WRITING

STYLE
GUIDELINES

Turabian and APA

style formats

Revised: January 2009

 Rocky Mountain College
Writing Style Guidelines

Students need to be aware of and use proper writing styles and citation practices so
that they are not inadvertently guilty of plagiarism. In order to accomplish this, academic
organizations create style rules that outline how we present things both so that the
material is easily accessible to everyone and so that everyone understands what we are
claiming as our own and what we are using from others and who they are.

Principles governing proper citation:

1. If you use the ideas or words of other people you must give them credit.

2. If you use the words of others you must either paraphrase what they said and
give them credit or quote them precisely and give them credit.

3. When you quote someone you may alter punctuation and capitalization to fit your
sentence structure, but any other changes (adding, deleting, or altering a word;
italicizing; etc.) must be done in a way that makes it clear there has been a
change.

Rocky Mountain College Styles

There are two style formats used at RMC: American Psychological Association
(APA) for SSCxxx courses and Turabian (Chicago) for all other courses. The current
editions of these style manuals serve as the final source of determining proper style, but
the following general principles and examples are given to assist students in making
proper citations. The basic idea of a citation is to provide the information about the
source to readers so they can know where the idea/information came from and can find
it themselves.

The latest editions of these guides are available in the library:

Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association. 5th edition.

(Washington, DC: American Psychological Association, 2001) In the library’s
Reference section at REF BF 76.7 .P83 2001

Turabian, Kate L. A Manual for Writers of Research Papers, Theses, and Dissertations.
7th edition. (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2007) In the library’s
Reference section at REF LB 2369 .T8 2007 (Normally on reserve during the
school year)
 Turabian Style

Although the Turabian style allows for the use of either notes or parenthetical citations,
at RMC we use footnotes and a bibliography.

Footnotes. A footnote is created by inserting a superscript number, normally at the end

of the sentence that requires a note. For example:

According to O’Hanlon, churches in the 21st century will have a difficult time retaining
younger members due to “ineffectiveness in understanding the spiritual needs of the urban,
multi-racial community.” 1

At the bottom of the page a note is created with all the necessary information for
the reader of your paper to find the source of the quotation. For example:
1
Brian O’Hanlon, Do One Thing Different (New York: Harper Collins, 2000), 59.

Examples will be given in the following pages for specific types of sources, but the
general format for notes is:

Books
1
Author’s First and Last Names, Title of Book (Place of Publication: Publisher, Date of
Publication), Pages.

Journals
1
Author’s First and Last Names, “Title of Journal Article,” Title of Journal Volume
Number (Date of Publication): Pages.

Shorted Notes

If you cite the same source again in your paper, you can shorten the note to:
1
Author’s Last Name, Title of Book or “Title of Journal Article” (up to a maximum of
four words), Pages.

Alternately, if you are citing the same source many times in a row, you may use the
term ibid., which is Latin for “in the same place.” Ibid. is capitalized, but not italicized. It
is an abbreviation, so ibid. must end in a period.
1
Author’s Last Name, Title of Book or “Title of Journal Article” (up to a maximum of
four words), Pages.
2
Ibid., Pages.
Things to remember:

1. Notes are separated from the text by a short, 2” line. Most word
processing programs can insert this line automatically.
2. The first line of a footnote is indented five spaces.
3. Notes are always single-spaced, with a space separating notes that are on
the same page.
4. The author’s name is always listed as first name, last name.
5. For books, the place of publication, publisher and date of publication are
always enclosed in parenthesis.

Bibliography. The bibliography is at the end of your paper. The following are basic
principles for properly listing sources in assignments at RMC using Turabian Style:

1. Sources used and cited in the text must be listed in the bibliography. Additional
resources that were consulted but not referenced may also be listed.

2. Items in the bibliography should be single spaced with an extra space between
each entry.

3. Items in a bibliography should be formatted in hanging paragraphs (first line not

indented, all the rest indented). Note: this is the opposite of the footnotes.

4. The basic style for an entry in the bibliography is:

Books

Author’s Last Name, Author’s First Name. Title of Book: Subtitle of Book. Place
of Publication: Publisher, Date.

O’Hanlon, Brian. Do one thing different. New York: HarperCollins, 2000.

Journals

Author’s Last Name, Author’s First Name. “Title of Article: Subtitle of Article.” Title
of Journal Volume Number (Date of Publication): Pages.

Jackson, Richard. “Running Up the Down-Escalator: How Not to Make Progress.”

Journal of Contemporary Ideologies 14 (June):123-134.

a. Additional information that needs to be included where applicable

includes:
i. Other authors
ii. Translator
iii. Editor
iv. Article title
 v. Volume number
vi. Series title

5. Bibliographies are alphabetized according to the Author’s last name. If the same
author is referred to in more than one entry, the author’s name is replaced with
an eight-character line and a period (e.g., ________.) in each of the entries after
the first.

6. Titles in bibliographies are capitalized in headline format—capitalize the first and

last words of the title and subtitle and all other words except for:

• articles (a, an, the), coordinating conjunctions (and, but, or, nor, for, so,
yet) and the words to and as, unless these words are the first or last in the
in the title or subtitle.
• Prepositions or conjunctions, unless they are emphasized.
• Parts of proper nouns that are normally in lower case format.

7. Identifying the first city of publication (some publishers have offices in many
cities) as listed on the back of the title page of a book is generally sufficient
without a country, state or province. If there is confusion possible (e.g., London,
England vs. London, Ontario—unless it is clear from the publisher name
Cambridge: Harvard University Press vs. Cambridge: Cambridge University
Press) or the place is very obscure (e.g., Beaverlodge, Alberta) add
state/province or country. Remember, if the publisher is a major publisher in the
field in an obscure place (e.g., Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey) you only need the
city because it is a well known publisher.

