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ECE 402
Reginald Phelps Laguna, ECE, ECT
Boylestad, R.& Floyd, T. (2012). Bishop O. (2011). Sabah, N. (2010).
Nashelsky, L. Electronic devices: Electronics: Electronics Basic,
(2013). Electronic Conventional Circuits and Analog & digital
Devices and Circuit current version, Systems, (4th ed.). with Pspice. CRC
Theory, (11th ed.). (9th ed.). Amsterdam :
Upper Saddle Boston:Pearson Elsevier
River, New Jersey:
Pearson Education,
Inc.
 5S
 Attendance
 Syllabus
 Seating Arrangement (Seat Plan)
 EDMODO
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ECE 402
Reginald Phelps Laguna, ECE, ECT
ILOs

CASCADE CONNECTION

CASCODE CONNECTION

DARLINGTON CONNECTION

FEEDBACK PAIR

CURRENT SOURCE & MIRROR CIRCUIT

DIFFERENTIAL AMPLIFIER

ASSESSMENTs
 ILOs
Students will be able to:
a. Illustrate the difference between the a cascade and a cascode
configuration.
b. Derive the necessary parameters in both configurations through dc
analysis.
c. Explain the ac equivalent circuit of both configurations solving the
parameters involved.
d. Apply knowledge of mathematics in comparing the dc and ac
analysis.
e. Differentiate the Darlington connection from Feedback pair
connection.
f. Obtain the needed parameters for all amplifier networks using dc
analysis.
g. Illustrate the ac equivalent circuit for all amplifier networks .
h. Discuss the operation of the differential amplifier and its circuit
applications
 CASCADE CONNECTION
• A popular connection of amplifier stages in the cascade connection.
• Basically, a cascade connection is a series of connection with the output of one stage
then applied input to the second stage.
• The cascade connection provides a multiplication of the gain of each stage for a
larger overall gain.
• The main function of cascading stages is the larger gain.

s
 CASCADE CONNECTION
The two-stage system below employs a transistor emitter-follower configuration prior
to a common-base configuration to ensure that the maximum percentage of the
applied signal appears at the input terminals of the common-base amplifier. The no-
load values are provided for each system, with the exception of Zi and Zo for the
emitter-follower, which are the loaded values. Determine:
a) The loaded gain for each stage.
b) The total gain for the system, Av and Avs.
c) The total current gain for the system.
d) The total gain for the system if the emitter-follower configuration were removed.
CASCADE CONNECTION
Cascaded BJT Amplifier

Cascaded FET Amplifier

 CASCADE CONNECTION - BJT
Calculate the voltage gain of each stage and the overall ac voltage gain for the BJT
cascade amplifier. VB, VE, Zi 15 V

5.1 kΩ 24 kΩ 5.1 kΩ 10 µF
24 kΩ 10 µF Vo

10 µF
Vi β = 150 β = 150
25µV

6.2 kΩ 1.5 kΩ 6.2 kΩ

50 µF 1.5 kΩ 50 µF
 CASCADE CONNECTION - FET
Calculate the dc bias, voltage gain, input impedance, output impedance, and resulting
output voltage for the cascade amplifier shown below.
CASCADE CONNECTION - BJT
 CASCODE CONNECTION
• A cascode connection has one transistor on top or in series with another.
• A common – emitter (CE) stage feeding around a common – base (CB) stage.
 CASCODE CONNECTION
Calculate Av for the cascode connection.
 DARLINGTON CONNECTION
• Super Beta Transistor
• The composite transistor acts as a single unit with a current gain that the product of
the current gains of the individual transistor.

βD = β1β2

if β1 = β2
βD = β2
 DARLINGTON CONNECTION (DC Bias)

Vcc  IB R B  VBE  IE R E  0
Vcc  IB R B  VBE ( β  1)I B R E  0
Vcc  VBE  IB(R B ( β  1)R E 0
VCC  VBE
IB 
R B  βR E
VB  VE  VBE
IE  βD  1IB
VE  IE R E
 DARLINGTON CONNECTION
1. What current gain is provided by a Darlington connection of two identical transistors
each having a current gain of β = 200?
2. Calculate the dc bias voltage and current of the figure: IB, IC, VE, VB, VC.
 DARLINGTON CONNECTION (AC Equivalent)
• For a Darlington emitter-follower the ac input signal is applied to the base of the
Darlington transistor through capacitor C1 with the ac output Vo obtained from the
emitter through capacitor C2.
• The Darlington transistor is replaced by an ac equivalent circuit composed of an
input resistance, ri and an output current source βDIB.
 DARLINGTON CONNECTION (AC Equivalent)

AC equivalent of a Darlington emitter-follower

Darlington emitter-follower circuit

Simplified AC equivalent of a Darlington emitter-follower

DARLINGTON CONNECTION (AC Equivalent)

VO  IoR E  0 Vi  Ibri  Vo  0
VO  IbR E  βDIbR E  0 Vi  Ibri  IbR E βD
VO Ib R E  βDR E  Vi  Ib ri  R E βD 
VO  Ib R E 1 βD  Vi
 ri  R E βD
VO  IbβDR E Ib
Vi
Ib 
ri  R E βD
 DARLINGTON CONNECTION (AC Equivalent)
Zi  R B //(r i  R E βD )

Io  Io  Ib  Ib RB
A i      
Ii  Ib  Ii  Ii R B  ri  R E βD 
βDR B
IO  Ib  βDIb  Ib (1  βD )  βDIb Ai 
ri  βDR E  R B
Io
 βD
Ib
βDR B
no given ri ≈ Ai 
βDR E  R B
DARLINGTON CONNECTION (AC Equivalent)

