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Aircraft Hardware New PDF

The document discusses aircraft hardware and specifications. It notes that hardware refers to fasteners and small items used to assemble aircraft structures. Threaded fasteners and rivets are most commonly used. Approved manufacturing processes and sources should be used. There are numerous standards for aircraft hardware, including AN, NAS, AMS, and MS specifications. Bolts, nuts, washers, screws, cotter pins and rivets are some of the basic hardware components discussed in detail.
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100% found this document useful (2 votes)
2K views50 pages

Aircraft Hardware New PDF

The document discusses aircraft hardware and specifications. It notes that hardware refers to fasteners and small items used to assemble aircraft structures. Threaded fasteners and rivets are most commonly used. Approved manufacturing processes and sources should be used. There are numerous standards for aircraft hardware, including AN, NAS, AMS, and MS specifications. Bolts, nuts, washers, screws, cotter pins and rivets are some of the basic hardware components discussed in detail.
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
  • Introduction to Aircraft Hardware
  • Types of Aircraft Hardware
  • Threaded Fasteners
  • Overview of Standards
  • Hardware Visual Identification
  • Terminology and Numbering
  • Safety Features in Bolts
  • Nuts - Hex and Castle
  • Other Fastening Devices
  • Final Questions and Review

Aircraft Hardware

 “Hardware” is the term used describe the various types 
of fasteners and small items used to assemble aircraft 
structures.
 Only hardware with traceability to an approved 
manufacturing process or source should be used.
 Threaded fasteners and rivets are the most commonly 
used fasteners.
Aircraft Hardware

 Bolts  Fittings

 Nuts  Clamps

 Washers  Bushings

 Screws  Angle Brackets

 Cotter Pins  Sheet Metal Screws

 Rivets  Cowling fasteners
 Control Cable Terminal
THREADED FASTENER

1     . `STANDARD AIRCRAFT BOLT
2 .   NUTS
3 .   SCREW
To avoid the need for writing elaborate specifications for all
of the hardware, these parts have already been described
in standard specifications. There are quite a number of
standards used in aircraft manufacturing industry, i.e. :
AMS Aeronautical Material Specifications
AN Air Force-Navy
NAS National A/C Standard
AND Air Force-Navy Design
AS Aeronautical Standard
ASA American Standard Association
ASTM American Society for Testing and Materials
MS Military Standard
Overview
 In the end, you should be able to:
 Distinguish aircraft hardware from common hardware,
 Know the AN numbering convention,
 Be able to match a fastener to its AN number,
 Select the proper hardware from a blue print drawing,
 Be able to order hardware from a supplier,
 Know where to find AN information.
Bolts
Nuts
2
1 3

4 5 6

7 8
Washers
1
2

3
Screws
Cotter Pins
Rivets
Specification Conventions
 AN – Air Force / Navy
 NAS – National Aerospace Standards
 MS – Military Standards
 AMS – Aeronautical Material Specifications
 SAE – Society of Automotive Engineers
 MIL – Military Specifications
AN Specifications ‐ Overview
 AN3 - AN20 – Standard Bolts
 AN21 - AN36 – Clevis Bolts
 AN42 – AN49 – Eye Bolts
 AN73 – AN81 – Drilled Head Bolts
 AN310 – Castle Nut
 AN315 and AN335 – Plain Nut
 AN960 and AN970 – Washers
 AN935 and AN936 – Lock Washers
 AN380 – Cotter Pins (Standard)
Bolts
 Most bolts used on aircraft are
 General‐purpose
 Internal‐wrenching
 Close‐tolerance

 On the Aeronca Champ, most are General Purpose.
Bolt Materials
 Standard Aircraft Bolts
 High‐strength type 4037 or 8740 alloy steel.
 Cadmium plated for corrosion resistance.
 Minimum tensile strength 125,000 PSI. 
 Only specific bolt head markings allowed.
Bolt Materials
 Common Home Depot bolts (non‐aviation)
 Made of a low carbon (mild) steel.
 No corrosion resistance.
 Low tensile strength; about 55,000 PSI.
 Identified by lack of proper AN markings.
 Often have coarse threads.
Aircraft Bolt Identification
 Bolts are identified by markings on the bolt heads.
 Denote the materials of which the bolt is made.
 Standard vs. special‐purpose bolts. 
 Sometimes includes the manufacture.

*
 Usually a ‘ ’ or an ‘X’

 Challenges
 Keep your bolts separated to avoid confusion.  
 Know your sources.
 Not always easy to remember the various markings.
 Need a chart to know the various markings.
43.13‐2B
Bolt Terminology
 Length – Total distance from under head to the tip.
 Grip – The unthreaded part.
 Diameter– Thickness of the bolt.
 Thread size – Pitch of the thread.
Other Bolt Terminology
 Thread Length
 Head Thickness
 Head Width
 These are fixed sized for most aircraft bolts.
AN Bolt Numbering Template
AN Bolt – Series Number
 Standard AN bolts are numbered by the diameter.
 Numbered in sixteenths of an inch.
 AN3 – 3/16” diameter (3/16)
 AN4 – 1/4“ diameter (4/16)
 AN5 – 5/16” diameter (5/16)
 AN6 – 3/8” diameter (6/16)
 AN7 – 7/16” diameter (7/16)
 ……
 AN20 – 1-1/4” diameter (16/16 + 4/16)
AN Bolts – Diameter vs Thread size
 Each AN bolt diameter has only one:
 Thread pitch.
 Thread length.

