Concept in Milling Tandem in sugar industry

Contents [hide]
 1 Concept in Milling Tandem in sugar industry
o 1.1 Objective of milling Tandem
o 1.2 Thrust Areas For Efficient Milling
 1.2.1 Cane Management
 1.2.2 Preparation Of cane
 1.2.2.1 Preparatory Index
 1.2.3 Primary Extraction
 1.2.4 Secondary Extraction
 1.2.5 Roller Grooving
 1.2.6 Imbibition

Objective of milling Tandem

Maximum possible extraction of sucrose

Minimum extraction of non sugars.
Minimum sucrose in final bagasse
Optimum moisture in final bagasse
Optimum power/ energy consumption.

Thrust Areas For Efficient Milling

Cane management
Preparation of cane
Specific fibre loading
Hydraulic load
Proper setting of mills
primary extraction
Secondary extraction.
Imbibition
Mill sanitation.
Cane Management
Quality cane supply
1. Minimum extraneous matters and binding materials
2. Clean and fresh
3. Uniform supply of cane to avoid reduced crushing situation.

Preparation Of cane
Optimum cane preparatory Index as 85+
Long fibrous preparation
Avoid excess of cane preparatory devices
Avoid dusting of cane
Good cane preparation.
Improve Bulk density and higher number of juice open cells
Make easy to extract free juice
Improve mill extraction
Reduction in power consumption.
Improve feed ability to mills
Lower down mill opening
Lower mill speed
Lower hydraulic loading
Effective imbibition
Lower down reabsorption

Preparatory Index
Cane preparation is measured in terms of preparation index (P.I),
which is the degree of finesse or percent of open cells, when cane
prepared its density increases from 200 kg/m 3 to 400 kg/m 3
The minimum value of preparation index 60% up to 90%,this value
depends on the various devices used
Preparatory Index
Before Shredder – 68 to 70
After Shredder – 88 to 90
Bulk Density and preparatory Index
Relationship between bulk density and preparatory index at 15% fiber
B.D. (kg/m 3 ) P.I
400 44.5
450 52.85
500 61.25
550 69.65
600 78.05
650 86.45
700 94.85

Primary Extraction
a) The greater the extraction of sugar in the first mill the less difficult
in the task left to the following mills to recover more sugar by the
trouble some step of wet extraction and better is the overall
extraction of the tandem.
b) It is proved that a gain of 1% in primary extraction gives a gain in
total extraction of 0.12% in 12 roller tandem, 0.10% in 15 roller
tandem and 0.09% in 18 roller tandem.
c) It is therefore, necessary to observe first mill extraction carefully
and report the figure in weekly chemical control reports.
d) A tandem of 3 roller unit should attain a minimum of 60% primary
extraction.
e) It may reach easily to 70% and as high as 75 to 80% according to
fibre% cane, preparatory index, feeding, mill setting, hydr aulic press,
proper juice drainage and optimum mill roller speed.
f) With a view to obtain high primary extraction, the first mill should
be provided with Donnelly chute, under feed roller and a lotus roller.
STEPS TO IMPROVE PRIMARY EXTRACTION
1. First and 2 n d mill roller pitches are to be changed from 75 mm to
60 mm
2. Low mill setting
3. Mill speed to be reduced from 6.0 rpm to 4.5 rpm
4. Adding of pressure feeder
5. Improving PI.
6. Moisture control unit
**All above parameters impact on crushing rate.

Secondary Extraction
a) The mill extraction of the remaining mill should be in the range of
40 to 45%. However to get 50% is possible with strict supervision on
operative parameter and roller lifts.
b) After initial setting of the mills and reached the no rmal crushing
rate, the bagasse analysis of each mill with its discharge roller juice
is to be done for finding the fiber % bagasse and mill extraction.
c) It will be necessary to do fine adjustments in operative parameter
to get desired each mill extraction and whole plant extraction.

