THE EFFECTIVENESS OF USING EGGSHELLS AND BANANA

PEELS AS AN ALTERNATIVE FERTILIZER

A Research Proposal

Presented to

The Secondary Department

Senior High School

Saint Joseph School Foundation Incorporated

Zamboanga City

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements

For the Senior High School

Science and Technology, Engineering and Mathematics Strand

Fernando, Jaime Belle Louise B.

Morales, Angela Mae D.

Salcedo, Ma. Lorraine

Salinding, Sheryl A.

Villanueva, Reamae S.

January 30, 2020

TABLE OF CONTENTS
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The researchers would like to extend thanks and heartfelt gratitude to those who have

contributed a lot for the accomplishment of this research study.

To Mrs. Mariel D. Sabdulla, our Research Adviser, who extends her untiring help and

guidance to the researchers.

To Ms. Kimberly S. Laurente, Science Teacher, who checked and signed and validate

the researchers’ research instrument.

To Mr. Giovanni Orosio, English Teacher, who also checked and signed and validate

the researchers’ research instrument.

To the parents of the researchers, who supports financially and emotionally to the

researchers.

To the researchers’ friends, who prayed and motivated the researchers to finish what

they started.

Above all, to God be all the glory!

Jaime Belle Louise B. Fernando

Angela Mae D. Morales
Ma. Lorraine Salcedo
Sheryl A. Salinding
Reamae S. Villanueva
 ABSTRACT

This study was a mixed method experimental research design with an observation sheet

that serves as the instrument of the study. The purpose of the research was to know the

effectivity of using banana peels and eggshells as an alternative fertilizer to okra plants. It sought

to answer the questions:1.) How effective are banana peels to grow okra as an alternative

fertilizer?; 2.) How efficient are eggshells to grow okra as an alternative fertilizer?; 3.) How

efficient are mixed eggshells and banana peels to grow okra as an alternative fertilizer?; and 4.)

Is there a significant difference between the growth of okra using the banana peels and

eggshells?

The samples were 30 okra seeds where it was divided into three. There 10 okra seeds for

banana peel fertilizer, another 10 seeds for eggshell fertilizer and the last 10 okra seeds are for

the mixed eggshells and banana peels fertilizer. The researchers started planting the seeds last

December 20, 2019 and the researchers started observing after a week the seed was being

planted.

After the data were gathered and interpreted, the result showed that the null hypotheses

which states that there are no significant difference between using eggshells and banana peels as

an alternative fertilizer for okra plants because there are factors that affected the growth of okra

plant.
 Therefore, the factors are significant and it has an effect in the growth of okra plant. The

researchers recommended that further studies should be done on the following issues/topic: (1)

The salinity test of seeds before planting.

 CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

Background of the Study

Fertilizer is a substance helping crops to grow quickly. Fertilizer is a natural and synthetic

material used for soil fertility or to replace the soil's chemical elements removed from prior

plants. The use of artificial fertilizers can harm the natural nutrients of the soil, with most

farmers discovering a better way to help their crops grow rapidly.

Some gardeners used artificial fertilizer that can damage the soil's natural nutrients. The

researchers discovered another way to prevent damage in plant growth and productivity by using

banana peels and eggshells as an alternative fertilizer. It is a useful way to use banana peels and

eggshells as an alternative fertilizer for crops, taking into account the fact that it releases

nutrients such as potassium, phosphorus, calcium and a host of other minerals such as sulfur and

magnesium that crops needed, as well as the soil. It also seeks to decrease the waste of food

simply by using it as a fertilizer. The price of plant use of banana peels and eggshells as fertilizer

is slightly lower than chemicals.

Hence, this research is designed to assist home gardeners and future researchers. Instead

of spending too much on purchasing chemical fertilizers in increasing crops, it is much better to

use banana peels and eggshells or other decomposed materials to assist fertilize the soil. The

gardeners and farmers can grow more crops and at the same time can save money as well.
Statement of the Problem

Gardeners used fertilizers to assist grow crops in the soil. Fertilizers have nutrients like

nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium because it is what the soil needs. Banana peels and eggshells

contain nutrients like potassium, as well as small amount of nitrogen, phosphorus calcium and

magnesium that can assist make the soil healthier and quickly develop crops. Usually, gardeners

purchased costly chemical fertilizers that damaged the soil and impact plant growth and

manufacturing. The researchers, however, discovered another way to keep the soil healthy and

quickly generate plants. The researchers used banana peels and eggshells as an alternative

fertilizer as banana peels and eggshells contains the nutrients like nitrogen, phosphorus and

potassium that the soil needed.

Purpose of the Study

This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of banana peels and eggshells as an

alternative fertilizer to be used for the productiveness and growth of the plants.

Specifically, the researchers seek to answers to the following questions:

1. How effective are banana peels to grow okra as an alternative fertilizer?

2. How efficient are eggshells to grow okra as an alternative fertilizer?

3. How efficient are mixed eggshells and banana peels to grow okra as an alternative

fertilizer?
 4. Is there a significant difference between the growth of okra using the banana peels

and eggshells?

Scope and Delimitations

The study focuses on determining the efficacy and the effectivity of banana peels and

eggshells as an alternative fertilizer for the development of the okra plant.

