DIFFUSION
John Philip Ayo, Justin Marc Estipona, John Philip Aloysius Maat, Vince Santos, Ryan Vasquez
I. INTRODUCTION VIII. T – absolute temperature
IX. t – time during which the meniscus fall from zo to zf
Diffusion involves the mass transfer of a volatile X. P – ambient atmospheric pressure
component A through a non-diffusing stagnant B. The most XI. MA – molecular weight of liquid
common cause diffusion is concentration gradient of XII.the PA1 – vapor pressure of liquid A at temperature T
diffusing components. A concentration gradient tendsXIII. to PA2 – partial pressure of vapor A at the mouth of capillary
move the component in such a direction as to equalize XIV. zf – distance from the mouth of the capillary to the meniscus
concentration and destroy the gradient while the gradient is at t=t
maintained by constantly supplying the diffusing XV. zo – distance from the mouth of the capillary to the meniscus
component to the high concentration end of the gradient at t=0
and removing it at low-concentration end. There is steady
XVI.
state reflux of the diffusing component. ThisXVII. is A more accurate and rigorous treatment must
characteristics of many mass transfer operations. be considered which is the intermolecular forces of
attraction and repulsion between molecules as well as the
Diffusion is not restricted to molecular transfer different sizes of molecules A and B. Chapman and Enskog
through stagnant layers of solid or fluid. It also takes place solved the Boltzmann equation, which uses a distribution
when fluids of different compositions are mixed. The first function instead of the mean free path.
step in mixing is often mass transfer called by eddy motion
XVIII.
characteristics of turbulent flow. This is called eddy XIX. The final relation for predicting the diffusivity
diffusion. The second step is molecular diffusion between of binary gas pair A and B molecule is:
and inside the very small eddies. Sometimes the diffusion XX.
process is accompanied by bulk flow of the mixture in a 1.8583 𝑥 10−7 )(𝑇 1.5 ) 1 1 0.5
direction parallel to the direction of diffusion. XXI. 𝐷𝐴𝐵 = 2 𝛺 ( + )
𝑃𝜎𝐴𝐵 𝑀𝐴 𝑀𝐵
XXII.
Diffusivity is a proportionality constantXXIII. where:
between the mass flux due to molecular diffusion and the
XXIV. DAB – diffusivity
gradient in the concentration of the species. It should XXV.be T – absolute temperature
apparent that the rate of molecular diffusion in liquidsXXVI.is MA – molecular weight of gas A
considerably slower in gasses. The molecules in liquid are
XXVII. MB – molecular weight of stagnant B
very close toether compared to a gas. Hence, the
XXVIII. P – absolute pressure
molecules of the diffusing solute A will collideXXIX. with σ – average collision
molecules of liquid B more often and diffuse more slowlyXXX. Ω – collision integral
that in gases. In general, the diffusion coefficient in XXXI.
a gas
will be in order of magnitude of about 105 times greater than
in liquid.
A number of different experimental methods have been
used to determine the molecular diffusivity for binary gas
mixtures. One method is through the capillary tube method. II. MATERIALS AND METHODS
It is to evaporate a pure liquid in a narrow tube with a gas
i. Materials
passed over the top. The fall in liquid level is measure with
time and the diffusivity is calculated from:
Capillary tubes
𝜌 𝑃 𝑅𝑇 𝑧𝑓2 −𝑧02 Injection
II. 𝐷𝐴𝐵 = 𝑡𝑃𝑀 𝐴(𝑃𝐵𝑀−𝑃 ( ) Vernier Caliper
𝐴 𝐴1 𝐴2 ) 2
III. Methanol
IV. where: Constant Temperature water bath
V. ρA - density of liquid A at temperature T Thermometer
VI. PBM – logarithmic mean pressure Iron Stand
VII. R – universal gas constant Iron Clamp
DIFFUSION
John Philip Ayo, Justin Marc Estipona, John Philip Aloysius Maat, Vince Santos, Ryan Vasquez
Cork Fig 3.2 Constant water bath @65C
Stopwatch
ii. Method
1. Prepare the water bath and fill it with tap water and
set it at 50ºC.
2. Fill the capillary tube with pure volatile organic
liquids and measure the initial height of the liquid.
3. Provide a gentle stream of air by turning on the
electric fan.
4. Measure the height of the remaining liquid in the Fig 3.3 Constant water bath @80C
capillary tubes after 10, 15, and 20 minutes.
