MODULE- 1

S. NIVEDITHA SMVSA
 OUTLINE

1. INTRODUCTION TO SOCIOLOGY

 Definition of sociology, nature, scope and utility of sociology; branches of sociology; relation of sociology and its branches to
architecture and the built environment.

2. ELEMENTS OF SOCIETY:

 Biosocial and sociocultural associations’ definitions of sociological terms: society, community, family, culture.
 Difference between society and community; different family structures and architectural responses to different family types in and
outside India (examination of different housing typologies responding to different family types- traditional and contemporary);
Relation between culture and the built form (exploration of architectural examples).

S. NIVEDITHA SMVSA
INTRODUCTION:

 Sociology is the science of society as it endeavours to study society in its entirety.

 It is interested in social relationships not because they are economic or political or religious
or legal or educational but because they are at the same time, social.

 Auguste Comte, a Frenchman, is traditionally considered to the father of Sociology. He

coined the term sociology in 1839.

 Sociology is composed of two words: ‘Socius’, meaning companion or associate; and

‘logos’ meaning science or study. The etymological meaning of Sociology is thus the
science of society. S. NIVEDITHA SMVSA
Emergence of Sociology:
 Sociology came to be established as an independent and a separate social science in the
middle of the 19th century when European social observers began to use scientific methods
to test their ideas.
DEFINITIONS:

Sociologists Definitions
Auguste Comete- The The science of social phenomena "subject to natural and
founding father of invariable laws, the discovery of which is the object of
sociology investigation."
Kingsley Davis "Sociology is a general science of society".

Harry M. Johnson “Sociology is the science that deals with social groups".

Emile Durkhiem "Science of social institutions"

Park "the science of collective behavior"

Small "the science of social relationships"

Marshal Jones "the study of man-in-relationship-to-men"

S. NIVEDITHA SMVSA
 Sociologists Definitions
Ogburn and Nimkoff "Sociology is the scientific study of social life"

Franklin Henry "the science of social phenomena"

Giddings
Henry Fairchild "Sociology is the study of man and his human environment in
their relations to each other"

Max Weber “the science which attempts the interpretative understanding of

social action in order thereby to arrive at a casual explanation of
its course and effects".
Alex Inkeles "Sociology is the study of systems of social action and of their
inter-relations"
Kimball Young and "Sociology is the scientific study of social aspects of human life
Raymond W. Mack
Morris Ginsberg “the study of human interactions and inter-relations, their
conditions and consequences"

S. NIVEDITHA SMVSA
NATURE OF SOCIOLOGY:
 Sociology is a social science because it concentrates its attention on man,
his social behaviour, social activities and social life. It is pure science
because it studies underlying factors of a social phenomenon.

 Sociology is an independent science because it has its own field of study,

boundary and method. Sociology is both a rational and an empirical science

 Sociology is a categorical discipline – it confines itself to statements about

what is, not what should be or ought to be. It does not make any kind of
value judgements. Its approach is neither moral, nor immoral, but amoral. It
is ethically neutral.

 Sociology is a pure science– its main aim is the acquisition of knowledge

about human society, not the utilization of that knowledge. The knowledge
thus acquired is of great help to the administrator, legislator, diplomat,
teachers etc.
S. NIVEDITHA SMVSA
NATURE OF SOCIOLOGY:

 Sociology is relatively an abstract science – it is not interested in the

concrete manifestations of human events. It is more concerned with the form
of human events and their patterns.

 Sociology is a generalising and not a particularising or individualistic

science –it tries to find out the general laws or principles about human
interaction and association, about nature, form, content and structure of
human groups and societies. It does not study each and every event that takes
place in society.

S. NIVEDITHA SMVSA
UTILITIES OF SOCIOLOGY:

1. Sociology studies society in a scientific way. Before the emergence of

sociology, there was no systematic and scientific attempt to study human
society with all its complexities.

2. Sociology throws more light on the social nature of man. Sociology evolves
deep into the social nature of man. It tells us why man is a social animal,
why he lives in groups, communities and societies. It examines the
relationship between individual and society, the impact of society on man
and other matters.

3. Sociology improves our understanding of society and increases the power of

social action, capabilities, talents and limitations. It enables him to adjust
himself to the environment. Knowledge of society, social groups, social
institutions, associations, their functions etc. helps us to lead an effective
social life.
S. NIVEDITHA SMVSA
UTILITIES OF SOCIOLOGY:

4. The study of sociology helps us to know not only our society and man but
also others, their motives, aspirations, status, occupations, traditions, customs,
institutions, cultures etc. In a huge industrialized society our experience is
comparatively limited.