Okra plant is the target samples of the research. Thirty (30) samples is the completed

sample required by the researchers. The researchers used thirty (30) okra plant samples. The

thirty (30) seeds of okra were divided into three, where ten (10) okra seeds for eggshell as the

alternative fertilizer, another (10) okra seed for the banana peels as the alternative fertilizer, and

the remaining ten (10) okra seeds for the mixed eggshells and banana peels as an alternative

fertilizer.

The researchers performed a naturalistic observation and prepared observation sheets and

listed what occurred during the observation of the okra that have been planted. The research was

restricted two independent variables to be used, the waste of banana peels and the waste of

eggshell.

Significance of the Study

The findings of the study were useful and beneficial according to the following:
Home Gardeners

The study of using banana peels and eggshells as an alternative fertilizer is vital that

assist home gardeners reduced their spending on artificial fertilizers. Banana peels and eggshells

have some nutrients that can not only be used as fertilizers, but it also helped maintain the soil's

fertility. Many do not really know how much better is natural alternative fertilizer to be used

rather than artificial or commercial fertilizers. The research demonstrated the efficacy of banana

peels and eggshells as a fertilizer, it did not only assist home gardeners but also assisted many

individuals achieved discipline when it comes to dispose eggshells and banana peel wastes.

Future Researchers

Future researchers will have the advantage to make the study as a guide and a supporting

hypothesis. The researchers can also expand more on the studies, or the researchers will

undertake another type of studies associated to it. The research would assist student researchers

understand the procedures engaged on using banana peels and eggshells as an alternative

fertilizer. It would assist the future researchers to become a better analyst and can assist

researchers as a future reference for more future studies.

Operational Definition of Key Variables and Other Terms

In order to have an easy and better understanding, the researchers define the following

terminologies according to how it is used in this study:

Eggshell – a thin, fragile, tough outside covering of an egg. Eggshells are produced of

carbonated calcium which will be used as an alternative fertilizer to germinate okra plant in loam

soil because it contains nutrients like calcium, magnesium, phosphorus and potassium that can

help the soil grow crops.

Banana peels - the ultimate layer covering banana fruit. Banana peels are known for being rich

in potassium and it also contained nutrients like nitrogen, phosphorus and magnesium that helped

to fertile the soil and grow okra plants.

Loam soil - the basis for a healthy and good garden is the soil available for plants to grow in.

The sort of soil which will be used is the loam soil since the spaces between the loam soil

particles are great that supplied the plant roots with oxygen in which it will assisted in the growth

of the okra and tomato plant.

Okra – okra is one of the study's independent variables. For this study, thirty (30) seeds of okra

were used and serve as a research dependent variable.

 CHAPTER II

THEORETICAL AND CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

The chapter discussed some Related Literature and Research, Theoretical and Conceptual

Framework, and the study's Hypothesis regarding the efficacy of using eggshells and banana

peels as an alternative fertilizer.

The research is intended to determine the efficacy of plant development and productivity

using banana peels and eggshells as an alternative fertilizer.

Review of Related Literature and Studies

On Eggshells

According to Radha (2019), eggshells were discarded as wastes beyond different sources

like hotels, homes, restaurants and stores. They have been collected, purified and broken.

Eggshell waste was used as a fertilizer or also once used as a calcium complement for females.

Eggshell is probably the good natural supply of calcium and nitrogen. Eggshells can be found

anywhere, it is also within the reach of the researchers and home gardeners. Eggshells are used

as an alternative fertilizer because it contained nutrients like calcium and nitrogen that the soil

needs in growing crops.

 Eggshells included countless nutrients like nitrogen, protein, strontium, fluoride,

magnesium, selenium and most especially, eggshells are rich in calcium. It is also possible to

dispose eggshells in the garden effectively. It was estimated that an average person consumes

150 to 200 eggs per year. The most prevalent egg kinds in the globe are the chicken egg, where it

includes 96% calcium carbonate (CaCO3) and protein-rich shells. Eggshells contained a large

quantity of calcium and can decompose without any attempt very rapidly. For healthier

development advancement, crumbled eggshells can be applied straight to the plant. The shells

contains minerals such as calcium and nitrogen that are efficient in plant growth, including

peppers and tomatoes (Nelz, 2017).

Eggshells serves as a source of calcium available that can be made from widely used

household items. When used as a foliar spray, this bio-fertilizer provided plants with calcium for

normal cell processes, root growth and fruiting. Because of the potential of eggshells as a bio-

fertilizer, there is a limited research on the use of eggshell-based fertilizer based on tomato

growth. This research therefore aimed to test the efficacy of the bio-fertilizer based on the

growth of tomatoes in the eggshell. The method of hydroponics was used in the study to grow

tomatoes and then the bio-fertilizer was used for a period of one month to support the

production. The results showed that there was a significant difference between the effect of

eggshell fertilizer and that of negative control in the absence of calcium. The results suggest that

the use of eggshell-based fertilizer can be used effectively to achieve faster growth of tomatoes

and other plants. The eggshells provided an economical and simple application for tomatoes and

any other plants, like other plants grown under appropriate conditions.
 Food waste like eggshell has been piling on Earth over the years. On the other hand,

home-gardening had been a style that inspired with the aid of the government. The focus among

it disciplined is to minimize or utilize the eggshell waste by using it as an fertilizer. Eggshell had

potential to end up extracted because of plants fit to its nutrient content. The compatibility might

be accomplished due to nutrients, such as nitrogen, potassium and chloride among eggshell tea

fertilizer. The eggshell fertilizer used within that study was between liquid/foliar and firm form.

