INNOCENT MUHWEZI

STUDENT ID : 51877969

Date received:

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SURNAME/FAMILY NAME: …… MUHWEZI…………………………..

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ID Number: …51877969……………….

Date submitted: ……15/03/2020…………………….

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CHEMICAL REACTIONS-LAB-REPORT Page 1

INNOCENT MUHWEZI
STUDENT ID : 51877969
Cheating in any assessment, whether formative or summative, can result in disciplinary action being
taken under the University’s Code of Practice on Student Discipline. For these purposes “Cheating”
includes:

(a) Possession in an examination of material or electronic device which has not been authorised in
writing by the relevant Course Co-ordinator. Students whose first language is not English may,
however, refer to a dictionary where this is approved by the Head of the School responsible for the
examination;

(b) Copying from another student in an examination;

(c) Removing an examination book from an examination room;

(d) Impersonating another candidate in relation to any assessment;

(e) Permitting another person to impersonate oneself in relation to any assessment;

(f) Paying or otherwise rewarding another person for writing or preparing work to be Submitted for
assessment;

(g) Colluding with another person in the preparation or submission of work which is to be assessed.
This does not apply to collaborative work authorised by the relevant course coordinator.

(h) Plagiarism. Plagiarism is the use, without adequate acknowledgment, of the intellectual work of
another person in work submitted for assessment. A student cannot be found to have committed
plagiarism where it can be shown that the student has taken all reasonable care to avoid
representing the work of others as his or her own.

CHEMICAL REACTIONS-LAB-REPORT Page 2

INNOCENT MUHWEZI
STUDENT ID : 51877969

TABLE OF CONTENT

No Title Page
1 Abstract………………………………. 2
2 Introduction………………………….. 3
3 Objectives…………………………….. 4
4 Theory………………………………... 5–6
5 Material And Apparatus……………… 7–9
6 Methodology…………………………. 10 – 11
7 Data and Results……………………… 12 – 14
8 Calculations…………………………... 15 – 19
9 Discussion……………………………. 20 – 25
10 Conclusion……………………………. 26
11 Recommendations……………………. 27
12 Reference……………………………... 28
13 Appendix……………………………... 29

CHEMICAL REACTIONS-LAB-REPORT Page 3

INNOCENT MUHWEZI
STUDENT ID : 51877969

1.0 ABSTRACT
The experiment is carried out with the reaction of Sodium Hydroxide NaOH and Et(Ac) to
determine the effect of temperature on the conversion to Na(Ac). This experiment was also
conducted to identify the CSTR system and investigate its operational behavior of a reaction in it
compared to a PFR. This experiment can also be used to calculate the reactant(s) conversions
based on the conductivity calibration curve and to verify the reaction order obtained from the
hypothesis of the experiment using graphical and analytical techniques. This experiment was
conducted with the equipment from SOLTEQ® Liquid Phased Stirred Tank Reactor (Model:
BP 100). The experiment was conducted carefully with a supervision of the professional and a
demonstrator. The solutions were reacted in the CSTR and the data was collected and tabulated.
After the conversion and the rate constant was calculated. The graphs of the ln k against 1/T
were plotted. By the aid of Arrhenius Equation, we calculated the activation energy for this
reaction.

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INNOCENT MUHWEZI
STUDENT ID : 51877969

2.0 INTRODUCTION
Chemical reactors are crucial in the chemical industry. They are important as it is where
reactions occur. The type of reactor must suite the reaction that it’s required for, hence, there are
various reactor of which these are the three most common types: batch reactors, plug flow reactors
(PFRs), and continuously stirred tank reactors (CSTRs).

A batch reactor has no flow in or out of the reactor during operation, a plug flow reactor has
continuous flow through a tube, and a CSTR has a continuous flow in a tank that is being constantly
stirred to create a uniformly mixed solution. The reaction kinetics vary for each one of these reactor
types, making the reaction rate and sizing equations for each reactor different.

In this lab, the reaction kinetics of a CSTR were investigated. What makes the CSTR unique is
the constant flow and the continuous mixing of the chemicals during the reaction. Continuously stirred
tank reactors are common throughout the chemical industry and are regularly seen in both the
pharmaceutical and the gas and oil industries. However, CSTRs’ have the lowest conversion per unit
volume out of all the reactors (Fogler, 1999). CSTRs are common ideal reactor types in chemical
engineering. And as such, the calculation for ideal CSTR always assume perfect mixing and no
accumulation. This assumption is used to simplify engineering calculations and can be used to describe
the research factors.

Other assumptions usually made when using CSTRs is; constant density, isothermal condition, steady
state, and first order reactions. The CSTR is equipped with a stirring blade or agitator, water jacket,
heat exchanger and the water inlet and outlet. CSTRs are generally used for homogenous reactions in
industrial processing when constant mixing is required.

CHEMICAL REACTIONS-LAB-REPORT Page 5

INNOCENT MUHWEZI
STUDENT ID : 51877969

3.0 OBJECTIVE
1) This experiment was conducted to study the saponification reaction between sodium
hydroxide and ethyl acetate in a continuous-stirred tank reactor (CSTR).
2) It was also conducted to identify the CSTR system and investigate its operational
behavior with a reaction in it.
3) The experiment can also aid in the calculation of the reactant conversion based on the
conductivity calibration curve and to verify the reaction order obtained from the hypothesis
of the experiment using graphical and analytical techniques.
4) This is designed experiment to determine the rate constant of saponification reaction by
using both techniques again.
5) The experiment is also aimed to help us better understand the relation between the
Arrhenius Equation, the rate constant and the activation energy.
6) Experimental data collected was then used to compare PFR and CSTR reactor
performances.