Vo  ( I b   D I b ) RE  I b ( RE   D RE )
Vi  I b ri  I b RE   D I b RE

Vi  I b (ri  RE   D RE )
Vo RE   D RE
AV   1
Vi ri  ( RE   D RE )
 DARLINGTON CONNECTION (AC Equivalent)
1. Calculate Av and Ai. Calculate Zi if ri = 5 kΩ.
 FEEDBACK PAIR
• Two-transistor circuit that operates like the Darlington circuit.
• PNP transistor driving an NPN transistor. (PNP-NPN)
• Very high current gain (the product of the transistor current gains)
• High input impedance
• Low output impedance
• Voltage gain slightly less than one.
FEEDBACK PAIR (DC Bias)

VCC  IC R C  VEB  IB R B  0
VCC  β1β 2IB R C  VEB  IB R B  0
VCC  VEB  β1β 2IB R C  IB R B
VCC  VEB  IB R B  β1β 2R C 
VCC  VEB
IB1 
R B  β1β 2R C

IC1  β1IB1  IB2

IC2  β 2IB2  IE2
IC  IE1  IC2  IC1  IC2
 FEEDBACK PAIR
1. Calculate the dc bias voltages and currents for the circuit to provide Vo at one – half
the supply voltage.
FEEDBACK PAIR (AC Equivalent)
 FEEDBACK PAIR (AC Equivalent)

Vo  I C R C  β 2 I b2  β1I b1 R C  β 2 I b2 R C
since :
I b1 ri1  Vi  Vo  Vi  β 2 I b2 R C
I b1 ri1  β 2 (β1I b1 )R C  Vi
since :
(I b2  I C1  β1I b1 )
Vi
 ri  β1β 2 R C
I b1
Zi  (ri  β1β 2 R C )//R B
 FEEDBACK PAIR (AC Equivalent)
AC Current gain, Ai
The ac current gain be determined as follows:
Io  β 2Ib2  β1Ib1  Ib1
 β 2β1Ib1  β1Ib1  Ib1
 Ib1β 2β1  β1  1
 Ib1β1 β 2  1  1
 Ib1β1β 2  1
Io  Ib1β1β 2
Io
 β1β 2
Ib1
 FEEDBACK PAIR (AC Equivalent)
Ib RB Io Ib
 Ai  
I i R B  Zi I b Ii

β1β 2 R B
Ai  Vi  Vo  I b ri , Vo  Vi  I b ri
R B  Zi
Vo  I C R C  β1β 2 I b1R C
Vo I bβ1β 2 R C
AV  
Vi I bβ1β 2 R C  I b ri VO ri1
ZO  
β1β 2 R C I O β1β 2
AV 
β1β 2 R C  ri
 FEEDBACK PAIR (AC Equivalent)
1. Calculate the ac circuit values of Zi, Zo, Ai and Av. Assume that ri = 3kΩ
 CURRENT MIRROR CIRCUIT
• Provides constant current and is used primarily in integrated circuits.
• Constant current is obtained from an output circuit, which is the reflection or mirror
of a constant current developed on side of the current.
• Suited to IC manufacture since the circuit requires that transistor used have identical
VBE and β best achieved when transistor are formed at the same time in IC
manufacture.
CURRENT MIRROR CIRCUIT
CURRENT MIRROR CIRCUIT
 CURRENT MIRROR CIRCUIT
1. Calculate the mirrored current I in the 2. Calculate the current I through each of
circuit of the transistor Q2 and Q3 below.
 CURRENT SOURCE CIRCUIT
• Starts from the concept of power supply.
R = 0Ω

R = ∞Ω

• Ideally provides constant current regardless of load connected.

• Provides current at very high impedance.
• Can be built using FET, BJT, or both.
CURRENT SOURCE CIRCUIT
Bipolar Transistor Transistor/Zener
 CURRENT SOURCE CIRCUIT
1. Calculate the constant current I in the 2. Calculate the constant current I in the
circuit. circuit.
 DIFFERENTIAL AMPLIFIER
• Extremely popular connection used in IC units.
• Has two separate inputs and two separate outputs, and that the emitters are
connected together.
• Whereas many differential amplifier circuits use two separate voltage supplies, the
circuit can also operate using a single supply.
 DIFFERENTIAL AMPLIFIER (Modes)
• If an input signal is applied to either input with the other input connected to
ground, the operator is referred to as “single ended”.

• If two opposite polarity input signals are applied, the operation is referred to as
“double-ended”.

• If the same input is applied to both inputs, the operation is called “common mode”.
______________________________________________________________________

• In double ended operation two input signals are applied the difference of the inputs
resulting in outputs from both collectors due to the difference of the signals applied
to both inputs.

• In common-mode operation, the common-input signal results in opposite signals to

each collector, these signals canceling so that the resulting output signal is zero.

