MATH 1530 Introductory Statistics

Summary of Course Topics

Chapter 5
 Compute and interpret probabilities using Empirical and Classical/Theoretical
Methods
 Compute “A or B,” “A and B,” and “A given B” probabilities from a contingency
table
 Compute “at least” probabilities
 Understand the rules of probability
 0 ≤ 𝑃(𝐴) ≤ 1
 The sum of the probabilities of all possible outcomes must add to 1
 The Complement Rule: 𝑃(𝐴𝐶 ) = 1 − 𝑃(𝐴)
 Distinguish between usual and unusual events
Chapter 1
 Distinguish between different types of variables
 qualitative and quantitative
 discrete and continuous
 Distinguish between an Observational Study and a Designed Experiment
 Distinguish between different types of sampling methods and identify which are
valid
 Understand the basics of Experimental Design
Chapter 2
 Organize data in tables
 Frequency, relative frequency, cumulative frequency, and cumulative relative
frequency
 Read and interpret graphical displays for qualitative and quantitative data
 Pie Charts, Bar Graphs, Pareto Charts
 Histograms, Dot Plots, Stem-and-Leaf Plots
 Identify the shape of a distribution
Chapter 3
 Measures of central tendency, dispersion, and position
 Empirical Rule, minimum and maximum usual value, and z-scores
 Five-number summary, and boxplots
Chapter 6
 Identify and graph discrete probability distributions
 Compute and interpret the mean/expected value of a discrete random variable
 Compute the standard deviation of a discrete random variable
Chapter 7
 The properties of the Normal curve
 Find and interpret the area under a Normal curve
 Find the value of a Normal random variable
Chapter 8
 Describe the distribution of the sample mean for normal and non-normal
populations
 Shape
 Center
 Spread
 Understand and apply the Central Limit Theorem
Chapter 9
 Obtain a point estimate for the population proportion
 Construct and interpret a confidence interval for the population proportion
 Determine the sample size necessary for estimating a population proportion within
a specified margin of error
 Obtain a point estimate for the population mean
 Construct and interpret a confidence interval for the population mean
 Determine the sample size necessary for estimating a population mean within a
specified margin of error
Chapter 10
 Determine the null and alternative hypotheses
 State conclusions to hypothesis tests
 Test hypotheses about a population proportion
 Test hypotheses about a population mean
 Determine the appropriate hypothesis test to perform
Chapter 11

 Test hypotheses regarding two proportions from independent samples

 Test hypotheses for a population mean from matched-pairs data
 Test hypotheses regarding the difference of two independent means
Chapter 4

 Graph and interpret scatter diagrams

 Compute and interpret the linear correlation coefficient
 Determine whether a linear relation exists between two variables
 Find the least-squares regression line
 Make predictions from data
 MATH 1530 Introductory Statistics
Final Exam Review
Use the following information for questions 1-6.
The data from a survey of 327,612 people about health insurance is listed below. The
results were separated by age and insurance type. Determine the following probabilities
based on this data. Round to four decimal places when needed.

Age
< 𝟏𝟖 18-44 45-64 > 𝟔𝟒 TOTAL
Private Health
48,403 73,419 58,810 24,091 204,723
Insurance
Government
21,812 11,962 10,497 30,716 74,987
Health Insurance
No Health
6,724 26,396 13,905 877 47,902
Insurance
TOTAL 76,939 111,777 83,212 55,684 327,612
1. What is the probability that a person selected has health insurance?
2. What is the probability that a person selected is at least 18 years old?
3. What is the probability that a person selected is 18-44 years old or has private health
insurance?
4. What is the probability that a person selected is 45-64 years old and has government
health insurance?
5. If a person who has no health insurance is selected, what is the probability that this
person is over 64? Would this be unusual?
6. If a person who is 18-64 is selected, what is the probability that this person has
government health insurance?
7. A small retail business in El Paso, near the Arizona/Texas border, received five new
customers on its mailing list this month.
Customer Name Gender Age Number of Items Purchased Zip Code
Suzie Female 46 15 88063
Ron Male 52 3 79924
Henri Male 31 6 88008
Mia Female 58 22 79906
Oscar Male 29 1 79904

(a) Identify the variables, (b) determine whether each variable is qualitative or
quantitative, and (c) determine, if possible, whether each variable is discrete or
continuous.
Use the following information for questions 8-12.
A pharmaceutical company wants to conduct a survey of 50 individuals who have high
cholesterol. The company has obtained a list from primary care physicians throughout the
country of 11,500 individuals who are known to have high cholesterol. Identify the type of
sampling method used and determine whether or not each method is valid.

8. Select a hospital at random from a list of all of the country's hospitals. Survey
individuals that pass by the front desk until there are responses from 50 individuals
with high cholesterol.
9. Group the individuals by common primary care physician. Assign each physician a
different number and use a random number generator to select physicians until the
total number of patients of all the selected physicians is at least 50.
10. Alphabetize the list of 11,500 individuals by last name and select one of the first 230
individuals at random. Starting from the selected individual, read down the list and
select every 230th individual.
11. Group the individuals by common primary care physician. For each group, assign all the
individuals different numbers, and use a random number generator to select an
appropriate number of individuals.
12. Alphabetize the list of 11,500 individuals by last name and assign all the individuals
different numbers. Use a random number generator to select 50 individuals.