CHEMICAL REACTIONS-LAB-REPORT Page 6

INNOCENT MUHWEZI
STUDENT ID : 51877969

4.0 THEORY
Consider the chemical reaction as below:

aA + bB cC + dD

Residence time, 𝝉 is the average amount of time that a particle spends in a system. The
residence time, 𝝉 is a representation of how long it takes for the concentration to significantly
change in the sediment.
𝑹𝒆𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒐𝒓 𝑽𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒆,𝑽𝑪𝑺𝑻𝑹
𝝉=
𝑻𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝒇𝒆𝒆𝒅 𝒇𝒍𝒐𝒘 𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒆,𝒗𝟎

Where VCSTR is the reactor volume and v0 is the total feed flow rates. The reactor volume and the
total feed flow rates for each experiment remain unchanged.

Conversion is an improved way of quantifying exactly how far has the reaction moved, or
how many moles of products are formed for every mole of A consumed. Conversion X A is the
number of moles of A that have reacted per mole of A fed to the system.

moles of A reacted
XA =
moles of A fed

A reaction rate constant, k quantifies the rate of a chemical reaction. The reaction rate is
often found to have the form

r = kC C 
A A B

Where CA and CB are the concentration of the species A and B respectively, each raised to a
powers  and  , while k is the reaction rate constant. The exponents  and  are the partial
reaction orders. In this experiment, we can calculate the reaction rate constant, k by the following
formula.
𝑪𝑨 𝟎 − 𝑪𝑨
𝒌=
𝟐
𝝉𝑪𝑨
Where, k the reaction rate constant, is the outlet concentration of the reactor. NaOH in the
reactor, is the inlet concentration of reactant NaOH in the reactor and 𝝉 is the residence
time.

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INNOCENT MUHWEZI
STUDENT ID : 51877969

Since the experiment that we had carried out is temperature dependent, we use the
Arrhenius equation. The Arrhenius equation defines on a quantitative basis, the relationship
between the activation energy and the reaction rate at which a reaction proceeds. The rate
constant is then given by
−𝐸
𝑘(𝑇) = 𝐴 𝑒 𝑅𝑇

From the Arrhenius equation above, we can derive a new formula to find activation energy, Ea.

𝑬 𝟏
𝒍𝒏𝒌 = 𝒍𝒏𝑨 − ( ) ( )
𝑹 𝑻

𝑬 = 𝑹𝑻(𝒍𝒏𝑨 − 𝒍𝒏𝒌)

Where, Ea is the activation energy, A is the Arrhenius constant, R is the Universal Gas
Constant (8.314 J/mol.K ) and T the absolute temperature.
Activation energy, Ea is the minimum quantity of energy that a reacting species must possess in
order to undergo a specified reaction

CHEMICAL REACTIONS-LAB-REPORT Page 8

INNOCENT MUHWEZI
STUDENT ID : 51877969

5.0 MATERIAL AND APPARATUS

5.1 MATERIAL
1) Ethyl Acetate
2) Sodium Hydroxide
3) Water

5.2 APPARATUS
1) Reactor (R1)
i. 1-L vessel made of borosilicate glass
ii. Internal cooling coil
iii. Cartridge type heater (1.0 kW)
iv. Stainless steel impeller
v. Ports for:
vi. Stirrer (M1)
vii. Inlet for feed vessels (B1, B2)
viii. Condenser (W2)
ix. Sensors: Conductivity (QT201) and temperature (TT301)
x. Cartridge heater (W1)
xi. Cooling coil
xii. Gas sparger

2) Stirrer (M1)
i. Laboratory drive with LCD display
ii. Power: 230VAC / 50-60 Hz / 75 W
iii. Speed range: 50 – 2000 rpm, steplessly adjustable by hand
iv. Max torque: 30 Ncm

3) Feed tanks (B1, B2)

i. 30-L cylindrical tank made of stainless steel

4) Waste tank (B3)

i. 60-L rectangular tank made of stainless steel

CHEMICAL REACTIONS-LAB-REPORT Page 9

INNOCENT MUHWEZI
STUDENT ID : 51877969

5) Condenser (W2)
i. Coil heat exchanger made of stainless steel
ii. Exchange area: 0.03 m2

6) Pumps (P1, P2)

i. Centrifugal pumps
ii. Max delivery rate: 26 L/h
iii. Max delivery height: 3.5 m
iv. Power: 230VAC / 50 Hz / 20 W

7) Instrumentation
i. Flow measurement (FT101, FT102, FT103)
ii. Temperature measurement (TT301)
iii. Conductivity measurement (QT201)

Valves List :-

Tag Location Initial position

V1 Drain valve for feed tank B1 Close
V2 Inlet valve for pump P1 Close
V3 By-pass valve from P1 to tank B1 Open
V4 Needle valve for liquid flow regulating at FT101 Close
V5 Drain valve for feed tank B2 Close
V6 Inlet valve for pump P2 Close
V7 By-pass valve from P2 to tank B2 Open
V8 Needle valve for liquid flow regulating at FT102 Close
V09 Drain or sampling valve Close
V10 Drain valve for reactor R1 Close
V11 Drain valve for waste tank B3 Close

CHEMICAL REACTIONS-LAB-REPORT Page 10

INNOCENT MUHWEZI
STUDENT ID : 51877969

CHEMICAL REACTIONS-LAB-REPORT Page 11

INNOCENT MUHWEZI
STUDENT ID : 51877969

6.0 METHODOLOGY
6.1 General Start-Up Procedures
1) The following solution were prepared:
i. 30 liter of sodium hydroxide, NaOH (0.1 M)
ii. 30 liter of ethyl acetate, Et(Ac) (0.05M)
iii. 1 liter of hydrochloric acid, HCl (0.25 M), for quenching
2) All valves were initially closed except by-pass valves V3 and V7.
3) Tank B1 was filled with the NaOH solution and feed tank B2 with the Et(Ac)
solution. Both the feed tanks were closed.
4) The power for control panel was turned on.
5) The overflow tube was adjusted to give the desired working volume in the reactor R1.
6) Valves V2 and V6 were opened.
7) The unit was ready for experiment.

