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DACTYLOSCOPY
HISTORY
A. HENRY FAULDS- doctor in Tokyo, Japan, fingerprint is unchangeable. He took up to the study of skin
furrows (tiny like ridges)
B. JAN EVANGELISTA PURKINJIE- discuss 9 fingerprints father of dactyloscopy
1. Central longitudinal stria
2. Oblique stripe
3. Oblique loop
4. Almont whorl
5. Spiral whorl
6. Transverse curve
7. Ellipse
8. Circle
9. Double whorl
C. EDWARD RICHARD HENRY- conducted an inquiry into identification of criminals by measurements
and fingerprints. The Henry Classification System of classifying fingerprints was named after him.
D. HERMAN WELCHER- print his own palm, after 40 years he printed the same palm. Prove that
fingerprint do not change “PRINCIPLE OF CONSTANCY”
E. FRANCIS GALTON- discover 3 patterns ARCH, LOOP, WHORL
F. JUAN VUSETICH & EDUARDO ALVAREZ- police officer where in because of them it was the first
conviction against fingerprint evidence.
G. MARCELLO MALPIGHI- discover 2 layer of the skin (dermis and epidermis)
H. NEHEMIAH GREW- describe the ridge structure of the skin covering the finger saw palms and pores.
Made the study on friction skin.
I. WILLIAM HERSHEL- use fingerprint to identify workers/laborers, use in contract.
J. ALPHONSE BERTILLON- identification of person through Bertillon System/ Anthropometric System.
Measurement of the parts of the body.
K. JOHN DELLINGER- criminal, tried to alter his fingerprint with the use of acid.
L. HENRY DEFORREST- use fingerprint in the New York civil service.
M. MARK TWAIN & SAMUEL CLEMENS- author of two books such as LIFE OF MISSISSIPPI and PUDD IN
HEADWILSON (killer was identified by Fp, court drama that turns on Fp identification)
N. GILBERT THOMPSON- use his own thumb print to avoid forgery.
O. EDMOND LOKARD- father of poroscopy, study of pores.
P. THOMAS BEWICK- engraver, he engraved his own fingerprint on wood.
Q. JC MAYER- principle of uniqueness
R. GOVARD BIDLOO- ridge has different individual characteristics
DACTYLOSCOPYREVIEWER BY: LOUIE JAY BAYBAY
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CHANCES OF FAILURE OF DIFFERENT IDENTIFICATION PROCESS
Measurement of height 1:4
Comparison of pubic hair 1:800 B
Comparison of scalp hair 1:4500
Anthropometry 1:268M
Teeth bite marks 1:268M
Fingerprint 1:64B
DNA
FOUR (4) BRANCHES OF DERMATOGLYPHICS
1. Chiroscopy- deals with the study and examination of palm of the hand
2. Podoscopy- deals with the study and examination of sole of the foot
3. Poroscopy- deals with the study and examination of the sweat pores
-pioneered by Edmond Locard
4. Dactyloscopy- deals with the study and examination of finger
DOGMATIC PRINCIPLES OF FINGERPRINT
1. PRINCIPLE OF CONSTANCY- the ridge are immutable and perennial until individual died and
decomposed. Started to develop from the beginning of 3rd month.
2. PRINCIPLE OF VARIATION- neither two prints of different person nor the neighboring fingers of
the same person.
3. PRINCIPLE OF INFALLIBILITY- can’t be forged
SKIN- the largest organ of the human body, where the fingerprint was formed.
DACTYLOSCOPYREVIEWER BY: LOUIE JAY BAYBAY
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FRICTION SKIN- epidermal hairless skin found on the ventral or lower surface of the hands and feet.
2 components:
1. Ridges- tiny elevation or hill-like structure. In ink impression, then appear as black lines.
2. Furrows- depression or canal like found between the ridges, in ink impression these appears
as white lines.
FINGERPRINT- is an impression made up of furrows and ridges of the first joint of the finger.
PHALANGE- skeletal finger covered with friction skin. Made up of three bones:
1. PROXIMAL- located at the base of the finger.
2. MIDDLE- next and above the basal
3. TERMINAL- particular bones covered by friction skin, having all different types of fingerprints.
RIDGE CHARACTERISTICS- refers to the peculiar or individual characteristics of ridges, found in the friction
skin.