• The main feature of the differential amplifier is the very large gain when opposite
signals are applied to the inputs as compared to the very small gain resulting
common inputs.
 DIFFERENTIAL AMPLIFIER (DC Bias)
• Common–mode rejection ratio - ratio of the difference gain to common gain.
 DIFFERENTIAL AMPLIFIER (DC Bias)
Calculate: IE, IC1, IC2, VC1.
DIFFERENTIAL AMPLIFIER (AC Equivalent)
 DIFFERENTIAL AMPLIFIER (AC Equivalent)
Single-Ended AC Voltage Gain
 DIFFERENTIAL AMPLIFIER (AC Equivalent)
Single-Ended AC Voltage Gain Double-Ended AC Voltage Gain

Ib1  Ib2  IB β1  β 2  β
ri1  ri2  ri Vi
IC  βIb  β
ri  Z i  βre 2ri
VO  IC R C
With RE very large Vi
VO  β R C
2ri
Vi  Ibri  Ibri  0
VO βR C
Vi  2Ibri  0 AV  
Vi 2ri
Vi
Ib  RC
2ri AV 
2re
 DIFFERENTIAL AMPLIFIER (AC Equivalent)
Calculate the single – ended output voltage. VO1
 DIFFERENTIAL AMPLIFIER (AC Equivalent)
Common-Mode Operation
 DIFFERENTIAL AMPLIFIER (AC Equivalent)
Calculate the common-mode gain for the amplifier circuit of
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ECE 402
Reginald Phelps Laguna, ECE, ECT
ILOs

REVIEW

BASICS

MODES OF OPERATION

BASIC CIRCUITS

SPECIAL PURPOSE CIRCUITS

ACTIVE FILTERS

ASSESSMENTs
 ILOs
Students will be able to:
a. Explain the basic principle of op-amp.
b. Compare the different op-amp modes of operation.
c. Derive voltage gain and current gain formulas for both inverting and non-
inverting amplifier operation.
d. Demonstrate the operational amplifier circuit applications.
e. Explain the important points in constructing an op amp circuit.
f. Analyze the difference between each op-amp circuits and their operating
parameters.
g. Apply knowledge in solving related problems on other miscellaneous
configurations.
h. Discuss the op-amp instrumentation circuits.
i. Illustrate the different op-amp active filter configurations.
j. Differentiate the categories of filters depending upon their type of
operation.
k. Solve necessary circuit parameters by applying knowledge in mathematics
and basics in electronic circuits.
REVIEW
 BASICS
A very high gain differential amplifier with very high input impedance and low
output impedance.
Characteristics Applications

Provide voltage amplitude

∞ Voltage gain (Av)
changes
∞ Bandwidth (BW) Oscillators

∞ Input Impedance (Zi) Filter circuits

0 Output Impedance (Zo) Instrumentation circuit

 BASICS | Stages

Differential Voltage Push-Pull

Input Output
Amplifier Amplifier Amplifier

Stages:
1. Provides amplification of voltage difference between 2 inputs.
2. Provides additional gain. Usually Class A. May be more than 1.
3. Usually push-pull Class B.

Characteristics
Parameter Ideal Practical
Av ∞ Very High
BW (Hz) ∞ Very High
Zi (Ω) ∞ Very High
Zo (Ω) 0 Very Low
 BASICS | Parameters
Parameters:
• DC Power Supply: ±18V to ±22V
• CMRR = AOL/ACM (70-90dB)
o Common Mode Rejection Ratio
o Measure the ability to reject common-mode signals.
o AOL (Open loop voltage gain). Up to 200,000.
o ACM (Common mode voltage gain). <1. 𝑽𝑶𝑺 = 𝑰𝟏 − 𝑰𝟐 𝑹𝒊𝒏 = 𝑰𝑶𝑺 𝑹𝒊𝒏
• Input Offset Voltage (~1mV; 6mV max) 𝑽𝑶𝑼𝑻(𝒆𝒓𝒓𝒐𝒓) = 𝑨𝑽 𝑰𝑶𝑺 𝑹𝒊𝒏
o Differential dc voltage required between the inputs to force the output
to zero volts. 𝑰𝟏 + 𝑰𝟐
• Input Bias Current (~80nA; 500nA max) 𝑰𝒃𝒊𝒂𝒔 =
𝟐
o Value of dc current required by the inputs of the amplifier to properly
operate the first stage.
• Input Offset Current (~20nA; 200nA max) 𝑰𝑶𝑺 = 𝑰𝟏 − 𝑰𝟐
o Difference of the input bias currents.
 BASICS | Parameters

• Input Impedance (~2MΩ)

o Differential ZIN: Total resistance between the inverting and the non-
inverting inputs.
o Common-mode ZIN: Resistance between each input and ground.
• Output Impedance (~75Ω)
o Resistance viewed fro the output terminal.
• Slew Rate (~0.5V/μs)
o Measure of the op-amps ability to handle varying signals.
o Maximum rate of change of the output voltage in response to a step
input voltage. ∆𝑉 +𝑉 − −𝑉 𝑆𝑅
𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑀𝑎𝑥 𝑀𝑎𝑥 𝑓=
𝑆𝑅 = = 2𝜋 𝐴𝐶𝐿 𝑉𝐼𝑁
∆𝑡 ∆𝑡
 BASICS | Parameters
1. Determine the maximum frequency that can be used by an inverting
op-amp with: Rf = 220kΩ, Ri = 10kΩ, and slew rate of 0.5V/μs. Vin =
10mV.

2. What is the cut-off frequency of an op-amp having specified value

of unity-gain BW of 1MHz and Avd = 180V/mv?
 BASICS | LM741
The most common.

?
BASICS | Parameters Comparison
MODES OF OPERATION
Single-Ended
• One grounded input
• Signal applied to other input.

Differential (Double)-Ended
• 2 Opposite polarity input signals.