Roller Grooving
The improved cane preparation and increasing crushing, provision of
high imbibition water have increased juice quantity in the mill. If this
increased juice is not drained effectively, then it affects the mil l
extraction adversely and will demand extra hydraulic load increasing
the power demand in the mill. The pressure feeding equipments,
lotus rollers and differential are used in the mill to ideal with this
increased juice. Out of these differential grooving is discussed in
detail.
Expected functions from grooving are as under
a) To press and squeeze the prepared cane in 1st mill and bagasse
in other mills for juice extraction.
b) To drain the juice effectively from mill.
c) To mill the bagasse further to get the uncut juice cells broken to
help to increase the extraction in the following mill.
d) To drive the bagasse through the mill effectively.
The following types are used on rollers to get above functions.
 Circumferential “V” grooving.
 Messcheart grooving.
 Chevron grooving

SL.NO Differential Grooving Equal grooving

Efficient juice drainage through low

1 Un efficient juice drainage area
pressure zone at feed roller

There is an effective shearing action in

the bagasse layers in the groove due to
different speeds of the tip and bottom of
Shearing action is less due to
the groove,this is due to extra depth in
2 equal tip speed of top and bottom
the bottom roller grooves.This will effect
rollers
in tearing of unbroken juice cells in the
bagasse.This helps to improve the
extraction of the following mill

Different grooves from the cavity of

trapedial cross section. Narrow section
of trapezoid forms the wedge action
which improve the bagasse pressure Due to equal grooving wide space
3
improving coefficient of friction. This of rollers. Juice Extraction is less
arrangement not only improves the
juice extraction but improves bagasse
travel through the mill.

Mill Pitch

1st MILL 75

2nd MILL 67

3rd MILL 50

4th MILL 50

5th MILL 37.5

6th MILL 37.5

For better performance and better extraction the mill pitches may be
further reduced. But it will effect on crushing rate.
The mill speed can be recognized in two ways
a) As peripheral speed of the rollers i.e. the linear speed of a point
at the mean diameter of roller. It is generally expressed in m/min.
b) As speed of rotation of rollers, i.e. the no. of revolutions which
they make in unit time. It is generally expressed in R.P.M. Relation
between two speeds
V = Pi x D x n
c) Lower the speed of the mill, the bagasse in the mill have more
retention time for effective juice drainage.
d) Lower speed of roller improves co-efficient of friction and it will
have better grip on bagasse reducing the slippage.
e) It not only increases extraction but also allows to adjust mill at
higher fiber index i.e. lower openings without increasing the hydraulic
load.
f) This results in improvement in extraction and reduction
in reabsorption factor effecting in saving in the power requirement
in the mill.
g) The cane preparation of higher cell opening with long fibers and
installation of pressure feeders of better designs are essential
facilities for the mills to run at lower speeds.
h) Fine cane preparation and effective juice drainage from bagasse
in pressure feeder will allow to run the mill at lower speed resulting in
reducing the Reabsorption and allows to close the mills. This will
shift the neutral plane towards axial plane. This will improve
extraction & reduce power in the mill.
Hydraulic Load
To be decided by Specific Hydraulic loading
SHP = F/ 0.1*L*D
Where F = Total load on top roller (Tons)
L = Length of roller (Mt.)
D = Dia. Of roller (Mt.)
1st Mill 2nd mill 3rd mill 4th mill 5th mill

12 Roller 240 220 250 275

15 Roller 240 220 230 250 275

Above values of SHP are in tons/ft 2

Nitrogen gas pressure in accumulator should be in the range of 70 to
90% of the hydraulic pressure.
Nitrogen gas pressure should never be higher than the oil pressure.
The s.h.p. of each mill is given as follows:
s.h.p. in tons / dm²
No.of Rollers
I II III IV V VI

12 Rollers 26 24 27 30 — —

15 Rollers 26 23 25 27 29 —

18 Rollers 25 22 24 25 26 28

If preparatory Index is more than 85, then the specific hydraulic

pressure will be reduced by 2 to 4 Ton/dm².
Factors Increases Reabsorption in Milling Tandem

Poor cane preparation

Higher surface speed
Higher hydraulic loading than required
Inefficient juice drainage
Roller polishing
Increase in pressure
Setting Of Mills
Relative positioning of three rollers(Top, Feed & Discharge)
Trash plate properly drawn and positioned
Setting of feeding devices
Proper setting of scrapers knives.
Mill settings
Discharge opening (operating)
Dwo=W x 1000d x 3.14 x D x n x L x 60
Where D= Diameter of mill roller
n= Mill rpm
L= Mill roller length
d= Bagasse density
Reabsorption correction as under Dwo / RF
OPENING OF DONNELLY CHUTE SETTING
The ratio of donelly chute to fourth roller opening should be 2.5 for
1st mill to 2 for last mill.
Donelly chute opening =2.5*Fourth roller o pening =2.5*160 =400 mm
for 1st mill and 320 mm for last
GRPF/TRPF SETTING
GRPF SETTING

1. Speed ratio (A) 1.2 to 1.4

2. Volumetric ratio (B) 1.3 to 1.5

TRPF SETTING

1. Speed ratio (A) 1.0 to 1.2

2. Volumetric ratio (B) 2.0 to 3.0

Pressure Chute Settings

 Normal value of inlet pressure chute angle is 21 degree

 Normal value of out let angle of pressure chute is 45 degree
 Divergence angle of pressure angle vary from 5 to 7 degree
 Pressure chute should be symmetrical to the axis joining midpoint of PF opening
and mill feed opening.

