Transmission System Analysis

  Capacity Building to Bangladesh Power

Sector
  Module A – Power Load Flow and
Contingency Analysis
  07/09 February 2017
Load Flow Study - Session 1

Table of Contents
Capacity Building to the
Bangladesh
Power Sector

 Load Flow Study

 Load Flow Study Examples
 Contingency Analysis
 Contingency Analysis Examples

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Load Flow Study - Session 1

Introduction to Load Flow Study

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Introduction
- Load flow study is carried out by performing load flow simulations and result analysis.
- Load flow simulations are the most common computational procedures in network planning,
design and operation of power systems.
- Given the network topology, load demands at all supply points, and generation dispatches,
load flow simulations are performed to determine power flow on circuits and transformers
and voltage profile at all buses across the network.

Purpose of load flow study

- Analyzing system steady-state performance under various operating conditions.
- Studying the change effect in network configuration
- Planning and operating transmission system to meet security of supply standards

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Load Flow Study - Session 1

Load Flow Study

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Load flow study could be used to determine:

- Circuit or component loading conditions
- Steady-state voltage at buses or nodes
- Active power flow magnitude and direction
- Reactive power flows
- Transformer tap positions
- Active power and reactive power losses
- Generator exciter/AVR voltage setting points
- Governor gate position
- Optimization of reactive power compensation schemes
- Performance of the system under outage conditions
- Power flow diversion in parallel transmission circuits

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Load Flow Study - Session 1

Load Flow Problem Representation

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Load flow problem formulation

I   Y V 
 P  jQ 
 V *   Y V 
Y11 Y12 ... Y1n 
Y Y22 ... Y2 n 
Y    21 
 ... ... ... ... 
 
Yn1 Yn 2 ... Ynn 

- [I] is the vector of total positive sequence currents flowing into the buses or nodes
- [P] is the vector of active power into the network
- [Q] is the vector of reactive power into the network
- [V] is the vector of total positive sequence voltages at the buses or nodes
- [Y] is the network admittance matrix
- n is the total number of buses or nodes in the system

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Load Flow Study - Session 1

Load Flow Solutions (1)

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Load flow solutions

- Load flow problems can be represented as a group of non-linear algebraic equations
- Four variables including P, Q, Vm, and Va are defined for each bus or node
- Two variables at any bus or node needs to be defined in advance
- Three different types of node definition, PQ, PV and slack nodes
- Many algorithms could be used to solve the non-linear algebraic equations
- Iterative processes are normally required

Common load flow solution techniques

- Gauss-Seidel iterative technique
- Full Newton-Raphson iterative technique
- Decoupled Newton-Raphson iterative technique

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Load Flow Study - Session 1

Load Flow Solutions (2)

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Gauss-Seidel iterative technique

1  Pi  jQi i 1 N
( m 1) 
Vi (m)
  *( m 1)
Yii  Vi
  Y V
ik k
(m)
  Y V
ik k , i  1,2,....N  1
k 1 k  i 1 

- N is the number of bus-bars or nodes in the system and the slack bus is node N
- m is present iteration number
- i and k are node indexes
- V* is the complex conjugate of V
- Pi, Qi are the specified active power and reactive power at bus i, except for the slack bus

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Load Flow Study - Session 1

Load Flow Solutions (3)

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Newton Raphson iterative technique

N
Pi  V i  ( G ik V k cos  ik  B ik V k sin  ik )
k 1
N
Qi  Vk 
k 1
( G ik V k sin  ik  B ik V k cos  ik )

 P P 
 P    V    , i( m )  i( 0)   i( m ) 
Q   Q Q  V   ( m )    ( 0)    ( m ) , i  1,2,....N  1
    Vi  Vi  Vi 
  V 

- ΔV and Δθ are the incremental of voltage magnitude and angle

- m is present iteration number
- i and k are node indexes

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Load Flow Study - Session 1

Comparison of LF Solution Techniques

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Comparison of LF solution techniques

- Many techniques have been developed and improved for the load flow solutions
- Different techniques have different iteration convergence characteristics
- Gauss-Seidel techniques generally exhibit poor convergence characteristics
- Newton-Raphson techniques have better convergence characteristics, but require good
starting points or (initial voltage setting points)
- Modified Newton-Raphson teniques are widely employed by commercial load flow programs

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Load Flow Study - Session 1

Computer Programs for Load Flow Study

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Computer programs for load flow study

- Load flow problems and solutions implemented in the computer programs
- Load flow simulation achieved by running computer programs
- Input data prepared for computer programs
- Output results analyzed to determine steady state performance of power systems

Types of load flow simulations

- Off-line simulations, mostly used by transmission planners and designers based on the
given network topology and the input data
- On-line simulations, used by system operators based on actual networks. All load flow
input data are extracted from the SCADA system

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Load Flow Study - Session 1

Load Flow Study Input Data

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Load flow study Input data consist of:

- Information of buses or nodes
o Node number, name, type, voltage magnitude and angle, base voltage, etc.
- Connection and electrical information of circuits and transformers
o Impedance, admittance, ratings of circuits
o Impedance, tap range and step, ratings of transformers
- Load demand at buses or nodes
o Load demand levels and ZIP compositions
- Generation at buses or nodes,
o Generation dispatch scenarios and MW and MVAr power output limits
o Specified voltage regulation points and values
- Buses or nodes for reactive power compensation devices and their output limits
- Specified power transfer over HVDC links or shifting transformers

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Load Flow Study - Session 1

Single Line Diagram in LF Study

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Single line diagram is normally used in load flow study

- Representation of network topology
- Demonstration of load flow results and power flow direction
- Provision of visual effect of load flow simulation results

Single line diagram consist of:

- Network topology information
- Bus or nodes voltage and position information
- Circuits between two substations or between a power plant and a substation
- Transformers connecting two/three buses or nodes
- Location of load demands, generators and MVAr compensation devices, etc
- Interconnection interface of two or more transmission systems
- Service conditions of network components

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Load Flow Study - Session 1

Example of Single Line Diagram (1)

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Load Flow Study - Session 1

Example of Single Line Diagram (2)

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Load Flow Study - Session 1

Load Flow Results Assessment (1)

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After running the load flow simulation

- Power mismatch is within tolerance
- Load flow solution is converged and a successful load flow solution is achieved

An acceptable load flow solution? Checking whether

- Voltages at all buses are within the acceptable limits
- Power flows on lines or transformers are within defined thermal ratings
- Generator MVAr outputs are within the limits defined by the MVAr capability curve
- Slack generator MW outputs are within the practical MW limits
- Power losses in the system within acceptable level

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Load Flow Study - Session 1

Load Flow Results Assessment (2)

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Possible actions taken to have an acceptable load flow solution

- Change of transformer tap positions
- Increase in generator schedule voltage
- Re-dispatch of generation MW output
- Addition or removal of reactive power compensation devices
- Reconfiguration of the network
- Load demand shifted to other substations
- Application power flow control over the HVDC link or phase-shifting transformer

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Load Flow Study - Session 1

Un-converged Load Flow Solutions (1)

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Un-converged load flow solutions may be caused by:

- Heavy network loading condition at a bus or node or in an area
- Large capacitor causing voltage rise
- Insufficient reactive power available to sustain the voltage
- Large impedance of a circuit or transformer due to wrong input data
- Unreasonable schedule voltage for generators
- A number of voltage controlling devices working in a conflict mode, e.g. transformer tap
changers, generators etc
- Unreasonable voltage starting points

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Load Flow Study - Session 1

Un-converged Load Flow Solutions (1)

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Possible solutions to un-converged load flow solutions

- Checking input data and ensuring accurate data to be taken as inputs
- Application of flat start with fixed- slope decoupled Newton_Raphson method
- Releasing generator reactive power limits
- Adding artificial reactive power sources in the network
- Tracing the MW and MVAr mismatches in each load flow iteration
- Decrease of load demand level
- Removal of target voltages from transformers and generators

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Load Flow Study - Session 1

Load Flow Simulation Platforms

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Load flow simulation platforms

- Many load flow simulation platforms are commercially available for system study
- Given network topology and operational scenario, similar or identical load flow results
should be achieved using different simulation platforms
- In order to get the load flow simulation results, good understanding of the interface, input
and output for the actual network represented in the platform is important
- PSSE and DigSilent Power Factory are the most widely used power system load flow
simulation platforms in transmission network planning and operation

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Load Flow Study Examples - Session 2

Table of Contents
Capacity Building to the
Bangladesh
Power Sector

 Load Flow Study

 Load Flow Study Examples
 Contingency Analysis
 Contingency Analysis Examples

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Load Flow Study Examples - Session 2

Input Data for Load Flow Simulations

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Input data required for load flow simulations:

- Network topology of the system
- Bus or node information
- Load demand information and P, Q levels
- Generation information and generation dispatch and voltage regulation
- Circuit information data and impedance data
- Transformer information data and impedance data
- Shunt information, MVAr capacity and shunt groups
- Information of other devices connected to the system
- Single line diagram

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Load Flow Study Examples - Session 2

Load Flow Study Case

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Description of a 230 kV transmission system:

- Sending end system with three 200 MW generating units and some local loads
- Receiving end system with two 300 MW generating unit and a 5000 MW
equivalent generating unit
- Load demand centre located in the
receiving end system

- The sending end system and the receiving

end system connected together via two
230 kV OHL transmission circuits

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Load Flow Study Examples - Session 2

Basic Network Data (1)

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230 kV OHL transmission circuit data