6.2 General Shut-Down Procedures

1) The cooling water was left to continue flowing.
2) Pumps P1 and pumps P2 were switched off. Stirrer M1 was switched off.
3) The heater was switched off. The liquid in the reactor R1 must be cooled down to
room temperature.
4) Cooling water supply was closed.
5) The power for control panel was turned off.
6) Valves V1 to V8 were opened to drain all solutions from feed tanks B1 and B2.
Otherwise, valves V1 to V8 were closed to keep the solutions for subsequent
experiment.
7) Valves V10 was opened to drain any liquid from the reactor R1 into waste tank B3.

CHEMICAL REACTIONS-LAB-REPORT Page 12

INNOCENT MUHWEZI
STUDENT ID : 51877969

6.3 Experimental Procedures

1) The general start-up procedures were performed.
2) Both pumps P1 and P2 were switched on simultaneously and valves V4 and V8 were
opened to obtain the highest possible flow rate into the reactor.
3) The reactor was filled up with the two solutions until it was just about to overflow.
4) Valves V4 and V8 were adjusted to give a flow rate of 0.132 l/min at both flow
meters FT101 and FT102. The flow rate for both valves must be the same. The flow
rates were recorded in a tabulated data form.
5) The stirrer M1 was switched on and the speed was set at about 200 rpm.
6) The heater on the control panel was switched on. The temperature set point on the
TIC-01 was set to 40 °C (optimal operating Temperature). The liquid temperature
was increased to the set point and remain constant.
7) The conductivity value at QI101 was started to monitor changes until system stability
was achieved. The experiment was run for at least 10 minutes to ensure that the
reactor has reached steady state.
8) The steady state conductivity and temperature values were recorded and the
concentration of NaOH in the reactor and extent of conversion was found out from
the calibration curve.
9) The experiment (steps 7 to 9) was repeated for different reactor temperatures by
setting the temperature set point to 21, 24, 27,30 and 33°C. The flow rates of both
solutions must be maintained at 0.132 ml/min.
10) The general shut-down procedures were performed.

CHEMICAL REACTIONS-LAB-REPORT Page 13

INNOCENT MUHWEZI
STUDENT ID : 51877969

7.0 DATA AND RESULTS at 20%excess Et(Ac)

No Volume, Et(Ac) Feed NaOH Feed Total Feed Temperature, Conductivity,
VTFR Flow rate, Flow rate, Flow rate, (K) (mS)
(L) (L/min) (L/min) (L/min)
1 1 0.072 0.06 0.132 294.75 5.80
2 1 0.072 0.06 0.132 297.75 6.30
3 1 0.072 0.06 0.132 300.35 6.80
4 1 0.072 0.06 0.132 303.65 7.00
5 1 0.072 0.06 0.132 306.25 7.30

No Residence Conversion, Outlet Reaction Rate 𝟏

Time, X Concentration, Constant, 𝒍𝒏 𝒌 𝑻
(min) (%) (mol/L) k (L/[Link]) (𝑲−𝟏 )
1 7.600 59.0909 0.0205 12.6115 2.5346 3.1949 x 10-3
2 7.600 48.5294 0.0257 7.4995 2.0148 3.0960 x 10-3
3 7.600 41.1765 0.0294 5.4453 1.6948 3.0030 x 10-3
4 7.600 38.2353 0.0309 4.8247 1.5737 2.9155 x 10-3
5 7.600 33.8235 0.0331 4.0708 1.4038 2.8329 x 10-3

Conversion Solution Mixtures Concentration Conductivity

0.1 M NaOH 0.1 M Na(Ac) H2 O of NaOH (M) (mS/cm)
0% 100 ml - 100 ml 0.0500 10.2
25% 75 ml 25 ml 100 ml 0.0375 7.9
50% 50 ml 50 ml 100 ml 0.0250 6.2
75% 25 ml 75 ml 100 ml 0.0125 5.1
100% - 100 ml 100 ml 0.0000 3.9

CHEMICAL REACTIONS-LAB-REPORT Page 14

INNOCENT MUHWEZI
STUDENT ID : 51877969

Calibration Curve of Conductivity Vs Conversion

12

10
Conductivity (mS)

0
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 120%
Conversion, X (%)

Calibration Curve of Conductivity Vs Concentration

12

10
Conductivity(mS)

0
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06
Concentration of NaOH (M)

CHEMICAL REACTIONS-LAB-REPORT Page 15

INNOCENT MUHWEZI
STUDENT ID : 51877969

Graph of Conversion, X Against Reaction Temperature, T

300

250
Conversion (%)

200

150

100

50

0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400
Reaction Temperature ,T (K)

Graph of ln k Against 1/T

4

0
0 0.0005 0.001 0.0015 0.002 0.0025 0.003 0.0035
-2
ln k

-4

-6

-8

-10
1/T , (K-1)

CHEMICAL REACTIONS-LAB-REPORT Page 16

INNOCENT MUHWEZI
STUDENT ID : 51877969

8.0 CALCULATIONS
Sample Calculation for residence time,

𝑹𝒆𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒐𝒓 𝑽𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒆, 𝑽𝑪𝑺𝑻𝑹

𝑹𝒆𝒔𝒊𝒅𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆 𝒕𝒊𝒎𝒆, 𝝉 =
𝑻𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝒇𝒆𝒆𝒅 𝒇𝒍𝒐𝒘 𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒔, 𝒗𝟎

No Calculations No Calculations
1 4
1𝐿 1𝐿
𝑹𝒆𝒔𝒊𝒅𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆 𝒕𝒊𝒎𝒆, 𝝉 =
𝑹𝒆𝒔𝒊𝒅𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆 𝒕𝒊𝒎𝒆, 𝝉 = 0.132𝐿/𝑚𝑖𝑛
0.132𝐿/𝑚𝑖𝑛
= 7.6𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑠 = 7.6𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑠
2 5
1𝐿 1𝐿
𝑹𝒆𝒔𝒊𝒅𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆 𝒕𝒊𝒎𝒆, 𝝉 = 𝑹𝒆𝒔𝒊𝒅𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆 𝒕𝒊𝒎𝒆, 𝝉 =
0.132𝐿/𝑚𝑖𝑛 0.132𝐿/𝑚𝑖𝑛