The comparison of eggshell fertilizer and industrial manure usefulness was conducted after

consult competence in basil’s growth. However, the eggshell souled in liquid form performed

higher than of its firm form. Further studies ought to be focused on the effectiveness concerning

crushed eggshell fertilizer within a greater managed environment. In conclusion, eggshell

fertilizer can be used as an alternative fertilizer in home gardening due to its compatibility to

commercial fertilizer. The result regarding that study might contribute in imitation of decreasing

food wastes, especially eggshell wastes. The result about the study might lead after extra

utilization about eggshell waste, mainly as fertilizer, thus decrease the charge on the usage of

commercial fertilizer (Malaysia, W. K. L. 2019).

Calcium is considered as secondary nutrient for plants. Since eggshells can be found

anywhere, gardeners do not have to spend in buying fertilizers because gardeners can collect

eggshell wastes from home to home. Eggshells or eggs are known for being rich in calcium and

also contained nitrogen that will help the soil grow okra plants rapidly. In using eggshells as an

alternative fertilizer to plants, it will be also a big help in minimizing food wastes.
On Banana Peels

The direct disposal of various waste materials in the soil is changing the properties of

soil. Therefore the present studies had been under performed for the management of particular

kind of waste. Banana makes a healthy food for human but their peels additionally supply a

wholesome nutrient to garden soil. Banana peels carries nutrients which are needed by means of

plants to flourish such as potassium, calcium, magnesium, sulfur, phosphate and sodium. Banana

peels assisted plant life to resist disease. All these are vitamins for the plants then dumping of

banana peels in a helpful access into the base increases the soil productivity. The utilization of

banana waste into proper way not only beneficial in increase soil fertility and also reduce

pollution and increase greenery, such is proving to be beneficial for human existence as well as

for nature. Thus the banana peels may be utilized as the fertilizers for soil. The study further

suggests a better management because of waste banana peels. The overall conclusion concerning

the study is that the waste materials frequently organic object is good for the soil into terms

regarding its fertility (Panwar, N. 2015).

Bananas are well known for their potassium content, helping you stay healthy and get the

nutrients you need. This is also true for the peels, which provide essential nutrients, including

potassium, to plants when the peels begin to decompose. Using banana peels to feed your plants

comes with a downside, however. The peels are irresistible to certain bugs that you might not

like inside your home. Banana peels contain nutrients that are essential for healthy potted plants.

However, they don't contain everything your plant needs. As they decompose, banana peels add

potassium as well as small amounts of nitrogen, phosphorus and magnesium to the soil in a
similar fashion as a slow-release fertilizer. Use the peels in conjunction with complete

houseplant fertilizers to make sure your plants are getting all the nutrients they need. Banana

peels helps the plants to grow using an alternative way without using any chemical fertilizers.

Farmers can earn money from their crops without spending too much money to buy chemical

fertilizers to help to grow their plants. Banana peels have a nutrient that contain of NPK that will

help to grow the plants. Peels of the banana has a purpose that can used as an alternative

fertilizer in the plants (Munroe, S., 2018).

The Government of Thailand is dynamic in endeavors instructed farmers in great

agricultural practices, natural farming, and practical agribusiness. It incorporates a functioned

arrangement on improved work, instruction of the rural population, and furthermore diminished

weight condition brought about by agricultural production. Gathered farmers in Phitsanulok

province, Thailand, have developed bananas and created a few items from bananas for broadly

nourishment utilized, therapeutic utilized, and creature feed. Banana peels become serious

environmental problem caused by the banana production. Use of bananas peels for organic

fertilizer was studied in Naresuan University, Thailand. Capability of bananas peels that made

organic fertilizer and improvement to business was done. Laboratories set up to test the

proficiency of the compost was examined. The task sorted out a few instructional classes for the

gatherings of farmers on the development of composted manure fertilizer from banana peels.

These courses the farmers figured out how to make natural compost from the banana peels.

Furthermore, farmers learned natural cultivating is an entire framework way to deal with

enhancing the common ripeness assets of a homestead. It worked through customary acts of

reusing ranch created domesticated animals fertilizers, treating the soil, and harvested buildup
the executives. The preparation causes the farmers that comprehended significant supplement

substance of compost, natural material in their locale, soil life forms separated them to discharge

supplements, see how utilized innovation geared for financially and incorporate showcasing. The

result of the undertaking not just diminished expense of utilizing substance compost yet

additionally expanded salary and reinforcing farmers of the natural cultivating gathering

(Pangnakorn, UD. 2006).

On Okra

Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench) popularly known as lady’s finger. It is

herbaceous annual plant belongs to family Malvacae growing in warm season as well as rainy

season of both tropical and subtropical regions of the world. Okra is extensively grown in India

throughout the year for its tender non-fibrous edible fruit. It is very popular among the farmers

because of easy in growing and has wider adaptability range. It has good nutritional value.

Besides being a vegetable, it also has medicinal and industrial important (Maity, 2006).

The response with growth regulators depend upon the amount of particular compound

absorbed by the seed or plant and ability of seed or plant to respond to the stimulus of the

fertilizer applied. However, it is believed that the mechanism of the action of a growth regulator

in plant through same fundamental process involved the activities of the cell and the enzyme

concerned in the process. Scientists have given due attention to the idea of regulating plant
growth as an important factor in improving the growth, yield and quality parameters with the

application of plant growth regulators in various ways. Its use in crop promotes growth along the

longitudinal area, increase number of branches, early flower initiation, fruit set, fruit quality and

subsequently contributes towards higher production when applied at various concentrations. The

use of plant growth regulators has gained a separate field of study besides varietal, manurial and

cultural methods of vegetable improvement (Dutta, 2006).