5. The contribution of sociology is not less significant in enriching culture.

Sociology has given training to us to have rational approach to questions
concerning ourselves, our religion, customs, mores, institutions, values,
ideologies etc. It has made us to become more objective, rational, critical and
dispassionate.

6. Sociological knowledge is necessary for understanding and planning of

society. Social planning has been made easier by 'sociology.

S. NIVEDITHA SMVSA
CLASSIFICATION OF SOCIOLOGY:
 Study of sociology deals with the study of human society.
 Human society is so vast and diverse that to study its features and
characteristics through one classification is impossible.
 To study sociology, the sociologist has made many classifications based on
various grounds.
CLASSIFICATION by DURKHEIM:

1. Social morphology:- Covers the geographical settings, the density of

population and other preliminary data which is likely to influence the social
aspects
2. Social physiology:- concerned with such matters as religion, morals, law,
economic and political aspects, each of which may be the subject matter of a
special discipline
3. General sociology:- General social laws which may be derived from the
specialized social processes

S. NIVEDITHA SMVSA
CLASSIFICATION by SOROKIN:
1. Cosmo-sociology
2. Bio-sociology- a theory in behavioral and social science
3. General sociology
4. Special sociologies

He also classified sociology as follows:

1. General Sociology:- It deals with studies of the properties which are

common to all social and cultural phenomena of a group of people.
2. Structural aspects:- It studies various types of groups and institutions as
well as their inter-relations to one another.
3. Dynamic aspects:- It studies various types of social interactions. These two
together comprises of general sociology.
4. Special sociology:– It studies a specfic socio-cultural phenomenon which is
selected for detailed study.

S. NIVEDITHA SMVSA
PROBLEMS OF SOCIOLOGY by GINSBERG:

 Along with the classification, there are certain problems of sociology which
are classified by Ginsberg in 4 aspects:

1. Social morphology:- Includes study of population, social structure and also

of various groups and institutions

2. Social control:- includes the study of human resources.

3. Social processes:- In the Sense to the study of various modes of

interactions between individuals in the Society /Groups.

4. Social pathology:- In the Sense, to the study of social maladjustments and

disturbances.

S. NIVEDITHA SMVSA
BRANCHES OF SOCIOLOGY:

1. Theoretical sociology
2. Historical sociology
3. Knowledge sociology
4. Criminology sociology
5. Religion sociology
6. Economy sociology
7. Rural sociology
8. Urban sociology
9. Political sociology
10.Demography sociology
11.Industrial sociology
12.Family sociology
13.Education sociology
S. NIVEDITHA SMVSA
1. Theoretical sociology:
 Different perceptions altogether make Theoretical Sociology are as follows:
1. Macro versus Micro- Macro deals with larger aspect of life whereas micro
deals with minute aspects of life. They are complementary to each other.
2. Functional- This perspective accounts for maximum harmony among the
people so that our society does not lie in chaos.
3. Interaction- Interaction perspective is a way of social communication
through ideas, perceptions, dressing etc
4. Conflict- Whenever more than one person’s perception is involved, the
conflict will take place. Human beings cannot agree to another person every
time. They will have a different approach and ideas.

2. Historical sociology:

 It studies about every historical aspect of any event. A new civilization or

any war has some effects on human beings and the society.
 It is the study of ancient, medieval and modern historical aspects related
to Sociology
S. NIVEDITHA SMVSA
3. Knowledge sociology:
 A person’s knowledge is shaped and affected by the environment, thus the
society plays an important role in mending ideologies of a person.
 A person is under the influence of culture, social and political norms.

4. Criminology sociology:
 A crime can be stopped if someone knows how a criminal’s mind works.
There is a basic trait in every criminal which is studied under this branch of
sociology.
 It accounts for the government, polices, crime branches, criminal records,
and their punishments. What kind of crime, how that crime and why that
crime occurred are fundamental things need to be study under this branch.