Common
• 2 Input signals.
• Same phase, frequency, and
amplitude.
• Vo = 0V
 MODES OF OPERATION
Differential Inputs: Output Voltage:
𝑉𝐷 = 𝑉𝑖1 − 𝑉𝑖2 𝑉𝑂 = 𝐴𝐷 𝑉𝐷 + 𝐴𝐶 𝑉𝐶
𝑉𝐷 = Differential Voltage
Common Input:
1 𝑉𝐶 = Common Voltage
𝑉𝐶 = (𝑉𝑖1 + 𝑉𝑖2 )
2 𝐴𝐷 = Differential Gain
CMRR: 𝐴𝐶 = Common mode Gain
𝐴𝐷
𝐶𝑀𝑅𝑅 =
𝐴𝐶
𝐴𝐷 𝐴𝐶 𝑉𝐶
𝐶𝑀𝑅𝑅 = 20 log 𝑉𝑂 = 𝐴𝐷 𝑉𝐷 1+
𝐴𝐶 𝐴𝐷 𝑉𝐷
𝑉𝐶
𝑉𝑜 = 𝐴𝐷 𝑉𝐷 1+
𝐶𝑀𝑅𝑅 ∙ 𝑉𝐷
 MODES OF OPERATION
Determine the output voltage of an op-amp for input voltage of
Vi1=150μV, Vi2=140μV. The amplifier has a differential gain of Ad= 4000
and CMRR is (a) 100 and (b) 105.
 CIRCUITS | Feedback Amplifier
 Feedback – output is feedback to the input.
• Negative feedback → decreased voltage gain .
• Positive feedback → drives a circuit into oscillation.
 Feedback Amplifier:
o higher input impedance
o better stabilized voltage
o improved frequency response
o lower output impedance
o reduced noise
o more linear operation
 Connection Types
 Voltage series feedback
 Voltage shunt feedback
 Current series feedback
 Current shunt feedback
CIRCUITS | Feedback Amplifier

Voltage Series Feedback Voltage Shunt

 CIRCUITS | Feedback Amplifier
Voltage Series Feedback Voltage Shunt
CIRCUITS | Feedback Amplifier

Current Series Feedback Current Shunt Feedback

 CIRCUITS | Feedback Amplifier
Current Series Feedback Current Shunt Feedback
 CIRCUITS | Feedback Amplifier
Voltage Series
 CIRCUITS | Feedback Amplifier
Voltage Series
 CIRCUITS | Feedback Amplifier
Voltage Shunt Feedback
CIRCUITS | Feedback Amplifier
 CIRCUITS | Feedback Amplifier
Determine the voltage gain, input, and output impedance with
feedback for voltage series feedback having A = -100, Ri = 10 kΩ, Ro =20
kΩ for feedback of (a) β = -0.1 and (b) β = -0.5.
 CIRCUITS | Negative Feedback
 One of the most useful concepts in electronics.
 Process whereby a portion of the output voltage of an amplifier is returned to the
input with a phase angle that opposes (or subtracts from) the input signal.
 Stabilize the gain and increase frequency response of an op-amp circuit.
 The inverting (-) input effectively makes the feedback signal 180° out of phase with
the input signal.
Feedback Effects

AV ZIN ZOUT BW

Too
Relatively Relatively Relatively
Without high
high low narrow
AOL.
𝑽𝒐𝒖𝒕 = 𝑨𝑶𝑳 𝑽𝒊𝒏
ACL set Can be Can be
to increased increased Significantly
With
desired or or wider
value reduced reduced
CIRCUITS | Basic Configurations
 CIRCUITS | Basic Configurations

Non- Voltage
Inverting
Inverting Follower
𝑹𝒇 𝑹𝒇
𝑨𝑽 𝑵𝑰 =𝟏+ 𝑨𝑽 𝑰𝑵𝑽 =− 𝑨𝑽 𝑽𝑭 = 𝟏
𝑹𝒊 𝑹𝒊

𝒁𝒊𝒏(𝑵𝑰) 𝒁𝒊𝒏(𝑽𝑭)
𝒁𝒊𝒏(𝑰𝑵𝑽) ≈ 𝑹𝒊
= 𝟏 + 𝑨𝑶𝑳 𝑩 𝒁𝒊𝒏 𝑶𝑳 = 𝟏 + 𝑨𝑶𝑳 𝒁𝒊𝒏 𝑶𝑳

𝒁𝒐𝒖𝒕 𝑶𝑳 𝒁𝒐𝒖𝒕(𝑰𝑵𝑽) 𝒁𝒐𝒖𝒕 𝑶𝑳

𝒁𝒐𝒖𝒕(𝑵𝑰) = 𝒁𝒐𝒖𝒕 𝑶𝑳 𝒁𝒐𝒖𝒕(𝑽𝑭) =
𝟏 + 𝑨𝑶𝑳 𝑩 = 𝟏 + 𝑨𝑶𝑳
𝟏 + 𝑨𝑶𝑳 𝑩

𝑹𝒊 𝑹𝒊
𝑩= 𝑩= 𝑩=𝟏
𝑹𝒊 + 𝑹𝒇 𝑹 𝒊 + 𝑹𝒇
 CIRCUITS | Inverting Amplifier
Note that ideally:
 No current flows into the input terminals.
 The Differential Input Voltage is Zero as V1 =
V2 = 0 (Virtual Earth).