Alternative sources or substitutes of fertilizer are, therefore, sought to increase yield of

okra and wise different combinations of fertilizers have been used (Akande et al., 2010). The

requirement of fertilizers can be reduced by manipulating physiological process of the plant.

Plant growth regulators are one of cheap and widely used physiological manipulators which can

be used for productivity enhancement in okra. Although plant growth regulators have great

potential for growth improvement but their application has to be planned sensibly in terms of

optimal dose, stage of application, crop specificity and seasons (Khan et al., 2006).

Okra or also known as the “lady’s fingers” grows on both tropical and subtropical

regions. A lot of farmers plant okra because it is easy and growing and has a wide range of

adaptability. Okra is rich in potassium and has a high dietary fiber.

Theoretical Framework

This study is anchored on the following theories:

On Eggshells

The classical theory of the carbonate fraction manufacturing system of the hen’s

eggshells calcium carbonate (CaCO3) is that of Gutowska and Mitchell 1. This theory used the

enzyme carbonic anhydrase in big quantities that happens in the glandular cells. It can therefore

be depicted. If a conversion of the protein-containing colloid, phosphorus and and potassium is

essential for calcium release, the location of this conversion continues obscure for shell

formation. Calcium is transmitted straight from the blood during shell formation and is

discovered in the form of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) in the eggshell. It is therefore evident that

the radical carbonate is acquired.

On Banana Peels

Composting banana peel practice is an alternative sustainable waste management practice

to transform organic waste into valuable commodity. Composting benefits the environment

because manure nutrients are converted to more stable forms and are less likely to reach

groundwater or move in surface runoff. Banana peel compost is valued for its organic matter

content, and is typically used as a soil amendment to enhance the chemical, physical and

biological properties of soil (Kadir, 2016).

On Okra

Okra has been cultivated as a crop for centuries. A theory that is native to India was

dismissed by Alphonse de Candolle (1886) The Origin of Cultivated Plant because it does not

have a Sanskrit name that an important native Indian plant would be expected to have. The

possibility of an American origin was also rejected because the plant being grown in Egypt in

1216, long before Columbu’s travels, is recorded

Conceptual Framework

This study discusses the interrelationship of independent and dependent variables.

On Banana Peels

Banana peels (Musa acuminata Colla) is one of the independent variable of the study. It

serves as an alternative fertilizer for the okra and tomato plant development. The independent

variables for this study are regarded as controllable, meaning that the okra plant and the tomato

will depend its development on the use of the independent variables.

On Eggshells

An eggshell is one of the independent variables of the study. It fills in as an alternative

fertilizer for okra plant. This variable can be controlled, or it is controllable, which makes the
okra relied upon it. It depends on what the independent variable are composted off that will

benefit to the growth of the plants.

On Okra

Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus) plant will be the dependent variables of the study. The

dependent variables depended on the independent variables and the development of okra plant

and tomato plant will result to be the effect of the study after depending on the use of alternative

fertilizer.

The paradigm of this study is summarize in figure 2.0.

 Conceptual Paradigm

Banana Peels
(Musa acuminata Colla)

Okra

(Abelmoschus esculentus)

DEPENDENT VARIABLE

Eggshells

INDEPENDENT VARIABLE

Figure 2.0 Interplay of Variables

Research Hypotheses (Null)

To ensure the questions set in this study, the hypotheses was formulated based on the

problems presented:

1. Banana peels are not an efficient alternative fertilizer for okra development.

2. Eggshells are not an effective alternative fertilizer for the growth of okra.

3. There is no significant difference between the growth of okra in using banana peels and

eggshells as an alternative fertilizer.

 CHAPTER III

METHODOLOGY

This chapter presents the research design, research locale, participants, population and

sampling procedure, research instruments, validity and reliability, data gathering procedure and

data analysis procedure.

Research Design

The study employed a Descriptive-Qualitative Research Design since this attempted to

describe the efficacy of using banana peels and eggshells as an alternative fertilizer for the

development of tomato and okra plants.

The study is consisted of the following stages; a. Conceptualization of the problem and

formulation of hypotheses; b. Preparation of research instrument; c. Data Gathering; d.

Analyzing and interpreting of data; and e. Presentation of the study.

This process is summarized in Figure 3.0. A Work Flowchart of the study.

Conceptualization of the Problem and

Formulation of Hypotheses

Preparation of Research Instrument

Data Gathering

Analyzing and Interpreting of Data

Presentation of the Study

Figure 3.0 Work Flowchart of the Study

Research Locale

The study was conducted in a residence at Highland Village, Upper Calarian, Zamboanga

City. The samples of the study are okra seeds. There are a total of 30 seeds of okras that were

planted.

Samples

The samples of the study are thirty (30) seeds of okra plant. Okra is a green vegetable in

the shape of a finger with a typical viscous juice. It offers potassium, folate and fiber. Okra also

makes iron, niacin, phosphorus and copper available. Okra is adaptable and will develop in most

soils, although in well-drained soil that is rich in organic matter it performs best. Soil with a pH

between 5.8 and 7.0 should ideally be on the acidic side.

Research Instrument

The study will use one instrument for data collection.