Sample Bibliography Entries and Footnotes

The examples below show how to format entries in bibliographies (B) and footnotes
(FN) for commonly used print and electronic sources. Students should refer to the latest
edition of the Turabian manual in the library for unusual sources.

One Author:

B: Able, John Hope. George Washington Williams: A Biography. Chicago: University of

Chicago Press, 1985.
FN: 1 John Hope Able, George Washington Williams: A Biography (Chicago: University of
Chicago Press, 1985), 89.

Two Authors:

B: Baker, Martin and Helen Smith. Middletown: A Study in American Culture. New York:
Harcourt and Brace, 1929.
FN: 1 Martin Baker and Helen Smith, Middletown: A Study in American Culture (New York:
Harcourt and Brace, 1929), 178.

Three Authors:

B: Cooper, Samuel, George Smith, and Henry S. Lucas. Before Time Began: A Study of Genesis
1-11. Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans, 1978.
FN: 1 Samuel Cooper, George Smith, and Henry S. Lucas, Before Time Began: A Study of
Genesis 1-11 (Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans, 1978), 56-60.

Four or More Authors:

B: Dade, Earl, June Smith, Robert Bateman, and Henry P. Smith. Where Have All the Flowers
Gone: Songs of the Sixties Revisited. Carol Stream, IL: Christianity Today Inc, 1999.

FN: 1 Earl Dade et al., Where Have All the Flowers Gone: Songs of the Sixties Revisited (Carol
Stream, IL: Christianity Today Inc, 1999), 28.

Edited, General Editor, or Compiler:

B: Denham, Marie, ed. Canons. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1984.

1
FN: Marie Denham, ed., Canons (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1984), 187.

Translation:

B: Eglise, Tomas G. Church Councils of the Middle Ages: A Compilation of Deliberations.

Translated by Fredrick Sampson. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1976.
FN: 1 Tomas G. Eglise, Church Councils of the Middle Ages: A Compilation of Deliberations,
trans. Fredrick Sampson (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1976), 234.

Single Chapter in an Edited Book:

B: Katerberg, William H. “Redefining Evangelicalism in the Canadian Anglican Church:

Wycliffe College and the Evangelical Party, 1867-1995.” In Aspects of the Canadian
Evangelical Experience, edited by George.A. Rawlyk, 171-188. Montreal: McGill-
Queen’s University Press, 1997.
FN: 1 William H. Katerberg, “Redefining Evangelicalism in the Canadian Anglican Church:
Wycliffe College and the Evangelical Party, 1867-1995,” in Aspects of the Canadian Evangelical
Experience, ed. George.A. Rawlyk (Montreal: McGill-Queen’s University Press, 1997), 176.
Volume in Multivolume Work by Same Author(s) or Editor:

Example #1: Individual volume has a different title than the work as a whole.

B: Pelikan, Jaroslav. Christian Doctrine and Modern Culture (since 1700). Vol. 5 of The
Christian Tradition: A History of the Development of Doctrine. Chicago: University of
Chicago Press, 1989.

FN: 1 Jaroslav Pelikan, Christian Doctrine and Modern Culture (since 1700). Vol. 5 of The
Christian Tradition: A History of the Development of Doctrine (Chicago: University of Chicago
Press, 1989), 16.

Example #2: All volumes have the same title, but you are only citing one volume of the
set:

B: Pannenberg, Wolfhart. Systematic Theology. Vol. 2. Translated by Geoffrey W. Bromiley.

Grand Rapids, MI: William B. Eerdmans, 1994
FN: 1 Wolfhart Pannenberg, Systematic Theology, trans. Geoffrey W. Bromiley (Grand Rapids,
MI: William B. Eerdmans, 1994), 2:145.

Example #3: Multivolume work as a whole:

If you use more than one volume of a multivolume set, cite the whole work in your
reference list, but cite the volume number in the footnote.

B: Pannenberg, Wolfhart. Systematic Theology. 3 vols. Translated by Geoffrey W. Bromiley.

Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans, 1991-98.
FN: 1 Wolfhart Pannenberg, Systematic Theology, trans. Geoffrey W. Bromiley (Grand Rapids,
MI: William B. Eerdmans, 1994), 2:145.

Book in a Series

This is the best way to cite most commentaries that are part of a commentary series
(i.e. New International Commentary on the New Testament, NIV Application
Commentary, etc).

B: Budd, Philip J. Numbers. Word Biblical Commentary. Waco, TX: Word, 1984.
1
FN: Philip Budd, Numbers, Word Biblical Commentary, (Waco, TX: Word, 1984), 98.
Print Journal Article

Example #1: Journal is published in annual volumes (14) and several issues identified
by month.

B: Jackson, Richard. “Running Up the Down-escalator: How Not to Make Progress.” Journal of
Contemporary Ideologies 14 (June 1979): 123-34.
FN: 1 Richard Jackson, “Running Up the Down-escalator: How Not to Make Progress,” Journal
of Contemporary Ideologies 14 (June 1979): 127.

Example #2: Journal is published in annual volumes (45) and numbered issues.

B: Jones, R. T. “Samuel as Priest: Studies in Ugaritic Backgrounds to the Old Testament.”

Journal of Biblical Literature 45, no. 4 (December 2003): 334-402.
FN: 1 R.T. Jones, “Samuel as Priest: Studies in Ugaritic Backgrounds to the Old Testament,”
Journal of Biblical Literature 45, no. 4 (December 2003): 350.

Journal Articles from the Internet or an Online Database

For the bibliography, follow the same procedure as for citing a print journal, and add the
URL and the date the article was accessed at the end of the citation. For the footnote
include the page number if possible.

