DESTRUCTIVE TESTING

Quantitative Test Qualitative Test

 Used to measure a mechanical property  Used to verify joint is free from defect and has
 Mechanical test is quantitative as a quantity is sound quality
measured  Eg: Bend, macroscopic and fracture test
 Have units
 Eg: Tensile (N/mm2 & PSI), hardness(VPN &
BHN)and impact test
TENSILE TEST

Transverse Tensile Test  Tensile ductility measured in two ways:

 To show that the strength of joints satisfies the
design criterion a) Percent elongation of gauge length
 Intended to measure the tensile strength of joint
 Specimen standard EN 895
Load max
 Tensile strength , Rm =
Cross−sectional Area
 Acceptance criteria;
-If test piece break at WM, accepted if the calculated
strength>the minimum tensile strength specified
- If specimen breaks outside WZ or FZ at stress above
Change∈length
95% of the min. BM strength, acceptable. ¿ x 100 elongation as a %
Original length
b) Percent reduction of area at the point fracture
All-weld Tensile Test
 To measure WM strength, particularly for elevated
temperature.
 To measure tensile strength and yield and tensile
ductility
 Specimen gauge length must be 100% WM
 Yield ( Re ) or Channge∈area
x 100 ereduction as a %
proof stress Original area
are measured
by an
extensometer Load❑
UTS¿
attached to Cross−sectional Area
parallel length
of the
specimen
Impact Toughness Test Cont. impact test
 Measure impact strength in different weld joint area
 Assessing resistance toward brittle fracture
 Measure the energy to initiate, and propagate, a crack
from a sharp notch in a standard sized specimen
subjected to an impact load.
 Test specimen:
-Standard size

- Specimens are machined from welded test plates with

the notch position located in different positions
according to the testing requirements
 Acceptance Criteria:
-Test values are compared with those specified by
the application standard or client to establish
whether specified requirements have been met.
-After impact testing, additional information about
their toughness characteristics added to the test
report:
 Percent crystallinity – the % of the fracture
face that has crystalline appearance which
indicates brittle fracture; 100% indicates
completely brittle fracture
 Lateral expansion – the increase in width of
the back of the specimen behind the notch –
 Method: as indicated below; the larger the value the
tougher the specimen
- The energy absorbed by the hammer when it strikes
each test specimen is shown by the position of the
hammer pointer on the scale of the machine.
-Energy values are given in Joules (or ft-lbs in US
specifications).

-extreme brittleness: show a clean break, both

halves of the specimen having a completely flat
fracture face with little or no lateral expansion.
-very good toughness : show a small degree of
crack extension, without fracture and a high value
of lateral expansion.
Hardness Test Crack tip opening displacement (CTOD) Testing
 Hardness of metal is its resistance to plastic  Enables engineer to make judgement about the risk
deformation of brittle fracture occurring in steels
 To determine metal resistance to deformation by  Measure material property – fracture toughness
measuring the resistance to indentation  Fracture toughness data enables engineer to carry
 Information to be obtained: out analysis such as:
-Material type -calculating the size of crack that would initiate a
-Location of indentation brittle fracture under a certain stress condition
-Method and load applied -Stress that would cause a certain sized crack to give
-Hardness value a brittle fracture at a particular temperature
 Method:  Method:
-Vickers –sq. based diamond pyramid indenter -Tested at a temperature below ambient
-Rockwell – diamond cone indenter or steel ball -Specimen temperature is controlled by immersion
to a liquid cooled to the required test temperature
-Load is applied to caused bending and induced
concentrated stress

-Brinell – ball indenter, more suitable for on-site

testing

 Hardness value is given by size of indentation

-fracture toughness : opening of crack tip without

initiation of brittle crack
-Increase in width of crack mouth against applied
load for CTOD value to be calculated
 Specimen:

 Smaller indentation, harder the metal

 Acceptance criteria:
-Provided in application standard or client may specify
a minimum CTOD value that indicates ductile tearing
-Test information can be used for engineering critical
assessment (ECA)
-Value in mm, typically <<~0.1mm=brittle behaviour,
>~1mm=Very tough behaviour

Bend Test Fillet Fracture Test

 Hammer
Movingstroke
press

 Taken from WPQ test piece or WQT pieces  Assessed in the quality/soundness of a fillet weld
 As a way of verifying there are no significant flaw in  As an alternative to macroscopic examination
the joint  Can be used for welder qualification testing according
 Show degree of ductility, test if specimen can be bend to European Standards but is not used for welding
without fracture or fissures above certain length procedure qualification.
 Specimen type:  Specimen:
Root & Face Bend: - cut into short lengths (typically 50mm)
 taken with axis transverse to butt welds - notch profile: square, V or U shape.
 up to ~12mm t

 Bent with root is on  Bent with face on the

the outside (root in outside (face in tension).
tension).
Side Bend:
 taken as a transverse
slice (~10mm) from  Test method
the full thickness of  Fracture through their throat by dynamic strokes
butt welds (hammering) or by pressing
 >~12mm t  number of tests : typically 4
 bent with side in
tension
Longitudinal Bend:
 taken with axis parallel
to the longitudinal axis
of a butt weld
 ~12mm t
 Face or root of weld
 Acceptance criteria:
may be tested in
-The standard for welder qualification, or application
tension.
standard, will specify the acceptance criteria for
 Method:
imperfections
-Diameter of former used determined by type of
-Test reports should give a description of the
material tested
appearance of the fracture and location of any
-Express as a multiple of the specimen thickness (t),
imperfection
for C-Mn typically 4t
-Specimen must experience bend angle 120-180°
 Acceptance criteria:
-exhibit satisfactory soundness
-no cracks or significant fissures or cavities
-small indication ,3mm in length may be allowed
Butt Weld Fracture Test (Nick-break Test) Cont. Macro/micro ex
 Assessed in the quality/soundness of a fillet weld  Macro is used to examine particular region of weld or
 As an alternative to radiography examination HAZ in order to:
 Specify for welder qualification testing according to -examine the microstructure
European Standards but is not used for welding -identify nature of crack of other imperfection
procedure qualification. -ensure weld has been made in accordance with WPS
 Specimen: -ensure weld is free from defect
- taken from a butt weld and notched so that the
fracture path will be in the central region of the weld. Metallographic Examination
 Used to:
- Detect weld defect (macro)
- Measure grain size(micro)
- Detect brittle structure, precipitates, etc
- Assess resistance toward brittle fracture, cold
cracking and corrosion sensitivity
 Info to be in report:
- Material type
- Etching solution
- Magnification
- Grain size
- Location of examined area
- Weld imperfection (Macro)
 Method: - Phase, constituents, precipitates (Macro)
-Test pieces are made to fracture by hammering
or three-point bending. European Standards for Destructive Test Methods
 Acceptance Criteria:
-The standard for welder qualification, or application Destructive tests on welds in metallic
standard, will specify the acceptance criteria for EN materials – Impact tests – test specimen
imperfections 875 location, notch orientation and
-Test reports should give a description of the examination.
appearance of the fracture and location of any EN Destructive tests on welds in metallic
imperfection 895 materials – transverse tensile test.
EN Destructive tests on welds in metallic
Macro/micro Examination 910 materials – bend tests.
 Used to give a visual evaluation of cross-section of a
Destructive tests on welds in metallic
welded joint EN
materials – macroscopic and
 It will reveal: 1321
microscopic examination of welds.
-weld soundness
-distribution of inclusion Metallic materials - Tensile testing. Part
BS EN
-number of weld passes 1: Method of test
10002
-metallurgical structure of weld, FZ and HAZ at ambient temperature.
-location and depth of penetration of weld Tensile testing of metallic materials. Part
-fillet weld leg and throat dimension BS EN
5: Method of test at elevated
10002
temperatures.