Aircraft Hardware
“Hardware” is the term used describe the various types
of fasteners and small items used to assemble aircraft
structures.
Only hardware with traceability to an approved
manufacturing process or source should be used.
Threaded fasteners and rivets are the most commonly
used fasteners.
Aircraft Hardware
Bolts Fittings
Nuts Clamps
Washers Bushings
Screws Angle Brackets
Cotter Pins Sheet Metal Screws
Rivets Cowling fasteners
Control Cable Terminal
THREADED FASTENER
1 . `STANDARD AIRCRAFT BOLT
2 . NUTS
3 . SCREW
To avoid the need for writing elaborate specifications for all
of the hardware, these parts have already been described
in standard specifications. There are quite a number of
standards used in aircraft manufacturing industry, i.e. :
AMS Aeronautical Material Specifications
AN Air Force-Navy
NAS National A/C Standard
AND Air Force-Navy Design
AS Aeronautical Standard
ASA American Standard Association
ASTM American Society for Testing and Materials
MS Military Standard
Overview
In the end, you should be able to:
Distinguish aircraft hardware from common hardware,
Know the AN numbering convention,
Be able to match a fastener to its AN number,
Select the proper hardware from a blue print drawing,
Be able to order hardware from a supplier,
Know where to find AN information.
Bolts
Nuts
2
1 3
4 5 6
7 8
Washers
1
2
3
Screws
Cotter Pins
Rivets
Specification Conventions
AN – Air Force / Navy
NAS – National Aerospace Standards
MS – Military Standards
AMS – Aeronautical Material Specifications
SAE – Society of Automotive Engineers
MIL – Military Specifications
AN Specifications ‐ Overview
AN3 - AN20 – Standard Bolts
AN21 - AN36 – Clevis Bolts
AN42 – AN49 – Eye Bolts
AN73 – AN81 – Drilled Head Bolts
AN310 – Castle Nut
AN315 and AN335 – Plain Nut
AN960 and AN970 – Washers
AN935 and AN936 – Lock Washers
AN380 – Cotter Pins (Standard)
Bolts
Most bolts used on aircraft are
General‐purpose
Internal‐wrenching
Close‐tolerance
On the Aeronca Champ, most are General Purpose.
Bolt Materials
Standard Aircraft Bolts
High‐strength type 4037 or 8740 alloy steel.
Cadmium plated for corrosion resistance.
Minimum tensile strength 125,000 PSI.
Only specific bolt head markings allowed.
Bolt Materials
Common Home Depot bolts (non‐aviation)
Made of a low carbon (mild) steel.
No corrosion resistance.
Low tensile strength; about 55,000 PSI.
Identified by lack of proper AN markings.
Often have coarse threads.
Aircraft Bolt Identification
Bolts are identified by markings on the bolt heads.
Denote the materials of which the bolt is made.
Standard vs. special‐purpose bolts.
Sometimes includes the manufacture.
*
Usually a ‘ ’ or an ‘X’
Challenges
Keep your bolts separated to avoid confusion.
Know your sources.
Not always easy to remember the various markings.
Need a chart to know the various markings.
43.13‐2B
Bolt Terminology
Length – Total distance from under head to the tip.
Grip – The unthreaded part.
Diameter– Thickness of the bolt.
Thread size – Pitch of the thread.
Other Bolt Terminology
Thread Length
Head Thickness
Head Width
These are fixed sized for most aircraft bolts.
AN Bolt Numbering Template
AN Bolt – Series Number
Standard AN bolts are numbered by the diameter.
Numbered in sixteenths of an inch.
AN3 – 3/16” diameter (3/16)
AN4 – 1/4“ diameter (4/16)
AN5 – 5/16” diameter (5/16)
AN6 – 3/8” diameter (6/16)
AN7 – 7/16” diameter (7/16)
……
AN20 – 1-1/4” diameter (16/16 + 4/16)
AN Bolts – Diameter vs Thread size
Each AN bolt diameter has only one:
Thread pitch.
Thread length.
AN Diameter Threads per Inch Thread Length
AN3 32 3/8”
AN4 28 7/16”
AN5 24 9/16”
AN6 24 9/16”
AN7 20 9/16”
AN8 20 9/16”
AN Bolt – Dash Number
Dash numbers represent the length of the bolt.
Numbered in eighths of an inch.