B: Harknett, Kristen. “The Relationship Between Private Safety Nets and Economic Outcomes
Among Single Mothers.” Journal of Marriage and Family 68, no. 1 (Feb. 2006): 172-92.
[Link]
T=309&VName=PQD (accessed April 27, 2007).
FN: 1 Kristen Harknett, “The Relationship Between Private Safety Nets and Economic
Outcomes Among Single Mothers,” Journal of Marriage and Family 68, no. 1 (Feb. 2006): 174,
[Link]
&VName=PQD (accessed April 27, 2007).

B: Seales, Chad E. “Burned over Bono: U2’s rock ‘n’ roll Messiah and His Religious Politic.”
Journal of Religion and Popular Culture XIV (Fall 2006).
[Link] (accessed May 2, 2007).

FN: 1 Chad E. Seales, “Burned over Bono: U2’s rock ‘n’ roll Messiah and His Religious
Politic.” Journal of Religion and Popular Culture XIV (Fall 2006), under “Overcoming
Globalization: Bono Prays for Africa,” [Link]
(accessed May 2, 2007).
Encyclopedia Articles – Well known encyclopedias do not need to be in the
bibliography, be should be cited in footnotes. The example is how the citation
would appear in the note. Publication data of major encyclopedias is not given,
but the edition number is critical. (Note: s.v. means sub verso or “see under”)

1
FN: Encyclopaedia Britannica, 12th ed., s.v. “Christianity”

For reference works that are less well known, include the publication details in your
notes, and list the work in your bibliography. If the article is signed by an author, treat
the citation as a “Single Chapter in an Edited Book” (see above).

Signed Article

B: Byrne, Brendan. “Beloved Disciple.” In Anchor Bible Dictionary, edited by David Noel
Freedman, 1:658-61. New York: Doubleday, 1992.
FN: 1 Brendan Byrne, “Beloved Disciple,” in Anchor Bible Dictionary, ed. David Noel
Freedman (New York: Doubleday, 1992), 659.

Unsigned Article:

B: Revell Bible Dictionary. Old Tappan, N.J.: Fleming H. Revell, 1990.

1
FN: Revell Bible Dictionary, (Old Tappan, N.J.: Fleming H. Revell, 1990), s.v. “eunuch”.

Oral Presentation:

B: Munsch, Robert L. “The Importance of Reading.” Lecture in Introduction to Children’s

Ministry course, Rocky Mountain College, Calgary, AB, September 23, 2003.
FN: 1 Robert L. Munsch, “The Importance of Reading” (lecture in Introduction to Children’s
Ministry Course, Rocky Mountain College, Calgary, AB, September 23, 2003).

Bible:

The Bible does not need to be included in a bibliography, but does need to be cited as a
parenthetical citation. Include the version you are using in brackets in the first citation.
For abbreviations of Biblical books see the appendix.
PC: (John 3:16 [NIV])

Websites:

For websites that are not journal articles or electronic books (see above), include as
much of the following information as possible: author, title of page (in roman type,
enclosed in quotation marks), title or owner of the website, URL, and access date.

B: McLaren, Brian. “A Friendly Note to My Critics.” Brian D. McLaren.

[Link]
(accessed June 3, 2008).
FN: 1 Brian McLaren, “A Friendly Note to My Critics,” Brain D. McLaren,
[Link] (accessed
June 3, 2008).

Use descriptive phrases for content from informal sites where normal titles may be
lacking.

B: Pellegrino, Joseph. Homepage. [Link] (accessed

June 12, 2001).

1
FN: Joseph Pellegrino, Homepage, [Link]
(accessed June 12, 2001).
 Format Issues - Turabian

Student papers need to adhere to the following basic format guidelines:

1. Paper – Standard 8.5” X 11” 20 lbs. white copy paper. Do not use coloured
paper unless you have permission of instructor.

2. Font – 12 point black Times New Roman or similar. Only bold appropriate
headings; use italics to add emphasis. Use the same font size throughout the
paper except for the use of subscripts and superscripts as required. Do not use
smaller font to get more in less space—learn the discipline of editing and
communicating the most important elements. Do not use larger fonts for
headings. Do not use any coloured fonts.

3. Headings – Use the following as adapted from the Turabian Manual (2007, 398-
99):

a. Level one: centered, bold, first letter capitalized:

Early Church Fathers and Councils

During the first 300 years of the church, despite persecution and discord, agreement on

several key issues of orthodoxy slowly emerged. However, that agreement did not come easily. .

b. Level two: centered, normal font, first letter capitalized:

North African Leaders and Churches

Despite geographical and chronological proximity, the difference among the views of the

leaders of the churches in North Africa during this period was particularly pronounced. . .

c. Level three: left margin, bold, first letter capitalized:

Tertullian and Cyprian

The view of the Libyan School centered in Carthage on the issue of the divinity of Jesus,

derived from the conservative, as compared to the Alexandrians, leadership of Tertullian. . .

d. Level four: left margin, normal font, capitalized as a sentence:

Tertullian’s arguments for the divinity of Jesus.

 Tertullian’s greatest contribution to the development of the orthodox view of the divinity

of Christ occurred despite his apparent drift into Montanism. Tertullian argued that . . .

e. Level five: indented as part of the paragraph, bold, capitalized as a

sentence, ending in a period:

Impact of Tertullian’s views on orthodoxy. Tertullian’s explanation that Jesus was the

physical manifestation of the eternal Godhead closely resembles the expressions used in the next

century. . .

Note: You do not have to use all the heading levels in a paper (e.g., you could
use just levels one, three, and five), but you must keep them in the same order.

