwdkYonf þouúm,'d|drS
ay:aygufvmMuukef\/ þouúm,'d|donf rdpäm'd|drSeforQ\
t&if;cH rsKd ;aphjzpf\/ ouúm,'d|&d aSd omf rdpmä 'd|td ,lwoYkd nf jzpfMu
uke\f /
 (72)
taMumif;tusdK;odrf;qnf;yHk
þypöKyÜefb0udk A[dkxm;íoHk;oyfygu tem*wftusdK;
w&m;rsm;udk &nf&G,fawmifhwí jyKpkysdK;axmifaom taMumif;
w&m;wdkYjzpfonfh udavo0#f ur®0#fwdkYwGif yg0ifaom wPSm
aMumifh Oyg'gefjzpfyu kH kd ÓPfjzifh odjrifatmif odr;f qnf;tyf\/
Oyrm tem*wfb0ü "r®uxduewfom;jzpf&ef &nf&G,f
awmifhwí udavo0#f ur®0#fwdkYudk tcgtcGifhoifhovdk jyKpkysdK;
axmifaeonfjzpft/Hh
1/ &kyef mrfEpS yf g;udk "r®uxdu ewfom;tjzpf ]todrSm;}
jcif;um; ]t0dZÆm}}wnf;/
2/ ewfumr*kPf pnf;pdrw f uYkd kd vdvk m;wyfrufjcif;um;
]umrwPSm}}wnf;/
ewfom; wu,fxif&Sm;&dSonf[k pGJvrf; ,HkMunfaom
]twå'd|d}ESiw hf uG ewfom;b0udk wyfrufaom wPSmonf
]b0wPSm}}wnf;/
3/ ,if;umrwPSmaMumifh ewfpnf;pdru f kd pGv
J rf;aom
]umrkyg'gef} jzpf\/
,if;ewfb0udk pGJvrf;aom b0wPSmaMumifh
]twå0g'kyg'gef} jzpf\/
umrwPSmu taMumif;jzpfí umrkyg'gefu tusdK;jzpf\/
b0wPSmu taMumif;jzpfí twå0g'kyg'gefu tusKd ;jzpf\/
&lyg&HkESifhwPSm (3)rsdK;
ewfom;b0ü &&drS nfh &lyg&Hu k ykd if vGepf mG om,mvsuf jzpfay:
 (73)

aom &lywPSmonf ]umrwPSm} rnf\/

xd k & l y g&H k u d k y if ]tNrJ w nf & d S \ }[k ]oów'd | d } ES i f h w uG
jzpfaom &lywPSmonf ]b0wPSm} rnf\/
xdk&lyg&Hkudkyif ]aovQif jywf\? ysufpD;\}[k ]Oapä ' 'd | d }ESifh
wuG jzpfaom &lywPSmonf ]0db0wPSm} rnf\/
þodkYvQif &lywPSmonf umrwPSm? b0wPSm? 0db0
wPSm[lí (3)rsdK;jym;\/ taMumif;-wPSmaMumifh tusdK;-Oyg'gef
jzpfyw kH u
Ykd v
kd nf; ÓPfjzifh odjrifatmif odr;f qnf;tyf\/
Oyg'geypö,m ba0g
pGJvrf;rI Oyg'gefjzpfjcif;aMumifh b0jzpf\/ b0onf ur®b0
ESifh Oyywdåb0[lí ESpfrsdK;&dS\/ uHonf ur®b0rnfí uHaMumifh
jzpf a om tusd K ;w&m;onf OyyÜ w d å b 0 rnf \ / ur® b 0um;
]jzpfaMumif;b0} b0}wnf;/ Oyywdåb0um; ]jzpfjcif;b0} b0}wnf;/
ur®b0 w&m;udk,f - ukodkvf-apwem tukodkvf-apwem
wdo Yk nf4if;? ]apwemESifh ,SOfukefaom tbdZÑm} Ñm}paom uH[k ac:qdk
ukeftyfaom w&m;wdkYonf4if; ur®b0 rnf\/
Oyywd å b 0 w&m;ud k , f - uHaMumifhjzpf&aom avmuD
0dyguf emrfcE¨mESifh ur®Z&kyfwdkYudk aumuf,l&\/ ur®Z&kyfr[kwf
aom o'´g,wepaom w&m;rsm; ryg0ifacs/
b0oHk;yg; - umrm0p&uHaMumifh ]umrb0} rnf\? &ly0p&
uHaMumifh ]&lyb0} rnf\? t&ly0p&uHaMumifh ]t&lyb0} rnf\/
umr*kPfwdkYudk NyD;jynfhpHkjcif;iSm 'kp&dkuf tukodkvfuHwdkYudk
jyKMuukef\/ xdktukodkvf 'kp&dkufuHaMumifh tyg,fb0 jzpf&\/
 (74)

tyg,fy#doaE¨\ taMumif;&if;jzpfaom tukodkvf 'kp&dkufuH

onf ur®b0rnf\/ uHaMumifhjzpfaom tyg,fcE¨mwdkYonf OyyÜwdå
b0 rnf\/ þum; umrkyg'gefjzpfjcif;aMumifh b0jzpfjcif;wnf;/
taMumif;tusdK;odrf;qnf;yHk
tem*wfb0wcktwGuf &[ef;jzpfv&kd um; -
1/ &kyfemrfeSpfyg;udk &[ef;[k todrSm;rIum; - t0dZÆm
2/ &[ef;b0udk wyfrufrIum; - wPS m
3/ &[ef;b0udk pdwfuyfa&muf pGJvrf;rIum; - Oyg'gef
4/ Oyg'geftaMumif;cHí 'ge-oDv-bm0emrIum; - ocF g &
5/ jzpfaMumif;uHum; - ur® b 00wnf;/
,if;ur®b0aMumifh &&drS nfh &[ef;b0 cE¨m(5)yg;um; Oyywåd
b0
b0wnf;/
Oyg'gefjzpfjcif;aMumifh ur®b0jzpf\/
Oyg'gefum; taMumif;? ur®b0um; tusdK;wnf;/
ur®b0jzpfjcif;aMumifh OyyÜwb åd 0jzpf\/
ur®b0um; taMumif;? Oyywdåb0um; tusdK;wnf;/
y#dpöorkyÜg'fwGif Oyg'ge ypö,m ur®b0[lonf tm&HkwdkYudk
jyif;pGm pGJvrf;rI-Oyg'gefaMumifh ur®b0qdkaom ukodkvf-tukodkvf
uHwo Ykd nf jzpfay:Muuke\ f /
Oyg'gefaMumifh ur®b0jzpfyHk
(y#dpöorkyÜg'fw&m;awmf-r[mpnf)
vdkcsifESpfoufp&m 0w¬Ktm&HkawGudk pGJvrf;wJh umrkyg'gef
jzpfvm&if tJ'Dtm&Hk0w¬KawGudk r&-&atmif tm;xkwfjyKvkyfawmh
 (75)

wmbJ/ cdk;r,f? vkr,f? aemufqHk;owfrS &r,fxif&if owfr,f/

tJ'Dvdk jzpfaewmonf pGJvrf;rIaMumifh jzpfaewJh ur®b0awGygbJ/
tukodkvfur®b0awGaMumifh tukodkvfuH&JUtusdK; i&Jb0 Zmwd
jzpfay:oGm;wmygbJ/
wcsdKYvnf; 'Db0 csrf;omatmif aemifb0 vlcsrf;om ewf
csrf;omjzpfatmif &nf&G,fNyD; 'ge-oDvpwJh ukodkvftrIawG jyKMu
ygw,f/ tJ'gawG[m umrkyg'gefaMumifh ukodkvf ur®b0awGygbJ/
'd|r*FvmtpGJ
'd | r*F v m? ok w r*F v m? rk w r*F v m paomt,l t pG J a wG
aMumifhvnf; ur®b0awGjzpfw,f/ ol,kwfudkjrif&if raumif;
usdK; jzpfw,f? tdrfudkysm;pGJ&if zGwfwuf&if ab;oifhwwfw,f?
ponfjzifh ,kHMunf pGJvrf;rI&dSwJholawGu ol,kwfudknSif;qJwwf
w,f? ysm;tHkwdkY zGwfwdkYudk zsufqD;wwfw,f? 'gawG[m tr*Fvm
jzpfw,fvdkY ,HkMunf pGJvrf;wJh Oyg'gefaMumifhbJvdkY odEdkifygw,f/
aumurkqdk;
jrwfpGmbk&m;vufxufawmfumvu &Gmw&GmrSm aumu
qdkwJh rkqdk;wa,muf&dSw,f/ waeYawmh awmvdkufxGufvmw,f/
vrf ; rS m qG r f ; cH < uwJ h &[ef ; wyg;eJ Y a wG Y w ,f / tJ ' D r S m rk q d k ; u
qifjcifw,f/ zdk;uwHk;ol,kwfudk apmapmawGY&w,ff? 'DaeYawmh
bmaumifrS&rSm r[kwfbl;vdkY edrdwf,lw,f/ tJ'DaeYrSmyJ bm
aumifrSr&bJ jyefvm&w,f/ jyefwJhtcg reufuawGYcJhwJh &[ef;udk
jyefawGYawmh ol,kwfaMumifh bmaumifrS r&wmbJqdkNyD;awm
vdkufacG;awGeJY&I;wdkufay;w,f/ &[ef;crsm awmif;yefayrJh r&
 (76)

awmh eD;&mopfyifay: wufae&w,f/ opfyifurjrifhawmh rkqdk;u

&[ef;&JUajcaxmufudk jrSm;cRefeJYxdk;w,f/ &[ef;rSm ajcaxmufudk
b,fajrSmufvdkuf nmajrSmufvdkufeJY a&Smif&if;wdef;&if; ouFef;u
avQmusoGm;NyD; rkqdk;tay:tkyfvsuf jzpfaew,f/ 'gaMumifh acG;
awGu &[ef;usvmw,ftxifeJY rkqdk;udk 0dkif;NyD; udkufpm;Muw,f/
tJ'DrSm &[ef;udkjrifvdkY edrdwfraumif;bl;? vmbfwdwfw,f
vd k Y xif r S w f w monf t,l t pG J y gbJ / tJ ' D t ,l t pG J 'd | Kyg'gef
aMumifh tukodkvfur®b0awG jzpfMuw,f/ tukodkvfur®b0
awGaMumifh tyg,fi&JrmS Zmwdjzpf&w,f/
ukodkvf-tukodkvfESifhb0 (y#dpöorkyÜg''DyeD)
ur® b 0[l a ompum;ü ]b0} ]b0}qd k o nf u m; ]yG m ;onf } ud k
qdk\/ ]ukodkvfyGm;onf tukodkvfyGm;onf}[k qdkownf;/ þodkY
avmuü ]ukodkvfjzpfrI-tukodkvfjzpfrI}udk ]b0} ]b0}[k qdk\/ Oyg'ge
ypö,m ba0g[laomyk'fü ukodkvf-tukodkvfrI tvHk;pHkudkyif tvdk
&dStyf\/ tvHk;pHk ]ukodkvf-tukodkvfrI}wdkYonf ]Oyg'gefudk tpGJ}
jyKíjzpf&\/ ]b0ypö,m Zmwd}[laom aemufyk'fürlum; ]ur®
yxajrmuf}aom ukodkvf-tukodkvfrIudkom &tyfukef\/
umrkyg'gefESifhtwå0g'kyg'gefjcm;em;yHk
umrkyg'gefudk omoemy psmef& &aohrsm;yif cGgEdkifao;\/
twå 0 g'k y g'gef u d k r l u m; omoemyü bk & m;tavmif ; awmf B uD ;
rsm;rS aomfvnf; rcGmEdkifacs/ yapöuAk'¨gwdkYonf umrkyg'gefudk
t<uif;rJh y,fEdkifMuukef\/ olwyg;wdkYtm;vnf; umrkyg'gef\
tjypfudk xif&Sm;atmif a[mEdkifukef\/ twå0g'kyg'gefudkrlum;
 (77)

rdrw d üYkd om t<uif;rJh y,fEikd u f ek \

f / olwyg;udu k m; ra[mEdik Mf uuke/f
bk&m;&Sif\qE´
t&SiftmeE´monf þodkY avQmufawmfrl\/ ]jrwfpGmbk&m;
tHMozG,f tvGeaf umif;vSygw,f? y#dpo ö rkygÜ 'fw&m;onf tvGeyf if
eufveJ uf\? eufa,mifvx J if\? odaYk omf wynfah wmfrmS ay:vGif
xif&mS ;Ny;D vG,u f wl ,fvYkd xifygw,f jrwfpmG bk&m;}[k avQmuf\/
xdktcg bk&m;&Sifonf ]tmeE´m 'DvdkrajymeJY? tmeE´m 'Dvdk
rajymeJY} [k wm;jrpfawmfrl\/ ]tmeE´m oifhrSm y#dpöorkyg'ftm;
ay:vGif xif&mS ;&aom taMumif;w&m; (4)yg; &dw S ,f/
1/ a&S;b0wdu Yk yg&rD Oyedó,ESihf jynfph jkH cif;
2/ q&maumif;wdx Yk rH S enf;edó, cH,zl ;l jcif;
3/ aomwmyefjzpfjcif;
4/ tMum;tjrifrsm;jcif;wdaYk Mumifjh zpfw,f}[k qH;k rawmfr\ l /
t&SiftmeE´m aomwmyefjzpfyHk
t&SiftmeE´monf t&Sifb'´d,? t&SiftEk&k'¨gwdkYESifhtwl
&[ef;jyKNy;D rsm;rMumrDrmS yif "r®uxdut&mü {w'*f&aom t&Sif
ykPrÖ ax&fxH w&m;em,lNy;D aomwmyefjzpfawmfr\ l /
t&SifykPÖ\Mo0g'
igh&Sif tmeE´m ]ig} jzpfonf[k xifjcif;onf ]pG J r S D í }}om
jzpf\/ rpGrJ u DS rjzpf? tb,fupkd rJG í DS jzpfoenf;qdv k Qif ]&kyfudk pGJrSDí
ig} jzpf\[k xif\/ a0'emudkpGJrSDí? onmudkpGJrSDí? ocFg&wdkYudk
DS ? ]0dnmPfudk pGJrSDí ig} jzpf\[k xif\/
pGrJ í
igh&Sif tmeE´m Oyrmtm;jzifhjy&vQif vdrf;cs,fjyifqifavh
 (78)