= 7.6𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑠 = 7.6𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑠
3
3𝐿
𝑹𝒆𝒔𝒊𝒅𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆 𝒕𝒊𝒎𝒆, 𝝉 =
0.132𝐿/𝑚𝑖𝑛
= 7.6𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑠

CHEMICAL REACTIONS-LAB-REPORT Page 17

INNOCENT MUHWEZI
STUDENT ID : 51877969

Sample Calculation for Conversion, X

Conversion Solution Mixtures Concentration Conductivity

0.1 M NaOH 0.1 M Na(Ac) H2 O of NaOH (M) (mS/cm)
0% 100 ml - 100 ml 0.0500 10.2
25% 75 ml 25 ml 100 ml 0.0375 7.9
50% 50 ml 50 ml 100 ml 0.0250 6.2
75% 25 ml 75 ml 100 ml 0.0125 5.1
100% - 100 ml 100 ml 0.0000 3.9

No Calculations No Calculations
1 4
𝐗 𝟏 − 𝟓𝟎% (𝟓. 𝟖𝟎 − 𝟔. 𝟐)𝐦𝐒/𝐜𝐦 𝐗 𝟒 − 𝟐𝟓% (𝟕. 𝟎 − 𝟕. 𝟗)𝐦𝐒/𝐜𝐦
= =
𝟕𝟓% − 𝟓𝟎% (𝟓. 𝟏 − 𝟔. 𝟐)𝐦𝐒/𝐜𝐦 𝟓𝟎% − 𝟐𝟓% (𝟔. 𝟐 − 𝟕. 𝟗)𝐦𝐒/𝐜𝐦
𝑿𝟏 = 𝟓𝟗. 𝟎𝟗𝟎𝟗% 𝑿𝟒 = 𝟑𝟖. 𝟐𝟑𝟓𝟑%
2 5
𝐗 𝟐 − 𝟐𝟓% = ( 𝟔. 𝟑 − 𝟕. 𝟗)mS/cm 𝐗 𝟓 − 𝟐𝟓% = ( 𝟕. 𝟑 − 𝟕. 𝟗)mS/cm
𝟓𝟎% − 𝟐𝟓% (𝟔. 𝟐 − 𝟕. 𝟗)𝐦𝐒/𝐜𝐦 𝟓𝟎% − 𝟐𝟓% ( 𝟔. 𝟐 − 𝟕. 𝟗)mS/cm

𝐗 𝟓 = 𝟑𝟑. 𝟖𝟐𝟑𝟓 %
𝑿𝟐 = 𝟒𝟖. 𝟓𝟐𝟗𝟒 %
3 𝐗 𝟑 − 𝟐𝟓% = ( 𝟔. 𝟖 − 𝟕. 𝟗)mS/cm
𝟓𝟎% − 𝟐𝟓% ( 𝟔. 𝟑 − 𝟕. 𝟗)mS/cm

𝑋3 = 𝟒𝟏. 𝟏𝟕𝟔𝟓 %

CHEMICAL REACTIONS-LAB-REPORT Page 18

INNOCENT MUHWEZI
STUDENT ID : 51877969

Sample Calculation for Concentration, CA

Conversion Solution Mixtures Concentration Conductivity

0.1 M NaOH 0.1 M Na(Ac) H2 O of NaOH (M) (mS/cm)
0% 100 ml - 100 ml 0.0500 10.2
25% 75 ml 25 ml 100 ml 0.0375 7.9
50% 50 ml 50 ml 100 ml 0.0250 6.2
75% 25 ml 75 ml 100 ml 0.0125 5.1
100% - 100 ml 100 ml 0.0000 3.9

No Calculations
1
𝑪𝑨𝟏 − 𝟎. 𝟎𝟐𝟓𝟎𝑴 (𝟓. 𝟖𝟎 − 𝟔. 𝟐𝟎)𝒎𝑺/𝒄𝒎
=
𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝟐𝟓𝑴 − 𝟎. 𝟎𝟐𝟓𝑴 (𝟓. 𝟏𝟎 − 𝟔. 𝟐𝟎)𝒎𝑺/𝒄𝒎

𝑪𝑨𝟏 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟐𝟎𝟓𝑴
2 𝑪𝑨𝟐 − 𝟎. 𝟎𝟑𝟕𝟓𝑴 (𝟔. 𝟑𝟎 − 𝟕. 𝟗𝟎)𝒎𝑺/𝒄𝒎
=
𝟎. 𝟎𝟐𝟓𝑴 − 𝟎. 𝟎𝟑𝟕𝟓 (𝟔. 𝟐𝟎 − 𝟕. 𝟗𝟎)𝒎𝑺/𝒄𝒎

𝑪𝑨𝟐 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟐𝟓𝟕𝑴
3 𝑪𝑨𝟑 − 𝟎. 𝟎𝟑𝟕𝟓𝑴 (𝟔. 𝟖𝟎 − 𝟕. 𝟗𝟎)𝒎𝑺/𝒄𝒎
=
𝑪𝑨𝟑 − 𝟎. 𝟎𝟐𝟓𝟎𝑴 (𝟔. 𝟐𝟎 − 𝟕. 𝟗𝟎)𝒎𝑺/𝒄𝒎
𝑪𝑨𝟑 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟐𝟗𝟒𝑴

4 𝑪𝑨𝟒 − 𝟎. 𝟎𝟐𝟓𝟎𝐌 (𝟕. 𝟎𝟎 − 𝟕. 𝟗𝟎)𝒎𝑺/𝒄𝒎

=
𝑪𝑨𝟒 − 𝟎. 𝟎𝟐𝟓𝟎𝐌 (𝟕. 𝟎𝟎 − 𝟕. 𝟗𝟎)𝒎𝑺/𝒄𝒎
𝑪𝑨𝟒 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟑𝟎𝟗𝑴
5 (𝟕. 𝟑𝟎 − 𝟕. 𝟗𝟎)𝒎𝑺/𝒄𝒎
𝑪𝑨𝟓 − 𝟎. 𝟎𝟐𝟓𝟎𝐌 =
𝑪𝑨𝟓 − 𝟎. 𝟎𝟐𝟓𝟎𝐌 (𝟕. 𝟑𝟎 − 𝟕. 𝟗𝟎)𝒎𝑺/𝒄𝒎
𝑪𝑨 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟑𝟑𝟏𝑴