Overhead Line Circuit Data

Acceptable Continuous Current 2x845 Amps

From Bus Name To Bus Name Id Length (km) Nominal Voltage 230 kV
PS1_HV 230.00 SS1_HV 230.00 1 200 Normal Thermal Rating (25 °C) 673 MVA
PS1_HV 230.00 SS1_HV 230.00 2 200 Winter Thermal Rating (10 °C) 774 MVA
SS1_HV 230.00 SS2_HV 230.00 1 200 Summer Thermal Rating (35 °C) 592 MVA
SS1_HV 230.00 SS2_HV 230.00 2 200
SS2_HV 230.00 SS3_HV 230.00 1 40 Positive Sequence Resistance R1 0.04000 (Ohm/km)
SS2_HV 230.00 SS3_HV 230.00 2 40 Positive Sequence Reactance X1 0.32563 (Ohm/km)
SS2_HV 230.00 SS4_HV 230.00 1 25 Positive Sequence Capactance C1 0.01125 (µF/km)
SS3_HV 230.00 SS4_HV 230.00 1 30
Zero Sequence Resistance R0 0.24413 (Ohm/km)
Zero Sequence Reactance X0 1.02586 (Ohm/km)
Zero Sequence Capactance C0 0.008234 (µF/km)

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Load Flow Study Examples - Session 2

Basic Network Data (2)

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Two winding transformer data

Winding One Winding Two Voltage Control Points Generator Step Up Transformers
PS1_HV 230.00 GEN_01 16.000 PS1_HV 230.00
PS1_HV 230.00 GEN_02 16.000 PS1_HV 230.00 Rated Capacity MVA 240 360
PS1_HV 230.00 GEN_03 16.000 PS1_HV 230.00 HV Rated Voltage kV 253 253
SS3_HV 230.00 GEN_04 20.000 SS3_HV 230.00 LV Rated Voltage kV 16 19
SS3_HV 230.00 GEN_05 20.000 SS3_HV 230.00
Impedance Voltage % 14.5 13.5
Load Losses kW 850 900

Maximum Tap Position kV 265.65 265.65

Minimum Tap Position kV 240.35 240.35
No. of Tap Positions 5 5

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Load Flow Study Examples - Session 2

Basic Network Data (3)

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Three winding transformer data Winding 1 Winding 2 Winding 3

PS1_LV 132.00 PS1_HV 230.00 PS1_TV 11.000
Power Supply Transformers
SS1_LV 132.00 SS1_HV 230.00 SS1_TV 33.000
Items Trx 1 TRx 2
Rated Capacity MVA 63 120
HV Rated Voltage kV 230 230
LV Rated Voltage kV 132 132
TV Rated Voltage kV 11 33
HV-LV Capacity MVA 63 120
HV-TV Capacity MVA 21 40
LV-TV Capacity MVA 21 40
Resistance (HV-LV) (on winding capacity base) % 0.2 0.25
Resistance (HV-TV) (on winding capacity base) % 0.7 0.22
Resistance (LV-TV) (on winding capacity base) % 0.46 0.31
Reactance (HV-LV) (on winding capacity base) % 9.5 13.5
Reactance (HV-TV) (on winding capacity base) % 10.2 3.5
Reactance (LV-TV) (on winding capacity base) % 6.8 5.5

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Load Flow Study Examples - Session 2

Basic Network Data (4)

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Generator Data Type 1 Type 2 Type 3

Generator data Rated Capacity MVA 247 353 5000
Rated Power MW 210 300 4250
Rated Voltage kV 16 19 230
Rated Current kA 8.91 10.7 12.6
Maximum Output MW 200 300 4250
Minimum Output MW 0.0 0.0 0.0
MW Voltage Rated Lagging Reactive Power Capability MVAr 130 186 2634
Bus Name
Output Settings (pu) Rated Leading Reactive Power Capability MVAr 77 110 1561
GEN_01 16.000 200.0 1.03
GEN_02 16.000 200.0 1.03 Xd (unsaturated) (%) 1.930 1.76
GEN_03 16.000 200.0 1.03
Xq (unsaturated) (%) 1.787 1.63
GEN_04 20.000 300.0 1
GEN_05 20.000 326.4 1 Xd' (unsaturated) (%) 0.240 0.31 0.31
SS2_HV 230.00 4000.0 1.02 Xq' (unsaturated) (%) 0.271 0.35
Xd" (unsaturated) (%) 0.140 0.22
Xq" (unsaturated) (%) 0.153 0.24
Xl (unsaturated) (%) 0.100 0.16
R (ohm) 0.003 0.004
Td0' (sec) 6.600 4.7
Td0" (sec) 0.070 0.04
Tq0' (sec) 1.100 0.82
Tq0" (sec) 0.100 0.06
Initial Time Constant J or 2H (sec) 6.0 6.5 7.0

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Load Flow Study Examples - Session 2

Basic Network Data (5)

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Load demand data

Supply Points Pload (MW) Qload (Mvar)
PS1_LV 132.00 50 20
SS1_LV 132.00 100 40
SS2_HV 230.00 4000 1600
SS3_HV 230.00 750 300
SS4_HV 230.00 200 80