4. Paragraphs – Double space the body of the paper, including title page and table
of contents. Indent the first line. Justify left. Do not add additional lines or spaces
between paragraphs.

5. Margins – 1 inch (2.5 cm) on all sides.

6. Page numbers – Begin on first page of the body in the top right header (1 inch
from right edge 0.5 inches from top edge). Do not number the title page. Number
the table of contents beginning with the Roman numeral ii. The first page of text
begins with Arabic numeral 1. Page numbers should include the author’s last
name (e.g., Smith 7) so that if the paper is separated it can be restored easily.

7. Binding – Staple pages in the top left hand corner. Do not add covers or binders
unless asked to by your instructor.
 Example of a Title Page

8 single spaces (plus 1” border)

THEMES IN THE BOOK OF JOB

This is Turabian
Style
8 single spaces

An Assignment

Presented to

Professor George McKnight

Rocky Mountain College

10 single spaces

BBL344 Old Testament in Modern Culture

4 single spaces

by

William Smith

September 20, 2005

Box #555
 Smith ii
This is Turabian
Style CONTENTS

Four single spaces

Introduction................................................................................................................................1

Issues Introduced .......................................................................................................................1

The Purpose of Job.....................................................................................................................1

Suffering as Retribution.................................................................................................2

Throughout Church History.............................................................................. 2

In Modern Writings: “A Consequence of Faith” ...............................................3

Suffering as Restorative.................................................................................................4

Repentance as Submission Rather than Regret..................................................6

Repentance as Acceptance Without Requiring Understanding .........................7

Suffering as Method, not Purpose..................................................................................8

God’s Sovereignty .............................................................................................9

God’s Nature....................................................................................................10

Conclusion ...............................................................................................................................11

References…………………………………………………………………………………….12
 Smith 1
This is Turabian
Style Introduction

The Book of Job is an excellent example of wisdom literature of the Ancient Near East.

Edwards and Gleason called it “a jewel of ancient philosophic literature”.1 Within the pages of

the text, one finds gems of wisdom and folly. Having been dated by some as early as 1800 B.C.

or as late as 350 A.D. the date of the book proves elusive.2 However, the book evidences a

primitive worldview and is similar in tone to works of the Sumerian and Babylonian periods.3

Watson noted that while the date of composition is unknown, the content is thematic and that is

the focus of this investigation.4

Issues Introduced

In order to understand the nature of the themes of the book, it is necessary to explore how

the book has been viewed throughout church history and then to understand the influence of

various presuppositions on the interpretations offered. The text itself, in the first two chapters,

portrays the issues as a test of Job’s integrity as proposed by Satan to God; but Job is not aware

of this test. Job is “blameless and upright, a man who fears God and shuns evil” (Job 1:8b

[NASB]). Therefore the trials Job encounters are not seen by Job or his counselors within the

same context as for the reader. Job is left to reason for himself why he is suffering, in his

opinion, undeservedly.

1
Frank Edwards and William Gleason, Ancient Philosophical Wisdom Literature:
Message and Meaning (Sheffield: U of Sheffield Press, 1996), 14.
2
See Samuel Jones, The Book of Job: A Commentary (Minneapolis, MN: Fortress Press,
2001) 223 and Andrew Weinsteigen, “Dating Job: A New Perspective,” Journal of Biblical
Literature 134, no.4 (September 1995): 378.
3
Michael Early, The Way the Ancients Looked at the World (New York: Random House,
2005), 332.
4
Amy Watson, “Job, Book of,” in Anchor Bible Dictionary, ed. David Noel Freedman
(New York: Doubleday, 1992), 3:659.
 Smith 2
This is Turabian
Style The Purpose of Job

Keith says the purpose of the Book of Job “is to present a stark contrast between the

fatalism of human reasoning and the gracious omnipotence of God.”5 He observes that reason

alone yields a negative assessment of the human condition which leaves the atheist and agnostic

without understanding of suffering. On the other hand, from a perspective of faith suffering can

be counted as a blessing rich with reward (James 1:4).6

Suffering as Retribution

At least by the second century, some church leaders saw suffering as an act of God to

punish the wayward believer.7 Clement of Tarsus in about 165 A.D. said

whatsoever man has done is just and sufficient cause for God to issue a decree of guilty
and to vent on him the full measure of divine wrath and condemnation. In so far as man is
found to suffer is a corollary of the length and breadth of his sinful state and actions.8

God was viewed as just above all other attributes. This same view seems to be expressed by

Job’s companions. Dave Barry portrays the same view today when he says “if you don’t serve

the boss right, you don’t get paid.”9

Throughout Church History

Examples of a variety of interpretations of Job can be found. Some of the most colourful

are those found among the school of Carthage where allegorization was the normative method of

interpretation.

5
Chris Keith, “Notes on Job,” Alberta Theological Seminary,
[Link] (accessed May 3, 2007).
6
Edwards and Gleason, Ancient Philosophical Literature, 221.
7
Mary Kitchen et al., Suffering in the Thought of the Early Church Fathers (Grand
Rapids, MI: Baker Academic, 1997) 44.
8
Quoted in Jones, The Book of Job, 221.
9
Dave Barry, “Story of My Life,” Chicago Tribune, August 13, 2004.
 Smith 3

Tertullian

Tertullian lived in Carthage during the second century and was a key leader in the

development of Christology. However, his interpretation of Job was less valuable.