&dSaom vHkrysdKjzpfap? vkvifysdKjzpfap pifMu,faom rSefüaomf4if;

Munf v if a om a&cG u f ü aomf 4 if ; ol \ rsuf E S m &d y f u d k M unf h v Qif
pifMu,faom rSefudkjzpfap Munfvifaom a&udkjzpfap pGJrSDí
omvQif rsuEf mS &dyu f kd jrif&\/
igh&iS f tmeE´m xdt Yk wlyif igjzpf\[k xifjrifjcif;onf &kyu f kd
pGrJ í DS omvQif jzpf\? a0'emud?k onmud?k ocFg&wdu Yk ?kd 0dnmPfukd
pGrJ í
DS omvQif jzpf\? rpGrJ í DS rjzpf[k a[mMum;qH;k r\/
igh&iS f tmeE´m oif tb,foYkd xifoenf;/
&kyo f nf Nro
J avm - rNro J avm? rNryJ g igh&iS /f
a0'emonf? onmonf? ocFg&wdo Yk nf? 0dnmPfonf
Nro
J avm - rNro J avm? rNryJ g igh&iS /f
igh&iS f tmeE´m xdo k Ykd ]rNrJ} MuaomaMumifh twdw-f tem*wf-
ypöKyÜefpaom tvHk;pHkaom]&k ]&k y f } w&m;wdkYudk ]igh [ m r[k w f ? ig
r[kwf? ig\twå r[kwf}[k trSeo f ad om ]ynm} jzifh rSepf mG &I&rnf/
xd k Y t wl twd w f - tem*wf - ypö K yÜ e f p aom tvH k ; pH k a om
a0'em[lorQudk? onm[lorQudk? ocFg&[lorQudk? 0dnmPf[l
orQud k ]igh [ mr[k w f ? igr[k w f ? ig\twå r [k w f } [k trS e f
odaom ynmjzifh [kww f ikd ;f rSepf mG &I&ayrnf/
igh&Sif tmeE´m xdkodkY &Ijrifaomolonf &kyfüvnf; NiD;aiGY\?
a0'em? onm? ocFg&? 0dnmPfwdkYüvnf; NiD;aiGY\/ NiD;aiGYvQif
wyfrufjcif;uif;\? wyfrufjcif;uif;aomaMumifh vGwfajrmuf\?
vGwfajrmufvQif ig\pdwfonf vGwfajrmufNyD[k od\/ b0opf
jzpfrIukefNyD? tusifhjrwfudk usifhoHk;NyD;NyD? jyKzG,fudpöukefNyD? þudpö
 (79)

twGuf jyKz, G f r&daS wmhNy[ D k oduek \ f /

t&Sif ykPo Ö nf igwdt Yk m; þodaYk [mMum;vsuf Mo0g'ay;
ukef\/ þajymqdkcJhonfhtwdkif; t&SifykPÖa[maom w&m;udk
emMum;&íopöm (4)yg;w&m;udk igod&ayonf[í l t&Sif tmeE´m
rax&fu aomwmyefjzpfcyhJ u kH kd xkwaf zmfajymqd\ k / (oH-2? 86)
qdv k &kd if;tcsKyrf mS - om,m ESpo f ufrI wPSm?
txifBu;D rI rme? t,lrmS ;rI 'd|d[al om w&m;(3)yg;wdo Yk nf
1/ rsupf Ed iS hf tqif;? em;ESihf toHpaom &kyu f kd pGrJ íDS 4if;?
2/ a0'emudk pGrJ í DS 4if;?
3/ onmudk pGrJ í DS 4if;?
4/ ocFg&wdu Yk kd pGrJ í DS 4if;?
5/ 0dnmPfukd pGrJ í DS 4if; jzpfay:Muuke\ f /
þodYk ]cE¨mig;yg;udkomvQif pGJrSDí jzpf\?
rpGJrSDí rjzpf}[k [kww f ikd ;f rSepf mG odjrif\/
0dyóemÓPfjzifhodEdkifyHk
0dyóem&IpOf ypö,y&d*¾[ÓPfa&mufygu y#dpöorkyÜg'fudk
odjrif\/ 'ku©opöm[laom qif;&Jaom&kyfemrfw&m;wdkYudk t0dZÆm
aMumifh trSefrodbJ ]csrf;omw,f? aumif;w,f} xifjcif;aMumifh
om,mwyfrufrI-wPSm? pGJvrf;rI-Oyg'gef? pGJvrf;onfhtwdkif;
jzpfatmif um,-0pD-raem]apwem}jzifh tm;xkwfrI-uHaMumifh
b0opf 0dnmPfponfwdkY jzpfay:Muukef\[k xdkufonfhtm;
avQmpf mG w&m;tm;xkwo f \ l ÓPfwiG f ay:vGif xif&mS ;vmayrnf/
 (80)

y#dpöorkyÜg'fESifhtewå

tewå teuf (3)csuf

1/ tom&ua|e = tESpfom&r&dSjcif;
2/ tomrdua|e = tpdk;&rIr&dSjcif;
3/ t0o0wåea|e = tvdt k wdik ;f rjzpfjcif;
tESpfom&[lonf ]om&} ]om&}onf ygVdpum;jzpfí t"dyÜm,frSm
]tESpf}jzpfonf/ twåt,lwGif tESpfom& (4)rsdK;&dS\/ (edpöom&?
"k0om&? okcom&? twåom&) m&)wdjYk zpfonf/
twåonf ysufpD;jcif;r&dSyJ NrJ a om (ed p ö ) tES p f o m& m&&dS\?
zsufpD;ír&atmif cdkifcefYaom ("k0)tESpfom& m&&dS\? ysufpD;onfh
csrf;om (okc)tESpfom& &dS\? cE¨mudk,f
'ku©rsdK;r&dSyJ wnfNrJaomcsrf
]trmcH tESpftom;}
\]trmcH om;}tjzpf (twå)om& &dS\[k qdk\/ odkYaomf
jzpfwdkif; ysufaeaom &kyfemrfwdkYwGif xdkuJhodkY tESpfom&rsdK;onf
vHk;0r&dSacs/ xdkYaMumifh &kyfemrfESpfyg;? cE¨mig;yg;wdkYwGif wdw¬dwdkY BuHq
 (81)

pdwful;xm;aom tESpfom&av;rsdK;vHk; r&dSaomaMumifh tom&u

a|e tewåm[laom tzGifhESifhtnD twår[kwf? tewårQom jzpf\/
tewåpDppfyHk
tewåjzpfaMumif;pDppf&mwGif &kyfemrfwdkYonf qdkif&mudpöudk
om rdrdoabmtm;jzifh aqmifwwfaom (udpöenf;))? jzpfaMumif;
csKyfaMumif;[laom (y#d p ö o rk y Ü g 'f e nf ; ))? jzpfjcif;csKyfjcif;[laom
(vu©Pmenf;))wdjYk zifh pDppf&uke\ f /
ud p ö e nf ; - &kyfw&m;wdkYonf oGm;rI? vmrI? xdkifrI? xrI?
vIyf&Sm;rI ponfh udpöwdkYudk aqmif&Gufonf/ "mwfBuD;av;yg;wdkYonf
qd k i f & mud p ö w d k Y t m; aqmif & G u f o nf u d k yk * d ¾ K vf o wå 0 g\ud p ö [ k
t,lrSm;jcif;jzpfonf/ xdkYaMumifh &kyfw&m;wdkYonf yk*d¾Kvfowå0g\
tvd k u d k r vd k u f y J rd r d \ qd k i f & mud p ö u d k o m aqmif & G u f w wf a om
aMumifh twår[kwf? tewåomjzpfMuukef\/
a0'emonf cHpm;jcif;udpöudk4if;? onmonf rSwfom;jcif;
udpöudk4if;? ocFg&onf aphaqmfjcif;udpöudk4if;? 0dnmPfonf odjcif;
udpöudk4if; rdrdwdkY\qdkif&mudpöwdkYudkom olYoabmolaqmifum
aqmif&GufMuukef\/ xdkYaMumifh xdkxdkudpöwdkYonf twå\udpövnf;
r[kwfovdk twåu pDrHaqmif&Gufaeonfvnf; r[kwf/ &kyfemrf
wdkYonf ]rd r d w d k Y \ qd k i f & mud p ö w d k Y u d k o m rd r d o abmtwd k i f ;
aqmifjyaejcif;} jzpfí twår[kwf? ]tewå}wdkYom jzpfMuukef\/
a0'emonf taumif;tqdk;ESpfvHk;rsdK;udk tm&Hkudkvdkufí
cHpm;\/ twåtvdk yk*d¾Kvftvdktwdkif; cHpm;jcif;r[kwf/ xdkYtwl
onmonf v nf ; taumif ; tqd k ; wd k Y u d k ol Y o abmol a qmif
 (82)

rSwfom;\/ twåtvdk yk*d¾KvftvdkESifh vHk;0roufqdkifay/ onm

onfom twåjzpfygrl taumif;udkom a&G;írSwfom;ayrnf/
ocFg&aMumifh ukov kd f tukovkd wf oYkd nf jzpfay:&\/ xdt Yk wl
0dnmPfaMumifh aumif;aomtm&Hkudk4if;? qdk;aomtm&Hkudk4if;
od & uk e f \ / tu,f í twå t vd k yk * d ¾ K vf t vd k t wd k i f ; jzpf y grl
tukodkvfudkaomf4if; raumif;aomtm&HkwdkYudkaomf4if; rjzpfay:
atmif pDrH cefYcGJEdkifayrnf/ xdkYaMumifh ]cE¨mig;yg;wdkYudk pDrHcefYcGJEdkif
aom twå [ l o nf r&d S } aomaMumif h 4 if ; ? yk * d ¾ v f o wå 0 gwd k Y \
tvdrk vdu k af omaMumif4h if; ]tewå}w&m;rsm;om jzpfMuuke\ f /
y#d p ö o rk y Ü g 'f e nf ; - &kyfemrfwdkYudk taMumif;tusdK;tm;jzifh
pD p pf e nf ; jzpf o nf / &k y f o nf uH - pd w f - Owk - tm[m&[l a om
taMumif ; w&m;av;yg;aMumif h j zpf \ / emrf o nf tm&H k - 'G g &-
taxmuftyHhESifhESvHk;oGif;rI[laom taMumif;w&m;wdkY jynfhpHkrS
jzpfay:\/ &kyfemrfwdkYudk y#dpöorkyÜg'f taMumif;tusdK;tm;jzifh
a0zefoHk;oyfaomtcg ]taMumif ; uif ; aom &k y f e mrf }[lír&dS/
taMumif;&kyfemrfaMumifh tusdK;&kyfemrfwdkYom jzpfay:aeMujcif;
jzpfí xdkxdk&kyfemrfwdkYudk pDrHzefwD;wwfaom twåaumif[lí
r&d[S k qH;k jzwf odjrifEikd u f ek \f /
vu© P menf ; - ocFw y&rwfw&m;wdkY\ tysufudkodjrif
jcif;jzpf\/ tysufudkjrifojzifh tedpöudkvnf;od\? 'ku©udkvnf;
od\? tewåudkvnf;od\/ tewå'DyeDwGif "mwfudkvSvS ÓPfü
rdrSomvQif vu©Pma&;xif\/ "mwfwdkY\ jzpfay:rI aoaysmufrI
]tm*EÅK}}tcsuu f jkd rifrS ]tewåvu©Pm} m}a&;xifay:\[k rdeq Yf \ kd /
 (83)
ynwfpGJESifhtwåpGJ
r[mpnfq&mawmfbk&m;BuD;\ tewåvu©Pokwfw&m;
awmfwGif ]yH k o P² m ef y nwf xif & H k r QES i f h v nf ; twå p G J r [k w f }
ovd k yH k o P² m ef(ynwf
( ynwf aysmuf & H k r QES i f h v nf ; tewå t jrif
r[kwf)/ ]ynwfpGJESifhtwåpGJ}udk cGjJ cm; rodaomaMumifw h nf;/
t&lyjA[®mwdkYwGif &kyfyHkoP²mef ynwfr&dSaomfvnf; twå
'd|pd aJG wmh&\
Sd / xdaYk Mumifh yHo
k P²mefynwf xif&jkH zifv h nf; twå'|d d
r[kwfovdk yHkoP²mefynwf aysmuf&HkrQjzifhvnf; tewåtjrifrsdK;
r[kwaf o;ay/
]]y#dpöorkyÜg'fÓPf}}
(tewå'yD eD-v,fw)D
twGif;&kyfESifh tjyif&kyf ESpfyg;wdkY xdcdkufrIudk tpGJjyKí pdwfjzpf
ay:rIudk y#dpöorkyÜg'f[k ac:qdk\/ rxdcdkufrD (a&SUtzdkUü)vnf;
pdwfonf &Sdaeonfr[kwf? (xdcdkufqJ cPrSmrS jzpfay:vmrI)
oufouf omwnf;[k odaomÓPfukd (y#dpo ö rkygÜ 'fÓPf)[kac:\/
Oyrm-rD;cwfESifhausmuf xdcdkufrdaomtcg rD;yGifhjzpf&mü
xdkrD;yGifhonf rD;cwfxJrSmvnf; &Sdaeonfr[kwf? ausmufcJxJrSm
vnf ; &S d a eonf r [k w f ? xd c d k u f q J c PrS m om jzpf a y:vmaom
(tm*EÅK"r®)oufoufom jzpf\/ 0w¬Kjcif;xdcdkufrdí (toH"mwf)
jzpfay:&müvnf; toH"mwfonf (tm*EÅK"r®) oufoufomjzpf\/
]]a0'em\y#dpöorkyÜg'f}}
txufyg Oyrmrsm;ESiw hf uG zó "mwf\xdcu kd rf aI Mumifh cHpm;rI
a0'emonfvnf; (tm*EÅK"r®)oufoufrQom jzpfay:aeaom
 (84)