CHEMICAL REACTIONS-LAB-REPORT Page 19

INNOCENT MUHWEZI
STUDENT ID : 51877969

Sample Calculation for The Reaction Rate Constant, k

𝑪𝑨𝟎 −𝑪𝑨
Where, 𝒌=
𝝉𝑪𝟐𝑨
k = Reaction rate constants
CA = Outlet concentration of reactant NaOH in the reactor (mol/L)
CA0 = Inlet concentration of reactant NaOH in the reactor (mol/L)
τ = ResisdentnTime (min)

No Calculations No Calculations
1 4

(0.1000 − 0.0205)𝑚𝑜𝑙/𝐿 (0.1000 − 0.0309)𝑚𝑜𝑙/𝐿

𝑘= 𝑘=
7.6𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑠(0.0205𝑚𝑜𝑙/𝐿)2 7.6𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑠(0.0309𝑚𝑜𝑙/𝐿)2
𝑘 = 6.3058 𝐿/𝑚𝑜𝑙. 𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝑘 = 2.4124 𝐿/𝑚𝑜𝑙. 𝑚𝑖𝑛
2 5

(0.1000 − 0.0257)𝑚𝑜𝑙/𝐿 (0.1000 − 0.0331)𝑚𝑜𝑙/𝐿

𝑘= 𝑘=
7.6𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑠(0.0257𝑚𝑜𝑙/𝐿)2 7.6𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑠(0.0331𝑚𝑜𝑙/𝐿)2
𝑘 = 3.7498 𝐿/𝑚𝑜𝑙. 𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝑘 = 2.0354𝐿/𝑚𝑜𝑙. 𝑚𝑖𝑛
3

(0.1000 − 0.0294)𝑚𝑜𝑙/𝐿
𝑘=
7.6𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑠(0.0294𝑚𝑜𝑙/𝐿)2
𝑘 = 2.7227 𝐿/𝑚𝑜𝑙. 𝑚𝑖𝑛
Sample Calculation of ln k and 1/T

Calculations T (K) Calculations,

ln k1 𝑙𝑛𝑘 = 𝑙𝑛0.06929 294.8
𝑇 −1 1
= −2.669 = 3.37 ∗ 10−3 𝐾 −1
294.8𝐾
ln k2 𝑙𝑛𝑘 = 𝑙𝑛0.09680 297.8 𝑇 −1 1
= −2.335 = 3.329 ∗ 10−3 𝐾 −1
297.8
ln k3 𝑙𝑛𝑘 = 𝑙𝑛0.14383 300.35 𝑇 −1
1
= 3.285 ∗ 10−3 𝐾 −1
= −1.939 304𝐾
ln k4 𝑙𝑛𝑘 = 𝑙𝑛0.17363 304.65 𝑇 −1
1
= 3.248 ∗ 10−3 𝐾 −1
= −1.751 307𝐾
ln k5 𝑙𝑛𝑘 = 𝑙𝑛12.671 306.25 𝑇 −1
1
= 3.195 ∗ 10−3 𝐾 −1
= 2.5346 306𝐾

CHEMICAL REACTIONS-LAB-REPORT Page 20

INNOCENT MUHWEZI
STUDENT ID : 51877969

Sample Calculation for Activation Energy, Ea

𝑬
−( )
𝒌(𝑻) = 𝑨𝒆 𝑹𝑻
𝑬𝒂 𝟏
𝒍𝒏𝒌 = 𝒍𝒏𝑨 − (𝑻),
𝑹
𝑬𝒂 = 𝑹𝑻𝒍𝒏(𝑨 − 𝒌)
Where,
J
Ea = Activation energy (mol)
A = Arrhenius Constantant
8.3145J
R = Universal gas Constant ( molK )
T = Absolute Temperature (K)

No Calculations
1 𝑬𝒂 = 𝑹𝑻𝒍𝒏(𝑨 − 𝒌)
𝐸𝑎1 = (8.3145𝐽/𝑚𝑜𝑙𝐾)(294.75)ln (−8.85 − 2.5346)
= −29625.9397 𝐽/𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝐸𝑎1 = −29.6259 𝑘𝐽/𝑚𝑜𝑙

2 𝑬𝒂 = 𝑹𝑻𝒍𝒏(𝑨 − 𝒌)
𝐸𝑎2 = (8.3145𝐽/𝑚𝑜𝑙𝐾)(297.75)ln (−8.85 − 2.0148)
= −29176.5730 𝐽/𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝐸𝑎2 = −29.1766 𝑘𝐽/𝑚𝑜𝑙

3 𝑬𝒂 = 𝑹𝑻𝒍𝒏(𝑨 − 𝒌)
𝐸𝑎3 = (8.3145𝐽/𝑚𝑜𝑙𝐾)(300.35)ln (−8.85 − 1.6948)
= −29193.9326 𝐽/𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝐸𝑎3 = −29.199 𝑘𝐽/𝑚𝑜𝑙

4 𝑬𝒂 = 𝑹𝑻𝒍𝒏(𝑨 − 𝒌)
𝐸𝑎4 = (8.3145𝐽/𝑚𝑜𝑙𝐾)(304.65)ln (−8.85 − 1.5737)
= −29725.2861 𝐽/𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝐸𝑎4 = −29.7253 𝑘𝐽/𝑚𝑜𝑙

5 𝑬𝒂 = 𝑹𝑻𝒍𝒏(𝑨 − 𝒌)
𝐸𝑎5 = (8.3145𝐽/𝑚𝑜𝑙𝐾)(307.25)ln (−8.85 − 1.4038)
= −30093.2829 𝐽/𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝐸𝑎5 = −30.0933 𝑘𝐽/𝑚𝑜𝑙