Pre-Montantist. Jones demonstrates that Tertullian first viewed Job as a parable of the

suffering of Jesus. He shows that Tertullian saw Job as a “type” of Christ and his companions as

representing the views of the Pharisees.10

Montanist. Despite his elaborate portrayal of Job as the innocent, unfairly persecuted

representative of humankind, Tertullian’s view is not compelling as a viable presentation of the

key themes as in his later, Montanist period, he retracted this interpretation and proffered that

Job was in fact a metaphor for the Roman church. Even then, he did not account for the

development of the theme of the book through chapters 38 – 41 when God rebukes Job for his

arrogance.

In Modern Writings

The themes of Job are repeated in current literature. For just one example, the popular

Lord of the Rings trilogy by J. R. R. Tolkien addresses the issue when it presents Frodo as

undeservedly suffering at the hands of Peter Pan, Aslan and Captain Kangaroo, which Berry sees

as a direct reference to the Trinitarian God of the Bible.11 Whether or not that is relevant is

debatable. However, Weinsteigen makes a direct connection between Job’s condition in the

context of the General Assembly of the United Nations speech by Leonid Kruschev in 1967 at

the height of the Cold War when Kruschev said, “We shall bury you!”12

10
Jones, Commentary on Job, 23.
11
Barry, Story of My Life.
12
Weinsteigen, “Dating Job”, 367.
 Smith 4

While many authors deny a direct connection to the themes of Job others find there are

several points of direct dependence.13 …

This is Turabian
Style

13
Those denying a connection to Job include J.K. Rowling, “It’s Not About Job,”
Journal of Fantasy Literature. 34, no. 3 (October 2001): 142,
[Link]
0&dyn=3!xrn_2_0_A138400620?sw_aep=rockymc (accessed May 16, 2007); Dan Brown, “Job
For Today” (lecture in Introduction to Christian Theology class, Rocky Mountain College,
Calgary, AB, September 23, 2004), and Barry, Story of My Life. For an alternate view see
Kitchen, Suffering, 22.
 Smith 12

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Two single spaces

Barry, Dave. “Story of my life.” Chicago Tribune. August 13, 2004.

Brown, Dan. “Job for today.” Lecture in “Introduction to Christian Theology” Rocky Mountain
College, Calgary, AB, September 23, 2004.

Early, Michael. The Way the Ancients Looked at the World. New York: Random House, 2005.

Edwards, Frank and William Gleason. Ancient Philosophical Wisdom Literature: Message and
Meaning. Sheffield: U of Sheffield Press, 1996.

Jones, Samuel. The Book of Job: A Commentary. Minneapolis, MN: Fortress Press, 2001.

Keith, Chris. “Notes on Job.” Alberta Theological Seminary.

[Link]/keith/[Link]. (accessed May 3, 2007).

Kitchen, Mary, Kevin Smith, Toby Macintyre, and Jane Doe. Suffering in the Thought of the
Early Church Fathers. Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Academic, 1997.

Rowling, J.K. 2001. “It’s not about Job.” Journal of Fantasy Literature. 34, no. 3 (October
2001): 135-44. [Link]
purl=rc1_SP00_0_A138400620&dyn=3!xrn_2_0_A138400620?sw_aep=rockymc
(accessed May 16, 2007).

Watson, Amy. “Job, Book of.” In Anchor Bible Dictionary, edited by David Noel Freedman, 3:
858-68. New York: Doubleday, 1992.

Weinsteigen, Andrew. “Dating Job: A New Perspective.” Journal of Biblical Literature 134, no.
4 (September 1995): 334-402.

This is Turabian
Style
 American Psychological Association (APA) Style

In-text Citations. For in-text citation the basic style is: (Last name, date, page number):

1. If there are two or three authors, all names are listed joined by ampersand (&)—
do not use “and” (e.g., Smith & Jones, 2004 or Smith, Jones, & Black 2004).
However, the ampersand is used only within parentheses, as indicated below:

as has been shown (Smith & Jones, 2004)

Smith and Jones (2004) have demonstrated

If there are more than three authors, only the first name is listed and “et al.” (Latin
for “and others”) is added (e.g., Smith et al., 2004).

Page numbers must be supplied for all direct quotations.

described as “nightmare of nuance” (Safire, 2001, p. 36)

2. If there would be confusion between two or more in-text citations, additional

information is added to make it clear which is referred to, both in the in-text
citation and the reference list.

a. If there is more than one publication by the same author in the same year,
letters are used after the date to distinguish each one (e.g., Smith, 2004a;
Smith, 2004b).

b. If there is more than one primary author with the same last name, even if
the year of publication is different, initials are used in all text citations to
distinguish between them (e.g., P. D. Smith, 2001 and G. W. Smith, 1998).

Reference List. The following are basic principles for properly listing sources in
assignments at RMC using APA Style:

1. All sources cited in the text must be included in the references list at the end of
the paper. Do not include additional resources that were consulted but not
referenced.

2. The references list begins a new page. The heading for this section is:
References. It is not capitalized, bolded, nor underlined.

3. Items in your reference list should be double spaced with no extra space
between entries.

4. Items in a reference list should be formatted in hanging paragraphs (first line not
indented all the rest indented).
5. The basic style for an entry in the reference list is:

Last name, Initials. (Date). Title: Subtitle. City, State/Province: Publisher.

O’Hanlon, B. (2000). Do one thing different. New York: HarperCollins.

6. For periodicals/journals the basic style is:

Last name, Initials. (Date). Article Title. Journal Title, Volume number, pages.

Jackson, R. (1979). Running up the down-escalator: How not to make progress.

Journal of Contemporary Ideologies, 14, 123-134.

7. For periodicals/journals paginated by issue, the issue number must be included

along with the volume number: 45(2)

8. Additional information that needs to be included where applicable includes:

i. Other authors
ii. Translator
iii. Editor
iv. Article title
v. Volume number
vi. Series title

9. Reference lists are alphabetized according to the Author’s last name.

10. If there is more than one entry by the same author, these are listed in
chronological order, beginning with the earliest.