y#dpöorkyÜg'fjzpf\/ xdkodkY (y#dpöorkyÜg'f) tcsufudk ydkifydkifjrifEdkifrS

(tedp?ö tewå)vu©Pmudk xifjrifEikd \ f /
]]edpöonm twåonm}}
tkwfausmufESifhxdcdkufí emusif&mü igemonf[k pGJvrf;
rIrSm edpöonm twåonm ESpfyg;yg0if\/ emusifwwfaom igonf
e*dv k u
f yif xm0&&daS eonf[k xifrw S o f nfum; edpo
ö nmwnf;/
emusifrI a0'emonf ig[laom owå0g\tESpfom& twå
rsdK;pifppfjzpfí y#doaE¨aeuwnf;u yg&dSae\/ 'Gg&ü tm&Hkwdkuf
vmaomtcgrSm xif&Sm;jzpfay:vmí tm&HkwdkufrI r&dSaomtcg
udk,fwGif;rSm tNrJwnfae\[k xifrSwfonfum; twåonmwnf;/
]]0dnmPf? zó? a0'em (3)rsdK;cGJenf;}}
(6)'Gg&ü xdcdkufaom tm&Hk (6)yg;udk (od u mrQ) trlt&m
onf pdwfwnf;? 0dnmPfwnf;/ odumrQxufrydk/ odrI[laom
0d n mPf j zpf a y:onf & S d a omf (tm&H k \ &o)ud k zd E S d y f B ud w f 0 g;rI
[l a om zó"mwf o nf (od r I E S i f h t wl ) jzpf \ / zó\tpG r f ;
aMumifh a0'emonf jzpf\/
Oyrm BuHacsmif;onf tm&HkESifhwlí BudwfqHkonf 0dnmPf
ESifhwl\/ BuHacsmif;udk t&nfxGufatmif Budwfacsonfh usOfayGU
onf zóESifhwl\/ BuH&nfonf tm&Hk\&oESifhwlí oHk;aqmif
cHpm;rIonf a0'emESiw hf \ l / þodYk ydik ;f jcm;odatmif qifjcif&\/
]]y#dpöorkyÜg'frI jrifatmif&I}}
a0'em\ (tm*EÅK"r®) y#dpöorkyÜg'ftcsufudk ydkifydkifjrifaom
tcg e*d k u wnf ; u ud k , f h o Eå m ef r S m &S d í aeaom "r¨ r sd K ;r[k w f ?
 (85)

(,ckrS) wdkufcdkufrIudk tpGJjyKí (jzpfay:vmaom"r®)udk ÓPfü 'd|

ypöu© odjrif&ojzifh udk,fhcE¨mrSm xm0&&Sdaeaom (edpö"r¨? tESpf
om& twå"r®) r[kwfaMumif;onf xif&Sm;vmavownf;/ ylrI?
at;rI? udkufrI? cJrI? emrI? usifrItp&Sdonfh (a0'em\y#dpöorkyÜg'f)udk
ydik yf ikd Ef ikd Ef ikd f jrifatmif xifatmif qifjcifíMunfyh gav/
]]aomreóa0'em\y#dpöorkyÜg'f}}
rdrdESpfoufaom tqif;oP²mefudk awGUjrif&í xdktm&Hk
onf rsupf üd 4if;? raemü4if;? (wpfNyKd ief uf wpfcsuw f nf;) xdcukd \ f /
Oyrm v0ef ; oP² m efu d k j rif & m v0ef ;oP² m eft &d y f o nf
rsufpdü4if;? raemü4if; (wpfNydKifeuf wpfcsufwnf;)ay:\/ raemü
aomreopdwfwdkUonf azG;ceJ rpJjzpfay:ukef\/ xdk(aZmpdwf)
wdkU\ t[kefaMumifh &Tifvef;aom (&kyfuvyftopf)wdkUonf rsufESm
ESifhtjynfh cPjcif; jzpfay:vm\/ ,if;udk (tm*EåK"r®obm0)
[lí rcGJjcm;EdkifyJ xdkol&,fonf? xdkolNyHK;onf[lí odjrifMu
uke\ f / (y#dpo ö rkygÜ 'foabm) taejzifh odjrifMuonf r[kwu f ek /f
]]y#dpöorkyÜg'fjrifí tewåvu©PmxifyHk}}
y#dpöorkyÜg'ftcsufudk aumif;aumif;jrifojzifh xif&Sm;aom
tewå v u© P mud k j yqd k t H h / Ówy&d n mtcef ; ü jyqd k c J h N yD ; aom
y#dpöorkyÜg'fudk þae&müaqmifíodav/ vdk&if;rSm rSefjyifrSm
rsufESm&dyfay:&mü xdkrsufESm&dyfonf rSefvnf;r[kwfovdk rsufESm
vnf ; r[k w f / rsuf E S m ES i f h w l a v&um; rsuf E S m &d y f [ l í ac:&\/
rsuf E S m &d y f w d k Y r nf o nf rS e f x J r S m tNrJ & d S a eMuonf r [k w f u k e f /
rSefESifhqHkrdqJtcgüom tcdkuftwefYtm;jzifh ay:vmMuukef\/
 (86)

vlrsuEf mS uG,jf yefvQiv f nf; rSex f rJ mS rsuEf mS &dyf uG,af ysmufjyef\/

xdkYtwl a0'emwdkYonfvnf; tm&HkwdkYESifhawGYxdqJtcg
üom tckduftwefYtm;jzifh udk,fhoEÅmeftwGif;rSm jzpfay:ukef\/
xdktm&HkwdkYuG,fjyefvQifvnf; uG,faysmuf csKyfqHk;Muukef\/ þodkY
jzpfjcif;udk y#dpo ö rkygÜ 'ftcsu[f k qdo k wnf;/
a0'emwdkYonf (rd r d u d k , f w G i f ; rS m jzpf a y:) y:)vmaomfvnf;
rd r d E S i f h (qd
( qd k i f & mr[k w f u k e f ) [l a omteuf u d k jyvd k & if ; wnf ; /
rdrd udk,fvnf; r[kwfukef? rdrdudk,fydkif Opömvnf;r[kwfukef/
rd r d u d k , f c E¨ m twG i f ; rS m tNrJ & d S a eaomw&m;vnf ; r[k w f u k e f
[laom teufudkjyvdk&if;wnf;/ þodkY a0'em\ y#dpöorkyÜg'ftrI
(tm*EÅ K utrI ) ud k aumif ; aumif ; BuD ; xif j rif o nf & d S a omf
(tewåxifjrif) Edkifawmh rnf{uefwnf;/
]]tewåxifjrifjcif;\tusdK;tmedoif}}
tewåaumif;aumif;xifjrifEdkifvQif twå'd|d? ouú,'d|d
t<uGif;rJh csKyfNidrf;aom aomwmywådr*fÓPfodkU a&muf\/ aom
wmyef t&d,myk*d¾KvftjzpfodkYa&muf\/ pdwfoEÅmefü (twå ' d | d
uif;Nidrf;jcif;))onf oOyg'daooedAmÁ ef csr;f omBu;D yifjzpfavonf/
owå0gESifhcE¨m
pifppf [kwfrSefaom teufoabmtm;jzifh wckpD wckpD
tpdwftydkif;wdkYudk Munfh&IqifjcifvQif owå0grnfonf r&dS? cE¨m
ig;yg;om&dS\/ xdkYtwlyif Oyg'geu©E¨mig;yg;wdkY&dSvQif owå0g
[laomtrnf a0g[m&onf jzpf\/ pifppf [kwfrSefaom teuf
oabmtm;jzifhrlum; &kyfESifhemrfrQom &dS\/ þodkY [kwfwdkif;rSefpGm
 (87)

odaom ÓPftjrifonf pifMu,faom tjrifreS f 'd|0d o d 'k r¨d nf\/

tMuifolonf xdkuJhodkY ÓPftjrifr&dSrlum; ]owå0g[lonf
pifppf&dS\}[k ,l\/ xdkolonf ]owå 0 g[l a om twå a umif }\
ysufpD;jcif;udk4if;? rysufpD;jcif;udk4if; vufcH&m\/ owå0g[laom
twåaumifonf rysufpD;yJ wb0rS wb0odkY ajymif;a&TUaeonf
[k , l v Qif (oów'd | d ) -wnf N rJ t ,l ü usa&muf \ / owå 0 g
[laom twåaumifonf aoaomtcg vHk;0ysufpD;oGm;onf[k
,lvQif (Oapä''d|d)-jywfpJt,lü usa&mufwwf\/
or®m'd|dt,lüum; owå0g[kac:aom vuf&dS&kyfemrftpOf
ysufpD;í aoaomtcg twåaumifr&dSaomfvnf; (wPSmruif;)
ao;vQif rdrdjyKxm;aom (uH\tpGrf;))aMumifh &kyfemrftopfjzpfí
(b0opf ) qufvufjzpfoGm;onf[k ,lq\/ xdkYaMumifh Oapä'
t,lüvnf; rusa&muf? ]uH\tpGrf;aMumifh emrf&kyftopfjzpf}
oGm;onf[k,laomaMumifh oówt,lüvnf; rusa&muf? rsuf
arSmufb0wGif &kyfemrftpOfrQom&dSí yk*d¾Kvfowå0gtm;jzifh pifppf
r&dS/ aoaomtcg wPSmruif;ao;ygu (taMumif ; uH a Mumif h
tusd K ;&k y f e mrf )topfjzpfvsuf (&k y f e mrf t pOf )rQom qufvuf
jzpfay:\/ owå0gaumif-twåaumif ajymif;a&TUonf r[kwaf y/
bk&m;&[EÅmwdkYürl y&dedAÁmefjyKaomtcg (wPS m csKyf N id r f ; )
í taMumif; (uH t usd K ;ay;cG i f h r&d S )aomaMumifh &kyfemrftopf
rjzpf a y:yJ &k y f e mrf t pOf jywf p J í (b0opf c sKyf N id r f ; ))&H k r Qom
jzpf\/ owå0gaumif twåaumif aysmufysufoGm;onfr[kwf[k
rSefpGm odjrifaomaMumifh ]rZÑdry#dy'g or®m'd|d}ü wnf\/
 (88)

udavomuif;vQif uHtusdK;ray;EdkifaomaMumifh b0opf

emrf&kyf rjzpfay:awmhyJ &kyfemrftpOf[laom qif;&JrQom Nidrf;oGm;
onf[k þodkYvQif ,loifhygvsuf xdkt,ludkausmfí (ud a vom
ruif ; ao;yJ aovsif b 0csKyf N id r f ; ))onf [ k ,l a omaMumif h
]twd"m0e-ausmfvGef}onf rnf\/
ÓPfrsufpd&dSolwdkYonf jzpfay:aom cE¨mig;yg;udk tedpöw&m;?
'ku©w&m;? tewåw&m;[k odjrifNyD; cE¨mig;yg;ü NiD;aiGYjcif;iSm?
wyfrufrIuif;jcif;iSm? csKyfNidrf;jcif;iSm usifh\/ þodkY ÓPfrsufpd&dSol
wdoYk nf udavomuif;jcif; ('d|-d wPSmcsKyjf cif;)iSm usiMhf uuke\ f /
topfjzpfay:rIESihftedpötod (tm[m&'DyeD)
xdcdkufemusifrIü emrfcE¨mav;yg;wdkU ,ckrStopfjzpfay:rI
[laom Oyg'fpGef;udk aumif;pGmjrifjcif;tusdK;um; (ed p ö o nm)
aysmufuif;\/ ,ckrS (topfjzpfaom Oyg'fpGef;))udk awGUjrifojzifh
a&S;tzdkUu &Sdaeaomw&m;r[kwf[k odjrifaomaMumifh xdkedpöonm
aysmuf\/ emusifrI (emrfcE¨m)wkdYonf topfjzpfay:vmaom
( tm*EÅ K w&m;
w&m;)) pkwdkYomjzpfí xdkae&mrSmyif uG,faysmufíoGm;
aom (tedpöw&m;) pifppfwnf;[k ÓPfwGif xifjrifíaevwåHY/
pdwfjrifESifhÓPf
ÓPfjrif (tm[m&'DyeD)
þü pdwjf rif? ÓPfjrif ESpyf g;cGeJ nf;um; EkH;ajrcJBuD; wpfckudk
xkESufonfESihf EHk;ajrrIeYfawG tenf;i,f vIyf&Sm; a&TUvsm;onfudk
vlwkdif;yif jrifEkdif\/ þoabmwGif tysufudkar;vQif a&TUvsm;rI
udkyif tysuf[kjrifavonf/ odkUaomf a&GUvsm;rIum; (topfjzpf
ay:rI)wnf;/ topfjzpfay:rIukd tysuo f &kyjf yKí ajymqkjd cif;wnf;/
 (89)