The researchers prepared an observation sheet that will serve as the research instrument

for the data collection.

In the observation sheet, the researchers gathered data by describing the development of

the okra plant through naturalistic observation, through it, the researchers determined the

effectiveness of the use eggshells and banana peels as an alternative fertilizer.

Validity and Reliability

The observation sheet prepared by the researchers for collecting data on the effectiveness

of using banana peels and eggshells as an alternative fertilizer, were validated by a panel of

experts who looked into their quality, grammatically, relevance, and correctness.
 CHAPTER IV

PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS, AND INTERPRETATION OF RESULTS

This chapter presents and analyzes the data gathered through the use of observation sheet

instrument. The data gathered were tabulated, analyzed and interpreted with the use of statistical

test. The specific questions rose in the statement of the problem where the basis of the order of

the presentation.

RESEARCH PROBLEM 1: How effective are banana peels in growing okra as an alternative
fertilizer?

Table 4.0 Color of the plant using banana peels

SAMPLE FERTILIZER COLOR EXPLANATION

GREEN PALE
GREEN
Plant no. 1 √ Table 4.0 shows
Plant no. 2 √ the results of the
Plant no. 3 √ color of the leaves
Plant no. 4 √ of the okra plant
BANANA PEELS
Plant no. 5 NONE NONE from week 1 to
Plant no. 6 √ week 3 using
Plant no. 7 NONE NONE banana peels as
Plant no. 8 √ fertilizer.
Plant no. 9 NONE NONE
Plant no. 10 √

Banana peels is one of the alternative fertilizer to help to grow the okra plants because it

has a nutrients that needed of the plants like phosphorus, potassium and calcium. Based on the

data that we use banana peels as alternative fertilizer of the okra plant is not effective to the

growth of the plant and it is not really sprouting. The development on it was really slow based on

the result banana peels is not effective on growth of okra plants.

Table 4.1 Length of the okra fruit using banana peels

SAMPLE FERTILIZER LENGHT EXPLANATION

Plant no. 1 NONE Table 4.1 show no

Plant no. 2 NONE length as the
Plant no. 3 NONE result of the
Plant no. 4 NONE length of the okra
Plant no. 5 BANANA PEELS NONE
fruit since there
Plant no. 6 NONE
were no signs of
Plant no. 7 NONE
Plant no. 8 NONE growth of okra
Plant no. 9 NONE using mixed
Plant no. 10 NONE banana peels and
eggshells from
week 1 to week 3.

Table 4.2 Height of the plant using banana peels

SAMPLE FERTILIZER MEAN EXPLANATION

(cm)
Plant no. 1 10.3 cm Table 4.2 shows
Plant no. 2 5.7 cm the mean height
Plant no. 3 5.3 cm in centimeters or
Plant no. 4 6.3 cm the total average
Plant no. 5 BANANA PEELS NONE of each okra plant
Plant no. 6 5.7 cm grown from week
Plant no. 7 NONE 1 to week 3 using
Plant no. 8 15 cm banana peels as a
Plant no. 9 NONE fertilizer.
Plant no. 10 15.7 cm

The tables above shows the result of the growth of okra using banana peels as an

alternative fertilizer. By observing the gathered data, the researchers concluded that the banana

peels is 50% effective to use as a fertilizer to grow okra by observing the color of the plant,

length of the growth of the okra fruit, and the height of the okra plant. Thus, the decision is to

reject the null hypothesis; which means that the banana peels are considered to be an effective

alternative fertilizer to grow okra.

 According to H. Patricia (2019), banana peels are 3.25 percent phosphorus, one of the

other major nutrients that plants need to grow. Phosphorus helps rooting, improves winter

hardiness and speeds up flowering and fruiting. Dried banana peels are 42 percent potassium,

more than most other organic substances, such as manure at 0.5 percent, wood ash at 10 percent

and cantaloupe rinds at 12 percent. Of all the nutrients in banana skin, potassium is one of the

most significant. Calcium – concentrated at 19.2 milligrams per gram in fresh peels – improves

the breakdown of organic materials in the soil; makes other nutrients in the soil, nitrogen in

particular, more available to plants; and controls how nutrients and water move in and out of

cells.

Manganese, concentrated at 76.2 mg/g in banana peels, aids in photosynthesis and the

formation of some enzymes and plant pigments. Sodium, concentrated at 24.3 mg/g, is involved

in the movement of water and ions between cells. Calcium – concentrated at 19.2 milligrams per

gram in fresh peels – improves the breakdown of organic materials in the soil; makes other

nutrients in the soil, nitrogen in particular, more available to plants; and controls how nutrients

and water move in and out of cells.

Manganese, concentrated at 76.2 mg/g in banana peels, aids in photosynthesis and the

formation of some enzymes and plant pigments. Sodium, concentrated at 24.3 mg/g, is involved

in the movement of water and ions between cells.

Bananas are well known for their potassium content, helping you stay healthy and get the

nutrients you need. This is also true for the peels, which provide essential nutrients, including
potassium, to plants when the peels begin to decompose. Using banana peels to feed your plants

comes with a downside, however. The peels are irresistible to certain bugs that you might not

like inside your home. Banana peels contain nutrients that are essential for healthy potted plants.