11. One author entries precede multiple author entries beginning with the same
surname.

12. Where there is more than one author, use ampersand (&), not “and” to join them.

13. Titles in reference lists are capitalized in sentence format—only the first word of
the title and of the subtitle and proper nouns are capitalized.

14. Identifying the first city of publication (some publishers have offices in many
cities) as listed on the back of the title page of a book is generally sufficient
without a country, state or province. If there is confusion possible (e.g., London,
England vs. London, Ontario—unless it is clear from the publisher name
Cambridge: Harvard University Press vs. Cambridge: Cambridge University
Press) or the place is very obscure (e.g., Beaverlodge, AB) add state/province or
country. Remember, if the publisher is a major publisher in the field in an obscure
place (e.g., Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey) you only need the city because it is a
well known publisher.
Sample References and Citations

The examples below show how to format references (R) and citations (C) to commonly
used print and electronic sources. For unusual sources, students should refer to the
latest edition of the APA manual in the library: American Psychological Association. (2001).
Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (5th ed.). Washington, DC.

One Author:

R: Able, J.H. (1985). George Washington Williams: A biography. Chicago: University of

Chicago Press.
C: (Able, 1985, p. 58)

Two Authors:

R: Baker, M., & Smith, H. (1929). Middletown: A study in American culture. New York:
Harcourt and Brace.
C: (Baker & Smith, 1929, p. 178)

Three Authors:

R: Cooper, S., Smith, G., & Lucas, H.S. (1978). Before time began: A study of Genesis 1-11.
Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans.
C: (Cooper, Smith, & Lucas, 1978, pp. 56-60)

Four or More Authors:

R: Dade, E., Smith, J., Bateman, R., & Smith, H.P. (1999). Where have all the flowers gone:
Songs of the Sixties revisited. Carol Stream, IL: Christianity Today Inc.
C: (Dade et al., 1999, p. 28)

Edited, General Editor, or Compiler:

R: Denham, M. (Ed.). (1984). Canons. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

C: (Denham, 1984, p. 187)
Translation:

R: Eglise, T. G. (1976). Church councils of the Middle Ages: A compilation of deliberations. (F.
Sampson, Trans.). Oxford: Oxford Press.
C: (Eglise, 1976, p. 234)

Single Chapter in an Edited Book:

R: Katerburg, W.H. (1997). Redefining evangelicalism in the Canadian Anglican Church:

Wycliffe College and the evangelical party, 1867-1995. In G.A. Rawlyk (Ed.), Aspects of
the Canadian Evangelical Experience (pp. 171-188). Montreal: McGill-Queen’s
University Press.
C: (Katerburg, 1997, p. 176)

Volume in a Multivolume Work by Same Author(s) or Editor:

Example #1: Individual volume has a different title than the work as a whole.

R: Pelikan, J. (1989). Christian doctrine and modern culture (since 1700). Vol 5. In J. Pelikan.
The Christian tradition: A history of the development of doctrine. Chicago: University of
Chicago Press.
C: (Pelikan, 1989, p. 23)

Example #2: All volumes have the same title.

R: Pannenberg, W. (1991-1998). Systematic Theology (G.W. Bromiley, Trans.) Grand Rapids:

Eerdmans. (Original work published 1988-1993)
C: (Pannenberg, 1991-1998, vol. 2: 150)

Book in a Series:

This is the best way to cite most commentaries that are part of a commentary series
(i.e., New International Commentary on the New Testament, NIV Application
Commentary, etc.).

R: Budd, H. (1984) Numbers. Word Biblical Commentary. Waco, TX: Word.

C: (Budd, 1984, p. 98)
Print Journal Article (Note: The title of the journal is capitalized on each main
word):

Example 1. Journal is published in annual volumes (14) and several issues identified by
month.

R: Jackson, R. (1979). Running up the down-escalator: How not to make progress. Journal of
Contemporary Ideologies, 14, 123-134.
C: (Jackson, 1979, p. 127)

Example 2. Journal is published in annual volumes (45) and numbered issues with
pages numbered by issue (i.e., issue No. 1 ends on page 122, and issue No. 2 starts re-
numbering with page 1).

R: Jones, R. T. (2003). Samuel as priest: Studies in Ugaritic backgrounds to the Old Testament.
Journal of Biblical Literature, 45(4), 334-402.
C: (Jones, 2003, p. 350)

Journal Article from an Online Database:

R: Harknett, K. (2006). The relationship between private safety nets and economic outcomes
among single mothers. Journal of Marriage and Family Therapy, 68, 172-192. Retrieved
April 27, 2007 from Proquest Religion database.
C: (Harknett, 2006, p. 174)

Journal Article from the Internet:

R: Seales, C. (2006) Burned over Bono: U2’s rock ‘n’ roll Messiah and his religious politic.
Journal of Religion and Popular Culture, XIV. Retrieved May 2, 2007, from
[Link]

C: (Seales, 2006, para. 6) Note: if an Internet article does not provide page numbers
provide the number of the paragraph you are citing.
Encyclopedia Articles - These need to be included in the reference list.

Signed Articles:

R: Byrne, B. (1992). Beloved disciple. In Anchor Bible dictionary (Vol. 1, pp. 658-661). New
York: Doubleday.
C: (Byrne, 1992, p. 662)

Unsigned Articles: Place the title in the author position.

Oral Presentation:

R: Munsch, R.L. (2003, September). The importance of reading. Lecture given the class
Introduction to Children’s Ministry at Rocky Mountain College, Calgary, AB.
C: (Munsch, 2003)

Bible:

Reference entries are not required for the Bible; simply identify in the first citation in the
text the version you used.

