• Support- framework that supports body
and cradles its soft organs
• Protection- for delicate organs, heart,
lungs, brain
• Movement- bones act as levers for muscles
• Mineral storage- calcium & phosphate
• Blood cell formation- hematopoiesis
• Long Bones- metacarples,
metatarsals, phelangies, humerus,
ulna, radius, tibia, fibula
• Short Bones- carpals, tarsals
• Flat Bones- rib, scapula, skull, sternum
• Irregular Bones- vertebrae, some facial
bones
• Sesamoid- patella
spongy bone
Proximal compact bone
epiphysis
Endosteum
diaphysis
epiphyseal line
yellow marrow
Sharpey’s fibers
Distal
epiphysis periosteum
hyaline cartilage
Posterior View
Frontal Sinus
Ethmoid Sinus
Sphenoid Sinus
Maxillary Sinus
• Warm and moisten air
• Lighten the skull
• Enhance voice resonance
The Vertebral Column
Cervical Vertebrae
(7)
Thoracic Vertebrae
(12)
Lumbar Vertberae
(5)
Sacrum
Coccyx
Cervical Vertebrae
The Thoracic Cage
Sternum
True Ribs (7)
False Ribs (3)
Floating Ribs (2)
Sacrum & Coccyx
Bones of the Pectoral Girdle
Humerus
Ulna
Radius
8 Carpals
5 Metacarpals
14 Phalanges
Pelvis
Pelvis (lateral view)
Ilium
Acetabulum
Obturator
foramen
Ischium Pubis
Ischium
Male Pelvic Girdle Female Pelvic Girdle
The Lower Limb
(Legs)
Femur
Patella
Tibia
Fibula
7 Tarsals
5 Metatarsals
14 Phalanges
phelangies
metatarsals
tarsals
tarsals
metatarsals
phelangies
Immovable Joints
(synarthrosis)
suture
pubis symphisis
Slightly Movable Joint
(ampharthrosis)
(diarthrosis)- freely moveable
pelvis
ligaments
femur
joint
capsule pelvis
hyaline
cartilage synovial
cavity
femur
Synovial Joint Movement
Extension
Rotation
Flexion
Adduction
Abduction
275 bones
12 weeks (6-9
inches long)
Fetus: 1st Endochondral Ossification
2 months
2o ossification
center
bone
cartilage
calcified
Just before
cartilage birth
epiphyseal
epiphyseal
line
plate
Childhood Adult
Builds new bone
Osteoblast
Mature bone cell
Osteocyte
Osteoclast
Eats bone
Bone Repair:
1. Electrical stimulation of the fracture site:
• Increases speed and completeness of healing
• The e- stimulation inhibits PTH and slow osteoclasts
down from reabsorbing bone
2. Ultrasound treatment:
• Daily treatments reduce healing time of broken bones
by 25-35%
3. Free vascular fibular graft technique:
• Transplant fibula in arm
• Gives good blood supply not available in other
treatments
4. Bone substitutes:
• Crushed bone from cadaver- but risk of HIV and
hepatitis
• Sea bone- coral
• Artificial bone- ceramic
hematoma
callus bony callus
bone
remodeling
Diseases of the Skeletal System:
Osteoporosis- bone reabsorption
outpaces bone deposit; bones
become lighter and fracture easier
Factors:
• age, gender (more in women)
• estrogen and testosterone decrease
• insufficient exercise (or too much)
• diet poor in Ca++ and protein
• abnormal vitamin D receptors
• smoking
Osteoporosis
29 40 84 92
Diseases of the Skeletal System:
Rickets- vitamin D deficiency
Osteomalacia- soft bones, inadequate
mineralization in bones, lack of vitamin D
Pagets Disease- spotty weakening in the
bones, excessive and abnormal bone
remodeling
Rheumatoid arthritis- autoimmune
reaction
