Lahore Grrison university

Name: Natasha kiran

Roll no: Fall-17/BS Math’s/007
Date of Submission: 01/13/2020
Question#01
Techniques of limits:
If lim 𝑓(𝑥) =L1
𝑥→𝑐

lim 𝑓(𝑥) =L2

𝑥→𝑐

Then prove that

(i) lim⁡⁡[𝑓(𝑥) ± 𝑔(𝑥)] =⁡L1⁡± L2
𝑥→𝑐
(ii) lim⁡[𝑓(𝑥)⁡𝑔(𝑥)] =⁡L1 L2
𝑥→𝑐
𝑓(𝑋) L1
(iii) lim =
𝑥→𝑐 𝑔(𝑋) L2

Solution: -
We divide the above theorem into two parts
(a) Sum rule for limits ( b) Difference rule for limits
Proof (a)

1
Since we are given that lim 𝑓(𝑥) =L1 and lim 𝑔(𝑥) =L2 , then for any 𝜀 > 0 there exist
𝑥→𝑐 𝑥→𝑐
⁡𝛿1 > 0 and 𝛿2 > 0 such that
⁡𝜀
│f(x) - L1 │< whenever 0 < │x - c│< 𝛿1
2
⁡𝜀
│g(x)- L2│< whenever 0 < │x - c│< 𝛿2
2

Now choose 𝛿 = min (𝛿1, 𝛿2) then we need to show that

│f(x) + g(x) – (L1+ L2 │< 𝜀⁡ whenever 0 < │x-c│< 𝛿
Assume that 0 < │x-c│< 𝛿
│f(x) + g(x) – (L1+ L2│= │(f(x) - L1) +(g(x) –L2) │
= │(f(x) - L1│+ │g(x) –L2│ by the triangle inequality
⁡𝜀 ⁡𝜀
< +
2 2

<⁡⁡⁡𝜀⁡
Consequently
lim[ 𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑔(𝑥)] = lim 𝑓(𝑥) + lim 𝑔(𝑥) = L1 + L2 (1)
𝑥→𝑐 𝑥→𝑐 𝑥→𝑐

Proof (b)
We could do a similar proof as we did above for the sum of two functions
lim[ 𝑓(𝑥) − 𝑔(𝑥)] = lim[𝑓(𝑥) + (−1)𝑔(𝑥)]
𝑥→𝑐 𝑥→𝑐

=⁡lim 𝑓(𝑥) + lim (-1)g(x) from above theorem

𝑥→𝑐 𝑥→𝑐

= lim 𝑓(𝑥) + (-1)⁡lim g(x) since , lim⁡𝑎 𝑓(𝑥) = a⁡lim 𝑓(𝑥) = a L

𝑥→𝑐 𝑥→𝑐 𝑥→𝑐 𝑥→𝑐

= L1 + (-1) L2
lim⁡[ 𝑓(𝑥) − 𝑔(𝑥)]⁡⁡= L1 + L2 (2)
𝑥→𝑐

From (1) and (2)