However, they don't contain everything your plant needs. As they decompose, banana peels add

potassium as well as small amounts of nitrogen, phosphorus and magnesium to the soil in a

similar fashion as a slow-release fertilizer. Use the peels in conjunction with complete

houseplant fertilizers to make sure your plants are getting all the nutrients they need. Banana

peels helps the plants to grow using an alternative way without using any chemical fertilizers.

Farmers can earn money from their crops without spending too much money to buy chemical

fertilizers to help to grow their plants. Banana peels have a nutrient that contain of NPK that will

help to grow the plants. Peels of the banana has a purpose that can used as an alternative

fertilizer in the plants (Munroe, S., 2018).

An excellent way to add organic material and some very significant nutrients to your

compost mix is to use banana peels in compost. Putting banana peel in your compost pile will

assist to add calcium, magnesium, sulfur, phosphates, potassium and sodium, all of which are

essential for the good development of both flowering and fruiting crops. Bananas in compost

also assist to add good organic material to your garden that helps the compost maintain water and

make soil lighter. In addition, banana peels will rapidly break down in compost, allowing them to

add these significant nutrients much faster to the compost than some other compost products.

Many individuals also wonder whether it is possible to use banana peels as a direct fertilizer. In

many gardening books and websites, particularly with regards to roses, you will discover this

advice. While as a fertilizer, you can use banana peels and it won't damage your plant,
composting them first is best. Burying the peels of bananas in a plants’ soil can slow down the

process that breaks the peels (Gottschling, 2016).

Bananas are filled with nutrients, with their peels included. Although you’re not going to

want to eat them yourself, as the peels decline, your crops profit from the nutrients. Plants

needed to flourish on nutrient. Highest amount of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium are

needed, and lower amounts of nutrients such as calcium, manganese, sodium and sulfur are

needed. While these nutrients happen naturally in different concentrations, some soils may use a

boost. The addition of banana peels around precious is a common practice of gardening that can

enhance your soil (Hamilton, 2010).

Third week result

RESEARCH PROBLEM 2: How efficient are eggshells to grow okra as an alternative

fertilizer?

Table no. 4.3 Color of the plant using eggshells

SAMPLE FERTILIZER COLOR EXPLANATION

GREEN PALE
GREEN
Plant no. 1 √ Table 4.3 shows
Plant no. 2 √ the result of the
Plant no. 3 √ color of the leaves
Plant no. 4 NONE NONE
 Plant no. 5 EGGSHELLS √ of okra plant from
Plant no. 6 √ week 1 to week 3
Plant no. 7 NONE NONE using eggshells as
Plant no. 8 √ fertilizer.
Plant no. 9 NONE NONE
Plant no. 10 √
Mean 0.7 0

Just like the banana peels, the use of eggshells to grow an okra by examining the color of

the plant, length of the okra fruit, and the okra plant height is 50% successful and effective to use

as an alternative fertilizer. The decision is to reject the null hypothesis, because the use of

eggshells as an alternative fertilizer to grow okra is effective.

Table no. 4.4 Length of the okra fruit using eggshells

SAMPLE FERTILIZER LENGHT EXPLANATION

Plant no. 1 NONE Table 4.4 show no

Plant no. 2 NONE length as the
Plant no. 3 NONE result of the
Plant no. 4 NONE length of the okra
Plant no. 5 EGGHSHELLS NONE
fruit since there
Plant no. 6 NONE
were no signs of
Plant no. 7 NONE
Plant no. 8 NONE growth of okra
Plant no. 9 NONE using mixed
Plant no. 10 NONE banana peels and
eggshells from
week 1 to week 3.

Table no. 4.5 Height of the plant using eggshells

SAMPLE FERTILIZER MEAN EXPLANATION

(cm)
 Plant no. 1 23 cm Table 4.5 shows
Plant no. 2 21 cm the mean height
Plant no. 3 19.7 cm of each okra plant
Plant no. 4 NONE in centimeters
Plant no. 5 EGGSHELLS 7 cm from week 1 to
Plant no. 6 20.7 cm week 3 using
Plant no. 7 SPROUTING eggshells as a
Plant no. 8 6.7 cm fertilizer.
Plant no. 9 NONE
Plant no. 10 20 cm

In using eggshells as a fertilizer to grow okra, the researchers examined the color of the

plant, length of the okra fruit, and the okra plant height, and thus concluded that it is 50%

successful and effective to use as an alternative fertilizer. The decision is to reject the null

hypothesis, because the use of eggshells as an alternative fertilizer to grow okra is effective.

Eggshells included countless nutrients like nitrogen, protein, strontium, fluoride,

magnesium, selenium and most especially, eggshells are rich in calcium. It is also possible to

dispose eggshells in the garden effectively. It was estimated that an average person consumes

150 to 200 eggs per year. The most prevalent egg kinds in the globe are the chicken egg, where it

includes 96% calcium carbonate (CaCO3) and protein-rich shells. Eggshells contained a large

quantity of calcium and can decompose without any attempt very rapidly. For healthier

development advancement, crumbled eggshells can be applied straight to the plant. The shells

contains minerals such as calcium and nitrogen that are efficient in plant growth, including

peppers and tomatoes (Nelz, 2017).

It is undeniable that egg includes countless nutrients, vitamins and minerals, but it is also

possible to dispose of eggshell in the garden [Link] was estimated that an average person
consumes about 150 to 200 eggs per year. The most prevalent egg kinds in the globe are the

chicken egg, where it includes 96 percent calcium carbonate and protein-rich shells. Eggshells

contain a large quantity of calcium and can decompose without any attempt very rapidly. For

healthier development advancement, crumbled eggshells can be applied straight to the plant. This

shell contains minerals that are efficient in plant growth, including peppers and tomatoes (Nelz,

2017).