Switched shunts
Total Blk 1 Bstep Blk 2 Bstep Blk 3 Bstep
Locations Type Blk 1 Steps Blk 2 Steps Blk 3 Steps
Installation (Mvar) (Mvar) (Mvar)
PS1_TV 11.000 3x6 MVAr C-Banks 1 6 1 6 1 6
SS1_TV 33.000 3X10 MVAr C-Banks 1 10 1 10 1 10

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Load Flow Study Examples - Session 2

Load Flow Study Using PSSE (1)

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Load flow simulation process

- PSSE power system software packages installed onto the PC
- Reading PSSE usual manual to understand how it works
- Preparation of load flow input data
o Input data contents and format
o Input data sequence
o Key input data for load flow study
- Loading input data into PSSE Engine
- Running load flow simulations
o Load flow simulation interface
o Load flow simulations
o Creation of SLD
- Assessment of load flow simulation results
- Application of automation to run load flow simulations

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Load Flow Study Examples - Session 2

Load Flow Study Using PSSE (2)

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Key files used in PSSE load flow simulations

- Raw file ([Link]), text file to record the input data
- Save case file ([Link]), a binary file to record system operating condition including all input
data and network topology
- SLD file ([Link]), a binary file to record system network topology and version position of
network components which have been drawn

[Link] PSSE Engine [Link]

[Link]
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Load Flow Study Examples - Session 2

PSSE Load Flow Data Preparation

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Load flow input data (.raw file) for the study case
- Case identification data
- Bus data
- Load data
- Generator data
- Branch data (circuit data)
- Transformer data
- Switched shunt data

Additional load flow input data for other study cases

- Fixed bus shunt data
- HVDC transmission data
- Area interchange data and zone data
- FACTS devices data
- Other relevant data

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Load Flow Study Examples - Session 2

Case Identification Data

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0, 100.00, 32, 0, 1, 50.00 / PSS®E-32.0 TUE, JAN 31 2017 9:34

STUDY CASE FOR BANGLADESH TRANSMISSION TRAINING COURSES
TNEI SERVICE LIMITED, 2016

For base case Base MVA PSSE Version Frequency

Key notes:
- Information required:
- Case ID, MVA Base,

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Load Flow Study Examples - Session 2

Bus Data
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Bus Number Bus Name Base kV Area Number/Name Zone Number/Name Owner Number/Name Code Voltage (pu) Angle (deg)

1000 GEN_01 16 1 1 1 2 1 0

1000, 'GEN_01', 16.0000, 2, 1, 1, 1, 1.00000, 0.0000

Key notes:
- Information required:
o Bus Number, Base voltage, Bus type or Code
o Bus number shall be unique across the system

- Information not required but good if provided:

o Bus Name, Area Number, Zone Number, Owner Number, Initial Voltage and Angle

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Load Flow Study Examples - Session 2

Branch Data
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From Bus To Bus Line R Line X Charging In Rate A (I as Rate B (I as Rate C (I as Line G From Line B From Line G To Line B To
Number Number Id (pu) (pu) (pu) Service MVA) MVA) MVA) (pu) (pu) (pu) (pu)
1030 1050 1 0.00756 0.06156 0.18696 1 774 673 592 0 0 0 0

1030, 1050, '1 ', 0.00756, 0.06156, 0.18696, 774.00, 673.00, 592.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 1

Key notes:
- Information required:
o From Bus, To Bus, Id, Line R, Line X and Line B, In service status, Rate A, Rate B, Rate C

- Information not essential except those provided:

o Line G From, Line G To, Line B From, Line B To

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Load Flow Study Examples - Session 2

Transformer Data (1)

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Ref: PSSE 32.0 User Manual

Key notes:
- Winding 1 side shall normally be the side with tap changer
- Per unit system potentially used for transformer impedance calculation
- Transformer tap changer applied to control voltage at the specified point or control power
flow if it is a phase shifting transformer
- Defaulted values

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Load Flow Study Examples - Session 2

Transformer Data (2)

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Two winding transformer

1030, 1000, 0, '1 ', 1, 1, 1, 0.00000, 0.00000, 2, ' ', 1, 1, 1.0000, 0, 1.0000, 0, 1.0000, 0, 1.0000
0.00179, 0.0731, 240.00
1.045, 0.000, 0.000, 240.00, 240.00, 240.00, 1, 1030, 1.1550, 1.0450, 1.02000, 0.98000, 5, 0, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.000
1.0000, 0.000

Three winding transformer

1040, 1030, 1045, '1', 1, 1, 1, 0.00000, 0.00000, 2, ' ', 1, 1, 1.0000, 0, 1.0000, 0, 1.0000, 0, 1.0000
0.00349, 0.15079, 100.00, 0.06571, 0.97619, 100.00, 0.10238, 1.45238, 100.00, 0.96401, 0.6000
1.00000, 0.000, 0.000, 63.00, 63.00, 63.00, 0, 0, 1.00000, 1.00000, 1.10000, 0.90000, 33, 0, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.000
1.00000, 0.000, 0.000, 63.00, 63.00, 63.00, 0, 1040, 1.15000, 0.85000, 1.10000, 0.90000, 19, 0, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.000
1.00000, 0.000, 0.000, 21.00, 21.00, 21.00, 0, 0, 1.00000, 1.00000, 1.10000, 0.90000, 33, 0, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.000