13. The following Pareto chart shows the position played by the most valuable player
(MVP) in a certain baseball league for the last 75 years.
Baseball MVP by Position
40% 37%
35%
30%
25%
19%
20%
15% 12% 12%
10% 8% 7% 5%
5%
0%
Outfield 1st Base 3rd Base Pitcher Catcher Short 2nd Base
Stop

a) How many MVPs played outfield?

b) There are three outfield positions (left field, center field, right field). Given this, how
might the graph be misleading?
14. The table below represents the tuition for all 2-year community colleges in a region
during the 2014-2015 academic year. Complete the table by finding the relative
frequency, cumulative frequency, and cumulative relative frequency. Round to the
nearest whole percentage when necessary.

Number of Cumulative
Tuition Relative Cumulative
Community Relative
(in dollars) Frequency Frequency
Colleges Frequency
775-799 22
800-824 65
825-849 12
850-874 5
875-899 0
900-924 0
925-949 0
950-974 2

15. The following represents the IQ scores of a random sample of seventh-grade students.
IQs of 7th Grade Students

59

43
40
Frequency

30

11
7
3 4
1 2

IQ Scores
a) What is the class width?

b) Which class has the highest frequency? the lowest frequency?

c) How many seventh graders have IQ scores less than 90?

d) How many seventh graders have IQ scores between 100 and 129?

e) How many seventh graders had an IQ score of at least 130?

16. The accompanying data represent the muzzle velocity (in meters per second) of rounds
fired from a 155-mm gun. Find the mean, median, range, sample variance, and standard
deviation for the data. Round to two decimal places, when needed.
793.8 793.1 792.4 794.0 791.4
792.4 791.7 792.3 789.6 794.4

17. The following is a sample of 18 November utility bills (in dollars) from a neighborhood.

52 62 66 68 72 74
76 76 76 78 78 82
84 86 88 92 96 110
a) Find the five-number summary for this data.

b) Draw a boxplot of the data.

c) Are there any outliers in this data? If so, what are they?

18. A certain group of test subjects had pulse rates with a mean of 70.1 beats per minute
and a standard deviation of 10.5 beats per minute.
a) What is the minimum usual pulse rate?

b) What is the maximum usual pulse rate?

c) Would it be unusual for one of the test subjects to have a pulse rate of 122.9 beats
per minute?

19. A popular casino table game is three-card poker. One aspect of the game is the "pair
plus" bet in which a player is paid a dollar amount for any hand of a pair or better,
regardless of the hand the dealer has. The table available below shows the profit and
probability of various hands of a player playing the $5 pair plus bet.
Outcome Profit ($) Probability
Straight Flush 200 0.0022
Three of a Kind 150 0.0024
Straight 30 0.0326
Flush 20 0.0496
Pair 5 0.1694
Other −5 0.7438
a) Verify that this is a discrete probability distribution.

b) Based on this probability distribution, what is the profit or loss a player can expect
to make? Round your answer to the nearest penny.
20. The number of chocolate chips in an 18-ounce bag of cookies is approximately normally
distributed with a mean of 1252 chips and standard deviation 129 chips. Round
probabilities to four decimal places and the number of chips to the nearest whole chip.
a) What is the probability that a randomly selected bag contains between 1100 and
1500 chocolate chips?
b) Find the probability that a randomly selected bag contains fewer than 1100 chips?
c) What proportion of bags contains more than 1200 chocolate chips?
d) How many chocolate chips will represent the 20th percentile of 18-oz. bags?
21. The time required for an automotive center to complete an oil change service on an
automobile approximately follows a normal distribution, with a mean of 17 minutes
and a standard deviation of 2.5 minutes. The automotive center guarantees customers
that the service will take no longer than 20 minutes. If it does take longer, the customer
will receive the service for half-price. Round probabilities to four decimal places and
times to the nearest tenth of a minute.
a) If a customer arrives at 2:45 p.m., what is the probability that the oil change will be
completed by 3:00 p.m.?
b) What is the probability that the customer will receive the service for half-price?
c) If the automotive center does not want to give the discount to more than 1% of its
customers, how long should it make the guaranteed time limit?
22. A factory machine produces a certain copper tubing component in a refrigeration unit.
The tubing components produced by the manufacturer have a mean diameter of 0.75
inch with a standard deviation of 0.004 inch. The quality control inspector takes a
random sample of 30 components once each week and calculates the mean diameter of
these components.
a) Describe the sampling distribution of 𝑥̅ , the sample mean diameter, for a random
sample of 30 such components. Give exact answers, using a radical if necessary.
b) If the mean is either less than 0.748 inch or greater than 0.752 inch, the inspector
concludes that the machine needs an adjustment. What is the probability that,
based on a random sample of 30 such components, the inspector will conclude that
the machine needs an adjustment? Round to four decimal places.
23. A random sample of 1026 adults in a certain large country was asked "Do you pretty
much think televisions are a necessity or a luxury you could do without?" Of the 1026
adults surveyed, 516 indicated that televisions are a luxury they could do without.
a) Obtain a point estimate for the population proportion. Round to three decimal
places, as needed.
b) Construct and interpret a 95% confidence interval for the population proportion of
adults in the country who believe that televisions are a luxury they could do without.
Round to three decimal places, as needed.
c) How many adults would need to be surveyed to estimate the proportion within 2
percentage points with 99% confidence?
24. A survey was conducted that asked 1060 people how many books they had read in the
past year. Results indicated that 𝑥̅ = 15.4 books and 𝑠 = 17.3 books.
a) Construct a 90% confidence interval for the mean number of books people read.