ÓPftjrifrlum; xkESufvkdufonfESihf wpfcsufwnf; ysufrI

wpfvrf;? jzpfrIwpfvrf; (wpfNydKifeuf) jrifoGm;\/ ysufrIonfum;
rxkESufrDu&Sdaeaom EHk;ajrrIefY &kyfuvyfpkaywnf;/ xdkEHk;ajrrIeYf
&kyfuvyfpkwkdUonf wpfckrusef csKyfysufukef\/ (a&TUvsm;rI)onf
(tysufr[kwf? topf)jzpfay:rIwnf;/ þum; (ÓPftjrif)wnf;/
&kyfa[mif; csKyfaysmuf&mü csKyfaysmufrI ray:atmif wpfcsuf
wnf; (topf j zpf a y:rI E S i h f tpm;xd k ; ) xlaxmifjcif;aMumihf
(oEÅwdynwf)onf (csKyfaysmufrItm;vHk;udk zHk;vGrf;))oGm;\/
y&rwfw&m;wdkU\ jzpfrI-ysufrIüum; (tvG e f j ref )vSaomaMumifh
jzpf&kyf? ysuf&kyfruGJjym;yJ (jzpf & k y f u m; ay:ayguf )xif&Sm;vm
aomtzYdkwnf;/ (ysuf & k y f u m; aysmuf y suf )oGm;aomtzdkUwnf;/
xdkUaMumifh (uG , f a ysmuf o G m ;aom&k y f )tpkudk (rod E d k i f N yD )/ þ
t&mü tEkomoeD "r®uxduq&m\ tpGr;f aumif;vdv k \
S /
&kyof pf jzpfay:rIEiS fh (wpfNydKifwnf;) xdak e&mrSmyif &kyaf [mif;
wkdYcsKyfuG,fNyD; jzpf\/ (&k y f o pf )wdkY jzpfay:&dyf xifjrifonfESihf
(&kyfa[mif;))wdkY csKyfuG,fNyD;jzpf\[k todrSm (ÓPftjrifwnf;))/
y&rwfajr"mwfESifhÓPfjrif
owå0g\oEÅmefrSm yx0Dajr"mwfonf trmcH {&mwnfBuD;
aywnf;/ yx0Dajr"mwfonfum; va&mifMu,fa&mifwdkYü tvGef
odraf rGaY om cufrmrIjzpfí vlwdkYü&daS om yx0D"mwfum; prf;íodEdkif
aom ajr"mwfaywnf;/ rmrIoufoufudk }ÓPfESifhuGufjcm;} cm;}í,l
wwfrS y&rwfajrudrk \ d / uGujf cm;írodvQif acgif;rmonf? ajcrmonf?
t&d;k rmonfponfjzifh ouúm,'d|zd ufoo Ykd m pdwtf xifygwwf\/
 (90)
]oP²mef}qdo k nfum; ]ynwf}wnf;/ oP²mefum;wjcm; rmrI-
yx0Dum; wjcm;wnf;/ oP²mefum;wjcm; zGJUap;rI-tmaygum;
wjcm;wnf;/ oP²mefum;wjcm; ylraI t;rI-awaZmum; wjcm;wnf;/
oP²mefum;wjcm; axmufuefr-I 0ga,mum; wjcm;wnf;/ ]oP²mef}
um;wjcm; tqif;"mwf-]ta&mif}"mwfum; wjcm;wnf;/
oP²mefum; wpfoufvHk; topfta[mif; ajymif;onfr&dS/
aoNyD; tavmif;aumifjzpfonfhwdkifatmif &dS\/ cufrmrIpaom
ajr"mwfum; ajcwvSr;f twGi;f rSmyif trsKd ;rsKd ; jzpfay:csKyaf ysmuf\/
]oP²mefum; um; ouúm,'d|dEdkifiH}wnf;/
]"mwfwdkYum; or®m'd|dEdkifiH}wnf;/
yk*d¾Kvfowå0gr&dSyHk
cyfodrf;aom trI[lorQonf "mwfwdkY\trIcsnf;omwnf;/
olY"mwfESifholYtrIrQomwnf;/ yk*d¾KvftrI[lí wpfckrQr&dS/ tvGef
odxdkufvSaom tcsufrsdK;jzpfí txyfxyf qdkvdkufonf/ "mwf
trsdK;rsdK;udk jcm;jcm;em;em; rjrifEdkifonf&dSaomf yk*d¾Kvf&dS\? owå0g
&dS\[laom txiftjrifonf raysmuf/ xdktxif raysmufonf
&dSaomf y#dpöorkyÜg'f pum;udk ajyma[míaeaomfvnf; xdkolrSm
y#dpoö rkygÜ 'fukd jrifaom ÓPfruyf/ "mwfukd cGjJ cm;jrifEikd rf S ÓPfuyf\/
þa'oemawmfjzifh yk*K¾d vo f wå0g[lí r&daS Mumif;? terw*¾
oHo&mrSm t0dZÆm"mwf? ocFg&"mwf? 0dnmPf"mwf? emrf"mwf?
&kyf"mwf? oVm,we"mwf tp&dSaom (12)rsdK;aom "mwfpkonf
omvQif oHo&mjzpfí vlcY E¨mjzpfí ewfcE¨mjzpfí jA[®mch E¨mjzpfí
aeaMumif;udk jrwfpmG bk&m; jyawmfro l nf[k jyqdck suaf ywnf;/
 (91)

y#dpöorkyÜg'fESifypö
hypöKyÜef

ypöKyÜef[lonf (jzpfcdkufemrf&kyf)om jzpf\/ Oyrm vufckyf

wD;ygu vufcyk o f o
H nf apmíray:ovdk aemufusívnf; ray:yg/
xdkYtwl vufckyfoHESifhem;wdkY xdcdkufrIaMumifh Mum;onfh aomw
0dnmPfonf apmí rjzpfovdk aemufusívnf; rjzpfyg/ xdkYaMumifh
ypöKyÜef[lonf jzpfcdkuf toH(&kyf)ESifh aomw0dnmPf (emrf)om&\/
y&rwfe,fwGif ]y#d p ö o rk y Ü g 'f }[laom ]jzpf c d k u f e mrf & k y f }udkodjrif
Edik rf S ypöKyeÜ o
f abmudk ud,
k w
f ikd f rsuaf rSmuf odjrifEikd \
f /
onmonf tm&H k u d k wzef r S w f r d & ef trS w f j yKwwf a om
oabm&dS\/ xdkYaMumifh twd w f [ l o nf onm onm\tm&Hkomjzpf\/
cE¨mig;yg;wGif onmrSvGJí twdwfudk rodwwfyg/ twdwfudk
onm\tm&Hk[k rodaomaMumifh twdwfjyefaeMujcif; jzpfonf/
xd k o nm nmonfvnf; twdwfuonmr[kwf? raemü ]taMumif ;
wdkufqdkifcdkufomjzpf}ay:í ]taMumif;uif;onfESifh csKyf}aysmuf
 (92)

aeaom ypöKyÜef y&rw¬w&m; &m;om jzpf\/

raem0dnmPfESifh"r®m&Hk
bk&m;&Sifa[mMum;awmfrlaom &kyfemrfy&rwfw&m;wdkYonf
yk*d¾Kvfowå0g j'yf0w¬K r[kwfbJ (ÓPf \ tm&H k )jzpfaom]oabm ]oabm
w&m;} oufouftaejzifh qifjcifí odjrif&onf/ cE¨mudkqifjcif
aomtcg raem0dnmPfESifh "r®m&Hk (oabmw&m;) (oabmw&m;)udk em;vnfrS
ynwfEiS yhf &rwfwu Ykd v
kd nf; ud,
k w
f ikd f ydik ;f jcm;odjrifEikd \
f /
xdktcg onmodtqifhrS 0dnmPfodtqifhjzifh od&aomtm&Hk
[lorQonf yk*K¾d vo f wå0g j'yf0w¬K r[kwb f J oabmw&m;oufoufrQ
jzpf a om y&rwf u d k od j rif E d k i f \ / xd k Y a Mumif h y&rwf [ l o nf
0d n mPf a y:cd k u f ü od t yf a om oabmw&m;ouf o uf w d k Y o m
jzpfMuuke\ f /
]]rsufpdujrifíraemuodyHk}}
(rsufpd?em;?ESm?vQm?udk,f) (tqif;?toH?teHY?t&om?txd)

(&lyg½kH)

(raem0dnmPf) ("r®m½kH)
pdwf+edpöonm yk*¾dKvf? owå0g? j'yf? 0w¬K
 (93)

pu©K0n d mPfEiS ½hf yl g½k?H aomw0dnmPfEiS o hf '´g½k?H Cme0dnmPf

ESifh*E¨m½kH? Zd0Sm0dnmPfESifh&om½kH? um,0dnmPfESifhazmXAÁm½kH
qdkaom 0dnmPf 5-ckESifh tm½kH 5-ckudk todrsm;Muaomfvnf; raem
0dnmPfEiS hf "r®m½ku H kd todenf;Muygonf/
pdwåed,mr
rsufpdonf jyify orkwde,f&Sd yk*¾dKvf? owå0g? j'yf? 0w¬KwdkY\
tqif;ESifh xdawGYaomtcg ]pu©K0dnmPf} (jrifpdwf)jzpf\/ jrifpdwf
(pu©K0dnmPf)jzpfay:NyD; ]aemuf v d k u f raem0d n mPf } wdkYonf
]pdwåed,mr} mr}twdik ;f qufvuf jzpfay:Muukeo f nf/
ynwfESifh"r¨m&Hk
pd w å e d , mrt& jrif p d w f j zif h jrif a omf v nf ; aemuf v d k u f
raemjzifhqifjcifí odjcif;jzpf\/ raemrSmjzpfaom ]yxrBuH o d
pd w f }onf y&rwf ]tqif ; }}udkomodaom ]qif j cif p d w f } jzpf\/
xdkYaemuf ]'kwd, BuHodpdwf}wdkYjzifh tqif;tm&Hk\ a,mufsm;rdef;r
paom (yH k o P² m ef ynwf ) udkodí ]wwd , BuH o d p d w f } wdkYjzifh
a,mufsm;rdef;r paom (trnfynwf)wdkYudk odjcif;jzpfonf/ xdkodkY
'kwd,ESifh wwd,BuHodpdwfwdkY jzpfNyD;rS (yHkoP²mefynwf? trnf
ynwf )wdkYudk ]"r®m&Hk} tjzpf odjcif;jzpfonf/
avmuoHk;(ynwf)[lorQonf onmjzifh trSwfjyKodjcif;
jzpfonf/ xdkYaMumifh (ynwf ) [lonf raem0dnmPfjzifh odtyf
aom ]"r® m &H k w &m;} jzpf\/ pu©K0dnmPfonf tqif;udkomodí
trnfray;wwfyg? trnfudkvnf; rodyg/ raemuonmonf
"r®m&Hw k iG f teD? t0g? tjym[k ynwfwifNy;D odjcif;jzpfygonf/
 (94)