-4 - 1/2” length (4/8)
-5 - 5/8” length (5/8)
-6 - 3/4” length (6/8)
-7 - 7/8” length (7/8)
-10 - 1” length (1 + 0/8)
-11 - 1 1/8” length (1 + 1/8)
-12 - 1 1/4” length (1 + 2/8)
…..
-24 - 2 1/2” length (2 + 4/8)
AN Bolt – Selecting the Length
The grip length should equal the thickness of the
materials being bolted together.
A nut is not to run to the bottom of the bolt threads.
If grip is too long, you can use washers.
Do not use more than 1/8” of washers (typically two
standard AN washers.)
Use next length bolt if needed, which is 1/8” shorter.
AN Bolt – Quiz
AN3-7
AN6-20
AN4-17
AN5-18
AN Bolts – Safety with Cotter Pin
Available with or without shank drilled for cotter pin
or undrilled for stop nut application.
AN Bolts – Safety with Cotter Pin
Add the letter “A” to the dash number for undrilled
shank.
No letter for drilled shank.
AN5-10
AN5-10A
AN Bolts – Safety with Wire
Available with or without drilled head for safety wire.
AN Bolts – Safety with Wire
Add the letter “H” to the AN number for drilled head.
No letter for undrilled head. (Normal)
Not to be confused with AN73 to AN81, which have a
deeper head.
AN4H-15 AN4-12A AN76-6
AN Bolts ‐ Measuring
AN Nuts – Plain Hex Nuts
AN315 – Standard
AN316 – Checknut
AN Nuts – Plain Hex Nuts
Rugged construction and can carry the same high
tension load as the popular castle nut.
It requires an auxiliary locking device such as a check
nut or lock washer.
AN316 hex check nuts can carry half the tension load
of the AN315 nut.
They are used as a locking device for plain nuts, set
screws, rod ends, etc.
Appears to be the only AN nuts available in both
right‐hand and left‐hand thread.
Add R or L after dash number for right‐hand or left‐
hand thread.
AN Nuts – Plain Hex Nuts
-- Thread Direction
AN315-4R
-- Dash Number
AN Nuts – Plain Hex Nuts
AN Nuts – Castle Nuts
AN310 – Thick nut used for tinsile loads
AN320 – Thin nut used only for shear loads
AN Nuts – Castle Nuts
Fabricated from steel & cadmium plated.
The slots in the nut accommodate a cotter pin for
safety purposes.
AN310 castle nuts are used with drilled‐shank bolts,
clevis bolts, eye bolts and studs.
The thinner AN320 castellated shear nut has half
tensile rating of the AN310 nut.
AN320 is used with clevis bolts & threaded taper pins
which are subject to shearing stress only.
AN Nuts – Castle Nuts
AN310-5
-- Dash Number
AN Cotter Pins
AN380 ‐ Cadmium plated low‐carbon steel
AN381 ‐ Corrosion resisting steel
Now MS24665
AN Cotter Pins
AN380-2-8
-- Length ( 1/4” )
-- Diameter (1/32” )
AN Nuts – Elastic Stop Nuts
AN365 – Standard
AN364 – Thin for shear loads only.
AN Nuts – Elastic Stop Nuts
Has a fiber or nylon insert locked into the end of the
nut, with a hole slightly smaller than the diameter of
the bolt.
Screws down freely until the nylon is reached, then a
wrench is required.
Should not be used in applications where the nut and
bolt are subject to rotation.
To ensure that the nylon‐insert grips all the bolt
threads, the complete chamfer on the end of the bolt
must stick out beyond the nylon‐insert.
Should not be used where temperatures exceed 250
degrees.
AN Nuts – Elastic Stop Nuts
AN365-440
-- Dash Number (Bolt size)
AN Washers
AN960 standard washers
AN970 large washers
Standard washers are 1/16”. Some available at 1/32”.
AN Washers
AN960
Provides smooth bearing surface for nut,
Serves as shims to obtain the correct grip length for a
bolt and nut assembly,
Prevents sharp edges under lock washers from damaging
material clamped.
AN970
Much larger outside diameter,
Used when bolting wood surfaces together,
Spreads force applied by bolt and nut over larger area of
the wood to prevent crushing.
AN Washers
AN960‐416
AN Washers
AN970‐4
AN Hardware
Questions?
Thank You.