AN Diameter Threads per Inch Thread Length


AN3 32 3/8”
AN4 28 7/16”
AN5 24 9/16”
AN6 24 9/16”
AN7 20 9/16”
AN8 20 9/16”
AN Bolt – Dash Number
 Dash numbers represent the length of the bolt.
 Numbered in eighths of an inch.
 -4 - 1/2” length (4/8)
 -5 - 5/8” length (5/8)
 -6 - 3/4” length (6/8)
 -7 - 7/8” length (7/8)
 -10 - 1” length (1 + 0/8)
 -11 - 1 1/8” length (1 + 1/8)
 -12 - 1 1/4” length (1 + 2/8)
 …..
 -24 - 2 1/2” length (2 + 4/8)
AN Bolt – Selecting the Length

 The grip length should equal the thickness of the 
materials being bolted together.
 A nut is not to run to the bottom of the bolt threads.
 If grip is too long, you can use washers.
 Do not use more than 1/8” of washers (typically two 
standard AN washers.)
 Use next length bolt if needed, which is 1/8” shorter.
AN Bolt – Quiz
 AN3-7
 AN6-20
 AN4-17
 AN5-18
AN Bolts – Safety with Cotter Pin
 Available with or without shank drilled for cotter pin 
or undrilled for stop nut application.
AN Bolts – Safety with Cotter Pin
 Add the letter “A” to the dash number for undrilled 
shank.
 No letter for drilled shank.

AN5-10
AN5-10A
AN Bolts – Safety with Wire
 Available with or without drilled head for safety wire.
AN Bolts – Safety with Wire
 Add the letter “H” to the AN number for drilled head.
 No letter for undrilled head. (Normal)
 Not to be confused with AN73 to AN81, which have a 
deeper head.

AN4H-15 AN4-12A AN76-6


AN Bolts ‐ Measuring
AN Nuts – Plain Hex Nuts
 AN315 – Standard

 AN316 – Checknut
AN Nuts – Plain Hex Nuts
 Rugged construction and can carry the same high 
tension load as the popular castle nut.
 It requires an auxiliary locking device such as a check 
nut or lock washer.
 AN316 hex check nuts can carry half the tension load 
of the AN315 nut.
 They are used as a locking device for plain nuts, set 
screws, rod ends, etc.
 Appears to be the only AN nuts available in both 
right‐hand and left‐hand thread.
 Add R or L after dash number for right‐hand or left‐
hand thread.
AN Nuts – Plain Hex Nuts

-- Thread Direction
AN315-4R

-- Dash Number
AN Nuts – Plain Hex Nuts
AN Nuts – Castle Nuts
 AN310 – Thick nut used for tinsile loads

 AN320 – Thin nut used only for shear loads
AN Nuts – Castle Nuts
 Fabricated from steel & cadmium plated.
 The slots in the nut accommodate a cotter pin for 
safety purposes.
 AN310 castle nuts are used with drilled‐shank bolts, 
clevis bolts, eye bolts and studs.
 The thinner AN320 castellated shear nut has half 
tensile rating of the AN310 nut.
 AN320 is used with clevis bolts & threaded taper pins 
which are subject to shearing stress only.
AN Nuts – Castle Nuts

AN310-5
-- Dash Number
AN Cotter Pins
 AN380 ‐ Cadmium plated low‐carbon steel

 AN381 ‐ Corrosion resisting steel

 Now MS24665
AN Cotter Pins

AN380-2-8
-- Length ( 1/4” )
-- Diameter (1/32” )
AN Nuts – Elastic Stop Nuts
 AN365 – Standard

 AN364 – Thin for shear loads only.
AN Nuts – Elastic Stop Nuts
 Has a fiber or nylon insert locked into the end of the 
nut, with a hole slightly smaller than the diameter of 
the bolt.
 Screws down freely until the nylon is reached, then a 
wrench is required.
 Should not be used in applications where the nut and 
bolt are subject to rotation. 
 To ensure that the nylon‐insert grips all the bolt 
threads, the complete chamfer on the end of the bolt 
must stick out beyond the nylon‐insert.
 Should not be used where temperatures exceed 250 
degrees.
AN Nuts – Elastic Stop Nuts

AN365-440
-- Dash Number (Bolt size)
AN Washers
 AN960 standard washers

 AN970 large washers

 Standard washers are 1/16”.   Some available at 1/32”.
AN Washers
 AN960
 Provides smooth bearing surface for nut,
 Serves as shims to obtain the correct grip length for a 
bolt and nut assembly,
 Prevents sharp edges under lock washers from damaging 
material clamped.

 AN970
 Much larger outside diameter,
 Used when bolting wood surfaces together,
 Spreads force applied by bolt and nut over larger area of 
the wood to prevent crushing.
AN Washers
 AN960‐416
AN Washers
 AN970‐4
AN Hardware

Questions?
Thank You.

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