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Understanding Photogrammetry Basics

Photogrammetry is the science of obtaining reliable information from photographs. There are two main types: metric, which involves precise measurements, and interpretative. Aerial photography is commonly used for topographic mapping and determining point coordinates. Precise aerial cameras with stable lenses and shutters are required. Vertical photographs are most useful for surveying applications. Scale and ground coordinates can be determined from single photos using geometry. Relief displacement causes points to shift from their theoretical positions due to elevation changes. Flying height can be calculated from scale or by using control point coordinates.

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Abdul Rehaman
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138 views22 pages

Understanding Photogrammetry Basics

Photogrammetry is the science of obtaining reliable information from photographs. There are two main types: metric, which involves precise measurements, and interpretative. Aerial photography is commonly used for topographic mapping and determining point coordinates. Precise aerial cameras with stable lenses and shutters are required. Vertical photographs are most useful for surveying applications. Scale and ground coordinates can be determined from single photos using geometry. Relief displacement causes points to shift from their theoretical positions due to elevation changes. Flying height can be calculated from scale or by using control point coordinates.

Uploaded by

Abdul Rehaman
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPSX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Photogrammetry

Introduction
• Photogrammetry: the science, art, and technology of
obtaining reliable information from photographs.
• Two major areas: metric, and interpretative.
• Terrestrial and aerial Photogrammetry.
• Uses of Photogrammetry: topographic mapping,
determine precise point coordinates, cross sections,
deflection monitoring, and many other applications.
• Why Photogrammetry?
Aerial Cameras
• For precise results, cameras must be geometrically
stable, fast, have efficient shutters, sharp lenses
• Single-lens frame cameras: figure 27-2
– most used format size is 9”, focal length 6 in
– components: lens, shutter, diaphragm, filter, focal plane,
fiducial marks.
– shutters can be operated manually or automatically.
– The camera could be leveled regardless of the plane
orientation.
– Exposure station and principal point.
– Camera calibration.
Aerial Photographs
• True Vertical: if the camera axis is exactly
vertical, or near vertical.
• Tilted Photographs
• Oblique photographs: high and low
• Vertical Photos are the most used type for
surveying applications
Geometry of Vertical Photographs
• Figure 27-6
• Define: image coordinate system (right handed),
principal point, exposure station.
• Measurements could be done using negatives or
diapositives, same geometry.
• Strips and Blocks.
• Sidelap (about 30%), and Endlap (about 60%), why?
Endlap (about 60%)

Sidelap (about 30%),


Scale of a Vertical Photograph
• Figure 28-6
• Scale of a photograph is the ratio of a distance on a photo to the same
distance on the ground.
• Photographs are not maps, why?
• Scale of a map and scale of a photograph.
• Orthphotos
f
• Scale (s) at any point: S=
H-h
•Average scale of a photograph: f
Savg = H - h
avg

If the f, H, and h are not available, but a map is available then:


photo distance
Photo Scale = X map scale
map distance
Ground Coordinates from a
Single Vertical Photograph
• Figure 27-8
• With image coordinate system defined, we
define an arbitrary ground coordinate
system.
• That ground system could be used to
compute distances and azimuths.
Coordinates can also be transformed to any
system
• In that ground system:
Xa = xa * (photograph scale at a)
Y = y * (photograph scale at a)
Relief Displacement on a Vertical
Photograph
• Figure 27-9
• The shift of an image from its theoretical datum location caused by
the object’s relief. Two points on a vertical line will appear as one
line on a map, but two points, usually, on a photograph.
• In a vertical photo, the displacement is from the principal point.
• Relief displacement (d) of a point wrt a point on the datum :

rh
d= H

where: r is the radial distance on the photo to the high point


h : elevation of the high point, and H is flying height above datum
•Assuming that the datum is at the bottom of vertical object, H is the
flying height above ground, the value h will compute the object height.
ra/R = f/H

Or: ra *H = R * f ----(1)

rb/R = f/(H-h)
Or: rb * (H-h) =R * f ---(2)

Then from (1) and (2);


Or
ra *H = rb * (H-h) then;
(rb* H) – (ra*H) = rb h
d = rb - ra = rb *hb /H
Now, what about b and c?
What would dc wrt b
equals?
Or, in general:
di = (ri * hti) / (flying height above ground = H – hi)
Flying Height of a Vertical Photograph
• Flying height can be determined by:
– Readings on the photos
– Applying scale equation, if scale can be computed
• Example: what is the flying height above datum
if f=6”, average elevation of ground is 900ft,
scale is 1”:100ft? Is it 1500’?
– Or, if two control points appear in the photograph,
solve the equation:
L2 = (XB - XA)2 + (YB - YA)2
then solve the same equation again replacing the ground
coordinates with the photo coordinates.

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