Therefore: 𝑰𝒊 = 𝑰𝒇

𝑽𝒊𝒏 𝑽𝒐𝒖𝒕
𝑉𝑖𝑛 − 𝑉2 𝑽𝒊𝒏 =−
𝑰𝒊 = = 𝑹𝒊𝒏 𝑹𝒇
𝑅𝑖𝑛 𝑹𝒊𝒏
𝑉2 − 𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑽𝒐𝒖𝒕 𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑹𝒇
𝑰𝒇 = =− = 𝑨𝒗 = −
𝑅𝑓 𝑹𝒇 𝑉𝑖𝑛 𝑹𝒊𝒏

Virtual Ground/Earth -The zero voltage at the inverting input terminal

 CIRCUITS | Inverting Amplifier
Find the closed loop gain of the
following inverting amplifier circuit

Given the op-amp configuration

determine the value of Rf required
to produce a closed-loop voltage
gain of -100.
CIRCUITS | Inverting Amplifier | Zin & Zout

This is because the inverting

input of the op-amp is at
virtual ground (0 V). and the
input source simply sees Ri
to ground.
 CIRCUITS | Inverting Amplifier | Zin & Zout
Find the values of the input and output impedances. Also, determine
the closed-loop voltage gain. The op-amp has the following parameters:
Aol = 50,000; Zin = 4 MΩ; and Zout = 50Ω.
 CIRCUITS | Non-inverting Amplifier
Note that ideally:
 No current flows into the input terminals.
 The Differential Input Voltage is Zero as V1 =
V2 = 0 (Virtual Earth).

Therefore: 𝑽𝟏 = 𝑽𝑰𝑵
𝑹𝟐
𝑽𝟏 = ∙𝑽
𝑹𝟐 + 𝑹𝒇 𝒐𝒖𝒕

𝑽𝒐𝒖𝒕 𝑹𝟐 + 𝑹𝒇 𝑹𝒇
= =𝟏+
𝑽𝑰𝑵 𝑹𝟐 𝑹𝟐
𝑹𝒇
𝑨𝒗 = 𝟏 +
𝑹𝟐

Virtual Ground/Earth -The zero voltage at the inverting input terminal

 CIRCUITS | Non-inverting Amplifier
Determine the gain of the amplifier. The open-loop voltage gain of the
op-amp is 100,000.
 CIRCUITS | Non-inverting Amplifier | Zin
Vin  Vd  Vf
Vin  Vd  BVout
Since : Vout  A olVd
Vin  Vd  β(Vd A ol )
Vin  Vd (1  A olB)

where : Vd  I in Zin
Vin  I in Zin (1  BA ol )
Vin
 Zin (1  BA ol )
I in
Zin (NI)  Zin (1  BA ol )
 CIRCUITS | Non-inverting Amplifier | Zout
Vout  A ol (Vin  Vf )
Vout  A ol (Vin  BVout )
Vout  A ol Vin  A ol BVout
A ol Vin  Vout  A ol BVout
A ol Vin  Vout (1  A ol B)
A ol Vin  I out Z out (NI) (1  A ol B)
A ol Vin
 (1  A ol B)Z out (NI)
I out
Z out  (1  A ol B)Z out (NI)
Z out
Z out (NI) 
(1  A ol B)
 CIRCUITS | Non-inverting Amplifier | Zin & Zout
a) Determine the input and output impedances of the amplifier in The op-amp data
sheet gives Zin = 2 MΩ, Zout = 75 Ω, and Aol = 200,000.
b) Find the closed-loop voltage gain.
 CIRCUITS | Voltage Follower
Note that ideally:
 No current flows into the input terminals.
 The Differential Input Voltage is Zero as V1 =
V2 = 0 (Virtual Earth).