lim⁡⁡[𝑓(𝑥) ± 𝑔(𝑥)] =⁡L1⁡± L2 Proved
𝑥→𝑐

(ii) Product rule for limits: -

lim[ 𝑓(𝑥)⁡𝑔(𝑥)] = lim 𝑓(𝑥) lim 𝑔(𝑥)
𝑥→𝑐 𝑥→𝑐 𝑥→𝑐

Proof: -

2
Since we are given that lim 𝑓(𝑥) =L1 and lim 𝑔(𝑥) =L2
𝑥→𝑐 𝑥→𝑐

we can write
lim⁡[𝑓(𝑥) − L1] = lim f(x) - lim L1 = L1 - L1 =0
𝑥→𝑐 𝑥→𝑐 𝑥→𝑐

lim⁡[𝑓(𝑥) − L2]⁡= lim g(x) - lim L2 = L2 – L2=0

𝑥→𝑐 𝑥→𝑐 𝑥→𝑐

for any 𝜀 > 0 there exist ⁡𝛿1 > 0 and 𝛿2 > 0 we choose 𝛿 = min (𝛿1, 𝛿2) then 0 < │x-c│< 𝛿
such that
│f(x) - L1 -0│ <⁡⁡𝜀⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡ whenever 0 < │x-c│< 𝛿
│g(x)- L2- 0│ < 𝜀⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡ whenever 0 < │x-c│< 𝛿
This implies
││(f(x) - L1) (g(x)- L2)- 0│= │f(x) - L1 ││g(x)- L2│< 𝜀⁡𝜀 <⁡𝜀
So, lim │(f(x) - L1) (g(x)- L2│= 0
𝑥→𝑐

│f(x) - L1 │ │g(x)- L2│ = f(x) – g(x) - L1f(x) - L2g(x) + L1 L2

f(x) g(x) = [(f (x) - L1) (g(x) - L2)] + L1f(x) + L2g(x) - L1 L2
lim f(x) g(x) = lim [(f (x) - L1) (g(x) - L2)] + lim L1f(x) + lim L2g(x) - lim L1 L2
𝑥→𝑐 𝑥→𝑐 𝑥→𝑐 𝑥→𝑐 𝑥→𝑐

= 0 + L1 L2 + L1 L2 - L1 L
⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡= L1 L2
lim f(x) g(x) ⁡= L1 L2 Proved.
𝑥→𝑐

(iii) Quotient property for limits: -

𝑓(𝑋) L1
⁡lim 𝑔(𝑋) =
𝑥→𝑐 L2

Proof: -
It is sufficient to prove that
1 1
lim =
𝑥→𝑐 𝑔(𝑋) L2

Then we use The Product Property to write

1 1 L1
lim f(x). 𝑔(𝑋) = lim f(x) . lim 𝑔(𝑋) =
𝑥→𝑐 𝑥→𝑐 𝑥→𝑐 L2

for any 𝜀 > 0 there exist ⁡𝛿1 > 0 such that

if 0 < │x-c│< 𝛿1 then

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 │L2│
│g(x)- L2│ ≤⁡ 2

Which implies that

│L2│
│ L2│= │ L2 –g(x) + g(x)│≤ │g(x)- L2│ + │g(x)│ < ⁡ │g(x)│+ Triangular inequality
2

│L2│
│ L2│< + g(x)
2

│L2│
< g(x)
2
2 1
>⁡𝑔(𝑥)
L2

for any 𝜀 > 0 there exist ⁡𝛿2 > 0⁡⁡⁡⁡such that

if 0 < │x-c│< 𝛿2 then
│L2│2
│g(x)- L2│≤ 𝜀
2

Now let 𝛿 = min ( 𝛿1, 𝛿2),

for any 𝜀 > 0 there exist ⁡𝛿 > 0
such that if
0 < │x-c│< ⁡𝛿
Then
│L2│
│g(x)- L2│< and
2

│L2│2
│g(x)- L2│< 𝜀
2
2 1
⁡⁡> 𝑔(𝑥)
L2

1 1 ⁡L2−g(x)
│𝑔(𝑥) - │ = │ ⁡L2g(x) │
L2

1 1⁡│L2−g(x)│ 1 2 1 2 │L2│2
. < L2 . L2⁡⁡. │g(x)- L2│< L2 . L2⁡⁡. 𝜀=𝜀
L2 𝑔(𝑥) 2

1 1
lim =
𝑥→𝑐 𝑔(𝑋) L2

Now from product rule we have

1 1 1
lim f(x). 𝑔(𝑋) = lim f(x) . lim 𝑔(𝑋) = L1. L2
𝑥→𝑐 𝑥→𝑐 𝑥→𝑐

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 𝑓(𝑋) L1
lim 𝑔(𝑋) = Proved
𝑥→𝑐 L2

