Z - Transform
The z-transform is a very important tool in describing and analyzing digital
systems.
It offers the techniques for digital filter design and frequency analysis of
digital signals.
Definition of z-transform:
X ( z) x[n]z
n
n
Where z is a complex
variable
For causal sequence, x(n) = 0, n < 0:
All the values of z that make the summation to exist form a region of convergence.
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King Saud University
Example 1
Problem:
Given the sequence, find the z transform of x(n).
Solution:
We know,
Therefore, 1 1 z
X ( z)
1 z 1 1 1 z 1 Region of convergence
z
When, | z 1 | 1 | z | 1
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King Saud University
Example 2
Problem:
Given the sequence, find the z transform of x(n).
Solution:
Therefore, 1 1 z
X ( z)
1 az 1 1 a z a Region of convergence
z
When, | az 1 | 1 | z | a
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King Saud University
Z-Transform
Table
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Example 3
Problem:
Find z-transform of the following sequences.
a. b.
Solution:
a. From line 9 of the Table:
b. From line 14 of the Table:
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King Saud University
Z- Transform Properties (1)
Linearity:
a and b are arbitrary constants.
Example 4
Problem:
Find z- transform of
Solution: Line 3
Using z- transform
table:
Line 6
Therefore, we get
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King Saud University
Z- Transform Properties (2)
Shift Theorem:
Verification:
n=m
Since x(n) is assumed to be causal:
Then we achieve,
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King Saud University
Example 5
Problem:
Find z- transform of
Solution:
Using shift theorem,
Using z- transform table, line 6:
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King Saud University
Z- Transform Properties (3)
Convolution
In time domain, Eq. (1)
In z- transform domain,
Verification:
Using z- transform in Eq. (1)
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King Saud University
Example 6
Problem: Given the sequences,
Find the z-transform of their
convolution.
Solution:
Applying z-transform on the two sequences,
From the table, line 2
Therefore we get,
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King Saud University
Inverse z- Transform: Examples
Find inverse z-transform of
Example 7
We get,
Using table,
Find inverse z-transform of Example 8
We get,
Using table,
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King Saud University
Inverse z- Transform: Examples
Find inverse z-transform of
Example 9
Since,
By coefficient matching,
Therefore,
Find inverse z-transform of Example 10
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King Saud University
Inverse z-Transform: Using Partial Fraction
Problem:
Find inverse z-transform of Example 11
Solution:
First eliminate the negative power of z.
Dividing both sides by z:
Finding the
constants:
Therefore, inverse z-transform is:
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King Saud University
Inverse z-Transform: Using Partial Fraction
Problem:
Example 12
Solution:
Dividing both sides by z:
We first find B:
Next find A:
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King Saud University
Example 12 – contd.
Using polar form
Now we have:
Therefore, the inverse z-transform is:
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King Saud University
Inverse z-Transform: Using Partial Fraction
Problem:
Example 13
Solution:
Dividing both sides by z:
m = 2, p = 0.5
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Example 13 – contd.
From Table:
Finally we get,
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Partial Function Expansion Using MATLAB
Problem:
Example 14
Solution:
The denominator polynomial can be
found using MATLAB:
Therefore,
The solution is:
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Partial Function Expansion Using MATLAB
Problem:
Example 15
Solution:
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Partial Function Expansion Using MATLAB
Problem:
Example 16
Solution:
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Difference Equation Using Z-Transform
The procedure to solve difference equation using z-transform:
1. Apply z-transform to the difference equation.
2. Substitute the initial conditions.
3. Solve for the difference equation in z-transform domain.
4. Find the solution in time domain by applying the inverse z-transform.
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King Saud University
Example 17
Problem:
Solve the difference equation when the initial condition is
Solution:
Taking z-transform on both sides:
Substituting the initial condition and z-transform on right hand side using Table:
Arranging Y(z) on left hand side:
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Example 17 – contd.
Solving for A and B:
Therefore,
Taking inverse z-transform, we get the solution:
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King Saud University
Example 18
Problem:
A DSP system is described by the following differential equation with zero initial condition:
a. Determine the impulse response y(n) due to the impulse sequence x(n) = (n).
b. Determine system response y(n) due to the unit step function excitation, where
u(n) = 1 for n 0.
Solution:
Taking z-transform on both sides:
a.
Applying on right side
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Example 18 – contd.
We multiply the numerator and denominator by z2
Solving for A and B:
Therefore,
Hnece the impulse
response:
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Example 18 – contd.
b.
The input is step unit function:
Corresponding z-transform:
[Slide 24]
Do the
middle
steps by
yourself!
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26
King Saud University