Therefore: 𝑹𝒇 = 𝟎 𝑹𝟐 = ∞
𝑹𝟐
𝑽𝟏 = ∙𝑽
𝑹𝟐 + 𝑹𝒇 𝒐𝒖𝒕

𝑽𝒐𝒖𝒕 𝑹𝟐 + 𝑹𝒇 𝑹𝒇 𝟎
= =𝟏+ =𝟏+
𝑽𝑰𝑵 𝑹𝟐 𝑹𝟐 ∞

𝑨𝒗 = 𝟏
𝑩=𝟏 𝒁𝒐𝒖𝒕
𝒁𝒊𝒏(𝑽𝑭) = 𝟏 + 𝑨𝑶𝑳 𝒁𝒊𝒏 𝒁𝒐𝒖𝒕(𝑽𝑭) =
𝑨𝑶𝑳 𝑽𝑭 =𝟏 𝟏 + 𝑨𝑶𝑳

Virtual Ground/Earth -The zero voltage at the inverting input terminal

 CIRCUITS | Transfer Functions
Passive Networks. Mathematical models of electric circuits including passive networks
and operational amplifiers will be obtained. Equivalent circuits for the electric
networks will first consist of resistors, inductors and capacitors. The table
summarizes the components and the relationships between voltage and current and
between voltage and charge under zero initial conditions.
 CIRCUITS | Transfer Functions
An operational amplifier, is an electronic amplifier used as a basic building block to
implement transfer functions. It ha s the following characteristics:
 CIRCUITS | Transfer Functions
Find the transfer function, Vo(s)/Vi(s), for the given circuits.
CIRCUITS | Multiple-Stage
 CIRCUITS | Multiple-Stage
Determine the output voltage using the circuit for resistor components of value Rf =
470kΩ, R1= 4.3kΩ, R2 = 33kΩ, and R3 = 33kΩ for an input of 80 μV.
 CIRCUITS | Multiple-Stage
For the op- amp with 3 stages amplifier gains of +10,-18 & -27 use a 270 kΩ feedback
resistor for all three circuits. What output voltage will result for an input of 150µV?
 CIRCUITS | Comparator
• Compares 2 input voltages and produces an output in either of 2 states indicating
the greater than or less than relationship of the inputs.
• Ex: To determine when the input voltage exceeds a certain level.
• Schmitt Trigger- Comparator with Hysteresis.
• Zero Level Detection
 CIRCUITS | Comparator
• Non-Zero Level Detection – modified zero level detector to detect voltages other
than zero by connecting a fixed reference voltage source to the inverting (-) input.
 CIRCUITS | Comparator
The input signal is applied to the comparator circuit make a sketch of the output
showing its proper relationship to the input signal. Assume the maximum output
levels of the op-amp are 12V.
 CIRCUITS | Adder | Summing Amplifier
• Produces an output voltage that is proportional to the negative of the algebraic
sum of its input voltages.
 CIRCUITS | Adder | Summing Amplifier
Determine the output voltage.
 CIRCUITS | Adder | Summing Amplifier
Calculate the output voltage for the circuit of The inputs are V1 =50 mV
sin(1000t) and V2 =10 mV sin(3000t).
 CIRCUITS | Adder | Averaging Amplifier
• Adder modified to produce the mathematical average of the input voltages. This is
done by setting the ratio Rf/R equal to the reciprocal of the number of inputs(n).
 CIRCUITS | Adder | Averaging Amplifier
Show that the amplifier produces an output whose magnitude is the
mathematical average of the input voltages.
 CIRCUITS | Adder | Scaling Adder
• A different weight can be assigned to each input of a summing amplifier by simply
adjusting the values of the input resistors. As observed, the output voltage can be
expressed as
 CIRCUITS | Adder | Scaling Adder
Determine the weight of each input voltage for the scaling adder.
CIRCUITS | Adder | Application
CIRCUITS | Subtractor | Differential Amplifier

R1 = R2, R3 = R4
CIRCUITS | Subtractor | Differential Amplifier
 CIRCUITS | Subtractor | Differential Amplifier
Determine the output for the circuit with components Rf= 1MΩ, R2 = 50 kΩ,
R1= 100kΩ, and R3= 500kΩ.
CIRCUITS | Subtractor | Application
CIRCUITS | Subtractor | Application
 CIRCUITS | Integrator
• Produces an output which approximates the area under the curve of the input
functions.
• Capacitor → feedback component
• Output: Ramp output voltage
 CIRCUITS | Integrator
• The Output Voltage (Vout) is the same as the voltage on the negative side of the
capacitor.
• Especially useful in triangular-wave oscillators.
 CIRCUITS | Integrator
Determine the rate of change of the output voltage in response to the input
square wave, as shown for the integrator. The output voltage is initially zero.
The pulse width is 100 us. Describe the output and draw the waveform.
 CIRCUITS | Differentiator
• Produces an output which approximates the instantaneous rate of change of the
input functions.
• Capacitor → input component
 CIRCUITS | Differentiator
Determine the output voltage of the op-amp differentiator for the triangular-
wave input shown.
 SPECIAL PURPOSE | Instrumentation Amplifier
• Used in high-noise environments, medical applications and process control.
• Differential voltage-gain device that amplifies the difference between the voltage existing at
its two input terminals.
• Amplify signals riding on large common mode voltages.
• Key Characteristics:
 High Zi
 High CMRR
 Low output offset
 Low Zo
 Low AC
 Wide BW
• Applications:
 Temperature measurement
 Pressure measurement
 Telemetry
 SPECIAL PURPOSE | Instrumentation Amplifier

𝐑𝟏 𝐑𝟏
𝑽𝒐𝒖𝒕𝟏 = 𝟏 + 𝐕𝐢𝐧𝟏 − 𝐕 + 𝐕𝐂𝐌
𝐑𝐆 𝐑 𝐆 𝐢𝐧𝟐
𝐑𝟐 𝐑𝟐
𝑽𝒐𝒖𝒕𝟐 = 𝟏+ 𝐕 − 𝐕 + 𝐕𝐂𝐌
𝐑 𝐆 𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝐑 𝐆 𝐢𝐧𝟏
𝐑𝟐 𝐑𝟏 𝐑𝟐 𝐑𝟏
𝑽𝒐𝒖𝒕𝟐 − 𝐕𝐨𝐮𝐭𝟏 = 𝟏 + + 𝐕𝐢𝐧𝟐 − 𝟏 + + 𝐕 + 𝐕𝐂𝐌 − 𝐕𝐂𝐌
𝐑𝐆 𝐑𝐆 𝐑 𝐆 𝐑 𝐆 𝐢𝐧𝟏
If 𝑅 = 𝑅1 = 𝑅2
𝟐𝐑 𝟐𝐑 𝟐𝐑
𝑽𝒐𝒖𝒕𝟐 − 𝐕𝐨𝐮𝐭𝟏 = 𝟏+ 𝐕 − 𝟏+ 𝐕 = 𝟏+ 𝑽𝒊𝒏𝟐 − 𝑽𝒊𝒏𝟏
𝐑 𝐆 𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝐑 𝐆 𝐢𝐧𝟏 𝐑𝐆
𝑽𝒐𝒖𝒕𝟐 − 𝐕𝐨𝐮𝐭𝟏 𝟐𝐑 𝐕𝐨𝐮𝐭
= 𝟏+ = = 𝐀𝐂𝐋 𝟐𝑹
𝑽𝒊𝒏𝟐 − 𝑽𝒊𝒏𝟏 𝐑𝐆 𝑽𝒊𝒏𝟐 − 𝑽𝒊𝒏𝟏 𝑨𝑪𝑳 = 𝟏 +
𝑹𝑮
 SPECIAL PURPOSE | Instrumentation Amplifier
Determine the value of the external gain setting resistor for certain IC
instrumentation R1 = R2 = 25 kΩ. The closed loop voltage gain is to be 500.
 SPECIAL PURPOSE | Isolation Amplifier
• Used in high-voltage and medical applications.
• Provides dc isolation between input and output for the protection of human life or sensitive
equipment in those application where hazardous power-line leakage or high voltage
transient are possible.
• Electrically Isolated stages.
• Coupling:
o Optical
o Transformer
o Capacitive*
• Application:
 Medical instrumentation
 Power plant instrumentation
 Industrial processing
 Automated testing
 Sensitive equipments
 SPECIAL PURPOSE | Transconductance Amp.
• Transconductance – output current to input voltage ratio.
• Used as voltage-to-current amplifier
• Can be used as AM modulator and Schmitt trigger.
• Double circle symbol represents output current source dependent on a bias current.
• Key Characteristics:
 2 Differential Inputs
 High Zin
 High CMRR
 High Zout
 With Bias Current input terminal
 No fixed open-loop voltage gain.