Question#02
1
Show that lim sin𝑥 does not exist.
𝑥→0

Solution: -
1
lim f(x) = lim sin𝑥
𝑥→0 𝑥→0

1st we find
Left hand limit: -
1
lim sin𝑥
𝑥→0−
1
= lim sin(− ℎ)
ℎ→0
1
= - lim sin(ℎ) since sin(-𝜃) = - sin𝜃
ℎ→0

Applying limit, we get

1
lim sin𝑥 = -∞
𝑥→0−

Now we’ll find

Right hand limit: -
1
lim sin𝑥
𝑥→0+
1
= lim sin(ℎ)
ℎ→0

Applying limit, we get

1
lim sin𝑥 = ∞
𝑥→0+

Since, Left hand limit⁡⁡≠ Right hand limit

1
∴ ⁡ lim sin𝑥 does not exist. Proved
𝑥→0

1
Question# 03 Show that f(x) = sin𝑥 ; x⁡≠⁡0 is not uniformly continuous on (0,1].

Solution: -
It is enough to show that for some 𝜀 > 0 there is no 𝛿 > 0⁡⁡𝑠𝑢𝑐ℎ⁡ that │x - y│ < 𝛿

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 1 1
⇒ │⁡sin( ) - sin( ) │ <⁡⁡𝜀⁡
𝑥 𝑦

𝑊𝑒⁡𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑙𝑙⁡𝑑𝑜⁡𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑠⁡𝑓𝑜𝑟⁡𝜀 = 1⁡, 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛⁡𝛿 > 0

We choose x , y ∈ (0, 𝛿 ) so that
1
sin(𝑥 ) = 1 and
1
sin(𝑦 ) = -1 then

│x - y│ < 𝛿 but
1 1
│⁡sin( ) - sin( ) │= 2 > 𝜀
𝑥 𝑦

1
∴⁡⁡⁡⁡f(x) = sin𝑥 ; x⁡≠⁡0 is not uniformly continuous on (0,1] Proved

Question#04
Prove that, if f is continuous on closed and bounded interval [a, b] then f is uniformly continuous
on [a, b].

Proof: -
Suppose that f is not uniformly continuous on [a, b]. Then there exist a real number 𝜀 > 0. Such
that for every real number 𝛿 > 0. We can find a pair u, v, satisfying
│u - v│ < 𝛿
But │f(u) –f( v)│≥ 𝜀
1
If 𝛿 =⁡𝑛 and n= 1,2,3…

Then, we can determine two sequences {un}, {vn} such that

1
│un – vn│ < but │f(un) –f( vn)│≥ 𝜀
𝑛

Since a⁡≤ un ≤ b for all n=1,2,3…

[Bolzano-Weierstrass theorem: Every bounded sequence has a convergent subsequence]
There is a sub-sequence {unk} converging to some number uo in [a , b].In other words, for some
number 𝜂 > 0, an integer no can be founded satisfying
│unk – uo│< 𝜂 for all, n≥ no
│unk – uo│≤│unk – unk│+ │unk – uo│
1
< 𝜂+𝑛 for all, n≥ no

6
Thus {vnk} also converges to uo.
[Theorem: suppose that f is defined on an open interval G except possibly at c∈ G.Then
lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑙 iff lim 𝑓(𝑥𝑛) =⁡ 𝑙
𝑋→𝐶 𝑛→∞

For every sequence {xn} in G satisfying xn≠ 0,⁡ n⁡≥ 1 and lim xn = C]
𝑛→∞

The continuity of f on [a, b] yields that {f(uk)} and f{(vn)} converges to same limit f(uo)
consequently,
1
│f(unk) –f( vnk)│< 𝜀 whenever │unk – vnk│< nk

Contradiction the assumption. Hence f is uniformly continuous on [a, b]. Proved

Question # 05
f(x) = │x│, show that f ′ (0) does not exist but f(x) is continuous at x=0.