Imbibition
Imbibition and juice maceration plays important role in
achieving better mill extraction. Imbibition water dilutes the juice in
bagasse and reduces it viscosity. The characteristics of low viscosity
of juice increases the flow of juice through bagasse. The hot water
further helps in reducing the viscosity of the juice. However higher
temperature of water sometime leads to slippage of bagasse in the
mill. The higher imbibition water is restricted due to capacity of
boiling house and availability of steam and therefore it restrains to
increase crushing rate.
It may please be noted that higher imbibition water do not
increase the moisture in the bagasse.
But inadequate juice drainage, low compression, higher speed,
improper cane preparation are the main reasons for increase in
moisture of bagasse.
Advantages with hot water imbibition

 Optimum temperature of hot water 70oC.

 Power to pressure the fibre will be less (60o to 65oC)
 Efficiency of imbibition increases these by extraction increases.
 The mixed juice temperature also increases by 10o to 15oC these by the exhaust
requirement reduce by about 2 to 2.5%.
 Bagasse temperatures also increase to about 45o to 50oC.
 As it travels upto the boiler about 1% of moisture will be evaporated.
 These by reduce the moisture 1% by 1% and GCV increased by 45 – 70
Kcal/Kg.

Disadvantages with hot water imbibition:

 More wax soluble in juice, which gives problem in clarification or filtration.

 Mill capacity slightly reduces because of roller polishing i.e. gripping action is
reduced. (if pro-feeders are then this problem can be reduced).
 Last mill bearing temperature increases.
 Range of imbibition efficiency is around 60 to 70% .

NORMAL MILL PRACTICES

 Not to monitor lift of top roller

 It is assumed that top roller lifts only that value considered during mill setting
calculations.
 Normally actual lift of top roller during operation is higher considered in mill
setting calculation.
 Higher thickness of cane/bagasse blanket passes through mills due to excessive
lift of top roller. This leads to poor extraction of sucrose and results in higher
sugar loss in final bagasse.
 Hydraulic load applies on top roller simply by assumption/experience.
 It is seldom to consider the lift of top roller while deciding hydraulic pressure.

To compromise with mill performance due constrain

Performance Of Individual Mills

 Plotting of Brix curve for feed and discharge side

 To monitor lift of top roller.
 Analysis of bagasse leaving the mills for free pol and total pol.
 Measurement of temperature of juice on feed and discharge.
 Measurement pol % bagasse leaving a mill and juice from back roller of same
mill

All Performance Of Mill

 Pol percent final bagasse

 Brix of last expressed juice
 Primary extraction (PE)
 Reduced mill extraction (RME)

Maintenance For Quality production

 Aim of maintenance is to keep down.

 Aim of maintenance is to keep downtime minimum
 To achieve time minimum and to achieve desired capacity
 utilization with desired capacity utilization with efficiency and quality productivity
efficiency and quality productivity
CONCLUSION:
TO ACHIEVE FURTHER BETTER RESULTS.

 To run mills at low speed. for improve mill efficiency like pol% & moisture %
bagasse
 To install pressure feeders ,facilitates to run at low speeds.
 To replace transmission gears with planetary gears for reduction of power
consumption and increase of mill crushing capacity .

Summery

ABSTRACT

The experimentally determined stiffness coefficient of bagasse is described in this paper. This
property defines the behaviour of the reaction forces exerted upon the bagasse layer when
being compressed during juice-extraction in a sugar-cane mill. This information is important
for correctly analysing sugar-cane mill operation and design. An experimental device was
used for obtaining the stiffness coefficient; it consisted of a piston, a piston-skirt, a hydraulic
press and instrumentation for measuring the pressures so produced and piston position at
different times. Compression rate, humidity level and degree of bagasse fragmentation were
the experimental factors taken into account in the experimental design. The investigation was
carried out with 40%-80% humidity level and up to 0.06 compression rates. All experimental
factors proved statistically significant in the bagasse stiffness coefficient experimental model
so obtained. Bagasse was seen to behave as a very rigid elastic material under normal sugar-
mill pressure operating conditions, having 50 MPa to 20,000 MPa stiffness coefficient values.

