Design of KHN Biquad using Operational Transconductance Amplifier
Sameena Shah. Dr. [Link]
Faculty of Engineering and Technology,
Jarnia Millia Islamia,
New Delhi.
India
No requirement for Resistors, Inductors etc
ABSTRACT since all other components can be simulated
using a combination of OTAs and capacitors
The proposed circuit improves the frequency U61.
response, power dissipation and supply range of Higher voltage swings for implementation
the K" biquadratic circuit. It uses a minimum using CMOS technology.
number of Operational Transconductance Non Idealities and circuit parasitics affect
Amplifiers (OTAs) to achieve the same. The performance to a very small degree
various parameters namely center frequency, dc compared to opamps.
gain, Bandwidth, Power Dissipation and Quality Thus OTAs are capable of achieving the aim
high BW, high Slew Rate, low Power
factor are all electronically tunable. Simulations
~~
are included to verify thz analysis. Dissipation, large Input Voltage Range.
Therefore in this paper we seek to realize the
KHN biquadratic filter using OTAs instead of
1. INTRODUCTION opamps.
The KHN (Kenvin - Huelsman - Newcomb) also
known as the State Mriable Filter or Universal
Filter gives Band Pass, High Pass and Low Pass
2. KHN BIQUADRATIC FILTER
responses simultaneously for a single input. R4
However this extraordinary design suffers from
the inherent problems of the operational
amplifiers(oparnps). [1,2,3,1 I ]
OTAs prove to be a good alternative to
opamps. 1121. OTAs are DVlS where the &,
(transconductance) can be linearly controlled by
the bias current [IO]. This accomplishes an
added advantage of electronic controllability [13,
81.
The bias currents can be as low as a few
R6
pA thus negligible power dissipation [6].In the
case of the operational amplifier the input power
supply range is approximately Vcc - 2 Volts, but fig. (a)
for OTAs it can he upto Vcc-0.1 Volts
Bandwidth (BW) extends upto 100's of MHz 3. OTA CONFIGURATION
whereas the maximum of opamps is limited to
100 m. Applying Node Voltage Simulation Technique,
For the purpose of designing active filters, We get the following equations
the use of OTAs is optimum because their innate V,[I/R, t I/%] =Vi,/R, + V,,&
features lead to: - VA [PS +gal = v m . g5 + VoZ . g6 ----{I)
I ) Ease of implementation in monolithic form. V , [ I / R , + l / R J = V , , / ~ + V,,&
2) Extremely simple filter design VLI [g3+g41 = v.1 . & + V"3 g3'
-----(2)
configurations [13,15]. V,, = - (I/sC,R,)V,,
3) Possibility of achieving Electronically -g, . v,, = VO,.SCI -----(3)
Tunable circuits. V,, = - (I/sGR2). V,,
BZWZ IEEE
0-7803-7523-81021S17.M)
1-48
-g2. v,=,vo,l. S C , -44)
For simpllfylng the equations we let
8,+&=97 and gs+g6=g8
Substituting in Equations (I) and (2) we get
V.4ISsl=V,.gs + Vd.& -----(5)
v* k 7 1 = Val . & + v03 . g1 -46)
Hence we get the circuit in fig. (b).
= v,,[&-+gl.g2/sc, + gl.g,.g3/s'cI.C21
s2.C,.G.g3.V,. =Vo,[S2.C,.C2.& + sC,.g,.gi +
g,.g,.g31
The various parameters for HPF are: -
+ Cut off frequency
w, = (gl.g2.g3/[Link].&)"2
+ Quality factor
Q, = (&.C,.g,i&.C2.&)ln
+ Gain
Ha = gi/&
+ Bandwidth
wJQo = g i G
Fig.(b)
4. MINIMISING THE CIRCUIT
The various parameters for the BPF are:
+ Cut off frequency
The s e of 8 OTAs is not economical. Also it
WO = (gl.g2.g3/cI.G.&)i~2
leads to more power dissipation and heating of + Quality factor
the chip. To reduce the component count we
Q, = (&.CI .gilgi.C2.d1"
make the following assumptions: + Gain
g3 = gs and &=&
Solving equations ( 5 ) and (6) using the above 2 Ha = gi/&
conditions, we get
+ Bandwidth
v, .g3 + v,2 . & =Vo1 . & + v o l . ffi wdQo = gi/Ci
Thus we get the following circuit
R4
- g, .g2.g,IC, .c2.g
Vi" s2+ s(g1iC,) + gl.&.gl~cI.G.&
The various parameters for the LPF are:
+ Cut offfrequency
WO = (gl.g2.g,/CI.C2.&)1n
+ Quality factor
Q. = (g,.[Link] .C2.&)In
+ Gain
Ho = g i k
+ Bandwidth
WdQ. = gi/G
1-49
6. SIMULATIONS
+ Condition of Oscillation (q)
g3= g4
Frcquency of Oscillation (fo)
(g,.g,.g;/Cl.C2.&)1ii / ( 2 * 3 . 1 4 )
C, can be tuned by g3,g, and fo can be tuned by
go and go thus leading to Non Interacting Control
Frewenw lml
[I91 V c c l +A 2V,R1=150h R 2 = 3 0 0 h R 3 ~ R 4 - i 0 0 h C l ~ C 2 = l n F
fig. 3
+ Electronically tunable parameters:
I. BW and Center Frequency
Fig.1 and Fig. 2
2. Input Voltage Range (for LM13600)
Fig. 3 and Fig. 4
3 . Bias Current Variation
Fig 5 and Fig 6
4 . Gain (d.c)
Since H, = a/& , therefore controlled
by g3 and g,
5. Quality Factor
Qa = ([Link] .g;/gi .G.&)ln
Therefore controlled by g,, g, gl and g,
Frequenqm
l b l = 2 u * l b Z = l u * R 1 = 3 7 0 h R2-870h R3-R4=100k
Ci=CZ=lnF, V c c - 4 2V
0.5
Fmwmw~] tm iM
B W i 170kH.. R1=iOOh R2=200k, R3=R4=100k. Ci=CZ=lnF Frequency[MI
vcc = *I- 9v l b i i i40uA lb2= 70uA. R1=145k, R2=29Ok R3=R4=100k
fig 2 c i = C 2 = inF. vcc= U- 2 m
Lg. 6
1-50
7. CONCLUSION Toumazou, F. J . Lidgey and [Link], Eds.
London: Peter Peregrinus, 1990, pp. 181 -238.
A circuit simulating the K" Biquadratic filter
(State Variable Filter) has been prcscnted. ' h e 10. Alison Payne and Chris Toumazou, "Analog
proposed circuit uses 4 OTAs and provides amplifiers: Classification and generalization,"
electronically tunable filter parameters. IEEE Trans. CAS-I, vol. 43.
Simulation results based on TINA Pro 5.5 are
also included to verify the responses obtained 11. David A. Johns and Ken Martin, Analog
analytically. Integrated Circuit
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