5. Religion sociology:
 Sections or subgroups of society follow a particular religion which definitely
imparts an effect on them.
 Society is governed by the religion they follow.
S. NIVEDITHA SMVSA
6. Economy sociology:
 Every person has a different economic status in society. Due to the different
economy, consumption of any product differs.
 This studies the rate of production of any product or growth rate of any
product. Many factors are there to affect Economy of a society like the need
of a product among communities
7. Rural sociology:
 Rural setup is more prominent than urban.
 It is obtained from researchers that population of rural areas is more than
urban areas. Their way of living, ideologies, beliefs, way of tackling
problems is studied under this branch
8. Urban sociology:
 Urban Sociology is also studied as a branch. It is equally important to learn
urban people lifestyle, values, and habits.
 There are many things which are occurring in urban areas at a rapid rate like
robbery, corruption, unemployment.
S. NIVEDITHA SMVSA
9. Political sociology:
 Political scenario of any place determines growth at present and in coming
years. A country’s situation can be changed according to the ruling party
motives and work (either productive or destructive).
 This branch deals with political party summits, new rules, and their effect on
society.
10. Demography sociology:
 Demography determines the population rate.
 It deals with every aspect related to the population like the number of people
residing in a particular area, increment or decrement of the population in past
years.
11. Industrial sociology:
 People’s employment is directly related to industries.
 Thus it becomes important to have information about industries relation with
employees, industrial output, the interaction between employees and
managers.
S. NIVEDITHA SMVSA
12. Family sociology:
 Families are the basic structure of society.
 Different families offer different values and upbringing to their child. This
branch deals with different methods of parenting found in families. How
different families can bring different changes in a child is studied under this
branch.
13. Education sociology:
 Education brings out the best in a human being.
 This branch studies different educational institutions at various places.
 It studies how education changes a person’s perspective towards his/ her life.
Also, it studies how much employment rate is increased after educational
activities

S. NIVEDITHA SMVSA
 RELATION OF SOCIOLOGY IN ARCHITECTURE AND
BUILT FORM
 Architecture and urban space play an important role among the sociological
and psychological factors that influence humans and their wellbeing.
 Sociology and psychology analyse the role of architecture in the conscious
shaping of space.
 Sociology of settlement, the city and the housing, deals, with building (or
architectural) activity of man, and his perception and needs.
 Architectural forms both influence and react to sociocultural phenomena.
 A large proportion of our human experience and social interaction occurs in
the buildings in which we live and work.
 Therefore, architectural sociologists use sociological perspective to enhance
building design

S. NIVEDITHA SMVSA
PROXEMICS: the study of the spatial requirements of humans and animals
and the effects of population density on behavior, communication, and social
interaction.

S. NIVEDITHA SMVSA
 Which one do you prefer?

 Proxemics differ for each region.

 For example, in rural areas , people tend to have a smaller distance between
themselves when engaging in conversation, most likely because of
crowding, whereas urban areas, people tend to have a very large distance
between themselves when conversing.
S. NIVEDITHA SMVSA
 The beliefs of the people affect the plan form
 Architectural sociology is defined as the
application of social theory and methods
to the architectural design process
 The beliefs of the people affect the
plan form. In indigenous Ghanaian
Societies, the Circle is said to be a sacred
shape it symbolizes God's perfection.
 Therefore the people have their architecture portraying rounded plan forms.
E.g. the people any northern Ghana live in small clusters of rounded huts.
 This is influenced by the in belief that that rounded shapes presents God’s
perfection

The village with no doors!!!!!!!!

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MhbvdJBtQqk

S. NIVEDITHA SMVSA
 The geographical location of the people affect their architecture
 Geographical location mainly
affects the materials used. In the
temperate regions like the
America’s and the United
Kingdom, more glass is in their
buildings. This help to trap heat
indoors. They have a kind of
"glassy architecture.
 Also the kind of walls used in their building is affected. They use insulated
walls which trap heat between the walls.

 In the tropical world, where its

relatively hot all year round less
glass is used to prevent the build-
up of heat in the buildings.
S. NIVEDITHA SMVSA
 In America, especially North America, due to the abundance of wood, the
main building material is wood.

 In northern Ghana, the people there build round huts with mud using the
wattle and daub construction method. These huts are usually roofed in thatch
on straw. Their homes usually have small windows which reduces the
amount of heat entering the building. Generally the choice of materials here
is to cool the building to the maximum.

S. NIVEDITHA SMVSA
 The style of architecture differ from place to place

 The kind of architecture done in the temperate regions cannot fit in the
tropical world and vice versa.
 This is because the sociology of the people (skin Colour and type) are not the
same. Hence the difference in architecture.
 When people force foreign architecture into a place it becomes isolated and
odd. An example of misplaced architecture is The Supreme court building in
Accra, Ghana.