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Load Flow Study Examples - Session 2

Generator Data
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Remote
Bus VSched In Pgen Pmax Pmin Qgen Qmax Qmin Mbase
Id Bus
Number (pu) Service (MW) (MW) (MW) (Mvar) (Mvar) (Mvar) (MVA)
Number
1000 1 1 0 1 200 200 0 47 130.15 -77.14 247

Key notes:
- Information required:
- Bus Number, Id, In service, Pgen, Qgen, Mbase

- Information not essential to provide:

- Vsched (obtained from Plant data), Remote bus num, Pmax, Pmin, Qmax, Qmin, Rtran,
Xtran, Gentap RMPCT, Rsource, Xsource

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Load Flow Study Examples - Session 2

Load Demand Data

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Area Zone Owner
Pload Qload IPload IQload YPload YQload
Bus Number Id Number/ Number/ Number/ In Service Scalable
(MW) (Mvar) (MW) (Mvar) (MW) (Mvar)
Name Name Name
1040 1 1 1 1 1 1 50 20 0 0 0 0

1040, '1 ', 1, 1, 1, 50.000, 20.000, 0.000, 00.000, 0.000, 0.000, 1, 1

Key notes:
- Information required:
- Bus Number, Id, In service, Pload, Qload

- Information not essential to provide:

- Area Number, Zone Number, Owner Number, Scalable, IPload, IQload, YPload,
YQload

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Load Flow Study Examples - Session 2

Shunt Reactor and Capacitor Data

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Remote Contrib Blk 1

Bus In VSC Binit Blk 1
Control Mode Adjustment Method Vhi (pu) Vlo (pu) Bus uted Bstep
Number Service Name (Mvar) Steps
Number Vars (%) (Mvar)
Sequential input order
1045 1 Discrete, cntr voltage (1) 1 1 0 100 None 6 1 6
(0)

1045, 1, 0, 1, 1.00000, 1.00000, 0, 100.0, ' ', 6.00, 1, 6.00,

Key notes:
- Information required:
- Bus Number, In service, Blk steps, MVAr in each step

- Information not essential to provide:

- Control Mode, Adjustment method, Vhi, Vlo, Remote bus num,

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Load Flow Study Examples - Session 2

Creation of Load Flow Raw File

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How to create load flow raw file

- Application of text editor
- Application of Excel for, suitable bulk power transmission system
- Manual addition of network components based on SLD
- Use of an existing load flow case to modify
- Saved from existing load flow save case

Follow the format specified in PSSE User Manual

- Read the user manual carefully

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Load Flow Study Examples - Session 2

Example of a Complete Raw File

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Load Flow Study Examples - Session 2

PSSE Load Flow Simulation Interface (1)

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Open a Load flow case file

Select raw file or save case file

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Load Flow Study Examples - Session 2

PSSE Load Flow Simulation Interface (2)

Capacity Building to the
Bangladesh
Power Sector

Load flow solution interface: check data, change parameter and run simulation

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Load Flow Study Examples - Session 2

PSSE Load Flow Simulation Interface (3)

Capacity Building to the
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Power Sector

Load flow solution selection

Load flow solution parameter selection

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Load Flow Study Examples - Session 2

PSSE Load Flow Simulation Interface (4)

Capacity Building to the
Bangladesh
Power Sector

Managing single line Addition of network Load flow simulation

diagram (SLD) components in SLD automation

Load flow parameters and solutions Data checking and LF output reports

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Load Flow Study Examples - Session 2

Creation of Single Line Diagram

Capacity Building to the
Bangladesh
Power Sector

Process of creating a SLD using save case

- Open the save case file
- Creation of a new diagram file
- Use of the PSSE tools to create the SLD
- Adjustment of the bus and network component locations and direction

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Load Flow Study Examples - Session 2

Running of Load Flow Simulations

Capacity Building to the
Bangladesh
Power Sector

Selection of key solution parameters

- Number of iterations
- Largest mismatch in MW and MVAr
- Defaulted values for other parameters

Key notes for load flow solutions

- Solution method
- Flat start
- Tap adjustment
- Switched shunt adjustments
- Var limits

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Load Flow Study Examples - Session 2

Load Flow Data and Result Report

Capacity Building to the
Bangladesh
Power Sector

List data check

- Check bus names
- Check all network components
- Check outage equipment
- Check busshunts

Power flow reports

- Bus based power flow output (whole or in area, zone)
- Area/zone based load flow report
- Limit checking report
- Area/owner/zone total report

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Load Flow Study Examples - Session 2

Assessment of Load Flow Results

Capacity Building to the
Bangladesh
Power Sector

Voltage profiles across the network

- Application of acceptable limits
- Check of voltage profile against the acceptable limits