Eggshells consist of 93% calcium carbonate and 1% oxygen along with other soil-needed

nutrients. During the increasing phase, many crops remove calcium from the soil. Crush the

shells into a fine powder and under vegetables, fruit trees and flowers spread them around the

soil to produce natural, nutrient-rich mulch. Aubergines, potatoes, vegetables and other crops are

prone to sprouting, which can be triggered by calcium deficiency. These vegetables profit from

broken eggshells immediately in the surrounding soil. To safeguard against this possibly lethal

disease, eggshells substitute reduced calcium in the soil. Eggshells are a repellent for human

pests. Instead of crushing the shells into a fine powder, crush them by side freely and maintain

intact the sharp edges. To prevent these pests, spread the shells around crops that are assaulted by

snails and cutworms. The strong eggshells safeguard snails and worms from broccoli, tomatoes,

peppers, cabbage and other crops. Many plants are damaged by frosts and cold weather, forcing

gardeners to begin growing some plants indoors while they wait for conditions to improve.

Eggshells are an inexpensive, easy alternative to pots. Instead of planting your seedlings in large,

clay pots, use eggshells. Many plants are damaged by frosts and cold weather, forcing gardeners

to begin growing some plants indoors while they wait for conditions to improve. Eggshells are an

affordable and simple solution to drums. Use eggshells instead of growing your seedlings in big

clay pots. Simply plant them shell and everything once the crops are big enough to be moved to
the garden. The eggshells will split readily as the seeds start to distribute and develop, and as the

shells break down in the soil, new crops will be released much-needed nourishment (Morgans

KC, 2019).

Third week result

RESEARCH PROBLEM 3: How effective are mixed eggshells and banana peels as an

alternative fertilizer to grow okra?

Table no. 4.6 Color of the plant using mixed eggshells and banana peels

SAMPLE FERTILIZER COLOR EXPLANATION

Plant no. 1 NONE Table 4.6 show no

Plant no. 2 NONE color as the result
Plant no. 3 NONE of the length of
Plant no. 4 NONE the okra fruit
Plant no. 5 MIXED NONE
EGGSHELLS AND since there were
Plant no. 6 NONE
BANANA PEELS no signs of
Plant no. 7 NONE
Plant no. 8 NONE growth of okra
Plant no. 9 NONE using mixed
Plant no. 10 NONE banana peels and
eggshells from
week 1 to week 3.

Table 4.6 shows no color of the plant since there were no growth of okra from week 1 to

week 3 using mixed eggshells and banana peels.

Table no. 4.7 Length of the okra fruit using mixed eggshells and banana peels

SAMPLE FERTILIZER LENGHT EXPLANATION

Plant no. 1 NONE NONE Table 4.7 show no

Plant no. 2 NONE NONE length as the
Plant no. 3 NONE NONE result of the
Plant no. 4 NONE NONE length of the okra
Plant no. 5 MIXED NONE NONE fruit since there
Plant no. 6 EGGSHELLS AND NONE NONE were no signs of
Plant no. 7 BANANA PEELS NONE NONE growth of okra
Plant no. 8 NONE NONE using mixed
Plant no. 9 NONE NONE banana peels and
Plant no. 10 NONE NONE eggshells from
week 1 to week 3.

Table no. 4.8 Height of the plant using mixed eggshells and banana peels

SAMPLE FERTILIZER MEAN EXPLANATION

Plant no. 1 NONE Table 4.8 shows

Plant no. 2 NONE no mean as result
Plant no. 3 NONE since there were
Plant no. 4 NONE no growth of okra
Plant no. 5 MIXED NONE using mixed
Plant no. 6 EGGSHELLS AND NONE eggshells and
Plant no. 7 BANANA PEELS NONE banana peels from
Plant no. 8 NONE week 1 to week 3.
Plant no. 9 NONE
Plant no. 10 NONE

RESEARCH PROBLEM 4: Is there a significant difference in the growth of okra using

eggshells, banana peels, and mixed eggshells and banana peels as an alternative fertilizer?

Based on the gathered data by the researchers, it can be said that there is a significant

difference in the growth of okra using the banana peels and eggshells as an alternative fertilizer

in growing okra. Thus, the decision is to reject the null hypothesis because it results to be that

there is a significant difference when using banana peels and eggshells as an alternative fertilizer.
 Table 4.9

SAMPLE MEAN P-value 𝐅𝐜𝐫𝐢𝐭 DECISION

Banana peels 6.4 cm

Eggshells 11.81 cm 0.00192406311612399 3.3541308285292
Mixed 0 SIGNIFICANT
eggshells and
banana peels

Based on table 4.9, it can be said that there is a significant difference in the growth of

okra using banana peels and eggshells as an alternative fertilizer in growing okra. Thus, the

decision is to reject the null hypothesis because it results to be that there is a significant

difference when using eggshells and banana peels as an alternative fertilizer.

