Name : Shakila Khaira Ardiani (4191151009)

IPA Dik B 2019

Exercise 1 :
Here are two physics texts. Skim through them and underline the sentence or the words that
best sum up the main idea of each paragraph (the key words or sentences).
“Static electricity” is electricity which is static? No!

“Static electricity’” is a collection of different electrical phenomena; phenomena in

which the amounts of positive and negative electric charge within a material are not perfectly
equal. Where voltage is high and current is low.
Where electrical forces (attraction and repulsion) are seen to reach across space. Widely
spaced electrically charged objects may attract or repel each other. Hair might stand on end!
Where electric fields (as opposed to magnetic fields) become very important.
Electrostatics is about “charge”, and about the attract/repel forces which electric charge
creates. The motion or the “staticness” of the charges is irrelevant. After all, the same forces
continue to exist even when the charges start flowing. And charges that are separated or
imbalanced can sometimes flow along, yet the “static” effects are undiminished when the
current begins. In other words, it’s perfectly possible to create flows of so-called “static”
electricity.
It’s very misleading to concentrate on the “staticness” of the charges. It derails our
explanations and hides many important concepts such as charge separation, the density of
imbalanced positive/negative charge, and the presence of voltage fields surrounding the
imbalanced charges. Electrostatics is not about “staticness”: instead it’s about charge and
forces.
 Imagine if water was explained just as badly as “static electricity”. In that case, most
people would believe in two special kinds of water called “static water” and “current water”.
We’d wrongly insist that “hydrostatics” was the study of static water. In that case, only the
hydraulics expert would realize there’s no such thing as “static water”. In a similar way, “static
electricity” has nothing to do with “electricity at rest”.
(Taken from http://amasci.com/emotor/stmiscon.html#one)

What Brings about Changes in Science?

(1) Einstein published three major scientific papers. One of these put forward a new way of
calculating the size of molecules. Another explained Brownian motion — the random dance
performed by specks of dust trapped in a fluid. Einstein suggested that the tiny particles making
up the fluid — its atoms or molecules — were bouncing against the specks of dust and causing
the motion. These papers helped to establish the reality of atoms and molecules. Another of
Einstein’s 1905 papers explained the photoelectric effect — the way that metals could emit
electrons (tiny charged particles) from their surface when light was shone on them. Most
scientists believed that light travelled in waves — like sound or water waves. But Einstein
suggested that the photoelectric effect could be explained if light could also behave as a stream
of tiny packets of energy.
(2) Einstein’s paper on the photoelectric effect helped give birth to quantum theory, and it
was for this paper that Einstein received the Nobel Prize in 1922. Quantum theory led, in the
1920s and 1930s, to another revolution in physics. Physicists showed that, as well as light
waves behaving like particles, particles could sometimes act as waves. This theory established
“objective probability” in physics. This was the idea that completely unpredictable chance
events can take place at the subatomic level. Einstein never fully accepted the prevalent
interpretation of quantum theory. But, while many of these interpretations involve wild
metaphysical flights of fancy, the physical results are, like those of relativity, very well
established.
(3) Marrying together the two pillars of 20th century physics — relativity and quantum
theory — is a central problem for physics even today. Successfully doing this may require a
revolution in science similar to those begun by Newton and Einstein. There are three main
interconnected driving forces for such changes in science. The first is the development of
technology. Changes in technology can make new experiments possible and they also influence
the problems that scientists develop an interest in. Newton was fascinated by the new machines
of the 17th century. Similarly, Einstein was fascinated by electricity and magnetism. This
influence also works in a negative way. The governments and multinationals that control
technology are often able to dictate what is researched.
(4) The second factor driving scientific progress is the way that the dominant ideas in
society change. Ideas from the broader culture can impinge upon science. Newton’s ideas were
part of a revolutionary new attempt at a rational explanation of both nature and society. On the
other hand, the dominant ideas in society can also limit the development of science. This is
most obvious in the social sciences, where delving too deeply into how society is organized
might raise difficult questions for our rulers. Less is at stake in the natural sciences. Indeed,
improvements in natural sciences are vital to our rulers if they want to compete effectively with
each other. But the distorted worldview of capitalism still impacts on science. Extremely
narrow and specialized bodies of knowledge develop—creating problems for scientists trying
to bring about the kind of sweeping revolution heralded by Einstein.
(5) Finally, science moves forward because scientists seek to develop logically consistent
theories. This can push them beyond the dominant or common sense ideas of their time.
Einstein’s breakthrough cannot be reduced simply to changes in technology or wider cultural
and ideological shifts. Science is not simply the gathering and ordering of data about the outside
world. It also requires abstraction—developing theories about the underlying laws of nature
that are usually not immediately apparent. This crucial role of theory is not just a feature of the
natural sciences.
(6) Einstein argued that “common sense is the prejudices acquired by age 18”. Marxist
theory, which is a social science topic, challenges “common sense” political ideas. If we,
according to this theory, want to change the world, we need to combine our actions with theory
that digs below the surface appearance of society to understand how the system works.