5. Repeat procedure 2-4 for trial 2(water bath For the experimental set up, the capillary
temperature 65C) and trial 3 (water bath tubes with methanol is submerged in a constant
temperature 80C). temperature water bath to maintain the temperature at
6. Compare the result with those obtained using 50C, 65C and 80 C. After 10,15 and 20 mins the height
chapman and Engskog equation and other of methanol in the capillary tubes is then measured
empirical equation. using a caliper to determine the change in height at
different temperature.
III. EXPERIMENTAL SET-UP IV. DATA AND RESULTS
Fig 3.1 Constant water bath @50C
DIFFUSION
John Philip Ayo, Justin Marc Estipona, John Philip Aloysius Maat, Vince Santos, Ryan Vasquez
𝐷𝐴𝐵
Results: (784.74)(89.99)(8.314)(303.15) 0.06212 − 0.0610752
= ( )
(600)(32)(101.325)(21.76) 2
CAPILLARY METHOD @50C
CAPILLARY 1
For 10 minutes 𝒎𝟐
𝑫𝑨𝑩 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟐𝟔𝟓
𝒔
𝜌𝐴𝐵 𝑃𝐵𝑀 𝑅𝑇 𝑧𝑓2 − 𝑧𝑜2
𝐷𝐴𝐵 = ( ) For 15 minutes:
𝑡𝑃𝑀𝐴 (𝑃𝐴1 − 𝑃𝐴2 ) 2
𝜌𝐴𝐵 𝑃𝐵𝑀 𝑅𝑇 𝑧𝑓2 − 𝑧𝑜2
𝐷𝐴𝐵 𝐷𝐴𝐵 = ( )
(784.74)(89.99)(8.314)(303.15) 0.0732 − 0.0712 𝑡𝑃𝑀𝐴 (𝑃𝐴1 − 𝑃𝐴2 ) 2
= ( )
(600)(32)(101.325)(21.76) 2
𝐷𝐴𝐵
𝟐 (776.90)(84.21)(8.314)(311.15) 0.061082 − 0.0608252
𝒎 = ( )
𝑫𝑨𝑩 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟔𝟎𝟓 (900)(32)(101.325)(32.18) 2
𝒔
For 15 minutes: 𝒎𝟐
𝑫𝑨𝑩 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟔𝟓𝟑
𝒔
CAPILLARY 3
𝜌𝐴𝐵 𝑃𝐵𝑀 𝑅𝑇 𝑧𝑓2 − 𝑧𝑜2 For 10 minutes
𝐷𝐴𝐵 = ( )
𝑡𝑃𝑀𝐴 (𝑃𝐴1 − 𝑃𝐴2 ) 2
𝜌𝐴𝐵 𝑃𝐵𝑀 𝑅𝑇 𝑧𝑓2 − 𝑧𝑜2
𝐷𝐴𝐵 = ( )
𝐷𝐴𝐵 𝑡𝑃𝑀𝐴 (𝑃𝐴1 − 𝑃𝐴2 ) 2
(776.90)(84.21)(8.314)(311.15) 0.07172 − 0.071052
= ( )
(900)(32)(101.325)(32.18) 2
𝐷𝐴𝐵
(784.74)(89.99)(8.314)(303.15) 0.06882 − 0.068152
= ( )
𝒎𝟐 (600)(32)(101.325)(21.76) 2
𝑫𝑨𝑩 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟖𝟑𝟔
𝒔
CAPILLARY 2 𝒎𝟐
𝑫𝑨𝑩 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟏𝟖𝟕
For 10 minutes 𝒔
𝜌𝐴𝐵 𝑃𝐵𝑀 𝑅𝑇 𝑧𝑓2 − 𝑧𝑜2 For 15 minutes:
𝐷𝐴𝐵 = ( )
𝑡𝑃𝑀𝐴 (𝑃𝐴1 − 𝑃𝐴2 ) 2
DIFFUSION
John Philip Ayo, Justin Marc Estipona, John Philip Aloysius Maat, Vince Santos, Ryan Vasquez
𝜌𝐴𝐵 𝑃𝐵𝑀 𝑅𝑇 𝑧𝑓2 − 𝑧𝑜2 𝑫𝑨𝑩 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟑𝟑𝟏
𝐷𝐴𝐵 = ( )
𝑡𝑃𝑀𝐴 (𝑃𝐴1 − 𝑃𝐴2 ) 2
CAPILLARY 2
For 10 minutes