Keywords: stiffness coefficient, bagasse, compression rate.

Received: January 13, 2006

Accepted: May 31, 2007

Introduction

In a sugar mill the mills are responsible for the compression of sugar cane for the extraction
of their juice. On its way to the mill the rod is prepared by the chopping blades, which open
the cells to facilitate the operation. The rod is ground in a tandem, typically consisting of
between five and six mills, three to four mallets or rollers each. The prepared cane mattress
passes through each mill and by pressure on it the juice is extracted. To remove as much
sucrose from the cane as possible, the material that comes out of each mill is added juice or
water. At the exit of the last mill you get the bagasse. This, with a low sucrose content, is
sent to the boilers, where it is used as the main fuel for steam production. Each mill is
equipped with a turbine powered by high-pressure steam or an electric motor, a transmission
system and speed reducers. The lower mallets rotate in a fixed position, while the top one
moves vertically depending on the thickness of the cane mattress.

The true distribution of the bagasse mattress reaction on the mallets of sugarcane mills has
always been a question for researchers dedicated to perfecting the analysis scheme used for
this sugar mill. The first attempts to understand the law of compression of bagasse and the
pressures necessary to achieve this was made by Noel Deer with a cylinder-piston device
(Hugott, 1988). The researcher inferred the relationship between the required pressure on
the bagasse mattress and the compressibility of the bagforise for static conditions, which is
expressed according to equation (1),
Where:

p – Pressure exerted on the bagasse (MPa).

C ' - Instant compression ratio of bagasse (dimensional).

In 1956 it was shown that the pressure needed in a mill to obtain a given compression is
significantly higher than the static pressure found by Noel Deer (Jenkins, 1987). This is
because the total work on bagasse uses a part in the compression itself and the rest to
extract its juice. Soon after, studies on bagasse compression for dynamic regimens
continued, finding mathematical models describing behavior in general.

All these studies try to explain the distribution of the reaction of bagasse as it passes through
the mill on the axial plane. However, little has been done to determine the behavior of the
bagasse reaction along the length of the mallets, which is of paramount importance to know
the state of efforts on the different components of the mill and to be able to make a rational
design , reliable and high-performance (Satyanarayana, 1986; Shewale, 1987; Shields,
1986). In addition, the efficiency of the extraction of cane juice is related to the mode of
distribution of the reaction of the bagasse mattress, so it is necessary to know the behavior
of the stiffness of the bagasse for a correct modeling of the process of (Arzola, 2005).

The assumption that the bagasse behaves equally along the length of the mace leads to the
reaction of the mace to be evenly distributed, but this is wrong, because the different loads
acting on the tree would not be equil broken. Veloz calculates the reaction of the bagasse on
the upper mace considering it as a linearly distributed load, to prevent the concentrated
reaction resulting from the bagasse mattress from being located in the middle section of the
mace (Veloz, 1996). In many other technical publications and research papers on sugarcane
mills it is not defined what this distribution is like, defining it as a concentrated force in the
center of the mace or as a uniformly distributed force (Fernández, 1982). In other more
recent research, the model of beam on elastic foundation for the upper roller of the mill is
used, obtaining a much more real result on the distribution of the reaction of the bagasse
mattress (Arzola, 2003). For the use of this model it is necessary to have the behavior of the
stiffness coefficient of the elastic foundation (bagazo) depending on the pressure that is
exerted, the degree of humidity and the position that the mill occupies in the tandem.

The purpose of this study is to present the methodology of obtaining the coefficient of
stiffness of the bagass, the experiments carried out for this purpose and a model of behavior
for this parameter.

Experimental development

The reaction of the bagasse mattress on the upper roller is a reactive load and has an
unknown value, so it must be determined using the rest of those acting on the tree. It is
established by considering the tree as a beam on an elastic foundation, so that the reaction
of the bagasse mattress is proportional to the arrow of the tree for each position (Pisarenko,
1985):

Where:
q R(z) – Intensity of the bagasse mattress reaction at z distance from the left end of the mallet
(kN/m).

- Foundation stiffness coefficient (MPa).

and(z) – Arrow of the tree at the z-distance of the left end of the mallet (mm).

To use the expression (2) it is necessary to determine experimentally the stiffness coefficient
of the elastic foundation, which in this case, is compacted bagasse.