A. Answer the following comprehension questions.

1. In what ways do the changes in technology affect science? Name three.
a. computer
b. biotechnology
c. phone

2. According to the writer, how do the attitudes of the authority figures differ towards the
developments in social sciences and natural sciences?
Answer : according the writer,marxist theory, which is a social science topic, challenges
“common sense” political ideas. If we, according to this theory, want to change the world, we
need to combine our actions with theory that digs below the surface appearance of society to
understand how the system works.

3. In the writer’s view, how does capitalism affect science negatively?

Answer : capitalism affect science negatively is Extremely narrow and specialized bodies of
knowledge develop—creating problems for scientists trying to bring about the kind of sweeping
revolution heralded by Einstein.

4. Why can Einstein’s breakthrough not be “reduced simply to changes in technology or wider
cultural and ideological shifts”?
Answer: Because Science is not simply the gathering and ordering of data about the outside
world. It also requires abstraction—developing theories about the underlying laws of nature
that are usually not immediately apparent. This crucial role of theory is not just a feature of the
natural sciences.

B. Guessing Vocabulary
1- Find a word or an expression in paragraph 1 which means “to propose”: forward,suggested.
2- Find a word or an expression in paragraph 2 which means “dominant”: esthablished
3- Find a word or an expression in paragraph 5 which means “attribute”: ideas,theories.

C. Reference Words
1. (Par.2) “those” refers to Interpretation
2. (Par. 3) “doing this” refers to problem for physics
3. (Par. 5) “this” refers to science move forward

Excercise 2 :
Read the following articles as quickly as you can and decide which title is best suited to each
of
them. show a few days later with a ccp on her arm
Text 1 : and sure enough, the muggzr was siithg in
SHERLOCK HOLMES would be proud of her seat.
Dorothy Perry of Detroit, even though she A lucky meeting
tracked down a remarkably dim robber. Violence in Detroit
Losing her handbag in a mugging, Ms Petty A clever policeman
remembered that her purse held concert A good detective
tickets as well as £40. She turned up at the Answer : A clever policeman
Text 2 : Ironically, Mr James’s son David-who
Daily Mail received £1.500.000 from his father in
A WEALTHY business man is giving £ 1972- went bankrupt three weeks ago.
500.000 to help gifted children go to private David, 35, blamed his failure on ''
schools. bad judgment, bad timing, combined with
Multi-millionaire Mr John James, 72, lack of business acumen."
whose father was a miner is sharing the
cash between fivee Bristol schools- 61 Business man gives £112 million to pay for
years after he won a scholarship to the bright children
city’s Merchant Venturers School. A help to private schools
The money will provide places for An unfortunate son

able children whose parentts cannot afiord A gifted businessman

the fees.
Answer : A help to private schools

which the solar system was formed

Text 3 : some 5,000 million years ago.
By Our Science Correspondent The Daily Telegraph.
Hundreds of people made 999 calls
to police stations throughout Uritain early Explosion in New Forest
yesterday to report a fiery meteor. Many UFO seen over Britain
said they had seen a UFO. Hundreds call police about meteor
P.c. John Forder. who was in a Catastrophe near the Isle of Wight
patrol car in the New Forest reported a
Answer : Catastrophe near the Isle
glowing light with a long orange tail. of Wight.
"Atter a second or two, it seemed to
explode or disintigrate.''
It is thought to have fallen in the sea of the
Isle of Wight.
About a million tons of meteoric
rock and dust land on the earth each year.
They are part of the primordial debris from
Exercise 3 :
You are skimming through an article in which most of the words are unknown to you. Here
are the ones you can understand, however:
professor
Institute of Biochemistry hard-
working man
results of experiments
published
confession
invention
different
results
fraud
regrets it
Can you guess, from these few words, if the article is about :

a well-known professor who has just published his

confessions Answer:(professor, results of experiments
published, confession)

a scientist who has admitted inventing the results of his

experiments
Answer: (Institute of Biochemistry, invention, results of
experiments published)

a scientist who has killed himself because he couldn't get the

same results as everybody else
Answer : (hard-working man, different)

a scientist who regrets the publication of the results of his

experiments. Answer: (results of experiments published,
results fraud, regrets it)