Loading condition of network components

- Selection of component ratings
- Component loading percentage
- Head room of component loading

Generator MVAr output level

- Within the MVAr limits or not

Transformer voltage control and tap position

- Actual tap position
- Actual voltage at the regulated point

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48 by Ricardo Energy & Environment
48
Load Flow Study Examples - Session 2

Automation of Running LF Simulations

Capacity Building to the
Bangladesh
Power Sector

Recording load flow simulation process

- Switched on the recorder either using python file (.py) or response file (.idv)
- Check and change the data setting if necessary
- Perform load flow simulations until achieving a successful load flow solution
- Stop the recorder

Review of python file or response file

- Open the python file or response file using notepad editor
- Understand the contents recorded
- Edit and change values if necessary and save it

Running load flow simulations using automation files

- Open the relevant automation file
- Obtain the load flow results

Project undertaken by a consortium led

49 by Ricardo Energy & Environment
49
Load Flow Study Examples - Session 2

Demonstration of Load Flow Simulations

Capacity Building to the
Bangladesh
Power Sector

Dealing with load flow input files

- Raw File
- Save case file
- SLD files

Performing load flow simulations

- Load flow solution parameter selection
- Load flow solution selection
- Showing a successful load flow solution
- Showing an un-converged load flow solution

Checking load flow results and limits violation

- Checking load flow result report
- Checking voltage and power flow violation cases
- Interpreting load flow results on single line diagram

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50
Contingency Analysis - Session 3

Table of Contents
Capacity Building to the
Bangladesh
Power Sector

 Load Flow Study

 Load Flow Study Examples
 Contingency Analysis
 Contingency Analysis Examples

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Contingency Analysis - Session 3

Introduction to Contingency Analysis

Capacity Building to the
Bangladesh
Power Sector

Purpose of contingency analysis

- Identifying system steady-state performance under outage conditions
- Determining whether the system is planned and operated in such a way, that meets security
of supply standards under outage conditions
- Identifying remedial actions to move the system into an acceptable steady state
- Identifying necessary network reinforcement schemes

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52
Contingency Analysis - Session 3

Introduction to Contingency Analysis (2)

Capacity Building to the
Bangladesh
Power Sector

Normal approach to contingency analysis

- Establishment of base-case operational scenarios for the contingency analysis
- Determination of potential and realistic outage cases
o N-1 cases,
o N-D cases
o N-M-1 cases
- Identification of remedial actions potentially available to move the system into an
acceptable steady state
- Running of contingency simulations
- Assessment of steady state performance of the system under the outage conditions

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Contingency Analysis - Session 3

Example of System Outage Cases (1)

Capacity Building to the
Bangladesh
Power Sector

Case 1: key concern of the 230 kV circuit outage

- Capability of another circuit (1030-1050) for power transfer from area 1 to area 2 ?
- Voltage profile across the system within the acceptable limits ?

Area 2

Area 1

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Contingency Analysis - Session 3

Example of System Outage Cases (2)

Capacity Building to the
Bangladesh
Power Sector

Case 2: key concern of the 230 kV circuit outage

- Capability of the circuit (1100-1110) for power supply to bus 1110?
- Voltage profile at bus 1110 within acceptable limits ?

Area 1

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Contingency Analysis - Session 3

Acceptable System Conditions

Capacity Building to the
Bangladesh
Power Sector

Loading conditions under N-1 outage conditions

- No overloads on a transmission circuit or a transformer
- Loading requirements of components specified in the Grid Code

Voltage profiles under N-1 outage conditions ( example in the GB)

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Contingency Analysis - Session 3

Remedial Actions in Contingency Analysis

Capacity Building to the
Bangladesh
Power Sector

Generation re-dispatch
- Share the MW output of the generator that is lost due to outage
- Change active power output of relevant generators

Re-configuration of the network

- Reconfiguration of the 132 kV substation
- Reconfiguration of the network

Transfer of load demand

- Move part of the demand to another supply point

Switching operation of shunts

- Switched on/off shunt capacitor banks or shunt reactors

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Contingency Analysis - Session 3

System Operational Scenarios

Capacity Building to the
Bangladesh
Power Sector

Intact network in any scenarios

- Acceptable voltage profile and loading conditions of network components

Maximum demand scenario in winter

- Winter maximum demand applied at power supply points
- Generation dispatch based on merit order
- Winter ratings of network components applied in the contingency analysis

Maximum demand scenario in summer

- Summer maximum demand applied at power supply points
- Generation dispatch based on merit order
- Summer ratings of network components applied in the contingency analysis

Special operational scenarios

- Driven by maximum generation MW output with practical demand levels
- Relevant ratings of network components applied in the contingency analysis

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Contingency Analysis - Session 3

Contingency List
Capacity Building to the
Bangladesh
Power Sector

N-1 outage cases

- A single transmission circuit
- A single transformer
- A single generator
- A single shunt device
- Two circuits on the same tower (N-D) (May not be considered as N-1 outage depending on
definition in the Grid Code)