Solution: -
The absolute value function is defined piecewise with an apparent switch in behavior as the
independent variable x goes from negative to positive values.
For this reason, it is convenient to examine one- sided limit when studying this function near x=0
𝑥⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡𝑖𝑓⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡𝑥⁡ ≥ 0
│x│= {
−𝑥⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡𝑖𝑓⁡⁡⁡⁡𝑥 < 0
1st we find
Left hand limit: -

lim │𝑥│⁡= lim − 𝑥

𝑥→0− 𝑥→0−

Applying limit, we get

lim │𝑥│⁡= 0
𝑥→0−

Now we’ll find

Right hand limit: -

lim │𝑥│⁡= lim 𝑥

𝑥→0+ 𝑥→0+

Applying limit, we get

lim │𝑥│⁡= 0
𝑥→0+

Now we’ll find

7
Limit of function: -

lim │𝑥│⁡= lim 𝑥

𝑥→0 𝑥→0

Applying limit, we get

lim │𝑥│⁡= 0
𝑥→0

Since, Left hand limit = Right hand limit = Limit of function

Therefore f(x) = │x│ is continuous at x=0
Now we’ll examine whether or not given function is differentiable at given point
│ℎ│
Using the fact that if h > 0, then = 1, we compute as follows
ℎ

│0 + ℎ│ − ⁡│0│
lim
ℎ→0+ ℎ
│ℎ│
lim
ℎ→0+ ℎ

lim 1 = 1
ℎ→0+

│ℎ│
In contrast if h<0, then = -1 and so the result is the following
ℎ

│0 + ℎ│ − ⁡│0│
lim
ℎ→0− ℎ
│ℎ│
lim
ℎ→0− ℎ

lim − 1 = −1
ℎ→0−

We therefore find that two one sided limits disagree, which means that the two sided limit of
difference quotient does not exist.
Thus f(x)= │x│ is continuous but not differentiable at x=0. Proved
QUESTION # 06
Discuss the discontinuity of the following functions:
𝑥⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡𝑖𝑓⁡⁡𝑥⁡𝑖𝑠⁡𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙
(i) f(x) = {
⁡0⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡𝑖𝑓⁡𝑥⁡𝑖𝑠⁡𝑖𝑟𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙

Solution: -

8
Given any 𝜀 > ⁡0 there exist 𝛿 > 0 such that 0 < │x - c│< 𝛿 and x is rational
,then │f(x) – f(0)│= │x - 0│< 𝛿 if however if x is irrational , then
│f(x) – f(0)│= │0 – 0│< 𝛿 Therefore
lim 𝑓(𝑥)=0 and that lim 𝑓(𝑥) does not exist whenever c≠ 0.if c is rational. Let xn
𝑥→0 𝑥→𝑐
be a sequence of irrational numbers that converges to c. lim f(xn)⁡= 0 ≠c = f(c). ). If c
𝑥→𝑐
is irrational, then let (yn) be a sequence of rational numbers that converges to c, and
lim f(yn)⁡= c ≠ 0 = 𝑓(𝑐). By the Sequential criterion. we have lim 𝑓(𝑥) does not exist
𝑥→𝑐 𝑥→𝑐
whenever c ≠ 0. So f(x)+⁡≠ f(x)- so given function is discontinuous (Discontinuity of 2nd kind).

Question # 07 Discuss the discontinuity of

𝑥 + 2⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡ − 3 < 𝑥 < −2
f(x) = { −𝑥 − 2⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡ − 2 < 𝑥 < 0
𝑥 + 2⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡0 < 𝑥 < 1
Solution: -
We’ll split this function into two parts
𝑥 + 2⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡ − 3 < 𝑥 < ⁡ −2
f1(x) = {
−𝑥 − 2⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡ − 2 < 𝑥 < 0
and
−𝑥 − 2⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡ − 2⁡ < 𝑥 < 0
f2(x) = {
𝑥 + 2⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡0 < 𝑥 < 1
let us start from f1(x)
1st we’ll find,