Oyrm &kyf&SifjypufrSvmaom tvif;wef;wdkYonf t&dS

w&m;jzpfaomfvnf; ydwfum;ay:wGif (yH k o P² m ef y nwf ) edrdwf
wd k Y o may:\/ xd k Y t wl rsuf p d ü tvif ; wef ; (tqif ; ))wd k Y o m
xifaomfvnf; "r®m&HkwGif yHkoP²mef(ynwf)? trnf(ynwf)wdkY
ay:um raemu ]onm} ]onm}jzifh trSwjf yKojd cif;jzpfonf/
xdkYaMumifh y&rwft&dSw&m;onf tqif;? toH? teHY? t&om?
txdponfwdkYjzpfí jyifyü&dSNyD; ]ynwf } [lonf raem0dnmPf
\tm&Hkjzpfaom ]"r®m&Hkw&m;} jzpf\/ 'kwd,BuHodpdwfjzifh (ynwf)
wdkYudk tm&HkrjyKcif y&rwf tqif;? toH? txd ponfhwdkYudk odjrif
atmif owd? 0D&d,? orm"dwdkY\ bm0emtpGrf;jzifh &IrSwf&\/
tm;xkwfcgpü owd-orm"d-ÓPfu aemufusaomaMumifh t&dS
twdkif; rodEdkifjcif;jzpfonf/ tm;aumif;vmaomtcg ]jrif o d ?
Mum;od}ponfw\ Ykd ]tjcm;rJh}ü &Irw
S Ef ikd Nf y;D &kyef mrf-aMumif;usKd ;quf
wdu
Yk kd t&dt S wdik ;f odjrifí ],xmblwÓPf}onf jzpfay:vmayrnf/
]]pu©K0dnmPfESifhraem0dnmPf}}
rsufpd[lonf jrifjcif; (seeing) oabmjzpfí raemu onm
jzifh trSwfjyKodjcif; (recognizing)jzpfonf/ rsufpdrS jrifpdwfonf
tm½kHudk vufcH&mXme (receptor)oabmrsdK;jzpfí trSefodjcif;rSm
raemwGif yxr qifjcifpdwf? 'kwd, yHkoP²mefodpdwf? wwd,
trnf o d p d w f paom pdwftpOf (mental process)wd k Y j zpf N yD ; rS
odjcif;jzpfonf/ xdkodkY rsufpdujrifí raemuodrIjzpfpOfudk em;vnf
odjrifygu em;? ESmacgif;? vQm? udk,fwdkYü tm&Hk-'Gg& xdcdkuf rIaMumifh
od r I j zpf p Of w d k Y o nf v nf ; wpf o abmwnf ; twl w l y if jzpf \ /
 (95)

xdkYaMumifh em;uMum;íraemuod\? ESmacgif;ueHí raemu

od\? vQmupm;í raemuod\? udk,fuxdíraemuod\/
odaYk omf tawG; odrjI zpfpOfwiG f raemonf jyifyrStm&Hu k kd r,lyJ
raemonf "r®m&Hkjzpfaom tm&Hkudkom qifjcifí odjcif;jzpfonf/
Oyrm rsufpdrdSwfí a&Twd*HkapwDawmfBuD;udk ESvHk;oGif; qifjcifygu
"r®m&Ht
k jzpf tm&Hak y:um raem0dnmPf(pdw)f jzifh odjcif;jzpfonf/
rsufpdjzifh jrif&aom a&Twd*HkapwDawmfBuD;onf pu©K0dnmPf
\tm&Hk (&l y g&H k a &T w d * H k )jzpf\/ rsufpdrSdwfíqifjcifaomtcg od&
aoma&Twd*Hkonf raem0dnmPfjzifh od&aom ("r®m&Hka&Twd*Hk)jzpf\/
tdyfrufrufjcif;onf raemjzifh "r®m&Hkudk odjrifjcif;jzpf\/
o&Jajcmufw,f[k xifjrif&mwGifvnf; Oyrm tarSmifwGif t&dyf
udk rsufpdjrifonfhtwdkif; ta&miftqif;[krodyJ raemu "r®m&Hk
wGif o&J[k qifjcifNyD; trSwfrSm;jcif;jzpf\/ omrmefvlwdkYwGif vrf;
avQmuf&if; tawG;rsm;jzpfaomtcg rsufpdu pu©K0dnmPfjzifh
jrifjcif;onf &lyg&Hjk zpfí raempdwjf zifh awG;jcif;onf "r®m&Hjk zpfonf/
]"r®m&Hkw&m;}
&m;}wdkYonf (6)rsdK;&dS\/ 1/ yom'&kyf? 2/ okckr&kyf?
3/ pdwf? 4/ apwoduf? 5/ ynwf? 6/ edAÁmefwdkYjzpfonf/
]jrifrIESihfodrI} (ur®|me'DyeD-v,fwD)
(pu© K 0d n mPf )onfum; (tqif ; ))trsdK;rsdK;udk jrifrI ouf
oufomwnf;/ rsufpdjzihf(jrif ( jrifN yD ; ))aemuf BuHodrIwdkYum; (raem)
0dnmPfwdkU\ trIomwnf;/ (jrifqJ)cPü igjrifonf[k rodao;?
aemuf v d k u f (raem)
(raem)0d n mPf j zpf a y:rS (ig) jrif o nf [ k o d \ /
jriftyfaom0w¬K\ tjzL? teD? tqif;oP²mef? trnfpaom
 (96)

(ynwf )wkdYudkvnf; aemufvdkuf raem0dnmPf jzpfay:rS odEkdif\/

(jrif r I )um; pu©K"mwftdrfrSjzpfí (od r I )um; [',"mwf
tdrfrSjzpf\/ "r®tvdktm;jzihf jrif r I - od r I E S p f y g;onf (wpf j cm;pD )
omjzpf\/ jrifwpfvSnfh? odwpfvSnfh tpOftwkdif;oGm;\/ avmu
tvdktm;jzifhum; pdwfonf tvGefjrefvSaomaMumifh jrifrI-odrIudk
(wpfckwnf;)? (wpfNydKifwnf;) xifMu&\/ þenf;wlyif Mum;rI?
eHrI? pm;rI? xdrw I Ukd üvnf; wpfpw kH pfpkH jzpfMu\/ (BuHodr)I wpfco k m
([', "mwftdr)f rScsn;f jzpfay:&\/ þonfvnf; "r®wmwnf;/
a&S U pd w f E S i f h a emuf p d w f
xdkYaMumifh 0dyóem[lonf a&SUpdwfudk aemufpdwfjzifh &Ijcif;
jzpfonf/ Oyrm rsufpdü xifaomtqif; (&kyf)ESifh jrifpdwf (emrf)udk
raemu (owd-ynm)jzifh &Ijcif;jzpfonf/ em;ü Mum;aomtoH (&kyf)
ESifh Mum;pdwf (emrf)udk4if;? ESmacgif;ü eHaomteHY (&kyf)ESifh eHpdwf
(emrf)udk4if;? vQmü pm;aom t&om (&kyf)ESifh pm;pdwf (emrf)udk4if;?
ud,k üf xdaom txdtawGY (&ky)f ESihf xdpw d f (emrf)ud4k if; raemrS owd-
ynmjzifh &Ijcif;jzpfonf/ odkYaomf raemürlum; a&SUBuHodpdwfESifh
4if;pdw\f tm&Hw k uYkd kd aemufraemu owd-ynmjzifh &Ijcif;jzpfonf/
Oyrm r[mowdy|meokwåefwGif pdwåmEkyóemü a&SUraem
wGif avmbpdwfjzpfvQif aemufraemu owdjzifh avmbpdwf[k
odatmif tm;xkwftyf\/ a&SUraemwGif avmbpdwf r&dSyguvnf;
avmbuif;aompdwf[k odatmif tm;xkwftyf\/ xdkYtwl a'go
pdwfudk4if;? arm[pdwfudk4if;? orm"d&dSaompdwfudk4if; ponfjzifh
a&SUraemü jzpfaompdwfwdkYudk aemufraemrS owd-ynmjzifh &IyGm;
 (97)

tyfaMumif;udk nTejf yxm;aom a'oemawmfjzpfonf/

pdwmå Ekyóem owdy|mefwiG f }&[ef;wdkY jyif;pGm tm;xkwf
aom (vH k U v) v)&Sdonfjzpfí (orÜ Z Of Ó Pf )&Sdonfjzpfí (owd )&Sd
onfjzpfí avmuü (tbdZÑm a'greó) a'greó)ukd y,fazsmufí pdwüf
pdwfukd tBudrfBudrf ½Iavh&Sdonfjzpfíae\}[k a[mawmfrl\/
þodkY rdrdpdwfürlvnf; pdwfukd tBudrfBudrf ½Iavh&Sdonfjzpfí4if;
olwpfyg;\pdwfürlvnf; pdwfukd tBudrfBudrf½Iavh&Sdonfjzpfí4if;
aeavh&o Sd o
l nf yk*K¾d vo f wå0g[lonf r&d?S ]pdwo f mvQif &duS ek \
f }[k
(owdonf ÓPf)tm; a&S;&Ixif\/
xkdtcg &[ef;onf 'd|d-wPSmwdkYjzifh rrSDrwG,frlívnf;
ae\? avmuü wpfpHkwpf&mukdrQvnf; (igç ig\Opöm[k) pGJvnf;
rpGvJ rf;/ þodv Yk nf; pdwüf pdwu f dk tBurd Bf urd f ½Iavh&o
dS nf jzpfíae\/
t&dSudkt&dStwdkif; (0dnmPfod)
a&SUpdwfudk aemufpdwfjzifhodjcif;onf t&dSudkt&dStwdkif;
[kwfwdkif;rSefpGm odjcif;jzpf\/ Oyrm Muufzwaumif\wGefoHudk
EdkifiHpHkrS vlrsdK;pHkwdkYMum;vQif aomw0dnmPfjzifh Mum;onfhtm&Hk
oabmrSm tm;vHk;wlayrnf/ odkYaomf MuufwGefoH b,fvdkMum;vJ
[k ar;Munfhygu wa,mufwrsdK; ynwfwifíajymMurnf/ raemrS
ynwf (onmod ) rsm;onf wOD ; ES i f h w OD ; rwl M uaomf v nf ;
aomw0dnmPfjzifh Mum;&mwGif (0d n mPf o d ) MuufwGefoHrSmrl
twlwo l mjzpfí t&dt S wdik ;f y&rwfoabmudk odjrifEikd yf gonf/
em;uMum;w,f? raemuodw,f/
0dyóem[lonf a&SUpdwfudk aemufpdwfjzifh&Ijcif;jzpfonf/
 (98)

xd k Y a Mumif h a&S U pd w f - t&I c H E S i f h aemuf p d w f - t&I Ó Pf o abmud k

ydik ;f jcm; od&ayrnf/ Oyrm ]a'gh}[k em;uMum;Ny;D acG;[k raemu odjcif;
jzpfonf/ a'gh[kMum;jcif;onf aomw0dnmPfodjzpfí acG;[k
odjcif;onf raem0dnmPfodjzpfonf/ xdkYaMumifh a&SUpdwfonf
aomw 0dnmPfodjzpfí aemufpdwfonf raem0dnmPfodjzpfonf/
em;uMum;aom (aomw0dnmPfod) ]a'gh}[laomtoHwGif
owå0gtodrygacs/ raemu acG;[laomtodwGif owå0gtod
(onmod ) yg0if a vonf / jref r mvd k acG ; [k M um;vQif em;wG i f
(toH)acG;omjzpfí w&m;ESv;kH roGi;f olwo Ykd nf raemwGif (owå0g)
acG;[k edpöonm? twåonmjzifh odjcif;jzpfonf/
]um,0dnmPfESifhraem0dnmPf}
(ur®|me'DyeD-v,fwD)
ajr? a&? av? rD;[laom "mwfBuD;av;yg;wkdUwGif ajr"mwfwGif
avmua0g[m&ajrESihf y&rwfajr[lí (2)rsdK;&Sd\/ y&rwfajrqdk
onfum; cufrmjcif;Bud,m trlt&moufoufomwnf;/ xdkodkY
0w¬Kukd prf;Munf&h mü El;nHo h nf? cufrmonf[k vlwikd ;f yif oduek \ f /
xdkodkYod&mü ynwfod? y&rwfod ESpfrsdK;&Sd\/ El;nHhrIBud,mESihf xdk0w¬K
wpfckvHk;udk (wpf a ygif ; wnf ; jyKí wpf c k w nf ; jyKí) þ0w¬K
El;nH\ h [k odMuonfum; (ynwf)odwnf;/ pdwfod-onmodwnf;/
xdk0w¬K\ El;nHhrIBud,moufoufudk oD;oefY (uG u f j cm;) cm;)í
odrIum; (y&rwf ) odwnf;/ ÓPfodwnf;/ oD;oefUuGufjcm;í
odrIqdkonfum; prf;oyfvdkufaomtcgü (um,0d n mPf o nf
ajr"mwf o uf o uf ) udkomod\/ y&rwf ajr"mwfoufoufudk
 (99)