Fertilizers are plant-driven compounds for development; they are normally used either

through the soil for leaves to be absorbed. Fertilizers may be organic (composed of organic

matter) or inorganic (consisting of simple inorganic or mineral chemicals). They may be

naturally occurring compounds, such as peat or mineral deposits, or produced by natural

processes (such as composting) or by chemical processes. Fertilizers typically provide, in

varying proportions, three major plant nutrients (nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium), secondary

plant nutrients (calcium, sulfur and magnesium) and sometimes trace elements or micronutrients

that play a role in plant nutrition (boron, chlorine, manganese, iron, zinc, copper and

molybdenum). Plant roots absorb most of their nutrients from the roll solution as simple,

inorganic ions (charged atoms or molecules). Larger molecules can also be absorbed, but their

absorption rate is slow. Most inorganic fertilizers dissolve easily in water and are immediately
available for plant uptake. When used as recommended, these types of fertilizers provide the

necessary nutrients for plant growth and are safe for the environment. Excessive rates, however,

can harm plant roots and potentially lead to environmental degradation (Gonzales, 2012).

Organic fertilizers are more complex chemical substances that take time to break down

into plant-use forms. They are a slow-release type of fertilizer, compared to the rapid-release

characteristics of most inorganic fertilizers. It is important to apply these organic fertilizers well

in advance of periods of rapid growth. Organic fertilizers usually have a low salt index, so larger

quantities can be applied at one time without causing injury to the roots of the plant. With

organic nitrogen sources (except urea), one application may be made without the need to worry

about the loss of most of thsse nitrogen to leaching. However, even organic fertilizers used at

excessive rates may cause environmental degradation due to nitrate leaching or runoff of soluble

organic compounds. The cost of organic fertilizers in garden centres per round of nutrients is

usually higher than the cost of rapid release of inorganic fertilizers. Manure, compost and many

other materials used as organic fertilizers add a considerable quantity of organic matter to the

soil. Organic matter can increase soil drainage, aeration, water holding capacity, and soil ability

to hold nutrients. The beneficial effects of organic matter on soil structure may have a significant

impact on plant growth compared to the value of some of these organic fertilizers (Mayor et al,

2012).

The use of homemade organic fertilizers is considered an environment friendly means to

reduce the waste growing into landfill. Eggshells wastes can be used as a plant fertilizer because

eggshell contains 95% calcium carbonate and is potent source of lime to neutralize the pH of
acidic soil. A study demonstrated that plants of red clover when grown on eggshells fertilized

soil grew 10 mm larger than the plants without eggshells. Banana peels contain the three

macronutrients. Nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, as well as many micronutrients, which

promote the growth of garden plants from seed germination to blooms and fruits. Because of

these nutrients, banana peels also help plants to resist against diseases. Ash can be used for

growing garden plants. The main constituents of ash are calcium, iron, magnesium, aluminum,

potassium, sodium, silicone and titanium (Insam et al., 2009).

Based on Grolier Encyclopedia, there are problems associated with using of fertilizer.

The problems involved in the heavy use of fertilizers are related to pollution and the quality of

crops. Eutrophication. The development of algae and other aquatic vegetation extends far beyond

ordinary boundaries when a body of water is overly rich in plant nutrients. The development of

algae and other aquatic vegetation extends far beyond ordinary boundaries when a body of water

is overly rich in plant nutrients. Nitrogen and phosphorus are the important nutrients involved in

this process. Effects on crop quality, extensive use of fertilizers may have a significant negative

impact on the growth and quality of certain plants and crops, such as potatoes, tobacco and

forage grasses.

Third week result

 CHAPTER V
SUMMARY, FNDINGS, CONCLUSION, AND RECOMMENDATIONS

This chapter presents the summary of the study, findings, conclusions, and

recommendations.

SUMMARY

This study was undertaken to determine the effectiveness of using eggshells and banana

peels as an alternative fertilizer to grow okra. It investigated the negative and positive impact

when data were classified according to independent variable eggshell and banana peel wastes as

the alternative fertilizer and the dependent variable okra seeds as the effect of using the

alternative fertilizer. In further probed, the needed specific fertilizer to improve the growth of the

okra seedlings being planted.

This study answered the research questions on the bases of the following hypotheses: 1.)

How effective are banana peels to grow okra as an alternative fertilizer? ; 2.) How efficient are

eggshells to grow okra as an alternative fertilizer? ; 3.) How effective are mixed eggshells and

banana peels as an alternative fertilizer to grow okra? ; and 4.)

Is there a significant difference in the growth of okra using eggshells, banana peels, and mixed

eggshells and banana peels as an alternative fertilizer? Using eggshells and banana peels as an

alternative fertilizer has an impact on growing the okra plant.

This study employed a descriptive experimental mixed method research design. The

samples are 30 okra seeds in which it was divided into three groups. There were 10 okra seeds
for the banana peels, 10 okra seeds for eggshells and 10 okra seeds for mixed banana peels and

eggshells.

Statistical tools used in this study included mean and Annova.

FINDINGS

This study yielded the following findings:

1. On the use of eggshells to grow an okra.

2. On the use of banana peels to grow an okra.

3. On the use of mixed banana peels and eggshells to grow an okra.

4. On the significant difference of using eggshells, banana peels, and mixed eggshells and

banana peels as an alternative fertilizer.

CONCLUSION

Based on the findings and results of the study, the effectiveness of using banana peels and

eggshells as an alternative fertilizer has an effect in growing okra plants. However, there were no

signs of growth of the okra plant using mixed banana peels and eggshells from week 1 to week 3.

2 PARAGRAPH YAWA
RECOMMENDATIONS

As a result of the findings and conclusion of this study, the following are hereby

recommended:

1.

2.

3.