C: (John 3:16 [New International Version])

Websites (see also: [Link]

For websites that are not journal articles or electronic books (see above), include as
much of the following information as possible:

Last name, initials. (Date). Title of work. Retrieved date from URL.

R: McLaren, B. (2006) A friendly note to my critics. Retrieved May 3, 2007 from

[Link]
C: (McLaren, 2006, para. 3)

R: Pellegrino, J. (1999). Homepage. Retrieved June 12, 2001 from

[Link]
C: (Pellegrino, 2001, para. 8)
 Format Issues - APA

Student papers must adhere to the following basic format guidelines:

1. Paper – Standard 8.5” X 11” 20 lbs. white copy paper. Do not use coloured
paper unless you have permission of instructor.

2. Font – 12 point black Times New Roman or similar. Use italics to add emphasis.
Use the same font size throughout the paper except for the use of subscripts and
superscripts as required. Do not use smaller font to get more in less space—
learn the discipline of editing and communicating the most important elements.
Do not use larger fonts for headings. Do not use any coloured fonts.

3. Headings – Use the following levels of headings as adapted from the APA
Publication Manual (2001, pp. 113-114):

a. Level 5: CENTERED ALL UPPERCASE HEADING (Use this only if you

have five levels of headings):

EARLY CHURCH FATHERS AND COUNCILS

During the first 300 years of the church, despite persecution and discord, agreement on

several key issues of orthodoxy slowly emerged. However, that agreement did not come easily. .

b. Level 1: Centered, Uppercase and Lowercase Heading:

North African Leaders and Churches

Despite geographical and chronological proximity, the difference among the views of the

leaders of the churches in North Africa during this period was particularly pronounced. . .

c. Level 2: Centred, Italicized, Uppercase and Lowercase Heading:

Tertullian and Cyprian

The view of the Libyan School centered in Carthage on the issue of the divinity of Jesus,

derived from the conservative, as compared to the Alexandrians, leadership of Tertullian. . .

d. Level 3: Flush left, Italicized, Uppercase and Lowercase Heading:

Tertullian’s Arguments for the Divinity of Jesus

 Tertullian’s greatest contribution to the development of the orthodox view of the divinity

of Christ occurred despite his apparent drift into Montanism. Tertullian argued that . . .

e. Level 4: Indented as part of the paragraph, italicized, capitalized as a

sentence, ending in a period:

Impact of Tertullian’s views on orthodoxy. Tertullian’s explanation that Jesus was the

physical manifestation of the eternal Godhead closely resembles the expressions used in the next

century. . .

Note: You do not have to use all the heading levels in a paper (e.g., you could
use just levels one, three, and five), but you must keep them in the same order.
 Themes in Job 1

Running head: THEMES IN JOB (top left of title page)

8 single spaces (plus 1” border)

This is APA Themes in the Book of Job

Style

8 single spaces

An Assignment

Presented to

Professor George McKnight

Rocky Mountain College

10 single spaces

BBL344 Old Testament in Modern Culture

4 single spaces

by

William Smith

September 20, 2005

Box #555
 Themes in Job 2
This is APA
Style
Introduction

The Book of Job is an excellent example of wisdom literature of the Ancient Near East.

Edwards and Gleason (1996) called it “a jewel of ancient philosophic literature” (p.14). Within

the pages of the text, one finds gems of wisdom and folly. Having been dated by some as early as

1800 B.C. (Jones, 2001) or as late as 350 A.D. (Weinsteigen, 1995), the date of the book proves

elusive. However, the book evidences a primitive worldview and is similar in tone to works of

the Sumerian and Babylonian periods (Early, 2005). Watson (1992) noted that while the date of

composition is unknown, the content is thematic and that is the focus of this investigation.

Issues Introduced

In order to understand the nature of the themes of the book, it is necessary to explore how

the book has been viewed throughout church history and then to understand the influence of

various presuppositions on the interpretations offered. The text itself, in the first two chapters,

portrays the issues as a test of Job’s integrity as proposed by Satan to God; but Job is not aware

of this test. Job is “blameless and upright, a man who fears God and shuns evil” (Job 1:8b [New

American Standard Bible]). Therefore the trials Job encounters are not seen by Job or his

counselors within the same context as for the reader. Job is left to reason for himself why he is

suffering, in his opinion, undeservedly.

The Purpose of Job

Keith (2007) says the purpose of the Book of Job “is to present a stark contrast between

the fatalism of human reasoning and the gracious omnipotence of God” (para. 4). He observes

that reason alone yields a negative assessment of the human condition which leaves the atheist

and agnostic without understanding of suffering. On the other hand, from a perspective of faith
 This is APA
Themes in Job 3
Style
(James 1:4) suffering can be counted as a blessing rich with reward (Edwards and Gleason,

1996).

Suffering as Retribution

At least by the second century, some church leaders saw suffering as an act of God to

punish the wayward believer (Kitchen et. al. 1997). Clement of Tarsus in about 165 A.D.

said whatsoever man has done is just and sufficient cause for God to issue a decree of

guilty and to vent on him the full measure of divine wrath and condemnation. In so far as

man is found to suffer is a corollary of the length and breadth of his sinful state and

actions. (cited in Jones 2001, p. 221)

God was viewed as just above all other attributes. This same view seems to be expressed by

Job’s companions. Dave Barry portrays the same view today when he says “if you don’t serve

the boss right, you don’t get paid” (2004, p. C13).

Throughout Church History

Examples of a variety of interpretations of Job can be found. Some of the most colourful

are those found among the school of Carthage where allegorization was the normative method of

interpretation.