oD;oefUuGujf cm;í ,l\/ xkt d cg aemufvu dk f (raem0dnmPf)wdUk onf

um,0d n mP mPfodaom ajr"mwf El;nHhrIoufoufukd xdk0w¬K\
(j'yfynwf txnf) El;nHhrIjyKíodMuukef\/
(um,0d n mPf o d ) um; rjyXmef ; Ek d i f ? (raem0d n mPf o d )
wk d Y o m jyXmef ; uk e f \ / þ0w¬Konf El;nHh\[k vltrsm;wdkUu
odjrifaeMuukef\/ þum; El;nHhaom0w¬Kü (El ; nH h j cif ; Bud , m)
[laom (y&rwf)ajr"mwfukd (0w¬Kj'yfwnf;))[laom ]ynwfod}rS
ÓPfjzifx h w f oD;oefU (uGufjcm;
k í cm;)) íodjrifyw kH nf;/
a&? ajr? awm? awmif ponfwdkYü&dSaom ]Am[d& yx0D}onf
]igh O pö m }}r[kwf? ]ig}
]ig}r[kwf? ]ig\twå }vnf;r[kwf[k xif&Sm;\/
xdkYtwl rdrdwdkY\]tZÑwå}ü&dSaom cufrmrIBud,mudkvnf; ]ighOpöm}
r[kwf? ]ig} ]ig}r[kwf? ]ig\twå}vnf;r[kwf[k ÓPftjrifü xif&Sm;
ap&rnf/ (yx0D E S p f r sd K ;xyf w l u s)s)ap&rnf/ (tZÑwå y x0D u d k
yk*d¾Kvfowå0g-ig jzpfíraeapESifh)[k cyfwif;wif; a[mawmfrl\/
cyfodrf;aom &kyf[lorQonf (yx0DürDSwG,fí) jzpfMu&\/
cyfodrf;aom (yOö a 0gum& emrf c E¨ m [l o rQ) rQ)onfvnf; (&k y f ü
rD S w G , f ) íjzpf M u&\/ yx0D \ jzpf r I y suf r I O',AÁ , tcsuf u d k
xifjrifEikd yf gvQif <uif;aom &kyef mrfw\ Ykd jzpfryI surf I O',AÁ, tcsuf
tpkuv kd nf; xifjrifjcif;iSm vG,v f uS ek \f /
xd-od-owd (um,0dnmPfESifhraem0dnmPf)
0ifavxGufavü xd-odonf azm|AÁm&HkESifh um,0dnmPf
odjzpfí owdonf aemufvdkuf raem0dnmPfESifh,SOfíjzpf\/
um,0dnmPfonf a&SUpdwfjzpfí raem0dnmPfonf aemufpdwf
 (100)

jzpf\/ a&SUpdwf (xd-od)udk aemufpw d f (owd)jzifh udavomMum;r xd;k yJ

uyfí p-v,f-qHk;odrSom owd? 0D&d,? orm"dtm;aumif;\/
xdktcg onmodrS 0dnmPfod (&kyfemrf y&rwf)oabmudk ydkif;jcm;
odjrifum taMumif;wdkufqdkifwdkif;jzpfay:í taMumif;uif;onf
ESifhcsKyfaysmufaerIudk a&wGifrsOf;om;ouJhodkY ÓPfwGif jzpfysuf
tpOftm;jzifh wqufwpyfwnf; xif&mS ;odjrifvmayrnf/
um,0dnmPf[lonf (bm0em'DyeD)
um,0dnmPf[laom a0g[m&onf rm*"bmomwnf;/
jrefrmbmomESifhrIum; wpfudk,fvkH;\ odrIomwnf;/ ajcz0g;ukd
tyfjzifx h ;kd vQif od\? xdt Yk wl ajcacsmif;? ajczaemifçh ajczrd;k ponfwüYkd
vnf;oduek \ f / þtvk;H pkw H \ Ykd odru
I dk um,0dnmPf[k ac:\?
odrI 2-rsdK;
awG Y x d r I u d k ta&jym;od r I E S i f h ES v k H ; od r I [ l í 2-yg;cG J & m\/
ta&jym;odrIukd awGYxdrI[kac:\? (um,0d n mPf ) aywnf;/
ESv;Hk \odru I o dk m odr[ I ak c:\? (raem0dnmPf)aywnf;/
yk * ¾ d K vf \ od r I u m; raem0d n mPf \ od r IokdYa&mufrSay:\/
ESvkH;\odrIay:rSom yk * ¾ d K vf o d jzpf\/ þodkYvQif aum|mowkdY\
odrIç yk*¾dKvf\odrI 2-yg;ukd ukd,fawGY'd|tm;jzifh jcm;em;íod&m\/
y&rw¬tm;jzifh yk*Kd¾ vrf ½S?d cE¨mig;yg;om&S\ d ? xkaYd Mumifh (yk*¾Kdvfod)
rnfonfum; ESv;Hk tdrw f iG ;f ü (raem0dnmPf)jzpfay:rIomwnf;/
um,0dnmPfodESifhraem0dnmPfod
zsm;em&mü wpfudk,fvkH;yif 'ku©o[*kwf emru©E¨m 4-yg;
wdjYk zifh tjynf½h \ dS ? ajcemonf vufemonf tp½So d nfwüYkd yg0ifí
 (101)

ae\? (um,0d n mPf o d r I o nf avmuü od r I [ l í rxif ½ S m ;?)

ajconf wpfpkHwpfckESifhxdcdkufvQif emonf[k odMu\? (xd c d k u f
onf u d k ajcod [ k r xif M u? raemuomod o nf )[k xifMu\/
taMumif;um; (raemodjzpfrSom yk*¾dKvfod) jzpfay:aomaMumifh
wnf;/ ajcz0g;ü xdckdufrIonf raemwkdifatmif ckdufNrJwnf;/
(tck d u f E S p f c suf ) jzpf\? (ajcod ç raemod ) [lí todESpfcsuf
jzpf\? ajcodukd (um,0d n mPf ) [kac:í raemodukd (raem
0dnmPf)[kac:\? (a½ShoGm; aemufvkduf ESpfyg;tpkH)wnf;/
yk*¾dKvfod—
,if;jzpffpOfwGif (aemuf j zpf a om raemod )ay:rS ighajcü
xdonf[k (yk * ¾ d K vf o d ) ay:\/ (yk * ¾ d K vf o d u k d o m avmuod )[k
rSwfxifMu\/ þum; ukd,f\odrIç ajcvufpaomt*FgwkdY\odrIç
aum|mowkdY\odrI[kqkdtyfaom ]um,0dnmPf}onf y&rw¬"r®
wkdYwGif ]tvGefxif½Sm;};}aom 0dnmPfjzpfygvsuf vlwkdY\todwGif
]rxif r ½S m ;} ½SdaeMuonfjzpfí xif½Sm;apjcif;iSg (tzef w vJ v J )
jyqkdvkdufonf/ [kwfrSefaom (y&rw¬ t vk d t m;jzif h ) yk*¾dKvfr½Sd?
f ajcvnf; r½S?d (cE¨mig;yg;? &kyfemrfESpfyg;om) trSe½f \
yk*Kd¾ v\ dS /
odrI[lonf 0dnmPu©E¨mrsdK;—
odrI[lorQonf 0dnmPfrsdK;omjzpf\? xkdodrIjzpfay:wkdif;
a0'emç onmç ocFg&u©Em¨ wkv Yd nf; vu©PmruGJ tNrjJ zpfay:\/
(um,0dnmPfemru©E¨m 4-yg;) 4-yg;)wkdYonf wpfukd,fvkH;rSm b,fae
&mrS (tNrJr½Sd)/ twGi;f ty azm|AÁwEYdk iS hf xdcu dk &f mwküYd cPtae
ESihf jzpfay:í xdcu dk rf u
I if;vQif csKyaf ysmufMu\/
 (102)

avmuü anmif;onf? tanmif;aysmufNy?D emonfç tem

aysmufNy?D uku d of nf tuku d af ysmufNy?D ylonf? tylaysmufNy?D csr;f onf?
tcsr;f aysmufNyD ponfjzifh (jzpfrI-csKyfrI tm*EÅKtjcif;t&monf
xif½Sm;\? emru©E¨m 4-yg;wkdY\trI[kom rodMuukef/)
xkod Ydk (½kyfemrfruJG)ojzifh yk*K¾ v f wå0g[líç ]touf½Sdonf}
d o
[líç r[kwfrrSef azmufjyefpGJvrf;Mu\/ tvGefcufcJ eufeJvSí
aumif;pGmxif½Sm;atmif tenf;enf;azmfjyvkdufonf/ (tzef
wvJvJ[k tjypfrwifMuukefvifh/)
avmutvdk yk*d¾Kvfjzpfjcif;
]yk*d¾vfowå0g}g}[k pGv J rf;rIonf ]edpö? okc? twå}[k pGv J rf;rI
yifwnf;/ ]wPS m ? rme? 'd | d } oHk;yg;wdkY\ trIcsnf;omwnf;/
jrifwwfaom rsufpd(j'yf)? rsufpd(oP²mef)? Mum;wwfaom em;
(j'yf)? em;(oP²mef)[lír&dS/ xdkae&mü ]tpOf } jzpfyGm;aeaom
]cuf r mrI }ponf ]&k y f }w&m;ESifh tqif; toHwdkYESifh xdcdkufvQif
jzpfay:aom jrifpdwfMum;pdwfqdkaom ]emrf } w&m;wdkYomwnf;/
þodYk odjrifro I nfum; ÓPfojd zpf\/ tedpo ö ?d 'kuo
© ?d tewåo?d
edówå? edZ0ÆD odjzpf\/
&kyfemrfjzpfysufyHk
y&rw¬tm;jzifh ]j'yf r suf p d } r&dS/ xdkae&müjzpfaom ]cE¨ m
ig;yg;om} &dS\/ xdkae&mü (&k y f w pf y g;om) g;om)tpOf&dSí ]emrf c E¨ m
(4)yg;}
(4)yg;}wdkYonf tqif;tm&Hkudk (Munf h q J t cg) cg)üom jzpfay:í
tdyfaysmfqJ? arSmifrdkufqJ? rsufpdydwfqJtcgwdkYü csKyfuG,fMu\/
rsuaf wmifcwfwikd ;f (tm&Hkajymif;wdkif;vnf; csKyfuG,f)Muuke\ f /
 (103)
pu©Kod? raemod? yk*d¾Kvfod[laom tod(3)rsdK;
pu©Koq kd nf tqif;oufouf (ta&mif)udk jrifro
d o I mwnf;/
tBu;D tao; t0ef;tvsm;paom (oP²mef)udo k o d nf r[kw/f
raemoda&mufrS yHo k P²mef jzpfay:\/
(raemodudkyif yk*d¾vfod)[k qd\k /
raem0dnmPf
ESvHk;aoG;twGif;ü raem0dnmPfonf jzpfonf/ ESvHk;tdrf
onf tom;qd k i f t om;cJ j zpf í um,0d n mPf \ jzpf & m|me
jzpf\/ (ESvHk;aoG;onfum; um,0dnmPf jzpf&m|me[k rqdk)/
raem0d n mPf u m; tvG e f r sm;vS \ / tuk o d k v f t MuH o nf
vnf ; raemrS j zpf \ / uk o d k v f t MuH o nf v nf ; raemrS j zpf \ /
tdyfaysmfaom b0if (tAsmuw 0d n mPf ) onfvnf; raemrS
jzpf\/ um,uHrI 0pDuHrI raemuHrIwdkYonfvnf; raemrSjzpf\/
ukodkvfaZm tukodkvfaZmwdkYonfvnf; xdkraemrS jzpfMuukef\/
]aZm}
]aZm}[lonf tvGef ]jyif;xefaom t[kef} &daS om pdwrf sKd ;wnf;/
avmutvdk yk*¾dKvfowå0gudpöjzpfykH
avmutvdt k m;jzifh raemonf £&d,mykxf 4-yg;ukd aqmif
wwf\? oGm;wwf\? xdkifwwf\? avsmif;wwf\? ajymwwf\?
d wf\? &,fwwf\? owfwwf\? cd;k ,lwwf\/ þokjYd zifh (yk*¾dKvf
ikw
owå0g\ udpö)[lorQonf ]raemudpö} csn;f omwnf;/
raemonf yk*¾dKvfowå0gr[kwf
raemonf raemuHoufoufuo kd m jyKwwfonf? um,uH
0pD u H u d p ö r sd K ;wd k Y o nf u m; raemouf o uf E S i f h NyD ; onf r [k w f ?
 (104)

udk,f-EIwfwdkYygrS NyD;pD;ukef\? xdkYaMumifh um,uH? 0pDuHudpörsdK;udk

um; raemonf rjyKwwf? yk*Kd¾ vo f wå0gom jyKwwfonf[k qd&k ef½\ dS /
udk,fEIwft*FgwdkYonf rodwwf rBuHwwf tm;rxkwfwwf
yg? raemonfom odwwfBuw H wf tm;xkww f wf\/ yk*Kd¾ vo f wå0g
qdok nfum; odwwfBuw H wf tm;xkww f wfonfukd qd\ k / xdt
k cg
(raemonf yk*¾dKvfowå0g tppf)jzpfaMumif; xifay:vm\/
wpfenf;aomfum; owfrIç cdk;rIrnfonf raem\odrIBuHrI
oufoufESifh NyD;pD;onfr[kwf? ukd,fEIwfwdkY\ ya,m*ygrSNyD;pD;\?
raemvnf; cd;k wwf\? uk, d Ef w
I wf v Ykd nf; cd;k wwf\? raem (emrf)vnf;
yk*Kd¾ vof wå0gwnf;? ud, k Ef w I f (&ky)f wdv Yk nf; yk*Kd¾ vo f wå0gyifwnf;/
odkYaomf y&rw¬tvdktm;jzifh yk*¾dKvfowå0gvnf; r½Sd? ESvkH;
aoG;vnf; r½Sd? xdkae&mwdkYü taMumif;tm;avsmfpGm jzpfMuaom
&kyEf iS ehf mrfwo Ykd mwnf;? cE¨mig;yg;wdo Yk mwnf;/
jrifrIçodrIudk wpfNydKifwnf; rSwfxifjcif;
jrif&mü jrifrw I nf;[laom rsupf u d jrifrEI iS hf raemuodru I kd
wpfNydKifwnf; (wpf c k w nf ; ) rSwfxifMu\/ Mum;rI-odrItpkHç eHrI-
odrI tpkçH vsurf -I odrçI xdr-I odrI tpkw H üYdk vnf; xked nf;twl odMu\/
jrifrIESifhMum;rIç jrifrIESifheHrIç jrifrIESifhvsufrIç jrifrIESifhawGUxdrIç
Mum;rI ESifheHrIç Mum;rIESifhvsufrIç Mum;rIESifhawGUxdrIponfwkdYüvnf;
tNyKd if jzpfonf[k rSwx f ifMu\/
raemodoufoufüvnf; 0x¬Ktm½kHtrsdK;rsdK;ukdyif wpfNydKif
wnf; odEidk o f nf[k rSwx f if\? pum;ajymqk&d mü tu©&mwpfv;Hk vQif
aZmpdwf 7-Burd f wpfow k pf D wpfow k pf D jzpf&\? tu©&mcsi;f vnf;
 (105)