CHEMICAL REACTIONS-LAB-REPORT Page 21

INNOCENT MUHWEZI
STUDENT ID : 51877969

9.0 DISCUSSION

Calibration Curve of Conductivity Vs Conversion

12

10
9.7
Conductivity (mS)

4
3.7
2

0
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 120%
Conversion, X (%)

The graph shows that the conductivity is inversely proportional to the conversion.
Conductivity decreases as the conversion increases. This graph shows the theoretical value and
relationship between conversion and conductivity. Based on the graph, conductivity and
conversion can be related by a linear equation.

y = mx + c

Where, y = The Conductivity (mS)

x = The Conversion, X (%)
m = The gradient (slope)
c = The y-intercept

.The gradient (slope) of the graph,

𝒚𝟐 − 𝒚𝟏 𝟑. 𝟕 − 𝟗. 𝟕
𝒎= = = −𝟎. 𝟎𝟔
𝒙𝟐 − 𝒙𝟏 𝟏𝟎𝟎 − 𝟎
The y-intercept of the graph,

𝑪 = 𝟗. 𝟕

Thus, the linear equation of the graph is

𝒚 = −𝟎. 𝟎𝟔𝒙 + 𝟗. 𝟕

CHEMICAL REACTIONS-LAB-REPORT Page 22

INNOCENT MUHWEZI
STUDENT ID : 51877969

Graph of Conductivity vs Conversion

10
9.2
9
8
7
Conductivity (mS)

6
5.8
5
4
3
2
1
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 5860 70
Conversion, X(%)

The graph shows the experimental value conductivity of data recorded and an inversely
proportional relation with the conversion. However, when we compare the graph with the
theoretical graph, we can deduce that the experimental data deviated from the theoretical data.
Thus, the linear equation for the experimental value is slightly different from the theoretical
value (but within the margins of acceptable error).
where

y = mx + c

y = The Conductivity (mS)

x = The Conversion , X (%)
m = The gradient (slope)
c = The y-intercept

The gradient (slope) of the graph ,

𝒚 −𝒚 𝟓.𝟖−𝟗.𝟐
𝒎 = 𝒙𝟐 −𝒙𝟏 = = −𝟎. 𝟎𝟓𝟖𝟔
𝟐 𝟏 𝟏𝟎𝟎−𝟎

The y-intercept of the graph,

𝑪 = 𝟗. 𝟐
Thus, the linear equation of the graph is
𝒚 = −𝟎. 𝟎𝟓𝟖𝟔𝒙 + 𝟗. 𝟐
CHEMICAL REACTIONS-LAB-REPORT Page 23
INNOCENT MUHWEZI
STUDENT ID : 51877969

Graph of Conversion, X Against Reaction Temperature, T

300

250

200
Conversion (%)

150

100

50

0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400
Reaction Temperature, T (K)

The graph shows that conversion is inversely proportional to the reaction temperature.
The conversion decreases as the reaction temperature increases. In the theory, conversion should
increase with the reaction temperature, however in the experiment, the data obtained differ with
the theory. From the graph, we can conclude that instead of being consumed, the reactant was
being produced. This could be, since at equilibrium raise in reaction temperature seems to favor
the reverse reaction in the experiment. Also, the relative corresponding equilibrium
concentrations were achieved before the data was taken. This could account for, why the result of
the experiment differs from the theory.

CHEMICAL REACTIONS-LAB-REPORT Page 24

INNOCENT MUHWEZI
STUDENT ID : 51877969

Graph of ln k Against 1/T

4

0
0 0.0005 0.001 0.0015 0.002 0.0025 0.003 0.0035
-2
ln k

-4

-6

-8

-10
1/T , (K-1)

The graph shows ln k is directly proportional to 1/T. When ln k increases, 1/T will
increase. From the graph, we can obtain ln A which is the y-axis intercept. The linear equation
that relates ln k, 1/T and ln A is Arrhenius equation. Arrhenius’ equation shows the dependence
of the rate constant, k of a chemical reaction on the temperature, T and activation energy, Ea.

𝑬
𝒌(𝑻) = 𝑨𝒆−(𝑹𝑻)
𝑬𝒂 𝟏
𝒍𝒏𝒌 = 𝒍𝒏𝑨 − (𝑻)
𝑹

Where, Ea = Activation energy (J/mol)

A = Arrhenius constant
R = Universal Gas Constant (8.314 J/mol.K)
T = Absolute Temperature (K)

From the graph of ln k against 1/T, we can get the y-intercept of the graph which is ln A then we
can get the Arrhenius constant, A: -

From the graph, we estimate that: -

𝒍𝒏𝑨 = −𝟖. 𝟖𝟓
𝑨 = 𝒆−𝟖.𝟖𝟓

𝑨 = 𝟏. 𝟒𝟑𝟑𝟖 ∗ 𝟏𝟎−𝟒

𝑬𝒂 𝟏
Thus, the Arrhenius equation for this experiment is, 𝒍𝒏𝒌 = −𝟖. 𝟖𝟓 − (𝑻)
𝑹

CHEMICAL REACTIONS-LAB-REPORT Page 25

INNOCENT MUHWEZI
STUDENT ID : 51877969

Based on the equation, the activation energy, Ea is calculated. Each of the activation
energies calculated were negative values for both the PFR and CSTR reactors. Thus, it was
concluded that the rates of reaction decrease with the increase in temperature. This observation
supports the assumption that the forward reaction is already reached its limit and the relative
corresponding equilibrium concentration. Thus, increase in reaction temperature reversed the
reaction to favor production of NaOH. With the PFR the concertation of the product increased a
long the tube, as was expected give that reactants downstream of the PFR inlet stream have had
more time to react and form products.