Left hand limit: -

lim f1(x)⁡⁡= lim x + 2
𝑥→−2− 𝑥→⁡−2−

Applying limit, we get

lim f1(x)⁡⁡= 0
𝑥→−2−

Now we’ll find

Right Hand limit: -

lim f1(x) = lim -x -2
𝑥⁡→⁡−2+ 𝑥⁡→⁡−2+

Applying limit, we get

9
 lim f1(x) = 0
𝑥⁡→⁡−2+

Here
Left hand limit = Right hand limit
Now consider f2(x)
Left hand limit: -
lim f2(x) = lim -x -2
𝑥→0− 𝑥→0−

Applying limit, we get

lim f2(x) = -2
𝑥→0−

Right Hand limit: -

lim f2(x) = lim x + 2
𝑥→0+ 𝑥→0+

Applying limit, we get

lim f2(x) = 2
𝑥→0+

Here , Left hand limit ≠ Right hand limit

So given function is discontinuous on (-3, 1)
[discontinuity of 2nd kind i-e f(x-)⁡≠ f(x+)].

Question # 08
Prove that
(i) (f g′) (x) = f ′ (x) g (x) + f (x) g ′ (x)

𝑓 g(x)𝑓(𝑥)−𝑓(𝑥)𝑔(𝑥)
(ii) (𝑔)′ = 𝑔(x)2

The product rule: -

Let x be an arbitrary point where both f and are differentiable then, if f and g are differentiable
then fg is also differentiable, and:
(i) (f g′) (x) = f ′ (x) g (x) + f (x) g ′ (x)

Proof: -
Let x be an arbitrary point where both f (x) and g(x) are differentiable, then

10
 (𝑓𝑔)(𝑥+ℎ)−𝑓𝑔⁡(𝑥)
(f g′) (x) = lim
ℎ→0 ℎ

(𝑓)(𝑥+ℎ)⁡𝑔(𝑥+ℎ)−𝑓(𝑥)𝑔(𝑥)
= lim
ℎ→0 ℎ

(𝑓)(𝑥+ℎ)⁡𝑔(𝑥+ℎ)−𝑓(𝑥)𝑔(𝑥+ℎ)+𝑓(𝑥)𝑔(𝑥+ℎ)−𝑓(𝑥)𝑔(𝑥)
= lim
ℎ→0 ℎ

𝑓(𝑥+ℎ)−𝑓(𝑥) 𝑔(𝑥+ℎ)−𝑔(𝑥)
= lim ( ⁡⁡𝑔(𝑥 + ℎ) + 𝑓(𝑥)⁡ )
ℎ→0 ℎ ℎ

𝑓(𝑥+ℎ)−𝑓(𝑥) 𝑔(𝑥+ℎ)−𝑔(𝑥)
= lim ⁡. lim ⁡𝑔(𝑥 + ℎ) + lim ⁡𝑓(𝑥)⁡. lim ⁡
ℎ→0 ℎ ℎ→0 ℎ→0 ℎ→0 ℎ

(f g′) (x) = f ′ (x) g (x) + f (x) g ′ (x) proved

Where lim ⁡𝑔(𝑥 + ℎ) = g(x) because g is continuous at x.
ℎ→0

The quotient rule: -

f
If f and g are differentiable then g is also differentiable at all where g(x)≠ 0 and :

𝑓 f⁡′(x)⁡g(x)−𝑓(𝑥)g⁡′(x)
(ii) (𝑔)′ = 𝑔(x)2

Proof: -
Let x be an arbitrary point in dom(f⁡) ∩ dom(g), where g(x)≠ 0 then
𝑓 1 ′
(𝑔)′(x) = (f .⁡𝑔 ) (x)

1 1 ′
= f ′(x) 𝑔(𝑥) + f(x) (𝑔) (x) [𝑏𝑦⁡𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡⁡𝑟𝑢𝑙𝑒]

[𝑏𝑦⁡𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑐𝑎𝑙⁡𝑜𝑛⁡⁡ (𝑔) ′]
f′(x) g′(x) 1
= + f(x)(−⁡ (g(x))2)
𝑔(𝑥)

𝑓 f⁡′(x)⁡g(x)−𝑓(𝑥)g′(x)
(𝑔)′(x) = Proved
𝑔(x)2

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