S. NIVEDITHA SMVSA
 Religion is also another factor that Influences sociology

 The kind of religious building people put up vary from religion to religion.
Religion, gave rise to various architectural forms.
 The ionic, Corinth, and Doric techniques came about due to religion. The
Greeks used these styles to decorate their temples.
 Buddhist build temples with large domes on top called Stupas. The stupas
were built of stone or bricks to Commemorate important events or marls
important places associated with Buddhism.

S. NIVEDITHA SMVSA
 In Islamic architecture, mosques are built with large domes on top. These domes usually
carry the Islamic crescent moon and star. This is the symbol of Islam. Also, Special
courtyards called Sahn are almost always present. “Sahn” refers to a courtyard Surrounded
by an arcade at all sides. It contains asymmetrical pool where ablutions are performed.

 With respect to Christianity, churches are very huge. This is believed to represent God’s
superiority to man. Religion goes all the way to influence the plan shape of churches. Most
Catholic Churches take the basic shape of the cross. It is believed by Christians that the
Cross Symbolizes atonement and reminds Christians of God's love in sacrificing his own
son for humanity. The St. Peter’s Basilica, Italy Is a perfect example of a church with a
Cross shaped plan.
S. NIVEDITHA SMVSA
 Interactive architecture
 Sociology affects every aspects of man existence.
 Sociologists need not necessarily be architects, but architects have to
necessarily be sociologists to understand how people think and react to
element in the built environment.
 Architects therefore here to understand how people reason in order to make
them live comfortably.

S. NIVEDITHA SMVSA
 Public spaces are increasingly being designed to not only look great but also
foster an element of activity, engagement and interaction.

 Trending worldwide, new examples of interactive public spaces (both

temporary and permanent) include, Millennium Park in Chicago, Sky
Mirror in Sydney and Water Light Graffiti in Poitiers.

Crown fountain millennium Water tower graffiti, Poitiers Cloud Gate, Millennium Park.
park chicago
https://www.thisiscolossal.com/2012/08/water-light-graffiti-a-moisture-sensitive-surface-embedded-with-leds-creates-
illuminated-art/
S. NIVEDITHA SMVSA
Interactive spaces

S. NIVEDITHA SMVSA
Sky mirror @ museum of contemporary art, Sydney
S. NIVEDITHA SMVSA
 Society
Definitions:

 “A society is a collection of individuals united by certain relations or mode of behaviour which mark
them off from others who do not enter these relations or who differ from them in behaviour”.

- Morris Ginsberg

 “Society is the complex of organized associations and institutions with a community”.

-G.D.M. Cole

 “Society is the union itself, the organization, the sum of formal relations in which associating
individuals are bound together”.

-Prof. Giddings

 “The term society refers not to group of people, but nto the complex pattern of the norms of
interaction, that arise among and between them.”
- Lapiere

 Society is “a web of social relationship.”

-Maclver
S. NIVEDITHA SMVSA
 Society
Characteristics of society:

1. Society consists of people

2. Society is a group of people in continuous interaction with each other
3. Society depends on likeness
4. Society rests on difference too
5. Co- operation and division of labour- Primary likeness and secondarily difference creates the division
of labour.
6. Society implies interdependence also
7. Society is dynamic
8. Society has its own ways and means of controlling the behaviour and its members
9. Every society is unique because it has its own way of life, called culture.
10. Society consists of gregarious nature of man. Gregariousness refers to the tendency of man to live in
groups. Man always lives amidst men. He cannot live without it.
11. Society makes our life livable
12. Society shapes our attributes, beliefs, morals and our ideals.
13. Emotional development, intellectual maturity, satisfaction of physical needs and material comforts are
unthinkable without society.
14. Society is a part of our mental equipment and we are a part of society. It stimulates the growth of our
personality.

S. NIVEDITHA SMVSA
 Society
Types:
 Types of societies are categories of social groups that differ according to subsistence strategies; the
way that humans use technology to provide needs for themselves.

 Sociologists place societies in three broad categories: pre-industrial, industrial, and post-industrial.