Key notes
- The outage of a circuit shall represent a actual circuit with CBs connected to the ends
- Duplicated outages shall be removed from the outage list, for example a generator and the
generation transformer

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Contingency Analysis - Session 3

N-M-1 Outage Analysis

Capacity Building to the
Bangladesh
Power Sector

N-M-1 outage conditions

- One network component in maintenance outage
- System operated with the maintenance outage condition
- A faulted outage occurring in the system

Maintenance outage list

- A network component that will be taken out of service during the maintenance season
- Not all network components need to be considered

N-M-1 outage analysis

- Special operational scenarios considered for maintenance outage conditions
- Special ratings and voltage limits applied for N-M-1 outage cases
- Part of load demands allowed to be shed automatically
- System designed and operated to have the capability to survive for an N-M-1 outage

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Contingency Analysis - Session 3

Contingency Simulations (1)

Capacity Building to the
Bangladesh
Power Sector

Manual N-1 outage analysis

- Working on an intact network with the specified operational scenario
- Taking out of a network component from the system
- Running load flow simulation for one outage case and check the load flow result
- Running load flow simulation for another outage case and check the nload flow result

Key Notes
- The same simulations may need to run twice in order to calculate voltage step change due to
lock of tap position of transformers
- Applicable to a special case to verify the simulation results

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Contingency Analysis - Session 3

Contingency Simulations (2)

Capacity Building to the
Bangladesh
Power Sector

Automatic N-1 outage analysis

- Working on an intact network with the specified operational scenario
- Preparing the contingency list
- Running load flow simulations for all contingencies ( achieved by the simulation Engine one
by one)
- Assessment of the simulation results
- Applicable to large network with a great number of outage cases

Key Notes
- The same simulations may need to perform twice in order to calculate voltage step change
- Loading condition of network components is checked for the case without locking tap
position and allowing remedial actions taken already.
- Applicable to scanning security of the system

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62 by Ricardo Energy & Environment
62
Load Flow Study Examples - Session 2

PSSE Contingency Analysis (ACCC) Interface

Capacity Building to the
Bangladesh
Power Sector

Contingency simulations
- Performed based on the given operational scenario ([Link], or [Link])
- Another three files ([Link], [Link], and [Link]) taken as the inputs
- ACCC simulation results saved in the [Link] file

[Link]
or [Link]

[Link]

[Link] [Link]
PSSE Engine
[Link]

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Load Flow Study Examples - Session 2

Contingency Case File

Capacity Building to the
Bangladesh
Power Sector

Creation of contingency cases ([Link] file)

- Strictly follow the rules specified in PSSE user manual
- Network topology change
o Open, disconnect or trip line or branch
o Close line or branch

- Demand level or generator output change

o Set generation, load, or shunt at specified node to MW or percentage
o Change, alter or modify generation, load, or shunt at specified node by MW or percentage
o Increase or decrease generation, load, or shunt at specified node by MW or percentage
o Move generation, load, or shunt from a one node to another node

- In-service status change

o Remove or add a new machine from or to the grid

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Contingency Analysis - Session 3

Examples of the Contingency List (1)

Capacity Building to the
Bangladesh
Power Sector

CONTINGENCY CEDA1_OTHM1 /contingency 'indian queens - credacott (cedar) - otterham wf - pyworthy g3'
OPEN BUS 9936
OPEN BUS 9931
OPEN BUS 8483
END

CONTINGENCY PYWO1 /contingency 'pyworthy g2'

OPEN BUS 8482
END

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Contingency Analysis - Session 3

Examples of the Contingency List (2)

Capacity Building to the
Bangladesh
Power Sector

CONTINGENCY 'SS1 3W Tx'

OPEN LINE FROM BUS 1060 TO BUS 1050 TO BUS 1065 CKT 1
REMOVE SWSHUNT FROM BUS 1065
REMOVE LOAD 1 FROM BUS 1060
END

CONTINGENCY 'SS3 LoadOut'

REMOVE LOAD 1 FROM BUS 1100
END

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66 by Ricardo Energy & Environment
66
Contingency Analysis - Session 3

Monitored Element Data File

Capacity Building to the
Bangladesh
Power Sector

Creation of the monitored element data file ([Link])

- Strictly follow the rules specified in PSSE user manual
- Monitored elements
o Power flows on circuits and transformers
o Voltage at buses or nodes

Examples of the monitored file

MONITOR BRANCHES IN SYSTEM TEST_132
MONITOR VOLTAGE RANGE SYSTEM TEST_132 0.90 1.10
MONITOR VOLTAGE DEVIATION SYSTEM TEST_132 0.06 0.06
END

MONITOR ALL LINES

MONITOR VOLTAGE RANGE ALL BUSES 0.95 1.05
END

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Contingency Analysis - Session 3

Subsystem Description Data File

Capacity Building to the
Bangladesh
Power Sector

Creation of the subsystem description data file ([Link])