𝐷𝐴𝐵
(776.90)(84.21)(8.314)(311.15) 0.068152 − 0.06772 𝜌𝐴𝐵 𝑃𝐵𝑀 𝑅𝑇 𝑧𝑓2 − 𝑧𝑜2
= ( ) 𝐷𝐴𝐵 = 𝑡𝑃𝑀 (𝑃 − 𝑃 ) ( 2 )
(900)(32)(101.325)(32.18) 2 𝐴 𝐴1 𝐴2
𝒎𝟐
𝑫𝑨𝑩 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟏𝟐𝟗 𝐷𝐴𝐵
𝒔
(766.89)(72.964)(8.314)(321.15) 0.0608252 − 0.059875
= (
(600)(32)(101.325)(50.87) 2
CAPILLARY METHOD @65C
CAPILLARY 1
For 10 minutes
𝑫𝑨𝑩 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟓𝟔𝟓
𝜌𝐴𝐵 𝑃𝐵𝑀 𝑅𝑇 𝑧𝑓2 − 𝑧𝑜2
𝐷𝐴𝐵 = ( )
𝑡𝑃𝑀𝐴 (𝑃𝐴1 − 𝑃𝐴2 ) 2
For 15 minutes
𝐷𝐴𝐵
(766.89)(72.964)(8.314)(321.15) 0.071052 − 0.069752 𝜌𝐴𝐵 𝑃𝐵𝑀 𝑅𝑇 𝑧𝑓2 − 𝑧𝑜2
= ( 𝐷) = ( )
(600)(32)(101.325)(50.87) 2 𝐴𝐵
𝑡𝑃𝑀𝐴 (𝑃𝐴1 − 𝑃𝐴2 ) 2
𝑫𝑨𝑩 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟏𝟑𝟖 𝐷𝐴𝐵
(756.61)(72.964)(8.314)(331.15) 0.0598752 − 0.058752
= ( )
(900)(32)(101.325)(77.897) 2
For 15 minutes
𝑫𝑨𝑩 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟒𝟑𝟗
𝜌𝐴𝐵 𝑃𝐵𝑀 𝑅𝑇 𝑧𝑓2 − 𝑧𝑜2 CAPILLARY 3
𝐷𝐴𝐵 = ( ) For 10 minutes
𝑡𝑃𝑀𝐴 (𝑃𝐴1 − 𝑃𝐴2 ) 2
𝜌𝐴𝐵 𝑃𝐵𝑀 𝑅𝑇 𝑧𝑓2 − 𝑧𝑜2
𝐷𝐴𝐵 = ( )
𝑡𝑃𝑀𝐴 (𝑃𝐴1 − 𝑃𝐴2 ) 2
𝐷𝐴𝐵
(756.61)(72.964)(8.314)(331.15) 0.069752 − 0.0690252
= ( )
(900)(32)(101.325)(77.897) 2
𝐷𝐴𝐵
(766.89)(72.964)(8.314)(321.15) 0.06772 − 0.067052
= ( )
(600)(32)(101.325)(50.87) 2
DIFFUSION
John Philip Ayo, Justin Marc Estipona, John Philip Aloysius Maat, Vince Santos, Ryan Vasquez
𝑫𝑨𝑩 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟔𝟔𝟏 𝐷𝐴𝐵
(756.61)(67.694)(8.314)(331.15) 0.06882 − 0.06752
= ( )
(900)(32)(101.325)(77.897) 2
For 15 minutes
𝑫𝑨𝑩 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟐𝟎𝟕
𝜌𝐴𝐵 𝑃𝐵𝑀 𝑅𝑇 𝑧𝑓2 − 𝑧𝑜2 CAPILLARY 2
𝐷𝐴𝐵 = ( )
𝑡𝑃𝑀𝐴 (𝑃𝐴1 − 𝑃𝐴2 ) 2 For 10 minutes
𝜌𝐴𝐵 𝑃𝐵𝑀 𝑅𝑇 𝑧𝑓2 − 𝑧𝑜2
𝐷𝐴𝐵 = ( )
𝑡𝑃𝑀𝐴 (𝑃𝐴1 − 𝑃𝐴2 ) 2
𝐷𝐴𝐵
(756.61)(72.964)(8.314)(331.15) 0.067052 − 0.0662
= ( )
(900)(32)(101.325)(77.897) 2
𝐷𝐴𝐵
(731.99)(67.694)(8.314)(353.15) 0.058752 − 0.0582
= ( )
(600)(32)(101.325)(50.87) 2
𝑫𝑨𝑩 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟒𝟓𝟗
CAPILLARY METHOD @80C
CAPILLARY 1 𝑫𝑨𝑩 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟔𝟏𝟑
For 10 minutes
𝜌𝐴𝐵 𝑃𝐵𝑀 𝑅𝑇 𝑧𝑓2 − 𝑧𝑜2 For 15 minutes
𝐷𝐴𝐵 = ( )
𝑡𝑃𝑀𝐴 (𝑃𝐴1 − 𝑃𝐴2 ) 2
𝜌𝐴𝐵 𝑃𝐵𝑀 𝑅𝑇 𝑧𝑓2 − 𝑧𝑜2
𝐷𝐴𝐵 = ( )
𝑡𝑃𝑀𝐴 (𝑃𝐴1 − 𝑃𝐴2 ) 2
𝐷𝐴𝐵
(731.99)(67.694)(8.314)(353.15) 0.0690252 − 0.0682
= ( )