1. Pre-industrial societies:
Hunting and gathering societies::
 The main form of food production in such societies is the daily collection of wild plants and the
hunting of wild animals.
 Hunter-gatherers move around constantly in search of food.
 As a result, they do not build permanent villages. They generally consist of fewer than 60 people and
rarely exceed 100.
 Statuses within the tribe are relatively equal, and decisions are reached through general agreement
Pastoral societies:

 Pastoralism is a slightly more efficient form of subsistence. Rather than searching for food on a daily
basis, members of a pastoral society rely on domesticated herd animals to meet their food needs.
Pastoralists live a nomadic life, moving their herds from pasture to another.
 Some people become craft workers, producing tools, weapons, and jewellery. The production of goods
encourages trade. This trade helps to create inequality, as some families acquire more goods than
others do.
S. NIVEDITHA SMVSA
 Society
Horticultural societies:

 Fruits and vegetables grown in garden plots that have been cleared from the jungle or forest provide
the main source of food in a horticultural society.
 These societies have a level of technology and complexity similar to pastoral societies. Some
horticultural groups use the slash-and-burn method to raise crops.
 Economic and political systems are developed because of settled nature of horticultural life.

Agricultural societies:
 Agricultural societies use technological advances to cultivate crops over a large area.
 Sociologists use the phrase Agricultural Revolution to refer to the technological changes that occurred
as long as 8,500 years ago that led to cultivating crops and raising farm animals. Increases in food
supplies then led to larger populations than in earlier communities.

Feudal societies:

 From the 9th to 15th centuries, feudalism was a form of society based on ownership of land. Unlike
today's farmers, vassals under feudalism were bound to cultivating their lord's land. In exchange for
military protection, the lords exploited the peasants into providing food, crops, crafts, homage, and
other services to the owner of the land.
 Between the 14th and 16th centuries, a new economic system called Capitalism emerged that began to
replace feudalism

S. NIVEDITHA SMVSA
 Society
2. Industrial society:

 In sociology, industrial society refers to a society driven by the use of technology to enable mass
production, supporting a large population with a high capacity for division of labour.
 Such a structure developed in the west in the period of time following the Industrial Revolution, and
replaced the agrarian societies of the Pre-modern, Pre-industrial age. Industrial societies are generally
mass societies, and may be succeeded by an Information society.
 Industrial society is characterized by the use of external energy sources, such as fossil fuels, to
increase the rate and scale of production.
 Industrial society makes urbanization desirable, in part so that workers can be closer to centres of
production, and the service industry can provide labour to workers and those that benefit financially
from them, in exchange for a piece of production profits with which they can buy goods.
 This leads to the rise of very large cities and surrounding suburban areas with a high rate of economic
activity.

S. NIVEDITHA SMVSA
 Society
3. Post-Industrial society:

Characteristics:
As the term has been used, a few common themes (not limited to those below) have begun to emerge.
1. The economy undergoes a transition from the production of goods to the provision of services.
2. Knowledge becomes a valued form of capital (e.g., The knowledge produced through the human
genome project).
3. Producing ideas is the main way to grow the economy.
4. Through processes of globalization and automation, the value and importance to the economy of blue-
collar, unionized work, including manual labor (e.g., Assembly-line work) decline, and those of
professional workers (e.g. Scientists, creative-industry professionals, and IT professionals) grow in
value and prevalence.
5. Behavioral and information sciences and technologies are developed and implemented.
6. Technology-enhanced learning;
7. Culture, tourism and technology;
8. E-government and e-democracy;
9. Innovation, sustainable development and strategic management;
10. Service science, management and engineering;
11. Intellectual and human capital development;
12. Technologies and business models for the creative industries.
S. NIVEDITHA SMVSA
 Community
Definitions:
 Whenever the members of any group, small or large, live together in such a way that they share, not
this or that particular interest, but the basic conditions of a common life, we call that group a
community.
 According to Arnold, a community is a cluster of people, living within a contiguous small area, who
share a common way of life.

Elements of a community:
 Group of people- community is a group of people who shared the basic conditions of a common life
 Locality- A community always occupies a territorial area. The people may change their area of
habitation from time to time
 Community sentiment- Community sentiment means a feeling of belonging together. It is “we
feeling” among the members.
 Permanency- Community includes a permanent life in a definite place
 Naturality- Communities are neither made nor created but are natural
 Likeness- In a community there is a likeness in language, customs etc.
 A particular name- Every community has some particular name. E.g. People living in Punjab are
called Punjabis while those living in Kashmir called Kashmiris.
 No legal status- A community is not a legal person. In the eyes of law, it has no rights and duties.