- Strictly follow the rules specified in PSSE user manual
- Specified the subsystems in which the network variables are monitored

Examples of the subsystem description data file

SYSTEM TEST_132
KV 132
END

SYSTEM TEST_66
KV 66
END

SYSTEM TEST_33
KV 33
END

END

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68
Load Flow Study Examples - Session 2

PSSE ACCC Simulation Interface (1)

Capacity Building to the
Bangladesh
Power Sector

ACCC simulation function

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Load Flow Study Examples - Session 2

PSSE ACCC Simulation Interface (2)

Capacity Building to the
Bangladesh
Power Sector

ACCC dfax file ACCC simulation results

Browsing ACCC Results ACCC solution control

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70
Load Flow Study Examples - Session 2

PSSE ACCC Simulation Interface (3)

Capacity Building to the
Bangladesh
Power Sector

ACCC input files

Building dfax file

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71
Contingency Analysis - Session 3

Browsing ACCC Simulation Results (1)

Capacity Building to the
Bangladesh
Power Sector

Simulation Results
– The results present the voltages on all buses and flows on all branches (as specified in the
MON file). Any violations are also listed.

– For instance, the overflows detected are reported below.

BRANCH CONTINGENCY MVAFLOW AMPFLOW RATE A/B % FLOW

1080 GEN_05 20 1100 SS3_HV 230 1 PS1 2W TX1 429.80 429.80 360.00 119.39

1080 GEN_05 20 1100 SS3_HV 230 1 PS1 2W TX2 429.80 429.80 360.00 119.39

1080 GEN_05 20 1100 SS3_HV 230 1 PS1 2W TX3 429.80 429.80 360.00 119.39

1080 GEN_05 20 1100 SS3_HV 230 1 SS3 2W TX1 541.00 541.00 360.00 150.28

1080 GEN_05 20 1100 SS3_HV 230 1 SS3 LOADOUT 551.57 551.57 360.00 153.21

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Contingency Analysis - Session 3

Browsing ACCC Simulation Results (2)

Capacity Building to the
Bangladesh
Power Sector

BRANCH CONTINGENCY MVAFLOW AMPFLOW RATE A/B % FLOW

1080 GEN_05 20 1100 SS3_HV 230 1 PS1 2W TX1 429.80 429.80 360.00 119.39

1080 GEN_05 20 1100 SS3_HV 230 1 PS1 2W TX2 429.80 429.80 360.00 119.39

1080 GEN_05 20 1100 SS3_HV 230 1 PS1 2W TX3 429.80 429.80 360.00 119.39

1080 GEN_05 20 1100 SS3_HV 230 1 SS3 2W TX1 541.00 541.00 360.00 150.28

1080 GEN_05 20 1100 SS3_HV 230 1 SS3 LOADOUT 551.57 551.57 360.00 153.21

The table summarises the exceedance in branch loadings when the flow capacity of the
branch is exceeded due to the applied contingencies.

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Contingency Analysis - Session 3

Non-converged LF Cases
Capacity Building to the
Bangladesh
Power Sector

Potential reasons for a non-converged LF solution

- The system is too weak for the specified outage case
- Voltage collapse due to the specified outage
- Isolation of the system without a slack bus

Analysis of the non-converged LF case

- Manually take out the component for the specified outage case
- Run load flow solution again
- Find the reason to cause non-converged solution

- Network needs to be reinforced for such an outage case?

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74
Contingency Analysis - Session 3

Contingency Analysis Automation

Capacity Building to the
Bangladesh
Power Sector

Recording ACCC simulation process

- Switched on the recorder either using python file (.py) or response file (.idv)
- Check and change the data setting if necessary
- Perform ACCC simulation
- Stop the recorder

Review of python file or response file

- Open the python file or response file using notepad editor
- Understand the contents recorded
- Edit and change values if necessary and save it

Running ACCC using automation files

- Open the relevant automation file
- Obtain the ACCC results

Project undertaken by a consortium led

75 by Ricardo Energy & Environment
75
Contingency Analysis Examples - Session 4

Table of Contents
Capacity Building to the
Bangladesh
Power Sector

 Load Flow Study

 Load Flow Study Examples
 Contingency Analysis
 Contingency Analysis Examples

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76 by Ricardo Energy & Environment
76
Contingency Analysis Examples - Session 4

Demonstration of ACCC Simulations

Capacity Building to the
Bangladesh
Power Sector

Dealing with input files

- con file, mon file, sub file, dfax file and acc file

Performing ACCC simulations

- ACCCC solution parameter selection
- Running ACCC simulation
- Browsing ACCC simulation results
- Interpreting ACCC results

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Contingency Analysis Examples - Session 4

ACCC Simulation Cases

Capacity Building to the
Bangladesh
Power Sector

Case 1:
- Change demand scenario of the system

Case 2:
- Change the network topology

Case 3:
- Change the outage cases

Case 4:
- Run an N-M-1 outage case

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 Capacity Building to the
Bangladesh
Power Sector

End of Module A

Thank You !

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