In this experiment, water was used to dilute NaOH and Et(Ac) to a required
concentration. The reaction between the Sodium Hydroxide and Ethyl acetate is a Saponification
process to produce Sodium Acetate and Ethyl Alcohol. This reaction is the primary reaction in
the manufacturing of soap. The general equation for this reaction is;

CH3COOC2H5 + NaOH ⇌ CH3COONa + C2H5OH

This reaction is the model reaction for second order reaction with a rate law

−𝒓𝑨 = 𝒌𝑪𝑨 𝑪𝑩

The concentration of NaOH was monitored as it is the reactant chosen to observe the
reaction progression. In this experiment, temperature was increased at an interval of 3 oC as the
manipulated variables. Temperature as a parameter is one of the factors that affect the rate of
reaction (for any reaction). The relation between Temperature and the conductivity is inversely
proportional. That is as reaction temperature increase, the conductivity of the ionic solution
decreased. This is due to the mobility of the ionic particle in the solution. When the reaction
temperature increases, the atomic vibrations increase resulting in more collisions of the electrons
with the unreactive atoms in the reactors. Therefore, the conductivity or the specific conductance
decreased as the reactor temperature increased.
For this experiment, a constant residence time was used for the solution which is
7.6 minutes. The residence time is calculated by dividing the reactor volume with the total flow
rate. As we used the same reactor and flow rates throughout the experiment, our residence time is
kept at a constant. Therefore, the solution of NaOH and Et(Ac) can be expected to reside in the
reactor for 7.6 minutes.
CHEMICAL REACTIONS-LAB-REPORT Page 26
INNOCENT MUHWEZI
STUDENT ID : 51877969

From the calculations, the conversion (X), feed ratio used or formed product ratio can be
obtained. The conversion for this saponification process in the CSTR is calculated by
extrapolating the AnnexA3 in the Appendix. Each of the conversion for the different temperature
are calculated and tabulate in the table. The graph of conversion against temperature was then
plotted. Reaction Rate Constant (k) or the kinetic constant for this saponification process can be
calculated with the formula stated in the theory. The rate constant is calculated using the inlet
and outlet conductivity of the reactant, NaOH and the residence time. The sample calculations
for the rate constant (k), are as stated in the calculation section above. The reaction rate constant,
k decreased as the temperature increased.
𝑬𝒂
The aim here is to relate the rate law with the Arrhenius Equation, 𝒌(𝑻) = 𝑨𝒆−(𝑹𝑻) .

Based on the tabulated experimental results, and the graph of ln Reaction Rate Constant, (ln k) against
1/T. A relation was derived for the Arrhenius equation which is 𝒍𝒏𝒌 = 𝒍𝒏𝑨 − 𝑬𝑹𝒂 (𝟏𝑻).

This rearranged Arrhenius equation relates the temperature, rate of reaction constant and the activation
energy. With the help of the Arrhenius Equation above, and the graph of ln k against 1/T, we can find
the Arrhenius constant, ln A. The ln A is a slope or the gradient from the graph of ln k against 1/T.
Thus, the Arrhenius constant, A is defined by the value 𝟏. 𝟒𝟑𝟑𝟖 ∗ 𝟏𝟎−𝟒 . As Arrhenius equation relates
the rate constant, k, Temperature, T, and the activation energy, Ea, we can compute the activation
energy for each reaction as a function of temperature. The Activation Energy, Ea is calculated by using
the formula for each of the repeated readings. The sample calculations for Activation Energy can be
referred to in the sample calculation above.
𝒌𝑱
The activation energy for each reading for this saponification reaction is between −𝟐𝟗. 𝟔𝟐𝟓𝟗 𝒎𝒐𝒍 to
𝒌𝑱
−𝟑𝟎. 𝟎𝟗𝟑𝟑 . It is relatively constant with a difference of ±0.5 kJ / mol. As we finally get the
𝒎𝒐𝒍

activation energy for the saponification of NaOH and Et(Ac), one of the experimental objectives was
achieved.

CHEMICAL REACTIONS-LAB-REPORT Page 27

INNOCENT MUHWEZI
STUDENT ID : 51877969

10.0 CONCLUSION

From the experiment, we were able to find out the effect of temperature on the
conversion of reactants. The percentage of conversion decreased with increase in temperature.
This was done by calculating the percentage of conversion as seen in the Sample Calculation
section. The percentage of conversion obtained were; 59.0909%, 48.5294%, 41.1765%,
38.2535% and 33.8253% respectively. Thus, a graph of conversion, X against reaction
temperature, T was plotted and used to compare the a PFR to a CSTR reactor. PFR has higher
conversion pre unit volume was confirmed.

Though some issues were had with the Mixed Flow type reactor, the results were still
eligible. The experimental procedure was followed through without any faults, meaning that the
resulting data are valid. The pump speeds were calculated using the charts provided. The mass
balances for both reactors were derived from first principles and a formula for the reaction rate
constant, k was derived (see Appendix). Using that formula and interpolated values for the
fractional conversion, the value for k was found for each steady state in both reactions
respectively. Other than the uncertainties mentioned in the discussion, the experimental results
were as predicted by the theory as per indicated by graphs produced from ln(k) and 1/T look
correct compared to graphs from known theory. This means that the calculations were correct,
and the activation energy found is also correct.

Relating to the kinetics of the reaction, it was proven that rA is dependent on temperature
𝐸𝐴 1
from the equations -rA = kCACB and 𝑘 = 𝑘0 𝑒 ( 𝑅 ∗𝑇 ) . Using the knowledge found, charts on
performance can be made and used to see which reactor is best suited to which type of situation,
as per the aim of the experiment reactor is best suited to which type of situation, as per the aim of
the experiment.

CHEMICAL REACTIONS-LAB-REPORT Page 28

INNOCENT MUHWEZI
STUDENT ID : 51877969

11.0 RECOMMENDATION
Errors

To minimize errors in data collected and results of the experiment to be more accurate and
precise, three runs were carried out per temperature and used the average value for the
calculation. As for the calculation of the results, it is vital to take the value approximately to at
least 4 decimal places. This is to ensure that results being calculated are precise and accurate.