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S. NIVEDITHA SMVSA
S. NIVEDITHA SMVSA
 Family
Definitions:
 Every society or social structure is characterized by the basic unit i.e. family. These are the building
blocks of social structure. They have a common motto, culture, rules and values.

 The key function of family is to preserve, protect and promote its generation year after year. Elder
members of the family are responsible for rearing their off springs.

 They make sure the fulfillment of basic needs of family viz. food, shelter and clothes.

 According to Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary- ―the basic unit in society traditionally

consisting of parent(s) rearing their children‖ where children refer to the young dependent member(s)
and parent(s) refer to the adults taking care of the children.

 Even the traditional families whenever mentioned give us the impression of a bread winning father and
a home making mother with two or more children.

 Definitions of the word family generally fall into three categories: family structure, task orientation,
and transactional process definitions.

S. NIVEDITHA SMVSA
Role of family: Family
 Families are goal-directed, self correcting, dynamic, interconnected systems that both affect and are
affected by their environment and by qualities within the family itself.

 The structure, function or relations within the family are often common within a society or a region.
 They decide the social structure and shape the culture of the society. It is noteworthy that both family
and society affect each other.

 The words goal-directed, self-correcting, dynamic, interconnected etc., give family a sense of life. It is
only a good family that makes house ‘a home’.

 In families goals for better living are set, the drawbacks or wrong traditions or superstitions are
corrected.

 Love, compassion, trust and cooperation play positive role and fear, hatred and selfishness play a
negative role thus giving family a dynamic look.

 The family is the basic and important unit of society because of the role it plays in generation of
human capital resources and the power that is vested in it to influence individual, households, and
community behaviour.

 It is, therefore, a basic unit of study in most social sciences disciplines, such as sociology, psychology,
economics, anthropology, social psychiatry, social work or human development.
S. NIVEDITHA SMVSA
Types of family in India: Family
 Family may be broadly defined as a unit of two or more persons united by marriage, blood, adoption,
or consensual union, in general consulting a single household, interacting and communicating with
each other.

 India is a country of rich cultural heritage

crowned with most ancient history. It is
all due to the joint family system that
preserved and nurtured the culture and
customs.

 Today, the Indian family is subjected to

the effects of changes from joint family to
nuclear family system mainly due to
changes in the economic, political, social
and cultural spheres of the society

S. NIVEDITHA SMVSA
 Family
Family structures in India:
 The families are classified into several types of family structures:
 Single member households (a man or woman in one households), nuclear pair (only married
couple),
 nuclear family (a married couple with or without children) and
 forms of nuclear family (broken nuclear — a fragment of a former nuclear family, e.g., a widow
with unmarried children living together;
 supplemented nuclear — a nuclear family plus one or more unmarried/separated/widowed relatives
of the parents, other than married children),
 collaterally extended (two or more married couples among whom there is a sibling bond, normally
brothers plus their unmarried children),
 supplemented collateral joint (a collateral joint family with unmarried, divorced, widowed relatives,
typically such supplemented relatives are the widowed mother or widower father or an unmarried
sibling),
 lineal extended (two couples between whom there is a lineal link, usually between parents and
married son or married daughter),
 supplemented lineal joint (a lineal joint family plus unmarried, divorced or widowed relatives who
do not belong to either of the lineally linked nuclear unmarried brother),
 lineal collateral joint (three or more couples linked lineally or collaterally, typically, parents and their
married sons plus the unmarried children of the couple),
 supplemented lineal collateral joint (a lineal collateral joint family plus unmarried, widowed,
separated relatives who belong to none of the nuclear families lineally and collaterally linked) and an
unclassified category. S. NIVEDITHA SMVSA
 Family
Housing typology based on family structure:

GENERAL TYPES OF HOUSING

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 Family
Housing typology based on family structure:

S. NIVEDITHA SMVSA
 Family
Housing typology based on family structure:

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 Family
Housing typology based on family structure:

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 Family
Housing typology based on family structure:

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 Family
Housing typology based on family structure:

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 Culture
What does culture mean?
 Culture embraces complex ways of living, value systems, traditions, beliefs and habits; including
knowledge, morals, law and customs, acquired by those within that Society. These provide for a set of
‘cultural objects’, which symbolise a shared schematic experience, and which we recognise as having
cultural value.
 It is the whole way of life, material, intellectual and spiritual of a given society
 The complex of distinctive attainments, beliefs, traditions (which establish) the background of racial,
religious, or social group.