a½SUaemufra&m tmumoy&dapä'jcm;\? aZmtokwfcsif;vnf;

a½SUaemufb0ifpw d jf cm;\? okaYd omf pum;vk;H wpfaomif; wpfoed ;f
ukyd if aZmpdww f pfcEk iS hf ajymqkad eonf[k rSwx f ifMu\/
raemü jzpfay:rI 3-rsdK;
1/ tukov dk f tBut H pnf emru©Em¨ 4-yg;jzpfay:rI wpfrsKd ;?
2/ ukov dk f tBut H pnf emru©Em¨ 4-yg;jzpfay:rI wpfrsKd ;?
3/ b0if emru©Em¨ 4-yg;jzpfay:rI wpfrsKd ;? aygif;ok;H rsKd ;½S\ d /
raem0dnmPfü 'd|dod
owå0gwkdYtm; jrifíodMu&mü yk*¾dKvfjrifrI-odr?I owå0g
jrifrI-odrI[k xifjrifpGJ,laeaom ouúm,'d|donf ½Sd\/ em;jzifh
Mum;í ESmacgif;jzifheHí vQmjzifhvsufí ukd,fjzifhawGUíodMu&mü
yk*Kd¾ vo
f rd I owå0godr[ I k xifjrifp, GJ al om ouúm,'d|Bd u;D ½Sad e\/
]raem}
]raem}ouf o uf j zif h BuH o d & mü ]yk * ¾ d K vf B uH r I - od r I owå 0 g
BuHrI-odrI}[k pJ, G al om ]ouúm,'d|d}onf ½S\ d ?
xkd 6-csufwGif a½SU 5-csufwkdYonf yÍö0dnmPf emru©E¨m
tcef;ü yg0ifMuukefNyD? aemufqkH;tcsufonf þ(raem0d (raem0d n mPf
emru© E ¨ m ouf o uf u k d yk * ¾ d K vf o wå 0 gjyKí) gjyKí)xifjrifpJG,lrIwnf;?
raem0dnmPf } emru©Em¨ 4-yg;wku
]raem0d Yd dk (edpö? okc? twå[lí pGJvrf;rI)
aywnf;/
pdwf\vSnfhpm;ykH—
xkdokdY ]½k y f e mrf r uJ G }ojzifh yk*¾Kdvfowå0g[líç emwwfusif
wwfol? emrSef;usifrSef;odol[líç r[kwfrrSef azmufjyefpGJvrf;
aeMu\/ tvGefcufcJeufeJvSí aumif;pGmxif½Sm;atmif tenf;
 (106)

enf; azmfjyvku d o f nf/ (tzefwvJvJ[k tjypfrwifMuukefvifh/)

oP²mefynwfESifh&kyfemrfy&rwf
v,fwDq&mawmfbk&m;BuD;\ bm0em'DyeDwGif (tdk;[lonf
yH k o P² m ef ) om&\[kqdk\/ ]tdk;udkbmeJYvkyfxm;vJ}[k ar;ygu
ajreJYvkyf\/ xdkYtwl a,mufsm;rdef;r[lonf yHkoP²mefom&\/
]bmeJYvkyfvJ}[k ar;ygu &kyf"mwf emrf"mwfESifhvkyfygonf/ Oyrm
ajcaxmufemygu ajcaxmufonf emír&yg/ ajcaxmuf [ l
onf yH k o P² m ef o mm&\/ trS e f r S m a0'emuom emjcif ;
jzpf o nf / ajcaxmuf y J h o G m ;yguvnf ; &k y f o myJ h j cif ; jzpf o nf /
ajcaxmufyJhír&yg/ ajcaxmuf[laom (ed p ö e d r d w f ) udk ]owå
onm}
onm}jzifh t&d, S xl m;aomaMumifh jzpf\/
xdkYaMumifh t&dSw&m;jzpfaom &kyfESifhemrfwdkYudk ajcaxmuf
[lí odjcif;onf ]oP² m ef e d r d w f }udkpGJaom ]ynwf p G J }rQomjzpf
ao;onf/ xdkajcaxmufudk rdrdtvdktwdkif; a&GUEdkifonf? ajrmufEdkif
onf? xm;Edkifonfudk ]rd r d t wå }tpGrf;jzifh jyKEdkifonf[k,lrSom
t,lrmS ; 'd|jd zpfavonf/
rsufawmifcwfrIESifhedrdwf2-yg;—
rsuf a wmif c wf r I q k d o nf rsuf a wmif \ vI y f & S m ;rI j zpf \ /
trSerf mS rsuaf wmifvnf;r½S?d vIy&f mS ;rIvnf;r½S?d (rsufawmifum;
oP² m e ed r d w f ) jzpfí (cwf r I u m; ½k y f e mrf ]tpOf } uk d r S D a om
oEÅ w d e d r d w f ) omjzpf\/ t&dSw&m;um; vIyfcsifaomemrfESifh
vIyaf om&kyf ESpyf g;omwnf;/
 (107)

tbd"r®mESifh0dyóem (tm[m&'DyeD)
igjrifonf[k odaom0Dxdonf pu©K'Gg&0DxdESihf raem'Gg&0Dxd
rsm;pGmusNyD;rS jzpfay:\/ pu©K0dnmPfESihfwuG raem0dnmPf
trsm;pkudk (wpf c k w nf ; ))tjzpfjyKí (igjrif o nf ) [k xifrSwf
pGv
J rf;jcif; jzpfonf/
(0dyóemrI)rnfonf xdk(tpGJtvrf;)udk y,fazsmufrIwnf;/
xd k U aMumif h 0D x d p d w f t rsm;ud k y if (pu© K 0d n mPf w pf c k w nf ; jyKí
wpf p d w f w nf ; )taejzih f &I j im;aomf v nf ; igjrif o nf [ l a om
pG J v rf ; csuf wu,f a ysmuf v Qif ud p ö N yD ; awmh o nf / tbd " r® m
t&mü 0DxdtpOf jzpfyHkcsKyfyHkudk a[majymíaejim;aomfvnf;
0dyóemtjrifrsKd ; r[kwaf y/
y#dpöorkyÜg'fw&m;awmf eufeJyHk
opö m (4)yg;w&m;onf 4 if ; ? owå 0 gtaMumif ; onf 4 if ; ?
y#doaE¨wnfyo kH nf4if;? y#dpo ö rkygÜ 'fw&m;onf4if; odEikd cf J jrifEikd cf J
uke\ f ? a[majym&efru l m; omíyif cJ,Of;vSuek \ f [k qd\ k /
&kyfemrfESpfyg; cE¨mig;yg;[laom 'ku©opöm? wPSm[laom
ork',opöm? edAÁmef[laom eda&m"opöm? r*¾if&Spfyg;wnf;[laom
r*¾opömwdkYudk xdk;xGif; odjrif&ef cufcJukef\/ uH-pdwf-Owk-
tm[m&wdaYk Mumifh &kyo f nf4if;? tm&H-k 'Gg&wdYk xdcu kd rf aI Mumifh emrf
onf4if; taMumif;tusdK;quftm;jzifh jzpfay:aeMu\/ xdkuJhodkY
jzpfay:aeaom ]&k y f e mrf t pOf }udk ]owå 0 g}g}[k ac:qdk orkwfMu
ukef\/ xdkYjyif ]ud a vomES i f h u H }wdkY\ tpGrf;aMumifh ]y#d o aE¨ }
jzpfay:vmyHkrSmvnf; xl;jcm;qef;Mu,fvS\/ odkYaomf ,if;wdkY
 (108)

tm;vH;k onf y#dpo ö rkygÜ 'f w&m;awmfwiG f yg0ifvsuf &daS vonf/

tek v H k - y#d p ö o rk y Ü g 'f w G i f cE¨ m ig;yg;[l a om 'k u © o pö m ES i f h
wPSm-Oyg'gef-uH[laom ork',opöm yg0ifaeonf/ xdkYjyif
0dnmPf? emrf&yk ?f oVm,we? zó? a0'em[laom owå0gtaMumif;
ESifhocFg& ypö,m 0dnmPH[laom y#doaE¨taMumif;wdkYvnf;
yg0ifaeonf/
y#dvHk-y#dpöorkyÜg'fü t&[wår*f[laom r*¾opömaMumifh
t0d Z Æ m t<uif ; rJ h csKyf N id r f ; um t0d Z Æ m csKyf j cif ; aMumif h ocF g &
csKy\f [laom eda&m"opömvnf; yg0ifae\/
þuJhodkY opöm (4)yg;? owå0gtaMumif;? y#doaE¨taMumif;
yg0ifaeojzifh y#dpöorkyÜg'fw&m;awmfudk xdk;xGif;í odjrif&ef
cufcv J u S ek \ f / a[majymjcif;iSmvnf; omíyif rvG,u f vl aS cs/
xd k Y a Mumif h t|uxmq&monf y#d p ö o rk y Ü g 'f t zG i f h w G i f
ork'´&m yifv,fxJodkY oufqif;rdaomoluJhodkYyif y#dpöorkyÜg'f
w&m;awmfudk qifjcifoHk;oyf&mü axmuf&mwnf&m r&EdkifyJ&dSukef
\[kq\ kd / þum; y#dpo ö rkygÜ 'fw&m;awmf\ cufcJ eufeyJ w kH nf;/
 (109)

]]0dbZÆ0g'}}
a,"r®m a[wkyÜb0g?
awoH a[wHk wxm*awm tm[/
awoOö a,meda&ma"m?
{0H0g'D r[moraPm/

t&SiftóZd

a,"r®m - tMuif tusdK;w&m; ('ku©opöm)wdkYonf

a[wkyÜb0g - taMumif;w&m; (ork',opöm)wdaYk Mumifh
jzpfonf/
awoH a[wHk - xdktusdK;w&m;wdkY\ taMumif;w&m;wdkYudk
wxm*awm tm[ - jrwfpGmbk&m;&Sif a[mMum;awmfrlonf/
awoOö - xdw k &m;ESpyf g;wd\ Yk
a,meda&ma"m- csKyNf ird ;f &m (eda&m"opöm)onf&\
dS /
{0H0g'D r[moraPm - &[ef;jrwfjzpfawmfral om bk&m;&Sio f nf
þodkYaom t,l0g' &Sdawmfrl\/
 (110)

y#dpöorkyÜg'f
ESifh
opöm (4)yg;

t&SiftóZda[mMum;onfh ]a,"r® m }}tp&dSaom þ*gxm

onf y#dpöorkyÜg'f tEkvHk-y#dvHkudk tusOf;csKyfa[maom *gxm[k
,lqoifyh gonf/
]a,"r®m a[wkyÜb0g?
awoH a[wHk wxm*awm tm[} tm[}[laom
a&SUESpyf 'kd jf zifh y#dpo
ö rkygÜ 'f tEkvukH kd jy\/
]awoOö a,meda&ma"m} [laom tydk'fjzifh
y#dpoö rkygÜ 'f y#dvu kH kd jy\[k rSw, f o l ifyh gonf/
xdjYk yif þ*gxmonf opöm (4)yg;udv k nf; jyonf[k qdyk gonf/
]'ku©opömESifhork',opöm}}wdkYudk
taMumif;jzpfvQif tusKd ;jzpf\[laom
]y#dpöorkyÜg'f tEkvkH} jzifhjyí
]eda&m"opömESifhr*¾opöm}}wdkYudk
taMumif;csKyvf Qif tusKd ;csKy\
f [laom
]y#dpöorkyÜg'f y#dvHk}jzifh jyonf[kvnf; ,loifhygonf/
xdkYaMumifh opöm (4)yg;udkjyvQif y#dpöorkyÜg'f tEkvkH-y#dvHkudk
jy&mvnf;a&muf\/ y#dpöorkyÜg'f tEkvkH-y#dvHkudk jyvQifvnf;
opöm (4)yg;udk jy&ma&mufonf[k qdkEdkifygonf/
 (111)

&kyfemrfESpfyg; cE¨mig;yg; ('ku©opöm)