In civil engineering there are several procedures for the determination, both in the field and
in the laboratory, of the coefficient of soil stiffness. This parameter is of vital importance for
the design of foundations. All methods used are based on the application of certain pressure
by means of a rigid surface and the deformation of the terrain, there is a wide range of
values depending on the type of soil, humidity and specific conditions.

The stiffness coefficient for bagasse has not been determined before, because of this, it is
necessary to make an experimental design. The device designed and built to stipulate it is
shown in Figure 1; it consists of a base (1), a shirt (2) fastened by a flange (3) screwed to
the base, and a resistive transducer (4), whose cursor is connected to the piston (5), which
moves inside the shirt by means of the guide (6). The shirt features a series of holes
arranged for the three-ball to facilitate the exit of the water present in the bagasse. The
bagasse to be compacted is placed inside the shirt, and the device is placed in a hydraulic
press. A data acquisition card (PCL – 812 PG), coupled to a personal computer, is responsible
for receiving signals from resistive and inductive transducers connected to the press for the
purpose of measuring hydraulic pressure.

The mathematical model selected to describe the variation of pressure with the compression
ratio is as follows:

Where:
A - Bagasse compaction model coefficient (MPa).

n - Exponent of bagasse compaction model (dimensional).

h – Weight of bagasse in the device during compression (mm).

Hor – Initial height of the bagasse in the device (mm).

The experimental design is intended to observe the influence of the percentage of the
moisture of the bagasse and its level of fragmentation in the compaction phenomenon.

Compaction speed is known to be another factor influencing the pressures needed to compact
the bagasse. Unfortunately, it was not possible to introduce this factor into the experimental
design due to the impossibility of controlling the flow of hydraulic oil and therefore the speed
with which the piston moves. The hydraulic press was chosen in such a way that it not only
ensured the necessary hydraulic pressure, but also provides a compression speed in the
range with which it occurs in the mills.

Figure 2 shows a graph on the compaction process of the bagasse mattress in a mill for
rotation speeds of the three-rpm and six-rpm mallets, respectively, and the limits reached in
the experimental device. It is necessary to clarify that the rotation speed of the mallets of a
typical mill is within this represented range. As can be seen, the speeds developed in the
experiments are within the range of compaction normally reached by a mill.

At all times t and disregarding any sliding phenomenon, the instant compression ratio of
bagasse between a pair of mallets is determined by:

Being:
Where:

hc – Height of bagasse mattress (m).

De – Average diameter of the mallet (m).

e – Opening between two mallets in the axial plane (m).

ns – Angular speed of the mallets (rpm).

The compaction speed for a mill is found by:

Where:

- Bagasse compression speed (s-1).

The coefficient A varies depending on the physical conditions of the bagasse, mainly the
percentage of moisture it possesses and the preparation it has (granulometry). Therefore, a
complete three-tier experimental factorial design was made for the two factors mentioned
above.

The degree of preparation of bagasse depends on the number of times it is compressed

between the mallets of the mills. In a tandem of sugar ingenuity there are usually five mills,
and bagasse passes successively through them. Therefore, the samples were taken at the
entrance of the first, third and fifth mills for the lower, middle and high levels,
respectively. These were dehydrated in a mufla at 120oC for two hours. The weight difference
before and after such operation was measured with a precision balance (W-0.1 g). It was
then reintroduced for half an hour. If the weight after this second stage does not differ by
more than 1%, the bagasse is considered dehydrated and ready to be moistened by the
corresponding amount according to the experiment design. Otherwise the drying operation is
repeated until the condition is fulfilled. Subsequently, same samples of bagasse were
weighed, with a mass of 250 g, and moistened to 40%, 60% and 80% humidity for the
lower, medium and high levels of the experiment. Figure 3 shows one of the bagasse
compaction curves obtained in experimental runs.
The bagasse samples were collected from four mills, which were grinding, two of them with
equal cane variety, and the remaining with two varieties. Experimental runs were grouped
into four blocks according to their provenance and three tests were conducted for each
replica.

The value of the foundation's elastic coefficient, for a given compression ratio, is equal to the
slope of the compaction curve. By deriving the expression (3) and omitting the negative sign
as irrelevant, you get:

In sugarcane mills it is inappropriate to calculate the compression ratio using the height of
the bagasse mattress. The use of the expression (8) is recommended for its determination
(Hugott, 1988).

Where:

K' – Thickness of the bagasse mattress in the axial plane between two cylinders of the mill
(cm).