(600)(32)(101.325)(50.87) 2
𝐷𝐴𝐵
(756.61)(67.694)(8.314)(331.15) 0.0582 − 0.057752
= ( )
(900)(32)(101.325)(77.897) 2
𝑫𝑨𝑩 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟗𝟖𝟒
For 15 minutes 𝑫𝑨𝑩 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟖𝟖𝟐
CAPILLARY 3
For 10 minutes
𝜌𝐴𝐵 𝑃𝐵𝑀 𝑅𝑇 𝑧𝑓2 − 𝑧𝑜2
𝐷𝐴𝐵 = ( )
𝑡𝑃𝑀𝐴 (𝑃𝐴1 − 𝑃𝐴2 ) 2
DIFFUSION
John Philip Ayo, Justin Marc Estipona, John Philip Aloysius Maat, Vince Santos, Ryan Vasquez
𝜌𝐴𝐵 𝑃𝐵𝑀 𝑅𝑇 𝑧𝑓2 − 𝑧𝑜2 𝛺 = (44.54𝑇 𝑜 −4.909 + 1.91𝑇 𝑜 −1.575 )
0.1
𝐷𝐴𝐵 = ( )
𝑡𝑃𝑀𝐴 (𝑃𝐴1 − 𝑃𝐴2 ) 2
(1.8583 𝑥 10−7 )(𝑇1.5 ) 1 1 0.5
𝐷𝐴𝐵 = ( + )
𝑃σ2AB 𝛺 𝑀𝐴 𝑀𝐵
𝐷𝐴𝐵
(731.99)(67.694)(8.314)(353.15) 0.0662 − 0.0642
= ( )
(600)(32)(101.325)(50.87)
eM
2
o
p
yh
n
o
re
a
r
tt
l
Time 10 min 15 min
𝑇𝑜 0.78 0.80
𝛺 1.65 1.63
𝑫𝑨𝑩 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟏𝟖𝟐
For 15 minutes
𝜌𝐴𝐵 𝑃𝐵𝑀 𝑅𝑇 𝑧𝑓2 − 𝑧𝑜2
𝐷𝐴𝐵 = ( )
𝑡𝑃𝑀𝐴 (𝑃𝐴1 − 𝑃𝐴2 ) 2
𝐷𝐴𝐵
(756.61)(67.694)(8.314)(331.15) 0.0642 − 0.063452
= ( )
(900)(32)(101.325)(77.897) 2
𝑫𝑨𝑩 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟐𝟏𝟒
B. CHAPMAN-ENSKOG METHOD
Table 4.7 Properties of Volatile Liquid from Perry’s
Chemical Engineer’s Handbook 8th Ed.
Property Methanol
Tb,K 336.71
/k 387.22
σAB, Ǻ 4.40
MW, kg/kmol 32.08
kT
𝑇𝑜 =
Diffusivities for Trial 1 Liquid Diffusivity
DIFFUSION
John Philip Ayo, Justin Marc Estipona, John Philip Aloysius Maat, Vince Santos, Ryan Vasquez
DAB, m2/s can be learned that the driving force of diffusion is the
10 minutes 15 minutes concentration gradient between the two interfaces.
T=50˚C T=65˚C
Methanol 1.22 𝑥 10−5 1.29 𝑥 10−5
TRIAL 1 VII. QUESTIONS/PROBLEMS:
METHANOL
1. Define the following:
a. Fick’s Law of Diffusion
For 10 minutes b. Equimolar Counter Diffusion
c. Unicomponent Diffusion
(1.8583 𝑥 10−7 )(323.151.5 ) 1 1 0.5
𝐷𝐴𝐵 = ( + ) 2. A gas CH4 and He in a tube at 101.325 kPa
(1)(4.40)(1.65) 32.08 29 pressure and 298 K. at one point the partial pressure
of methane is PA1 = 60.79 kPa, and a point 0.02 m
𝒎𝟐 distance away, PA2 = 20.26 kPa. If the total pressure
𝑫𝑨𝑩 = 𝟒. 𝟒𝟑𝟖𝟗 𝒙 𝟏𝟎−𝟓
𝒔 is constant throughout the tube, calculate the flux of
methane at steady state for equimolar counter
For 15 minutes diffusion.