'ku©opöm[lonf qif;&Jjcif;trSef[k qdk\/ qif;&Jjcif;[l

onf trsdK;rsdK;&dS\/ odkYaomf tESpfcsKyfygu qif;&J (3)rsdK;&dS\/ 'ku©-
'ku©? 0dy&dPmr-'ku©? ocFg&-'ku©wdkYjzpf\/ 'ku©-'ku©[lonf cvkyf
wdkufí emaom 'ku©a0'emrsdK;jzpf\/ 0dy&dPmr-'ku©[lonf okc
a0'em ukefqHk;aysmufuG,foGm;jcif;jzpfonf/ csrf;omrI avsmhyg;
qHk;&HI; aysmufuG,fjcif;jzpfonf/ ,if;'ku©ESpfrsdK;wdkYonf avmu
orkwed ,fu em;vnfEikd yf gonf/
aemufqHk; ocFg&'ku©onf &kyfemrfwdkY\ cPrpJ jzpfysuf
aerI? tcsdefwdkif; csKyfqHk; aysmufuG,faerIaMumifh aMumufp&m qif;&J
aomw&m;[k odjrifjcif;onf 'kuo © pömudk odjrifjcif;jzpfonf/
'ku©opöm[lonf rdrdudk,fxJrSm &dSaeaomw&m;jzpfonf/
jrifonfh&kyfemrf? Mum;onfh&kyfemrf? eHonfh&kyfemrf? pm;onfh&kyfemrf?
xdonfh&kyfemrf? BuHonfh&kyfemrfwdkYonf cPrpJ jzpfysufaeMuojzifh
 (112)

rNrJaomaMumifh tedpö? qif;&JaomaMumifh 'ku©? tpdk;r& tESpfom&

r&daS omaMumifh tewåw&m;wdo Yk mjzpf\/
odkYaomf &kyfemrfw&m;wdkYudk tedpö-'ku©-tewå[k qif;&J
trSef 'ku©opömqdkufatmif rodjrifEdkifaomaMumifh trsm;tm;jzifh
qif;&J[k rxifedkifbJ jrifrI-Mum;rI-eHrI-pm;rI-xdrI-awG;rIwdkYudk
aumif;w,f? csrf;omw,f[k xifrSwfNyD; r&&atmif udk,fhtvdk
twdik ;f um,-0pD-raem apwemwdjYk zifh tm;xkwMf uuke\ f /
jrifwdkif; Mum;wdkif; xdwdkif; BuHwdkif; r&IrSwfbJ aeaomolonf
jrifaomtcg &kyfemrfrQ[k trSeftwdkif; rodEdkifacs/ jrifaom
&kyfemrfwdkYonfvnf; jzpfwdkif;ysufaeaomaMumifh ]rNrJ-qif;&J-
tpdk;r&} [k rodEdkifaomaMumifh NrJonfhtaejzifh ]vSw,f aumif;
w,f tpdk;&w,f}[k odjrifNyD; qif;&J[k rodEdkifawmhay/ vlbJ rdef;r
a,mufsm;bJ[k ponfjzifh twåaumiftjzpf odaeaomaMumifh
vnf; tewå[k rodEdkifawmhacs/ xdkYaMumifh t0dZÆmonf &kyfemrf
wduYk kd 'kuo © pöm[k rodjrifEikd af tmif zH;k uG,xf m;avonf/
wPSm (ork',opöm)
ESpfoufrI om,mrI wyfrufrI wPSmudk ]qif;&JjzpfaMumif;}
[k trSeftwdkif; rodEdkifacs/ ]csrf ; omaMumif ; }}[k rSwfxifMu\/
ESpfoufom,mrI&dSrS csrf;omonf[k rSwfxifMu\/ xdkYaMumifh
ESpo f uf om,mrIwu Ykd kd r&&atmif BuKd ;pm;tm;xkwu f ek \
f / ESpo
f uf
om,mwwfaom wPSmudk 'ku©qif;&JjzpfaMumif; ]ork',opöm}
[k trSefrodjrifbJ csrf;omaMumif;[k trSm;udkodaom t0dZÆm
aMumifh csrf;om&aMumif; xifrSwfum um,-0pD-raem apwem
 (113)

wdjYk zifh tm;xkwrf -I uHwuYkd kd jyKMuuke\ f /

xdktcg aumif;rI-raumif;rIwdkY tay:rlwnfítaMumif;
jzpfaom ]ukodkvf-tukokdvfuH}wdo Yk nf aemufb0 aemufcE¨mjzpfaom
&kyfemrfESpfyg; cE¨mig;yg; ]tusdK; 'ku©opömw&m;} w&m;}wdkYudkom jzpfay:
aponf/ þodkYjzifh ork',udk ork',[k trSefrodaom t0dZÆm
aMumifh 'ku©&aMumif;udk okc&aMumif;tjzpf txifrSm;um tm;
xkwfrIjyKaomaMumifh cE¨0#fqif;&JwdkY tqufrjywf jzpfay:aeaom
oHo&mqif;&Jonf tqH;k r&dS rjywfrpJ vnfywfaeawmhonf/
edAÁmef (eda&m"opöm)
edAÁmef[laom eda&m"opömonf taMumif;tusdK;tm;jzifh
qufpyfNyD; rjywfrpJ jzpfysufaeaom ]&k y f e mrf t pOf csKyf N id r f ; }
jywfpJoGm;jcif;jzpfonf/ xdkuJhodkY &kyfemrftpOf csKyfNidrf; jywfpJoGm;
jcif;oabmonf bmrQr&dSaom ]tbm0ynwf} r[kwf? tcsnf;eSD;
oabm r[kwf? b0&wdkif; aoqHk;aeaom taoav;awG aoae
onfhoabmrS aemufqHk; taoBuD; aoonfhoabmrsdK; r[kwf/
obm0w&m;wdkYonf cdkifjcif;NrJjcif;vnf; r&dSovdk jywfjcif;pJjcif;
vnf; r&dSyg/ Oyrm tylcsKyfvQif tat;ESifhtpm;xdk;\/ tylr&dSvQif
]tyljywfNypD NJ y}D [laom jywfpo J nfoh abm tyl"mwf r&d&S o
kH ufoufrQ
r[k w f y g? tat;"mwf o nf ol Y o abmol a qmif u m tpm;xd k ;
jzpfay:vmonf/ xdktcg tyl"mwfonf tbm0 (r&dSw&m;) &m;)jzpfí
tat;"mwfonf bm0 (t&dSw&m;) &m;)jzpfavonf/
xdkYtwl &kyfemrftpOfjzpfaom 'ku©qif;&JcsKyfNidrf;oGm;vQif
&kyfemrfr&dS&Hk oufoufrQr[kwf? edAÁmef[laom ]oEd Å o k c csrf ; om}
 (114)

onf olYoabmolaqmifum tpm;xdk; jzpfay:vm\/ xdkYaMumifh

]&kyfemrf ocFg& qif;&J}[lorQ r&dSrIonf ]tbm0} ]tbm0}jzpfík csKyfNidrf;
aom ]edAÁmefcsrf;om}
om}onf ]bm0-t&dSw&m;} {uefpifppfaywnf;/
r*¾opöm (edAÁmefa&mufaMumif;tusifh)
]'ku©eda&m"*gedrd,m y#dy'g, tnmPH} qif;&JNidrf;&m edAÁmef
odkYa&mufaMumif;tusifhjzpfaom r*¾opömudk trSeftwdkif; rodjcif;
onf t0dZÆmjzpf\/ r*¾opöm tusifhvrf;rSefudk a[mMum;awmf
rl&eftwGuf jrwfpGmbk&m;&Sif yGifhxGef;vmjcif;jzpfonf/ jrwfpGm
bk&m; &SifwdkYrSwyg; tjcm;aom vl? ewf? jA[®mwdkYonf edAÁmefa&muf
aMumif; tusifhaumif;udk ra[mjyEdkifacs/ wcsdKYu auR;arG;ay;
urf;jcif;? onf;cHjcif;? arwåmxm;jcif;? rnSOf;qJjcif;? olwyg;
tusdK;udk aqmif&Gufjcif; tp&dSaom omrefukodkvfvkyfief;wdkYudk
oma[mjy ajymqdkEdkifMuonf/ wcsdKUuawmh avmuDpsmef ormywf
tqifhavmufxdom a[mMum;Edkifukef\/ vl? ewf? jA[®mcsrf;om
wdkYavmufom tusdK;ay;EdkifMu\/ tdk-em-ao tp&dSaom oHo&m
0#fqif;&JrS vGwfajrmufEdkifaom ]ed A Á m ef a &muf a Mumif ; tusif h }
r*¾opömudrk l jrwfpmG bk&m;&Siw f rYkd w
S yg; ra[mMum;Edik Mf uuke/f
oDvAÁwy&mrmotusifh
udavomNird ;f &ef edAmÁ efa&muf&eftwGuf tpmjzwfí usijhf cif;?
a&pdrfjcif;? aevSrf;jcif;? t0wfr0wfjcif;? acG;vdkusifhjcif;? EGm;vdk
usijhf cif; ponfjzifh r*¾i&f pS yf g;rygaom tusi[ hf o
l rQwo Ykd nf oDvAÁw
y&mrmotusifhwdkYom jzpf\/ þodkY r*¾opömudk zHk;vTrf;xm;aom
t0dZmÆ aMumifh rdr,d MkH unf ,lqonft h wdik ;f usio hf ;kH Muavuke\ f /
 (115)

y#d p ö o rk y Ü g 'f E S i f h r *¾ i f & S p f y g;

1/ or®m'd|d
ig;yg;}[laom ]'k u © o pö m }}udk xdk;xGif;
&kyfemrfESpfyg; ]cE¨ m ig;yg;}
odjrifaom? aMumif;usdK;qufEG,frI ]y#d p ö o rk y Ü g 'f }oabmw&m;
[laom ]ork ' ,opö m }}udk xdk;xGif; odjrifaom? 'ku©opömESifh
ork',opömwdkY csKyfNidrf;&m ]eda&m"opöm}}udk xdk;xGif;odjrifaom?
'k u © c sKyf & m ed A Á m ef a &muf a Mumif ; tusif h u d k xd k ; xG i f ; od j rif a om
ÓPfonf ]or®m'd|d}wnf;/
2/ or®mouFyÜ
,if;]&kyfemrf}[laom 'ku©opömw&m;? ]y#dpöorkyÜg'f}[laom
ork',opömw&m;wdkYudk ]ocF g &w&m;} &w&m;}[lí ac:qdk\/ ,if;or®m
'd|dÓPfESifh ,SOfwGJvsuf&dSaom &kyfemrf-aMumif;usdK;-ocFg& tm&Hk
ay:odYk pdwu f kd a&S;&I wifay;jcif;oabmum; ]or®mouFyÜ}wnf;/
 (116)
3/ or®m0g,mr
or®m'd|Ó d PfEiS , f suf &kyef mrf-aMumif;usKd ; ]y#dpöorkyÜg'f}
hf OS v
qufEG,frIoabmudk odatmif BudK;pm;tm;xkwfrIum; ]or® m
0g,mr} wnf;/
4/ or®mowd
,if; &kyef mrf-aMumif;usKd ; ]y#dpöorkyÜg'f}w&m;wdu Yk kd txyfxyf
tzefzef odr;f qnf; &IymG ; atmufarhaerIum; ]or®mowd}wnf;/
5/ or®morm"d
,if;&kyfemrf-aMumif;usdK; ]y#d p ö o rk y Ü g 'f } tm&Hkay:ü pdwf
wnfMunfaerIum; ]or®morm"d}wnf;/
a,m*Donf bm0emwdu Yk kd ryGm;rD tcsed u
f pí BuKd wif apmifx h ed ;f
tyfaom oDv (3)yg;um; -
6/ or®m0gpm 7/ or®mur®EÅ 8/ or®mtmZD0} wdw Yk nf;/

0d y óem[l o nf

]edAÁmef}a&mufaMumif; tusifhaumif;jzpfonfh
]or®m'd|d} OD;aqmifaom ]r*¾if&Spfyg;} g;}w&m;jrwfwdkYudk
]jrwfpGmbk&m;}
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a'oemenf;twdik ;f usiBhf uyH mG ;rsm; tm;xkwjf cif;yif jzpfygonf/

a'gufwmpd;k vGif (rEÅav;)

 (117)

usrf;udk;rsm;

1/ yd#uwf - jrefrmjyef
2/ y#dpo ö rkygÜ ' 'DyeD (v,fwq D &mawmfb&k m;Bu;D )
3/ tewå'yD eD (v,fwq D &mawmfb&k m;Bu;D )
4/ ur®|me'DyeD (v,fwq D &mawmfb&k m;Bu;D )
5/ tm[m&'DyeD (v,fwq D &mawmfb&k m;Bu;D )
6/ bm0em'DyeD (v,fwq D &mawmfb&k m;Bu;D )
7/ 0do'k r¨d *f - jrefrmjyef (r[mpnfq&mawmfb&k m;Bu;D )
8/ y#dpo ö rkygÜ 'fw&m;awmfBu;D (r[mpnfq&mawmfb&k m;Bu;D )
9/ 0dyóem&Ienf;usrf; (r[mpnfq&mawmfb&k m;Bu;D )
10/ y#dpo ö rkygÜ 'f vuFm (rd;k ukwq f &mawmfb&k m;Bu;D )
11/ edAmÁ e*grdeyd #dy'g - y#dpo ö rkygÜ 'fyikd ;f
(zm;atmufawm&q&mawmfb&k m;Bu;D )
12/ twå0g'rS tewå0g'odYk c&D;pOf (OD;a&Tatmif)