b) Interpret the interval. Round to one decimal place, as needed.

c) How many people should be surveyed so that the mean number of books people
read can be estimated within 2 books using a 98% confidence interval?

25. In a previous poll, 45% of adults with children under the age of 18 reported that their
family ate dinner together seven nights a week. Suppose that, in a more recent poll, 463
of 1081 adults with children under the age of 18 reported that their family ate dinner
together seven nights a week. Is there sufficient evidence that the proportion of families
with children under the age of 18 who eat dinner together seven nights a week has
decreased? Use the 𝛼 = 0.1 significance level.

26. Among all credit cards issued, the proportion of cards that result in default was 0.13 in
2010. A credit analyst with a credit-card company believes this proportion is different
today. If a sample of 518 credit cards are examined and 14.2% of cards result in default,
test the analyst’s claim at an 𝛼 = 0.02 significance level.

27. A college entrance exam company determined that a score of at least 24 on the
mathematics portion of the exam suggests that a student is ready for college-level
mathematics. To achieve this goal, the company recommends that students take a core
curriculum of math courses in high school. Suppose a random sample of 150 students
who completed this core set of courses results in a mean math score of 23.3 on the
college entrance exam with a standard deviation of 3.6. Do these results suggest that
students who complete the core curriculum are ready for college-level mathematics?
Use the 𝛼 = 0.05 significance level.

28. This past year, an organization conducted a survey and asked 715 randomly selected
adults, "What do you think is the ideal number of children for a family to have?" The
results of the survey were heavily skewed right with a mean of 2.57 children and a
standard deviation of 0.98 children. Ten years ago, the ideal number of children was
2.68. Do the results of this poll indicate the ideal number of children has declined? Use
a 2.5% level of significance.
29. Osteoporosis is a condition in which people experience decreased bone mass and an
increase in the risk of bone fracture. In clinical trials of a new drug, 1374
postmenopausal women were randomly divided into experimental and control groups.
The subjects in the experimental group were administered 5 milligrams of the drug,
while the subjects in the control group were administered a placebo. Researchers
testing if there is a difference between the two groups. Whether the woman
experienced a bone fracture, or not, over the course of 1 year was recorded.
5 mg of drug Placebo
Sample Size 696 678
Number who experienced a fracture 27 49
Use the sample data to find the 𝑃-value and interpret it using a significance level of
𝛼 = 0.001.

30. Automobile collision insurance is used to pay for any claims made against the driver in
the event of an accident. This type of insurance will typically pay to repair any assets
that your vehicle damages. Using the sample statistics below and the concept of
hypothesis testing, determine if a higher insurance premium should be paid by 20- to
24-year-old drivers. Use a 𝛼 = 0.005 level of significance.
20- to 24-year-old drivers 30- to 59-year-old drivers
Mean Claim ($) 4590 3670
Standard Deviation 2315 2014
Number of Claims 40 40

31. Researchers initiated a long-term study of the population of American black bears. One
aspect of the study was to develop a model that could be used to predict a bear's weight
(since it is not practical to weigh bears in the field). One variable thought to be related
to weight is the length of the bear. The accompanying data represent the lengths and
weights of 12 American black bears.

Length (cm) 139 135 130 120.5 149 141 141 150 166 151.5 129.5 150
Weight (kg) 110 60 90 60 95 100 110 85 155 140 105 110
a) Calculate the linear correlation coefficient. Round to three decimal places.

b) Calculate the least squares regression line. Can this line be used for predicting a
bear’s weight based on its length? Calculate 𝑎 and 𝑏 to two decimal places.

c) Find the best-predicted weight for a black bear with a length of 135 cm. Round to
two decimal places.
32. The given data represent the total compensation (in millions of dollars) for 10
randomly selected CEOs and their company's stock performance (in percentages) in
2009. Round answers to two decimal places.

Compensation
26.22 12.19 19.26 13.54 12.42 11.92 26.37 14.74 17.62 14.26
($ millions)
Stock Return
5.93 30.63 32.12 79.28 −8.28 3.06 4.88 10.47 3.66 11.32
(%)
a) Calculate the linear correlation coefficient.

b) Calculate the least squares regression line. Can this line be used for predicting a
company’s stock performance based on the CEO’s total compensation?

c) What would be the predicted stock return for a company whose CEO made $15
million?