𝑰𝒐𝒖𝒕
𝒈𝒎 =
𝑽𝒊𝒏
𝒈𝒎 = 𝒌𝑰𝒃𝒊𝒂𝒔

𝑰𝒐𝒖𝒕 = 𝒌𝑰𝒃𝒊𝒂𝒔 𝑽𝒊𝒏

𝒌 = 𝟏𝟔𝝁𝑺/𝝁𝑨
 SPECIAL PURPOSE | Log and Antilog Amplifier
• Used for linearizing certain types of inputs and for mathematical operations and signal
compression.
• Log amplifier – produces proportional logarithmic output of the input.

𝑽𝒊𝒏 𝑽𝒊𝒏
𝑽𝒐𝒖𝒕 = −𝟐𝟓𝒎𝑽 × ln 𝑽𝒐𝒖𝒕 = −𝟐𝟓𝒎𝑽 × ln
𝑰𝒓 𝑹𝟏 𝑰𝑬𝑩𝑶 𝑹𝟏
• Antilog amplifier – produces an output that is inverse log of the input.
𝑽𝒊𝒏
𝑽𝒐𝒖𝒕 = −𝑹𝒇 𝑰𝑬𝑩𝑶 × 𝒂𝒏𝒕𝒊𝒍𝒐𝒈
𝟐𝟓𝒎𝑽

• Applications: Signal Compression, Transducer Linearization, Analog Multiplication and

Division.
 ACTIVE FILTERS
• Electric filter – selective circuit that passes a specified band of frequencies and
blocks or attenuates signals of frequencies outside of this band.
• Can:
• Separate desire signals from undesired signals.
• Blocks interfering signals.
• Enhance speech and video.
• Alter signal in other ways.
• Active filters combine solid state amplification and passive filter circuits.
• Classification:
• Analog or Digital
• Passive or Active
• Audio (AF) or Radio Frequency (RF)
• Advantages over passive filters:
• Gain and frequency adjustment flexibility
• No loading problem
• Lower Cost
 ACTIVE FILTERS
Analog
• Process Analog
Signals
AF
• Audio Frequency RF
Digital • Radio Frequency
• Process Digital
Signals
Types Low-Pass Filter
Passive High-Pass Filter
• Resistors
• Capacitors Band-Pass Filter
• Inductors Bans-Stop Filter
All-Pass Filter
Active
• Resistors
• Capacitors
• Op-amps.
 ACTIVE FILTERS| Low Pass Filter
• Passes all frequency from zero to the
cutoff frequency fc and blocks all
frequencies above fc.
• Sometimes called a brick wall
response filter.
• Has zero phase shifts for all
frequencies in the pass-band.
• Practically, fc occurs at 3dB down point
from the maximum amplitude.
 ACTIVE FILTERS| Low Pass Filter
𝟏
𝒇𝒄 = = 𝑩𝑾
𝟐𝝅𝑹𝑪

𝑹𝟐
𝑨𝑭 = 𝟏 +
𝑹𝟏

𝑽𝒐 𝑨𝑭
𝑨𝑽 = =
𝑽𝒊 𝟐
𝒇
𝟏+
𝒇𝒄

𝒇 < 𝒇𝒄 , ≈ 𝑨𝑭
𝑽𝒐 𝑨𝑭
= 𝒇 = 𝒇𝒄 , =
𝑽𝒊 𝟐
𝒇 > 𝒇𝒄 , < 𝑨𝑭

𝑽𝒐 𝑨𝑭
𝑮 = 𝟐𝟎 𝐥𝐨𝐠 → 𝟐𝟎 𝐥𝐨𝐠 = −𝟑𝒅𝑩
𝑽𝒊 𝟐
 ACTIVE FILTERS| Low Pass Filter
Design a non-inverting active low pass filter circuit that has a gain of ten at low
frequencies, a high frequency cut-off or corner frequency of 159Hz and an
input impedance of 10KΩ.
 ACTIVE FILTERS| High Pass Filter
• Blocks all frequency from zero to the cutoff frequency fc and passes all frequencies
above fc.
 ACTIVE FILTERS| High Pass Filter
𝟏
𝒇𝒄 = = 𝑩𝑾
𝟐𝝅𝑹𝑪