1. Pattern Area- is the part of the loop and whorl in which core, delta and other ridges appear. This is
the concerned area where you can start classifying ridge characteristics.
2. Typeline- innermost ridge which start parallel, diverse, surround or tend to surround the pattern
area.
3. Divergence/Diverging Ridge- is the spreading apart of two ridges
-located in the pattern are.
4. Convergence/Converging Ridge- is the meeting of two ridges after running parallel
5. Bifurcation- is a single ridge that runs and divides into 2 or more branches.
6. Enclosure- is a single ridge that runs, bifurcates and formed again into a single ridge
7. Ending ridge- ridge that runs and ends abruptly.
8. Short ridge- ridge with limited length
9. Dot or island- is a ridge which looks like period or point.
10. Appendage- is a short ridge at the top or summit of the recurving ridge.
11.Focal point- composed of the delta and core which are found in loop and whorl pattern.
DACTYLOSCOPYREVIEWER BY: LOUIE JAY BAYBAY
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Two (2) Focal Points of Fingerprint
1. Delta- is located at the point of two divergences of typelines. It may appear in the pattern area in
different type of ridge characteristics.
2. Core- is approximately located at the center and considered as the heart point of loop and whorl.
RULES IN CHOOSING DELTA:
Rule No. 1- Bifurcation which does not open towards the core will not considered as delta.
Rule No. 2- When there is a choice between a bifurcation and another type of delta, the bifurcation
is selected.
Rule No. 3- When there are more possible deltas except bifurcation, the nearest to the core is the one
selected.
Rule No. 4- The delta may not be selected in the middle of the ridge running between the typelines
toward the core, but at the nearer end only.
Rule No. 5- The delta is located at the nearer end if the ridge enters below the divergence of the
typelines.
Rule No.6- If there is a series of bifurcation opening towards the core and all of it is equally closed to
the point of divergence of typelines, the delta nearest to the core shall be selected.
Rule No. 7- When the several bifurcation opening towards the core, and these bifurcating ridges are
not at the center of the typelines, the bifurcation just in front of the divergence of the typelines is the
delta.
RULES IN CHOOSING CORE:
Rule No. 1- The core is placed upon or whitin the innermost sufficient recurve.
Rule No. 2-When two innermost recurve ridges contain no ending ridge or rod rising as high as the
shoulder of the loop, core is places on the shoulder of the loop from the delta.
Rule No. 3- When the innermost sufficient recurve contains as uneven number of rods rising as high
as the shoulder, the core is placed upon the end of the center rod whether it touches the looping
ridge or not.
Rule No.4- When the innermost sufficient recurve contains as even number of rods rising as high of
the loop shoulder, the core is placed upon the end of the rod father one of the two center rods.
Rule No. 5- The appendage located at the top of the recurving ridge will be selected as the core.
Rule No.6- In case of whorl type, the tip of the circulating ridges at the center is considered as core.
DACTYLOSCOPYREVIEWER BY: LOUIE JAY BAYBAY
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FINGERPRINT PATTERN- Is found on the terminal phalange of the fingers.
(1) Arches- 5%
(2) Loops- 65%
(3) Whorl- 30%
1. ARCH- Is a pattern that flows from one side to another side without recurving. It has no delta and core.
a. Plain Arch (A)
b. Tented Arch (T)
2. LOOP- is a pattern in which the ridges start at one side of the pattern then make a recurve toward its
original position forming a loop with one core in the center and one delta at the edge of the pattern area.
a. Radial Loop (R)
b. Ulnar Loop (U)
3. WHORL- is a pattern in which the formations of the ridges are usually circular or spiral. It usually has
two or more core and deltas.
a. Plain Whorl (W)
b. Double Loop Whorl (D)
c. Accidental Loop Whorl (X)
d. Central Pocket Loop Whorl (C)
DACTYLOSCOPYREVIEWER BY: LOUIE JAY BAYBAY
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DACTYLOSCOPYREVIEWER BY: LOUIE JAY BAYBAY