F – Compressed bagasse fiber relative to the unit (dimensional).

q – Fibrous load (kg/m2).

The upper mallet is supported on three elements: the pipe mace, the bagacera mace and the
central blade. The openings between them and the upper mallet have different values, so the
expression (8) is insufficient on its own to calculate a total or equivalent compression ratio for
a mill. Therefore, it is necessary to establish a weighted average of the compression ratio of
the mill based on the relative load that each of these elements supports. The equivalent
compression ratio is defined by:
Where:

C'eq – Compression ratio equivalent to bagasse in the mill (dimensional).

(b)– Reason between the normal reaction of bagasse on the bagacera mace and the normal
reaction on the upper (dimensional) mace.

c – Reason between the normal reaction of bagasse on the pipe mace and the normal
reaction on the upper (dimensional) mace.

- Reason between the load supported by the central blade and the total load on the bagasse
mattress (dimensional).

C'salt,C'ent,C'cc
- Compression ratio in the output and input openings, and on the central blade,
respectively (dimensional).

In this way, it takes into account the relative influence of the load that each lower element
bears in the compression that the bagasse mattress suffers as it passes through them.

Results

As a result of the experimental design developed, the average value of the Coefficient Ais
obtained, as well as the correlation coefficient and standard error for the model, as shown
in Table 1. In addition, Table 2 provides the mean values of the stiffness coefficient for three
compression ratio values and for the different levels of experimental factors. The
exponent n was equal to six, a value that corresponds to the reported results (Jenkins,
1987).
The mathematical model obtained for coefficient A is as follows:

Where:

W – Percentage of moisture in the bagasse entering the mill (dimensional).

M – Mill position on battery [1, 2, ... ...,5] (dimensional).

The factors that appear in the expression (10) are statistically significant for a 95%
confidence level; the adjusted correlation coefficient of the model is equal to 94.4%; and the
standard deviation of the estimate, at 1.97.

Finally, the stiffness coefficient of the foundation is determined by the expression (11).

Figures 4, 5 and 6 show the behavior of the bagasse stiffness coefficient within the
experimental region. Its value fluctuates within wide limits, mainly with the variation of the
compression ratio.

It is therefore necessary to define the conditions in which bagasse is located before we can
know the behavior of the bagasse reaction on the mallets of sugarcane mills.
Conclusions

The constant rigidity of the foundation depends on the physical properties of the bagasse,
and its value could be obtained experimentally. In the research an expression was obtained
that relates this parameter to the percentage of the moisture of the bagassin, the position of
the mill in the tandem (which characterizes the degree of preparation of the bagasse) and the
compression ratio. The model obtained is as follows:

Due to the very small compression ratio values used in sugarcane mills, the compacted
bagasse mattress behaves as a highly rigid material, with mean stiffness coefficient values
fluctuating between 50 MPa and 20,000 MPa.

Nomenclature
 - Bagasse compression speed (s-1).
- Foundation stiffness coefficient (MPa).
- Reason between the load supported by the central blade and the total load on the bagasse
mattress (dimensional).
Ab – Reason between the normal reaction of bagasse on the bagacera mace and the normal
reaction on the upper (dimensional) mace.
(c) – Reason between the normal reaction of bagasse on the pipe mace and the normal
reaction on the upper (dimensional) mace.
A - Bagasse compaction model coefficient (MPa).
C ' - Instant compression ratio of bagasse (dimensional).
C'salt,C'ent,C'cc - Compression ratio in the output and input openings, and on the central blade,
respectively (dimensional).
C'eq – Compression ratio equivalent to bagasse in the mill (dimensional).
De – Average diameter of the mallet (m).
e – Opening between two mallets in the axial plane (m).
F – Compressed bagasse fiber relative to the unit (dimensional).
h – Weight of bagasse in the device during compression (mm).
hc – Height of bagasse mattress (m).
Hor – Initial height of the bagasse in the device (mm).
K' – Thickness of the bagasse mattress in the axial plane between two cylinders of the mill
(cm).
M – Mill position on battery [1, 2, ... ...,5] (dimensional).
n - Exponent of bagasse compaction model (dimensional).
ns – Angular speed of the mallets (rpm).
p – Pressure exerted on the bagasse (MPa).
q – Fibrous load (kg/m2).
q R(z) – Intensity of the bagasse mattress reaction at z distance from the left end of the mallet
(kN/m).
W – Percentage of moisture in the bagasse entering the mill (dimensional).
and(z) – Arrow of the tree at the z-distance of the left end of the mallet (mm).

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