Human error can be reduced by recording experimental data correctly. e.g. conductivity
value must be recorded at steady state (has stabilized) if not, Errors occur when the wrong value
on the conductivity measurements due to an unstable system. This then could lead to errors in
conversion and outlet concentration that need to be calculated based on the value of conductivity
recorded. Hydroscopic is when mass rapidly increases as the system absorbs water at a high rate,
this produces errors which are unaccountable for, due to their nature. The best way to limit this is
to keep full control on the flowrate, never letting it get above the point where this property will
occur.
Deliquescent relates to the dissolving due to the water from the air being absorbed and
thus, giving out an inaccurate reading. The most efficient way of preventing this would be to
make sure the equipment has a tight seal and a vacuum on the inside. Wait until the NaOH
solution completely dissolves as the homogeneous solution will produce less uncertainties. The
tank was mixed by filling it with the solutions and emptying, repeating the process to fully
nullify any contaminants which may alter the results.

CHEMICAL REACTIONS-LAB-REPORT Page 29

INNOCENT MUHWEZI
STUDENT ID : 51877969

12.0 REFERENCES

Levenspiel O., “Chemical Reaction Engineering”, John Wiley (USA), 1972.

Fogler H.S. , “Elements of Chemical Reaction Engineering, 3rd Ed.”, Prentice

Hall (USA) , 1999.
Smith J.M., “Chemical Engineering Kinetics”, McGraw Hill (Singapore), 1981.

Astarita G., “Mass Transfer with Chemical Reaction”, Elsevier, 1967.

Scott Fogler ,“Element of Chemical reaction Engineering”, Fourth Edition H., Pearson

International Edition, 2006 Pearson Education, Inc.

Burrows, A., Holman, J., Parsons, A., Pilling, G. and Price, G. (2009). Chemistry³. 1st ed.
New York: Oxford University Press Inc., pp.1111-1112.

Sinnott, R. and Towler, G. (2009). Chemical Engineering Design. 5th ed. Oxford:
Butterworth-Heinemann, pp.664-665.

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INNOCENT MUHWEZI
STUDENT ID : 51877969

13 APPENDIX

Liquid Phased Stirred Tank Reactor (CSTR)

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INNOCENT MUHWEZI
STUDENT ID : 51877969

Mass Balances
Continuously Stirred Tank Reactor

Starting with the balance equation:

Accumulation = Input – Output + Generation – Consumption
With Accumulation equals to zero as system is at steady state.
Fractional conversion = XA for NaOH, and XB for the Acetate.
Initial concentration of NaOH = CA,0 = 0.05mol/dm3
and Acetate = CB,0 = 0.05mol/dm3
Final Concentrations, CA,F = CA,0(1-XA), CB,F = CB,0(1-XB)
𝐶𝐴,0 ∗𝑋𝐴
Extent of Reaction, ξ = CA,0XA = CB,0XB 𝑋𝐵 =
𝐶𝐵,0

Volumetric flow rate = v0, which is constant in continuous systems. Ethyl Acetate was pumped in at
20% excess for this experiment, therefore the total of both streams, v0 = 1.0 +1.2 = 2.2 ml/s
Rate Constant = k Volume, V = 1litre
Returning to the balance equation:
0 = NA,0 – NA – rAV Where NA,0 is the number of moles of A at the initial stage.

NA is the number of moles in the final stage.

0 = CA,0 v0 – CA,0v0 (1-XA)– kCA,F CB,FV

0 = CA,0 v0 – CA,0v0 (1-XA)– kCA,0(1-XA) CB,0(1-XB) V

0 = CA,0 v0 – CA,0v0 + CA,0v0XA – k(CA,0-CA,0XA)( CB,0-CB,0XB)

𝐶𝐴,0 ∗𝑋𝐴
0 = CA,0v0XA – k(CA,0-CA,0XA) (CB,0-CB,0 𝐶𝐵,0
)

𝑣0 𝐶𝐴,0 𝑋𝐴
𝑘=
𝑉(𝐶𝐴,0 −𝐶𝐴,0 𝑋𝐴 )(𝐶𝐵,0 −𝐶𝐴,0 𝑋𝐴 )

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INNOCENT MUHWEZI
STUDENT ID : 51877969

Tubular Reactor

Starting with the balance equation: Accumulation = Input – Output + Generation Consumption
With Accumulation equals to zero as system is at steady state.

Taking one example of a tube and observing a certain cross-section from inside to perform the mass
balance. FA is the input mole flowrate and the output is the input plus a change, FA+dFA. There is no
generation as there is no production of NaOH and Ethyl Acetate. The consumption however is given
by; [Link]
where,
rA = [Link],[Link],out

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INNOCENT MUHWEZI
STUDENT ID : 51877969

Returning to the balance equation:

0 = FA – (FA+dFA) - [Link]

0 = FA – (FA+dFA) – [Link],[Link],[Link]

0= –dFA – [Link],[Link],[Link]

dFA = –[Link],[Link],[Link]

[Link],[Link] = -kCA,0(1- XA) CB,0(1- XB)dV ξ = CA,0XA = CB,0XB

𝐶𝐴,0 ∗𝑋𝐴
[Link],[Link] = -kCA,0(1- XA) CB,0(1- )dV
𝐶𝐵,0

[Link],[Link] = (-kCA,0 + kCA,0XA)(CB,0 - CA,0XA)dV

[Link],[Link] = - kCA,0 CB,0 + kCA,02XA + kCA,0 CB,0 XA - kCA,[Link]

Integrate between XA=0 and XA=1 on the left-hand side, and V=0 and V=V on the right-hand side.

[Link],[Link] = kV(-CA,0 CB,0+ CA,02XA+ CA,0 CB,0 XA - CA,02XA2)

v0XA = kV(-CB,0 + CA,0XA+ CB,0 XA - CA,0XA2)

𝑣0 𝑋𝐴
𝑘=
𝑉(−𝐶𝐵,0 + 𝐶𝐴,0 𝑋𝐴 + 𝐶𝐵,0 𝑋𝐴 − 𝐶𝐴,0 𝑋𝐴2 )

Volumetric flow rate = v0, Ethyl Acetate was pumped in at 30% excess for this experiment, therefore
the total of both streams, v0 = 1.0 +1.3 = 2.3 ml/s

CHEMICAL REACTIONS-LAB-REPORT Page 34