𝑹𝟐
𝑨𝑭 = 𝟏 +
𝑹𝟏

𝒇
𝑽𝒐 𝑨𝑭
𝒇𝒄
𝑨𝑽 = =
𝑽𝒊 𝟐
𝒇
𝟏+
𝒇𝒄

𝒇 < 𝒇𝒄 , < 𝑨𝑭
𝑽𝒐 𝑨𝑭 𝟏
= 𝒇 = 𝒇𝒄 , = 𝝋 = 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏
𝑽𝒊 𝟐 𝟐𝝅𝑹𝑪
𝒇 > 𝒇𝒄 , ≈ 𝑨𝑭

𝑽𝒐 𝑨𝑭
𝑮 = 𝟐𝟎 𝐥𝐨𝐠 → 𝟐𝟎 𝐥𝐨𝐠 = −𝟑𝒅𝑩
𝑽𝒊 𝟐
 ACTIVE FILTERS| High Pass Filter
A first order active high pass filter has a pass band gain of two and a cut-off
corner frequency of 1kHz. If the input capacitor has a value of 10nF, calculate
the value of the cut-off frequency determining resistor and the gain resistors in
the feedback network. Also, plot the expected frequency response of the filter.
 ACTIVE FILTERS| Band Pass Filter
• Blocks all frequency from zero to the
lower cutoff frequency fc1 and passes
all frequencies between the lower and
upper cutoff frequencies fc2, then
blocks all frequencies above fc2.
• HPF-LPF combination.
• Narrow Band or Wide Band.
• Quality Factor Q – figure of merit used
to express performance. Higher the
better.
 ACTIVE FILTERS| Band Pass Filter
𝑩𝑾 = 𝒇𝑯 − 𝒇𝑳 (𝐵𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑊𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ)
𝟏
𝒇𝑯 =
𝟐𝝅𝑹𝟏 𝑪𝟏
𝟏
𝒇𝑳 =
𝟐𝝅𝑹𝟐 𝑪𝟐
𝟏
𝒇𝒓 = = 𝒇𝑳 𝒇𝑯 (𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑛𝑡)
𝟐𝝅 𝑹𝟏 𝑹𝟐 𝑪𝟏 𝑪𝟐

𝒇𝒓 𝟏 𝑹𝟐
𝑸= = (𝑸𝑢𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟)
𝑩𝑾𝟑𝒅𝑩 𝟐 𝑹𝟏

𝑹𝟐
𝑨𝒗 = − = −𝟐𝑸𝟐
𝑹𝟏
𝜶
𝝃= (𝑑𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜)
𝟐
𝟏
𝜶= (𝑎𝑙𝑝ℎ𝑎 𝑝𝑒𝑎𝑘 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦)
𝑸
 ACTIVE FILTERS| Band Pass Filter
An active band pass filter that has a voltage gain Av of one (1) and a resonant
frequency, ƒr of 1kHz is constructed. Calculate the values of the components
required to implement the circuit. Find the Upper (fH) and Lower (fL) Frequency,
Bandwidth, Q-Factor, and Damping Ratio.
 ACTIVE FILTERS| Band Stop Filter
• Passes all frequency from zero to the
lower cutoff frequency fc1 and blocks
all frequencies between the lower and
upper cutoff frequencies fc2, then
passes all frequencies above fc2.
• Notch Filter, Band-Rejection Filter,
Band-Elimination Filter.
 ACTIVE FILTERS| Band Stop Filter
𝟏 𝟏
𝒇𝑳 = 𝒇𝑯 =
𝟐𝝅𝑹𝑳 𝑪 𝟐𝝅𝑹𝑯 𝑪

𝒇𝑪 = 𝒇𝑳 𝒇𝑯

𝑩𝑾 = 𝒇𝑯 − 𝒇𝑳

𝒇𝑪
𝑸=
𝑩𝑾
 ACTIVE FILTERS| Band Stop Filter
Design a basic wide-band, RC band stop filter with a lower cut-off frequency of
200Hz and a higher cut-off frequency of 800Hz. Find the geometric center
frequency, -3dB bandwidth and Q of the circuit. Let C = 0.1μF
 ACTIVE FILTERS| BSF| Twin-T Notch Filter
• Maximum value of the output (Vout)
below the notch frequency is generally
less than the maximum value of
output above the notch frequency due
in part to the two series resistances
(2R) in the low-pass filter section
having greater losses than the
reactances of the two series capacitors
(C) in the high-pass section.
• Fixed Q value of 0.25 (-12dB).

𝟏
𝒇𝑵 =
𝟒𝝅𝑹𝑪

𝑹𝟒 𝟏
𝑲= =𝟏−
𝑹 𝟑 + 𝑹𝟒 𝟒𝑸
 ACTIVE FILTERS| BSF| Twin-T Notch Filter
Design a two op-amp narrow-band, RC notch filter with a center notch
frequency, ƒN of 1kHz and a -3dB bandwidth of 100 Hz. Use 0.1uF capacitors
in your design and calculate the expected notch depth in decibels.
 ACTIVE FILTERS| All Pass Filter
• Passes all frequencies from zero to infinity.
• Useful when producing certain amount of phase-shift from the signal being filtered
without changing amplitude,
• Phase Filter or Time Delay Filter.
𝑨𝒗 = 𝟏

𝟏
𝒇=
𝟐𝝅𝑹𝑪
𝒇
𝜽= ±𝟐 tan−𝟏
𝒇𝑪