Tertullian. Tertullian lived in Carthage during the second century and was a key leader in

the development of Christology. However, his interpretation of Job was less valuable.

Pre-Montantist. Jones (2001) demonstrates that Tertullian first viewed Job as a parable of

the suffering of Jesus. He shows that Tertullian saw Job as a “type” of Christ and his companions

as representing the views of the Pharisees.

Montanist. Despite his elaborate portrayal of Job as the innocent, unfairly persecuted

representative of humankind, Tertullian’s view is not compelling as a viable presentation of the

 Themes in Job 4

key themes as in his later, Montanist period, he retracted this interpretation and proffered that

Job was in fact a metaphor for the Roman church. Even then, he did not account for the

development of the theme of the book through chapters 38 – 41 when God rebukes Job for his

arrogance.

In Modern Writings

The themes of Job are repeated in current literature. For just one example, the popular

Lord of the Rings trilogy by J. R. R. Tolkien addresses the issue when it presents Frodo as

undeservedly suffering at the hands of Peter Pan, Aslan and Captain Kangaroo, which Berry

(2004) sees as a direct reference to the Trinitarian God of the Bible. Whether or not that is

relevant is debatable. However, Weinsteigen (1995) makes a direct connection between Job’s

condition in the context of the General Assembly of the United Nations speech by Leonid

Kruschev in 1967 at the height of the Cold War when Kruschev said, “We shall bury you!”

While many authors deny a direct connection to the themes of Job (see Rowling, 2001;

Brown, 1998; and Barry, 2004), Kitchen et al. (1997) find there are several points of direct

dependence …

This is APA
Style
 Themes in Job 12

References

Barry, D. (2004, August 13). Story of my life. Chicago Tribune, p. C13.

Brown, D. (2004, September). Job for today. Lecture given in the class Introduction to Christian

Theology at Rocky Mountain College, Calgary, AB.

Early, M. (2005). The way the ancients looked at the world. New York: Random House.

Edwards, F., & Gleason, W. (1996). Ancient philosophical wisdom literature: Message and

meaning. Sheffield: U of Sheffield Press.

Jones, S. (2001). The book of Job: A commentary. Minneapolis, MN: Fortress Press.

Keith, C. (2007). Notes on Job. Retrieved May 3, 2007 from [Link]/keith/[Link]

Kitchen, M., Smith, K., Macintyre, T., & Doe, J. (1997). Suffering in the thought of the early

church fathers. Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Academic.

Rowling, J.K. (2001). It’s not about Job. Journal of Fantasy Literature, 34, 135-144. Retrieved

May 16, 2007 from InfoTrac Custom Journals Database.

Watson, A. (1992). Job, Book of. In Anchor Bible dictionary (Vol. 3, pp. 858-868). New York:

Doubleday.

Weinsteigen, A. (1995). Dating Job: A new perspective. Journal of Biblical Literature, 134, 334-

402.

This is APA
Style
 Plagiarism

Students are responsible for understanding and adhering to the RMC policy on
Plagiarism, Cheating and Academic Misconduct. Copies are available in the Library, in
the Orientation packets and on the web site. Failure, deliberately or inadvertently, to
follow this policy is considered a very serious act of academic cheating and will be dealt
with by the Dean. Penalties can range up to expulsion from the College for a first
offence. RMC students are responsible for understanding and properly using good
paraphrasing, quoting and citation practices.

Plagiarism resources. A good explanation of plagiarism and how to avoid it is found on

the University of Wisconsin-Madison’s Writing Center’s web site at
[Link]/writing/Handbook/QPA_plagiarism.html. One of the links on that web site
provides excellent examples of appropriate and inappropriate paraphrasing
[Link]/writing/Handbook/QPA_paraphrase.html.

Good examples of the subtleties of plagiarism in theological writing can be seen at the
Claremont School of Theology web site
([Link]/academic_resources/writing_center.php) under “Using Sources.”
Another valuable web site is at Duke University. They give a good explanation of
plagiarism, ways to avoid it while researching and what it looks like. The web site is
[Link]
 Appendix: Common Abbreviations

Books of the Bible

Old Testament New Testament

Genesis Gen. Matthew Matt.
Exodus Exod. Mark Mark
Leviticus Lev. Luke Luke
Numbers Num. John John
Deuteronomy Deut. Acts Acts
Joshua Josh. Romans Rom.
Judges Judg. 1 Corinthians 1 Cor.
Ruth Ruth 2 Corinthians 2 Cor.
1 Samuel 1 Sam. Galatians Gal.
2 Samuel 2 Sam. Ephesians Eph.
1 Kings 1 Kings Philippians Phil.
2 Kings 2 Kings Colossians Col.
1 Chronicles 1 Chron. 1 Thessalonians 1 Thess.
2 Chronicles 2. Chron. 2 Thessalonians 2 Thess.
Ezra Ezra 1 Timothy 1 Tim.
Nehemiah Neh. 2 Timothy 2 Tim.
Esther Esther Titus Titus
Job Job Philemon Philem.
Psalms Ps. Hebrews Heb.
Proverbs Prov. James James
Ecclesiastes Eccles. 1 Peter 1 Pet.
Song of Solomon Song of Sol. 2 Peter 2 Pet.
Isaiah Isa. 1 John 1 John
Jeremiah Jer. 2 John 2 John
Lamentations Lam. 3 John 3 John
Ezekiel Ezek. Jude Jude
Daniel Dan. Revelation Rev.
Hosea Hosea
Joel Joel
Amos Amos
Obadiah Obad.
Jonah Jon.
Micah Mic.
Nahum Nah.
Habakkuk Hab.
Zephaniah Zeph.
Haggai Hag.
Zechariah Zech.
Malachi Mal.
Place Names

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