3. Ammonia gas is diffusing through N2 non-diffusing
(1.8583 𝑥 10−7 )(338.151.5 ) 1 1 0.5 since it is insoluble in one boundary. The total
𝐷𝐴𝐵 = ( + )
(1)(4.40)(1.63) 32.08 29 pressure of NH3 at one point is 1.333 x 10-5 m2/s, at
the other point 20 mm away it is 6.666 x 103 kPa. The
𝒎𝟐 DAB for the mixture at 101325 Pa and 298 K is 2.30 x
𝑫𝑨𝑩 = 𝟒. 𝟏𝟐𝟖𝟑 𝒙 𝟏𝟎−𝟒
𝒔 10-5 m2/s.
a. Calculate the flux of NH3 in kgmols/s-m2.
b. Do the same as (a) but assume N2 also diffuses;
HAZARDS this is, both boundaries to both gases and flux is
equimolar counter diffusion, in which case is the flux
Among numerous hazards posed by greater.
the conduct of this experiment, is minor chemical 4. Mass transfer is occurring from a sphere of
reagent irritation, scalding acquired from the hot water naphthalene having a radius of 10 mm. The sphere is
in the constant water bath and lacerations and wound in large volume of air at 52.6 ℃ and 1 atm abs
that can be acquired if the glass apparatuses breaks pressure. The vapor pressure of naphthalene at 52.6
and is mishandled. ℃ is 1.0 mmHg. The diffusivity of naphthalene in air at
0 ℃ is 5.16 x 10-6 m2/s. Calculate the rate of
WASTE DISPOSAL evaporation of naphthalene from the surface in
kgmol/s- m2.
Hot water from the constant
VIII. ANSWERS:
temperature water bath needs to be cooled first before
discharging it to the drainage system. Organic solvents
1. Fick’s law of diffusion states that the rate of
used must be disposed in the organic waste bottle. diffusion of a chemical species at a location in a gas
mixture (or liquid or solid solution) is proportional to
VI. CONCLUSION the concentration gradient of that species at that
After performing this experiment, we location.
concluded that diffusivity of volatile liquids can be In equimolar counter-diffusion, the molar fluxes or A
determined using different known methods. However, and B are equal, but opposite in direction, and the
poses slight discrepancies in the results because of total pressure is constant throughout.
certain parameters. In addition, from this experiment it
DIFFUSION
John Philip Ayo, Justin Marc Estipona, John Philip Aloysius Maat, Vince Santos, Ryan Vasquez
Unicomponent diffusion is where one component (A) at
one boundary (at the end of the diffusion path) can’t
pass through the other component B.
2.
3. PA1 = 1.333x10^4
PA2 = 6.666 x10^3
PB1 x10= P-PA1 = 87970 Pa
PB2 = P – PA2 = 94634 Pa
PBD = PB2 – PB1 / ln(PB2/PB1) = 1.17x10^5 Pa
NA = [(2.30x10^-
5)(1.013x110^5)(1.333x10^4)]/[(8314)(298)(.02)(1.17
x10^5)]
NA = 5.36x10^-6 Kmol/ m^2(s)
NA = Dab/RTZ (PA1-PA2)
NA= (2.3x10^5/8314x298x0.02) (1.333x10^4 –
6.666x10^3)
NA= 3.09x10^-6 Kmol/ m^2 s
IX. APPENDIX
John Philip Ayo is a student of Technological Institute
of the Philippines taking up Bachelor of Science of
Chemical Engineering.
John Philip Aloysius Maat is a student of
Technological Institute of the Philippines taking up
Bachelor of Science of Chemical Engineering.
Justin Marc Estipona is a student of Technological
Institute of the Philippines taking up Bachelor of
Science of Chemical Engineering.
Vince Nikko Santos is a student of Technological
Institute of the Philippines taking up Bachelor of
Science of Chemical Engineering.
Ryan Joshua Vasquez is a student of Technological
Institute of the Philippines taking up Bachelor of
Science of Chemical Engineering.