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 Culture
Culture and Architecture
 The culture of each society is identified through its manifestations such as language, art, and
architecture, and analysis in the field of culture is related to the study of cultural manifestations

 Architecture as a matter of human life reflects the culture in every society interacting closely with
structural, historical, political, economic and social features of society
 People in every country try to follow their norms and maintain their values in making of architecture
by applying the material things.
 Changing the cultural and social attitudes in communities has the greatest impact on the architecture.
 Therefore, the role of culture in promoting architectural identity seems essential
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Culture and Architecture Culture
 The result is that the culture of each community defines the identity of the community and architecture
as a social phenomenon was originated from the culture and its effects.
 Art and architecture are of the most important symptoms and characteristics of each nation and every
historical period that indicate the environment human’s lives at any time

The relationship between culture and architecture:

 Architecture is the portray of a nation’s culture
integrated with all aspects of human life and has a
profound impact on it.
 Architecture is the results of the culture of the
society.
 In a society the most famous buildings are
libraries, museum and universities while in other
societies the most famous buildings are shopping
malls you can get an indication of the culture of
this society
 In one hand, architecture is a reflection of city
culture, and in the other hand architecture can
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 Culture
The relationship between culture and architecture:
 In some cities you can study and understand the culture of its people
from its buildings.
 Others cities the architecture of buildings create the culture of the city

THE MAGNIFICENT TEMPLE OF ATHENS

 In this building the Greeks incorporated a fundamental principle of

their culture: arête.
 To the Greeks, arête meant excellence and reaching ones full
potential.
 Arete now means “excellence of any kind” or “moral virtue”

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 Culture
The relationship between culture and architecture:
 Ancient Greek art emphasized the importance and accomplishments of human beings.
 Greek art was meant honour the gods, but the gods were created in the image of humans.
 Art and architecture were a tremendous source of pride for citizens and could be found in various parts
of the city” as this building became a symbol copied in many other countries

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 Culture
The relationship between culture and architecture:

THE EGYPTIAN PYRAMIDS:

 The Egyptians are another amazing example, their environment and

culture produced the great pyramids.

 Their massive scale reflects the unique role that the pharaoh played in
ancient Egyptian society.

 More than 4,000 years later, the Egyptian pyramids still retain much of
their majesty, providing a glimpse into the country’s rich and glorious
past.

 Looking at the size of these pyramids in comparison to human size

reflects the image that the pharaoh wanted to present himself to others
as he is the god, he is the most important thing in the country

 The Greek architect reflects that culture as the famous Greek building
was the birth place of limited democracy in the other hand famous
Egyptian building reflects the power of one man controlling the whole
country

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 Culture
The relationship between culture and architecture:

THE HOUSE OF WISHDOM:

 Famous buildings in any civilization reflects its culture In 786-

809 during Islamic Golden Age, one of the most famous building
was :

 The house of wisdom

 “it was a multi cultural library and intellectual center, and it
transformed the Western Civilization

 “ in the middle of the ninth century, the House of Wisdom had the
largest selection of books in the world”

 It was destroyed in the sack of the city following the Mongol

Siege of Baghdad (1258).

 This building was a reflection of Arabic culture at that time where

Harun al-Rashid was the Caliph who founded The house of
Wisdom and culminated it reputation under his son al-Ma'mun.
During al-Ma’mun rule many well-known scholars brought to this
building in order to share information, ideas and culture
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 Culture
The relationship between culture and architecture:

From this building we can understand cultural aspects

regards Islamic empire during that era:

 Islamic rule at that time encourages Interfaith

Dialogue and did not reject people just because of
there believe and religion
 Education and learning was a strong element of
Islamic culture
 The House of wisdom was built to be a multicultural
library, which embrace Islamic culture at that time
which encourages discovering different people
cultures around the world as it admires the diversity of
cultures to enrich the society.
 The value of knowledge no matter from where it came
 Collaboration and working together was an important
value of this culture
 Such a design for a building to be a tourist attraction
that looks like a palace or a hotel reflects how much
knowledge and scholars were appreciated at this
culture
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 Culture
Factors that affect a society culture:
 Religion
 Identity
 Social life
 Politics
 globalization

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 Culture
Factors that affect a society culture:

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 Culture
Factors that affect a society culture:

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 Culture
Factors that affect a society culture:

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 Culture
Factors that affect a society culture: